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Transcriptome Analysis of Bovine Macrophages (BoMac) Cells after Infection with Bovine Immunodeficiency Virus. J Vet Res 2022; 66:487-495. [PMID: 36846036 PMCID: PMC9944999 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2022-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) is found worldwide in cattle under natural conditions. However, the effect of BIV infection on immune functions has not been fully characterised. Material and Methods Transcriptome analysis of BoMac cells after in vitro infection with BIV was performed using BLOPlus bovine microarrays. Genes identified as differentially expressed were subjected to functional analysis with the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software (IPA). Results Out of 1,743 genes with altered expression, 1,315 were mapped as unique molecules. In total, 718 genes were identified as upregulated and 597 genes as downregulated. Differentially expressed genes were involved in 16 pathways related to immune response. The most enriched canonical pathway was leukocyte extravasation signalling. Interleukin-15 (IL-15) production was indicated as the most activated pathway and the 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 4 (PFKFB4) signalling pathway was the most inhibited one. In addition, the study showed that the inflammatory response was decreased during BIV infection. Conclusion This is the first report to describe the microarray analysis of changes in gene expression upon BIV infection of bovine macrophages. Our data indicated how BIV influences the expression of genes and signalling pathways engaged in the immune response.
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A novel Betaretrovirus discovered in cattle with neurological disease and encephalitis. Retrovirology 2021; 18:40. [PMID: 34930327 PMCID: PMC8686636 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00585-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of emerging infectious diseases in humans are of animal origin, and many of them are caused by neuropathogenic viruses. Many cases of neurological disease and encephalitis in livestock remain etiologically unresolved, posing a constant threat to animal and human health. Thus, continuous extension of our knowledge of the repertoire of viruses prone to infect the central nervous system (CNS) is vital for pathogen monitoring and the early detection of emerging viruses. Using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and bioinformatics, we discovered a new retrovirus, bovine retrovirus CH15 (BoRV CH15), in the CNS of a cow with non-suppurative encephalitis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the affiliation of BoRV CH15 to the genus Betaretrovirus. Results BoRV CH15 genomes were identified prospectively and retrospectively by PCR, RT-PCR, and HTS, with targeting of viral RNA and proviral DNA, in six additional diseased cows investigated over a period of > 20 years and of different geographical origins. The virus was not found in brain samples from healthy slaughtered control animals (n = 130). We determined the full-length proviral genomes from six of the seven investigated animals and, using in situ hybridization, identified viral RNA in the cytoplasm of cells morphologically compatible with neurons in diseased brains. Conclusions Further screening of brain samples, virus isolation, and infection studies are needed to estimate the significance of these findings and the causative association of BoRV CH15 with neurological disease and encephalitis in cattle. However, with the full-length proviral sequences of BoRV CH15 genomes, we provide the basis for a molecular clone and further in vitro investigation. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12977-021-00585-x.
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Saied AA, Metwally AA, Mohamed HMA, Haridy MAM. The contribution of bovines to human health against viral infections. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:46999-47023. [PMID: 34272669 PMCID: PMC8284698 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14941-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
In the last 40 years, novel viruses have evolved at a much faster pace than other pathogens. Viral diseases pose a significant threat to public health around the world. Bovines have a longstanding history of significant contributions to human nutrition, agricultural, industrial purposes, medical research, drug and vaccine development, and livelihood. The life cycle, genomic structures, viral proteins, and pathophysiology of bovine viruses studied in vitro paved the way for understanding the human counterparts. Calf model has been used for testing vaccines against RSV, papillomavirus vaccines and anti-HCV agents were principally developed after using the BPV and BVDV model, respectively. Some bovine viruses-based vaccines (BPIV-3 and bovine rotaviruses) were successfully developed, clinically tried, and commercially produced. Cows, immunized with HIV envelope glycoprotein, produced effective broadly neutralizing antibodies in their serum and colostrum against HIV. Here, we have summarized a few examples of human viral infections for which the use of bovines has contributed to the acquisition of new knowledge to improve human health against viral infections covering the convergence between some human and bovine viruses and using bovines as disease models. Additionally, the production of vaccines and drugs, bovine-based products were covered, and the precautions in dealing with bovines and bovine-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- AbdulRahman A Saied
- Department of Food Establishments Licensing (Aswan Branch), National Food Safety Authority (NFSA), Aswan, 81511, Egypt.
- Touristic Activities and Interior Offices Sector (Aswan Office), Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Aswan, 81511, Egypt.
| | - Asmaa A Metwally
- Department of Surgery, Anesthesiology, and Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, 81511, Egypt
| | - Hams M A Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | - Mohie A M Haridy
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt.
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González-Fernández VD, Tórtora Pérez JL, García Flores MM, Aguilar Setién JÁ, Ramírez Álvarez H. First evidence of bovine immunodeficiency virus infection in Mexican cattle. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1768-1775. [PMID: 32129921 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study set out to identify the presence of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) in animals geographically located in Mexico. BIV was first discovered in the United States in a dairy cow with persistent lymphocytosis, lymphoid hyperplasia and lymphocytic encephalitis. Many studies indicate that BIV infection is globally distributed, but its presence in Mexico remains unknown. We collected 1,168 heparinized blood samples from cattle in ten states across the Mexican Republic, then separated plasma using centrifugation and tested for antibodies against BIV. We used an indirect ELISA based on the use of a synthetic peptide derived from transmembrane glycoprotein (gp45/TM). In order to identify the viral genome, we designed a synthetic gene as a PCR control, as well as a pair of oligonucleotides for amplifying a 519 bp product of the env gene which encodes the surface protein. Positive amplicons were purified and subjected to nucleotide sequencing. A total of 189 (28.94%) tested plasma samples suggest the presence of specific anti-BIV antibodies in all states studied except for Chiapas. Additionally, PCR results identified six positive cows in the states of Puebla and Coahuila. BIV in these cows was confirmed via nucleotide sequencing and in silico analysis of these samples. This is the first report of the presence of BIV in Mexican cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor David González-Fernández
- Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlan, Veterinary Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico
| | - Jorge Luis Tórtora Pérez
- Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlan, Veterinary Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico
| | - María Martha García Flores
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Medical Research in Immunology Unit, Pediatric Hospital, National Medical Center XXI Century, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Álvaro Aguilar Setién
- Laboratory of Immunovirology, Medical Research in Immunology Unit, Pediatric Hospital, National Medical Center XXI Century, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hugo Ramírez Álvarez
- Virology, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlan, Veterinary Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico
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The Jembrana disease virus Rev protein: Identification of nuclear and novel lentiviral nucleolar localization and nuclear export signals. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221505. [PMID: 31437223 PMCID: PMC6706053 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The lentiviral Rev protein, which is a regulatory protein essential for virus replication, has been first studied in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The main function of Rev is to mediate the nuclear exportation of viral RNAs. To fulfill its function, Rev shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. The Jembrana disease virus (JDV), a lentivirus, is the etiologic agent of the Jembrana disease which was first described in Bali cattle in Indonesia in 1964. Despite the high mortality rate associated with JDV, this virus remains poorly studied. Herein the subcellular distribution of JDV Rev, the nuclear and nucleolar localization signals (NLS and NoLS, respectively) and the nuclear export signal (NES) of the protein were examined. JDV Rev fused to the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) predominantly localized to the cytoplasm and nucleolus of transfected cells, as determined by fluorescence microscopy analyses. Through transfection of a series of deletion mutants of JDV Rev, it was possible to localize the NLS/NoLS region between amino acids (aa) 74 to 105. By substituting basic residues with alanine within this sequence, we demonstrated that the JDV Rev NLS encompasses aa 76 to 86, and is exclusively composed of arginine residues, whereas a bipartite NoLS was observed for the first time in any retroviral Rev/Rev-like proteins. Finally, a NES was identified downstream of the NLS/NoLS and encompasses aa 116 to 128 of the JDV Rev protein. The JDV Rev NES was found to be of the protein kinase A inhibitor (PKI) class instead of the HIV-1 Rev class. It also corresponds to the most optimal consensus sequence of PKI NES and, as such, is novel among lentiviral Rev NES.
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Stanfield RL, Haakenson J, Deiss TC, Criscitiello MF, Wilson IA, Smider VV. The Unusual Genetics and Biochemistry of Bovine Immunoglobulins. Adv Immunol 2018; 137:135-164. [PMID: 29455846 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are the key circulating molecules that have evolved to fight infection by the adaptive immune system of vertebrates. Typical antibodies of most species contain six complementarity-determining regions (CDRs), where the third CDR of the heavy chain (CDR H3) has the greatest diversity and often makes the most significant contact with antigen. Generally, the process of V(D)J recombination produces a vast repertoire of antibodies; multiple V, D, and J gene segments recombine with additional junctional diversity at the V-D and D-J joints, and additional combinatorial possibilities occur through heavy- and light-chain pairing. Despite these processes, the overall structure of the resulting antibody is largely conserved, and binding to antigen occurs predominantly through the CDR loops of the immunoglobulin V domains. Bovines have deviated from this general paradigm by having few VH regions and thus little germline combinatorial diversity, but their antibodies contain long CDR H3 regions, with substantial diversity generated through somatic hypermutation. A subset of the repertoire comprises antibodies with ultralong CDR H3s, which can reach over 70 amino acids in length. Structurally, these unusual antibodies form a β-ribbon "stalk" and disulfide-bonded "knob" that protrude far from the antibody surface. These long CDR H3s allow cows to mount a particularly robust immune response when immunized with viral antigens, particularly to broadly neutralizing epitopes on a stabilized HIV gp140 trimer, which has been a challenge for other species. The unusual genetics and structural biology of cows provide for a unique paradigm for creation of immune diversity and could enable generation of antibodies against especially challenging targets and epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thaddeus C Deiss
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Michael F Criscitiello
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Ian A Wilson
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Vaughn V Smider
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.
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Passos-Castilho AM, Marchand C, Archambault D. B23/nucleophosmin interacts with bovine immunodeficiency virus Rev protein and facilitates viral replication. Virology 2018; 515:158-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Bhatia S, Patil SS, Sood R. Bovine immunodeficiency virus: a lentiviral infection. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2013; 24:332-41. [PMID: 24426295 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-013-0165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) is a lentivirus which is known to infect cattle worldwide. Though serological and genomic evidence of BIV in cattle has been found throughout the world, isolation of the virus has been reported only from few places. Very little is known about its impact on animal health status, pathogenesis and mode of transmission. BIV is considered generally non-pathogenic and is not known to cause any serious disease in cattle. BIV is genetically and antigenically related to Jembrana disease virus (JDV), the cause of an acute disease in Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) and human immunodeficiency virus, the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in human. Therefore, it is important to monitor the presence of BIV in cattle to keep vigil over its possible evolution in its natural host to emerge as pathogenic lentivirus like JDV. Differentiation of BIV infection in cattle from the acutely pathogenic JDV is important for diagnosis of the latter. Currently, BIV is considered as a safe model for understanding the complex genome of lentiviruses. Further research on BIV is indeed needed to elucidate its possible role in animal health as well as for insight into the molecular mechanisms adopted by related lentiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Bhatia
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory (HSADL), Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bhopal, India
| | - S S Patil
- Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD-ADMAS), Bengaluru, India
| | - R Sood
- High Security Animal Disease Laboratory (HSADL), Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Bhopal, India
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Geographic structuring of global EIAV isolates: A single origin for New World strains? Virus Res 2012; 163:656-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Serological survey for bovine immunodeficiency virus in dairy cattle from Poland. Pol J Vet Sci 2011; 14:579-83. [DOI: 10.2478/v10181-011-0086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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McNab T, Desport M, Dobson R, Tenaya IWM, Hartaningsih N, Wilcox GE. Prior bovine immunodeficiency virus infection does not inhibit subsequent superinfection by the acutely pathogenic Jembrana disease virus. Virology 2010; 404:261-8. [PMID: 20570311 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In cattle the interaction between the two genetically and antigenically related bovine lentiviruses, the acutely pathogenic Jembrana disease virus (JDV) and the non-pathogenic Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) has not been reported although both JDV and a BIV-like virus have been reported in the Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) population in Indonesia. The outcome of infection of Bali cattle with the R29 strain of BIV prior to superinfection 42 days later with JDV(TAB/87) was determined. All BIV-inoculated cattle were successfully infected and developed an antibody response to the TM and CA proteins. BIV infection did not prevent subsequent infection with JDV or ameliorate the clinical signs of Jembrana disease in the infected cattle. It did, however, modify the dynamics of the JDV infection with an earlier onset and end of the acute disease process, and a reduction in the duration of viremia that exceeded 10(6) genome copies/ml of plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tegan McNab
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia.
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12
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A quantitative assay for measuring of bovine immunodeficiency virus using a luciferase-based indicator cell line. Virol Sin 2010; 25:137-44. [PMID: 20960311 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-010-3109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to quantitate the bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) infection in vitro, a BIV indicator cell line (BIVL) was established by transfecting baby hamster kidney cells with reporter plasmids containing the firefly luciferase gene driven by a BIV long terminal repeat promoter. The BIV activates promoter activity of the LTR to express luciferase upon infection. BIV infection could therefore by quantified by detection of luciferase activity. Compared to standard assays used to detect BIV infection, the BIVL-based assay is 10 times more sensitive than the the CPE-based assay, and has similar sensitivity with the viral capsid protein Western blot assay. BIV indicator cell line could detect BIV infection specifically. Luciferase activity of BIV infected BIVL cells showed a time dependent manner, and 60 h post infection is the optimal time to detect BIV infection. Luciferase activity of BIVL cells correlates with the BIV capsid protein expression. Moreover, a linear relationship was found between MOI and the activated intensity of luciferase expression. In brief, the BIV indicator cell line is an easy, robust and quantitive method for monitoring BIV infection.
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Su Y, Qiao W, Guo T, Tan J, Li Z, Chen Y, Li X, Li Y, Zhou J, Chen Q. Microtubule-dependent retrograde transport of bovine immunodeficiency virus. Cell Microbiol 2010; 12:1098-107. [PMID: 20148896 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are essential components of the cytoskeleton that participate in a variety of cellular processes such as cell division and migration. In addition, there is a growing body of evidence implicating a role for microtubules in intracellular viral transport. In this study, we found that pharmacological disruption of microtubules remarkably blocked bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) movement from the cell periphery to the perinuclear region, a process known as retrograde transport. A similar effect was observed by inhibiting function of the microtubule-associated motor protein dynein. By yeast two-hybrid assay, we found that the capsid protein (CA) of BIV interacted with the dynein light-chain component LC8. Immunoprecipitation and GST-pulldown assays further demonstrated an interaction between CA and LC8 in mammalian cells. In addition, our data revealed LC8 as a linker between BIV particles and microtubules. Retrograde transport of BIV was significantly inhibited by knockdown of LC8 expression. Our findings present the first evidence that incoming BIV particles employ host microtubule/dynein machinery for transport towards the perinuclear region. In addition, our data indicate that the LC8-CA interaction is a potential target for the design of antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Su
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Yao X, Su Y, Liu C, Tan J, Liu L, Geng YQ, Qiao WT. Establishment of an indicator cell line for monitoring bovine immunodeficiency virus infection and inhibitor susceptibility. J Virol Methods 2010; 163:25-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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The bovine immunodeficiency virus rev protein: identification of a novel lentiviral bipartite nuclear localization signal harboring an atypical spacer sequence. J Virol 2009; 83:12842-53. [PMID: 19828621 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01613-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) Rev protein (186 amino acids [aa] in length) is involved in the nuclear exportation of partially spliced and unspliced viral RNAs. Previous studies have shown that BIV Rev localizes in the nucleus and nucleolus of infected cells. Here we report the characterization of the nuclear/nucleolar localization signals (NLS/NoLS) of this protein. Through transfection of a series of deletion mutants of BIV Rev fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein and fluorescence microscopy analyses, we were able to map the NLS region between aa 71 and 110 of the protein. Remarkably, by conducting alanine substitution of basic residues within the aa 71 to 110 sequence, we demonstrated that the BIV Rev NLS is bipartite, maps to aa 71 to 74 and 95 to 101, and is predominantly composed of arginine residues. This is the first report of a bipartite Rev (or Rev-like) NLS in a lentivirus/retrovirus. Moreover, this NLS is atypical, as the length of the sequence between the motifs composing the bipartite NLS, e.g., the spacer sequence, is 20 aa. Further mutagenesis experiments also identified the NoLS region of BIV Rev. It localizes mainly within the NLS spacer sequence. In addition, the BIV Rev NoLS sequence differs from the consensus sequence reported for other viral and cellular nucleolar proteins. In summary, we conclude that the nucleolar and nuclear localizations of BIV Rev are mediated via novel NLS and NoLS motifs.
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McNab T, Desport M, Tenaya WM, Hartaningsih N, Wilcox GE. Bovine immunodeficiency virus produces a transient viraemic phase soon after infection in Bos javanicus. Vet Microbiol 2009; 141:216-23. [PMID: 19766411 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Infection of Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) in Indonesia with a non-pathogenic bovine lentivirus similar to Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) is suspected but efforts to detect the virus have been unsuccessful. To define the kinetics of BIV infection in Bali cattle, 13 were infected with the R-29 strain of BIV and monitored for 60 days. No clinical effects were detected. Proviral DNA was detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 4 to 60 days with peak titres 20 days post-infection (dpi). There was a transient viraemia from 4 to 14 dpi with a maximum titre of 1x10(4)genome copies/ml plasma. An antibody response to the transmembrane (TM) glycoprotein commenced 12 dpi but an antibody response to the capsid (CA) protein was detected in one animal only and not until 34 dpi. The results indicated that detection of BIV in infected Bali cattle would have a greater chance of success soon after infection and prior to the onset of a CA antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tegan McNab
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
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González E, Licursi M, Vila Roza V, Bonzo E, Mortola E, Frossard J, Venables C. Evidence of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) infection: Serological survey in Argentina. Res Vet Sci 2008; 85:353-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bhatia S, Sood R, Bhatia A, Pattnaik B, Pradhan H. Development of a capsid based competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of bovine immunodeficiency virus antibodies in cattle and buffalo serum. J Virol Methods 2008; 148:218-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2007] [Revised: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Xuan C, Qiao W, Li J, Peng G, Liu M, Chen Q, Zhou J, Geng Y. BTat, a trans-acting regulatory protein, contributes to bovine immunodeficiency virus-induced apoptosis. Cell Microbiol 2007; 10:31-40. [PMID: 17645750 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.01011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) is a member of the lentivirus subfamily of retroviruses highly related to human immunodeficiency virus in morphologic, antigenic and genomic features. BIV is known to induce chronic pathological changes in infected hosts, which are often associated with the development of immune-mediated lesions. However, the molecular events underlying the cytopathic effect of BIV remain poorly understood. In this study, BIV was found to induce apoptotic cell death, and a small trans-acting regulatory protein encoded by BIV, BTat, was found to participate in the pro-apoptotic action of BIV. Introduction of exogenous BTat to cells triggered apoptosis dramatically, as revealed by assays such as terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling, nuclear morphology analysis, flow cytometry, and cleavages of caspases and poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase. Interestingly, the pro-apoptotic effect of BTat was found to be mediated through its interaction with cellular microtubules and its interference with microtubule dynamics. These results provide the first evidence that induction of apoptosis may contribute to the cytopathic effect of BIV. In addition, these results uncover a novel role for BTat in regulating microtubule dynamics in addition to its conventional role in regulating gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Xuan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Functional Genomics (Tianjin), College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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St-Louis MC, Cojocariu M, Archambault D. The molecular biology of bovine immunodeficiency virus: a comparison with other lentiviruses. Anim Health Res Rev 2005; 5:125-43. [PMID: 15984320 DOI: 10.1079/ahr200496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) was first isolated in 1969 from a cow, R-29, with a wasting syndrome. The virus isolated induced the formation of syncytia in cell cultures and was structurally similar to maedi-visna virus. Twenty years later, it was demonstrated that the bovine R-29 isolate was indeed a lentivirus with striking similarity to the human immunodeficiency virus. Like other lentiviruses, BIV has a complex genomic structure characterized by the presence of several regulatory/accessory genes that encode proteins, some of which are involved in the regulation of virus gene expression. This manuscript aims to review biological and, more particularly, molecular aspects of BIV, with emphasis on regulatory/accessory viral genes/proteins, in comparison with those of other lentiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude St-Louis
- University of Québec at Montréal, Department of Biological Sciences, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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21
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Desport M, Stewart ME, Sheridan CA, Ditcham WGF, Setiyaningsih S, Tenaya WM, Hartaningsih N, Wilcox GE. Recombinant Jembrana disease virus gag proteins identify several different antigenic domains but do not facilitate serological differentiation of JDV and nonpathogenic bovine lentiviruses. J Virol Methods 2005; 124:135-42. [PMID: 15664061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2004] [Revised: 11/18/2004] [Accepted: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In Indonesia, it is suspected that there are two bovine lentiviruses circulating in the cattle population: a pathogenic Jembrana disease virus (JDV), and a nonpathogenic bovine immunodeficiency-like virus (BIV). Both viruses cross-react antigenically and cannot be differentiated by current serological tests using JDV antigens. To identify possible type-specific epitopes, a series of recombinant protein constructs including the matrix, capsid and nucleocapsid proteins were produced from JDV gag and the expressed proteins were tested by Western blot using JDV and BIV hyperimmune sera. JDV matrix and truncated capsid proteins were recognised by both JDV and BIV hyperimmune sera indicating that there were multiple cross-reactive epitopes present in JDV gag. At least three epitopic regions were identified in these constructs, including the major homology region, by monoclonal antibody binding studies. JDV nucleocapsid recombinant protein was not recognised by either JDV or BIV hyperimmune sera and none of the recombinant gag proteins were able to differentiate between JDV positive sera from Jembrana disease endemic and Jembrana disease-free areas. Additionally, a 40 amino acid recombinant subunit protein encompassing the region recently found to contain an epitope unique to BIV [Zheng, L., Zhang, S., Wood, C., Kapil, S., Wilcox, G.E., Loughin, T.A., Minocha, H.C., 2001. Differentiation of two bovine lentiviruses by a monoclonal antibody on the basis of epitope specificity. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 8, 283-287] was tested but was not recognised by either JDV positive sera from Jembrana disease-endemic or Jembrana disease-free areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira Desport
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
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22
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Snider TG, Coats KS, Storts RW, Graves KF, Cooper CR, Hoyt PG, Luther DG, Jenny BF. Natural bovine lentivirus type 1 infection in Holstein dairy cattle. II. Lymphoid tissue lesions. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 26:1-15. [PMID: 12602682 DOI: 10.1016/s0147-9571(02)00022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) in Holstein cows was associated with morphologic evidence of lymphoid organ deficiency. Cows were subjected to normal management practices including parturition and lactation without adverse environmental stresses. During the clinical disease process there was marked weight loss and wasting with frequent and severe concurrent infections. Lymphoid follicular hyperplasia and dysplasia in lymph nodes, and hypertrophy and hyperplasia in hemal lymph nodes were characteristics of the lymphoid tissues. Atrophy of lymphoid cell compartments with depletion of lymphocytes and a lymphocytic lymphoid folliculitis were components of the lymphoid system pathology. The nodal tissue lesions resembled those observed in feline, simian, and human lentiviral disease. A functional correlation with immune system deficiency was the development of multiple bacterial infections which failed to resolve after appropriate therapy. The BIV-associated disease syndrome in dairy cows may be useful as a model system for investigation of the pathogenesis of the lymphoid organ changes that occur in humans and animals with lentiviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Snider
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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23
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Wright SM, Mleczko A, Coats KS. Bovine immunodeficiency virus expression in vitro is reduced in the presence of beta-chemokines, MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta and RANTES. Vet Res Commun 2002; 26:239-50. [PMID: 12090295 DOI: 10.1023/a:1015209806058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of HIV expression in vitro by a cocktail of the beta-chemokines MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta and RANTES provided the initial evidence that HIV utilizes chemokine receptors as co-receptors for infection of cells. Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), a lentivirus, infects a wide variety of leukocyte populations, but the cellular receptor(s) utilized by this virus for infection of cells is not known. The purpose of this study was to determine whether MIP-1alpha, MIP-1beta and RANTES affect BIV expression in vitro, as a prelude to identifying the cellular receptors utilized by this virus. Fetal bovine lung (FBL) cells were pretreated with serial dilutions of a cocktail of the chemokines, and then the cells were infected with BIV. Virus expression in these cells was determined by counting the syncytia that had developed in the cultures by five days after infection. A significant decrease in syncytium formation, corresponding to increasing concentrations of the chemokines, was the result. Reacting the chemokines with chemokine-specific neutralizing antibodies prior to treatment of the cells neutralized the effect of the chemokines on virus replication in a dose-dependent manner, restoring viral expression to a level similar to that of untreated cells. The presence of a CCR5 homologue on the surface of FBL cells was confirmed using an anti-CCR5 monoclonal antibody and FACS analysis. Collectively, these data provide preliminary evidence that BIV may utilize the CCR5 receptor for infection of cells in vitro, but additional studies are necessary to confirm this.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University,MS 39762, USA
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24
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Bielanski A, Simar C, Maxwell P, Nadin-Davis S. Bovine immunodeficiency virus in relation to embryos fertilized in vitro. Vet Res Commun 2001; 25:663-73. [PMID: 11767012 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012795214250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The association of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) with embryos derived by in vitro fertilization from oocytes of experimentally infected heifers or oocytes/embryos exposed to the virus in vitro was investigated. Using a nested-PCR assay, proviral DNA of BIV was not detected in follicular fluid or in embryos derived from BIV-infected donors. In vitro exposure of oocytes to BIV during maturation or insemination with BIV-infected semen resulted in zona pellucida-intact embryos testing negative for BIV provirus. However, exposure of zona pellucida-free day-7 embryos to the virus resulted in a positive BIV assay for 28% of the batches of embryos, suggesting that the zona pellucida has a role in protecting against BIV infection. The presence of BIV in the IVF system had no apparent effect on the development of bovine embryos to the blastocyst stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bielanski
- Animal Diseases Research Institute, Germplasm Centre of Expertise, Ottawa-Nepean, Ontario, Canada.
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25
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Abstract
The bovine haemal nodes are lymphatic organs located in the haemal circulation. Their parenchyma is represented by plasma cells, macrophages and B and T lymphocytes. The T helper type 2 (Th2) CD4 lymphocyte can be found within the T lymphocytes. The activated Th2 CD4 lymphocyte produces interleukin-4 (IL-4), a peptidic hormone involved in the acute-phase immune response. This interleukin can promote either B-lymphocyte differentiation and T-lymphocyte proliferation or it can promote the type of immunoglobulin that can be liberated. Our results have shown, by immunostaining with anti-IL-4, not only the presence and localization of these lymphocytes in bovine haemal nodes but also the participation of polymorphonuclear cells (neutrophils) in the storage of IL-4. These results give value to the humoral and cellular immunological importance of haemal nodes in bovines and they can serve as a contribution to determine the cross-reactivity of bovine IL-4 with the human anti-serum used in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cerutti
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Campus University, 27001 Lugo, Spain
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26
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Kalvatchev Z, Walder R, Garzaro D, Barrios M. Detection of genetic diversity among bovine immunodeficiency virus population by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis. Viral Immunol 2001; 13:373-81. [PMID: 11016600 DOI: 10.1089/08828240050144680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Serial virus specimens rescued from rabbits, experimentally infected with bovine immunodeficiency (BIV) strain R29, were monitored for changes in quasispecies population, using the single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. The generation of characteristic SSCP patterns enables the rapid differentiation of BIV variants derived from the conserved part on the env region of the BIV genome, reducing the need for expensive and time-consuming direct sequencing analyses. Our results showed genetic polymorphism among a number of sampled BIV population in experimentally infected rabbits. At least three SSCP patterns (BIV quasispecies) were detected. The SSCP analysis allows for an easy, sensitive, and rapid screening of genetic variants of the virus and the assessment of variation at a number of tissue target sites. These variations may relate to cell-type targets and/or disease progression, and could be significant to our understanding of lentiviral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Kalvatchev
- Laboratorio de Virus Animales, Centro de Microbiología y Biologia Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela.
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27
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Step DL, Cummings CA, Streeter RN, Kirkpatrick JG, Campbell GA. An atypical lymphoma of T-cell lineage in the thorax of an aged cow. J Vet Diagn Invest 2001; 13:154-8. [PMID: 11289212 DOI: 10.1177/104063870101300210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An aged beef cow was presented for signs of thoracic disease. A complete clinical and diagnostic workup suggested neoplasia. Postmortem examination revealed a lymphoma of T-cell lineage confined solely to the thoracic cavity, predominantly in lung tissue. The diagnosis was based on light and electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and negative bovine leukemia virus and bovine immunodeficiency virus results.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Step
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Boren Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Stillwater 74078, USA
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28
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Zheng L, Zhang S, Wood C, Kapil S, Wilcox GE, Loughin TA, Minocha HC. Differentiation of two bovine lentiviruses by a monoclonal antibody on the basis of epitope specificity. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 8:283-7. [PMID: 11238209 PMCID: PMC96050 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.8.2.283-287.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2000] [Accepted: 11/28/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) and Jembrana disease virus (JDV) are bovine lentiviruses that are closely related genetically. A recombinant fusion protein containing the capsid protein of BIV expressed in Escherichia coli was used to immunize mice and produce monoclonal antibodies. Six hybridomas specific for BIV capsid protein were identified, and one antibody, designated 10H1, was characterized further. Competitive binding assays were performed to analyze the topography of antigenic determinants by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and demonstrated the existence of at least three distinct antigenic determinants on capsid protein. The monoclonal antibody reacted specifically with both BIV capsid and the recombinant fusion protein in Western immunoblot analyses. However, it did not react with the recombinant capsid fusion protein of JDV, indicating that BIV contains at least one unique epitope in the capsid protein that is absent in JDV. Further mapping of the epitope by chemical cleavage analysis identified that the epitope is located at the 6.4-kDa N terminus of the 29-kDa capsid protein. This monoclonal antibody assay will be valuable for distinguishing the two closely related lentiviruses by Western blotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zheng
- Departments of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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29
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Evermann JF, Howard TH, Dubovi EJ, Knowles DP, Miller LD, Pearson JE, Snider TG, Suarez DL. Controversies and clarifications regarding bovine lentivirus infections. Subcommittee for the Bovine Retrovirus Committee, US Animal Health Association. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2000; 217:1318-24. [PMID: 11061383 DOI: 10.2460/javma.2000.217.1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J F Evermann
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6610, USA
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30
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Burger RA, Nelson PD, Kelly-Quagliana K, Coats KS. Failure to detect bovine immunodeficiency virus contamination of stud bull spermatozoa, blood leukocytes, or semen leukocytes in samples supplied by artificial insemination centers. Am J Vet Res 2000; 61:816-9. [PMID: 10895906 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.2000.61.816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) infection could be detected in spermatozoa, blood leukocytes, or semen leukocytes from stud bulls in artificial insemination centers. ANIMALS 30 bulls at 3 artificial insemination centers. PROCEDURE Polymerase chain reaction testing that used 3 sets of primer pairs targeting pol and env regions of the BIV proviral genome was performed on DNA extracted from semen leukocytes, spermatozoa, and blood leukocytes from each bull. Southern blot analysis was performed to increase sensitivity of detection. Western blot analysis of plasma samples was used to detect antibodies against BIV. RESULTS BIV provirus was not detected in DNA samples obtained from semen leukocytes, spermatozoa, or blood leukocytes, and antibodies against BIV were not detected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Contrary to our report of high point prevalence of BIV contamination of semen from a single artificial insemination center, bulls of the study reported here did not appear to be infected. Maximum risk of BIV infection in similar bulls was estimated at 10% with a confidence level of 95%.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Burger
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Mississippi State University, MS 39762, USA
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31
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Carpenter S, Vaughn EM, Yang J, Baccam P, Roth JA, Wannemuehler Y. Antigenic and genetic stability of bovine immunodeficiency virus during long-term persistence in cattle experimentally infected with the BIV(R29) isolate. J Gen Virol 2000; 81:1463-72. [PMID: 10811930 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-81-6-1463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental infection of cattle with bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) is characterized by persistent, low levels of virus replication in the absence of clinical disease. A virus neutralization (VN) assay was developed to examine the role of VN antibodies in controlling virus replication in cattle experimentally infected with the BIV(R29) isolate of BIV. All animals developed VN antibody, but there was no correlation between VN titres and restriction of virus replication in vivo. BIV infection did not induce high-titred, cross-neutralizing antibody and there was no evidence for antigenic variation through more than 4 years in vivo. Genetic comparisons among the BIV(R29) inoculum virus and viruses isolated from infected animals identified only limited genetic variation during 4 years in vivo. Moreover, there was no evidence that the observed variation was due to selection. Analyses of genetic diversity in the virus stock used for inoculation indicated a fairly homogeneous population. In the absence of high levels of virus replication and overt clinical disease, there appeared to be little selection of virus variants, resulting in antigenic and genetic stability of BIV(R29) during long-term, persistent infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Carpenter
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Interdepartmental Genetics Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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32
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Abed Y, Archambault D. A viral transmembrane recombinant protein-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of bovine immunodeficiency virus infection. J Virol Methods 2000; 85:109-16. [PMID: 10716344 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(99)00161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The expression of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) truncated transmembrane envelope protein (designated hereafter tTM) in insect cells has been described previously (Abed, Y., St-Laurent, G., Zhang, H., Jacobs, R.M., Archambault, D., 1999. Development of a Western blot assay for detection of bovine immunodeficiency-like virus using capsid and transmembrane proteins expressed from recombinant baculovirus. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 6, 168-172). In this study, a tTM-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the serodetection of BIV infection. A total of 109 bovine sera including 86 BIV-negative and 23 BIV-positive serum samples were tested. The ELISA results were compared with those of three Western blot assays using, as test antigens, cell culture-derived whole virus proteins (WB1), and the tTM (WB2) and p26 (WB3) fusion proteins expressed from recombinant baculovirus in insect cells, respectively. The concordances of the ELISA results with those of the WB1, WB2, and WB3 were 97.2, 100 and 97.2%, respectively. The tTM protein-based ELISA and Western blot permitted the detection of BIV infection in cattle whose sera failed to react with the p26 fusion protein and the whole virus protein preparation. The tTM recombinant protein was also used to study the kinetics of appearance of antibodies against BIV transmembrane envelope protein in rabbits infected experimentally with BIV. Antibodies to tTM were detected at 28 days post-infection and persisted through the entire 36-39.5 months experimental time period. The results of this study showed that the tTM-ELISA might be useful for the serodetection of BIV-infected animals, and for basic studies on BIV replication life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Abed
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada
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33
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Gradil CM, Watson RE, Renshaw RW, Gilbert RO, Dubovi EJ. Detection of bovine immunodeficiency virus DNA in the blood and semen of experimentally infected bulls. Vet Microbiol 1999; 70:21-31. [PMID: 10591494 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(99)00130-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Five 18- to 24-month-old bulls were inoculated with either a cell suspension containing bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV-FL112; 3 bulls) or a BIV-free cell suspension (2 bulls). Blood and semen specimens were collected once a week for 14 weeks, and seroconversion was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) testing. The presence of BIV in blood and semen was determined by virus isolation and/or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Antibodies to BIV were detected in the 3 experimentally infected bulls as early as day post inoculation (DPI) 17, and levels peaked at DPI 37-58. BIV was isolated from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) of the infected bulls at DPI 9 (2 bulls) and DPI 23 (1 bull), and could be isolated from one animal up to DPI 65. PCR analysis of MNC DNA, using BIV pol gene primers, detected virus in all three of the experimentally infected bulls from DPI 9 until the termination of the experiment at DPI 98. Efforts to isolate a significant number of non-spermatozoal cells (NSC) by gradient separation from the semen of the experimentally infected bulls were unsuccessful. Two methods for the extraction of total NSC DNA from up to 2 ml of non-extended semen were employed; however, no BIV pol fragment was amplified from these DNA preparations. Additionally, 30 bulls from artificial insemination (AI) centers were evaluated for BIV infection by PCR. No amplification products were obtained from MNC DNA from the AI submissions using primer sets for both the BIV pol and env genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Gradil
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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34
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Abstract
Recombinant 26 kDa capsid (CA) proteins of bovine lentiviruses, bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) and Jembrana disease virus (JDV), were expressed in Escherichia coli and utilised as antigens for an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a western immunoblot (WIB) procedure for the detection of antibody in dairy cattle in Western Australia. A total of 690 serum samples, 30 from each of 23 farms, were tested by ELISA with a JDV CA protein antigen, and antibody was detected in 3.8% (p<0.05) of the sera. Nine sera from each farm were also tested by WIB with JDV CA protein antigens and antibody was detected in 15.9% of these samples. All ELISA-positive results were also WIB-positive, and all sera antibody-positive by WIB with JDV CA protein antigens were also antibody-positive by the WIB using recombinant BIV CA antigens. This study showed that recombinant protein antigens can be used for serological tests to detect bovine lentivirus infection in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Burkala
- Division of Veterinary and Biomedical Studies, Murdoch University, WA, Australia.
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35
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Cho KO, Meas S, Park NY, Kim YH, Lim YK, Endoh D, Lee SI, Ohashi K, Sugimoto C, Onuma M. Seroprevalence of bovine immunodeficiency virus in dairy and beef cattle herds in Korea. J Vet Med Sci 1999; 61:549-51. [PMID: 10379949 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.61.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), a lentivirus, is thought to sporadically occur throughout the world, but seroepidemiological surveys concerning the incidence of BIV are limited and have not been undertaken in Korea. A total of 266 sera from different twenty dairy (Holstein) and twenty-six Korean native beef (Hanwoo) farms of the south-western part of Korea was analyzed for the presence of anti-BIV antibodies by Western blotting. Thirty five percent and 33% of dairy and beef cattle, respectively, were BIV-seropositive. By nested polymerase chain reaction, it was confirmed that these seropositive cows had provirus in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells. To demonstrate the correlation with BIV and bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection, these sera were also analyzed for anti-BLV antibodies by immunodiffusion test, resulting in high prevalence of BLV infection but relatively a few dual infections. We report herein the first serological detection of antibodies to BIV in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- K O Cho
- Laboratories of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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36
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Abed Y, St-Laurent G, Zhang H, Jacobs RM, Archambault D. Development of a Western blot assay for detection of bovine immunodeficiency-like virus using capsid and transmembrane envelope proteins expressed from recombinant baculovirus. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 1999; 6:168-72. [PMID: 10066648 PMCID: PMC95681 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.6.2.168-172.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A 120-amino-acid polypeptide selected from the transmembrane protein region (tTM) and the major capsid protein p26 of bovine immunodeficiency-like virus (BIV) were expressed as fusion proteins from recombinant baculoviruses. The antigenic reactivity of both recombinant fusion proteins was confirmed by Western blot with bovine and rabbit antisera to BIV. BIV-negative bovine sera and animal sera positive for bovine syncytial virus and bovine leukemia virus failed to recognize the recombinant fusion proteins, thereby showing the specificity of the BIV Western blot. One hundred and five bovine serum samples were tested for the presence of anti-BIV antibodies by the recombinant protein-based Western blot and a reference Western blot assay using cell culture-derived virions as test antigens. There was a 100% concordance when the p26 fusion protein was used in the Western blot. However, the Western blot using the tTM fusion protein as its test antigen identified four BIV-positive bovine sera which had tested negative in both the p26 recombinant-protein-based and the reference Western blot assays. This resulted in the lower concordance of 96.2% between the tTM-protein-based and reference Western blot assays. The results of this study showed that the recombinant p26 and tTM proteins can be used as test antigens for the serodetection of BIV-infection in animals.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigens, Viral/analysis
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Baculoviridae/genetics
- Blotting, Western/methods
- Blotting, Western/standards
- Capsid/analysis
- Capsid/genetics
- Capsid/immunology
- Cattle
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Bovine/genetics
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Bovine/immunology
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Bovine/isolation & purification
- Plasmids
- Rabbits
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Viral Envelope Proteins/analysis
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Abed
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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37
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Chen H, Wilcox G, Kertayadnya G, Wood C. Characterization of the Jembrana disease virus tat gene and the cis- and trans-regulatory elements in its long terminal repeats. J Virol 1999; 73:658-66. [PMID: 9847371 PMCID: PMC103872 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.1.658-666.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Jembrana disease virus (JDV) is a newly identified bovine lentivirus that is closely related to the bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV). JDV contains a tat gene, encoded by two exons, which has potent transactivation activity. Cotransfection of the JDV tat expression plasmid with the JDV promoter chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) construct pJDV-U3R resulted in a substantial increase in the level of CAT mRNA transcribed from the JDV long terminal repeat (LTR) and a dramatic increase in the CAT protein level. Deletion analysis of the LTR sequences showed that sequences spanning nucleotides -68 to +53, including the TATA box and the predicted first stem-loop structure of the predicted Tat response element (TAR), were required for efficient transactivation. The results, derived from site-directed mutagenesis experiments, suggested that the base pairing in the stem of the first stem-loop structure in the TAR region was important for JDV Tat-mediated transactivation; in contrast, nucleotide substitutions in the loop region of JDV TAR had less effect. For the JDV LTR, upstream sequences, from nucleotide -196 and beyond, as well as the predicted secondary structures in the R region, may have a negative effect on basal JDV promoter activity. Deletion of these regions resulted in a four- to fivefold increase in basal expression. The JDV Tat is also a potent transactivator of other animal and primate lentivirus promoters. It transactivated BIV and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) LTRs to levels similar to those with their homologous Tat proteins. In contrast, HIV-1 Tat has minimal effects on JDV LTR expression, whereas BIV Tat moderately transactivated the JDV LTR. Our study suggests that JDV may use a mechanism of transactivation similar but not identical to those of other animal and primate lentiviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Chen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
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Cavirani S, Donofrio G, Chiocco D, Foni E, Martelli P, Allegri G, Cabassi CS, De Iaco B, Flammini CF. Seroprevalence to bovine immunodeficiency virus and lack of association with leukocyte counts in Italian dairy cattle. Prev Vet Med 1998; 37:147-57. [PMID: 9879588 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5877(98)00099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We report herein on the first serological detection of antibodies to bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) in Italy. According to criteria of a stratified-random sampling of dairy cattle reared in the Parma area (a province in the Po Valley, Northern Italy), sera from 3166 cows belonging to 272 herds were collected. In addition, sera of 138 bulls from eight artificial-insemination (AI) centres were sampled. Seventy-eight cows (2.5%) from 16 herds (5.8%) and seven bulls (5.1%) from two AI centres were positive for BIV-R29 antibodies in the IFA-test. IFA-positive sera assayed by Western blot had reaction to different viral proteins: 81 out of 85 sera showed antibody to p26 (considered the BIV major internal core protein); four sera reacted to other viral proteins but not to p26. Peripheral blood leukocytes of 60 seropositive and 60 seronegative animals, belonging to eight BIV-infected herds, were enumerated to assess any effect of BIV infection on white-blood cells. No significant differences were detected between the two groups. These data indicate that BIV infection is present in Italian dairy cattle--but the role of BIV in inducing disease remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cavirani
- Istituto di Malattie Infettive, Profilassi e Polizia Veterinaria, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Parma, Via del Taglio, Parma, Italy.
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Campbell
- Australian Institute of Tropical Veterinary and Animal Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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41
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Meas S, Kabeya H, Yoshihara S, Ohashi K, Matsuki S, Mikami Y, Sugimoto C, Onuma M. Seroprevalence and field isolation of bovine immunodeficiency virus. J Vet Med Sci 1998; 60:1195-202. [PMID: 9853299 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.60.1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A seroprevalence study of bovine lentivirus, known as bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), was conducted in 12 different dairy herds in Hokkaido, where some herds were a high prevalence of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection. Amongst 611 cattle, 28.6% of cattle were BLV-seropositive, and 11.7% of cattle were seropositive for BIV, while 4.2% of cattle were seropositive for both BIV and BLV. For the isolation of BIV, 19 samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and one sample of milk-derived leukocytes were prepared from BIV-seropositive cows. These PBMC and leukocyte preparations were then co-cultivated with cc81 cells, a cat cell line transformed by mouse sarcoma virus. BIV was isolated from 17 PBMC and one milk-derived leukocyte samples. The isolated viruses showed slow replication and syncytia formation. Major core antigen, p26 from these isolates were reacted with anti-BIV (American isolate R-29) serum. In addition, proviral DNA was detected in blood and milk samples by nested polymerase chain reaction and subsequent Southern blot hybridization. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the amplified pol gene products showed its 99.0 to 99.7% homology to that of BIV R-29. These results indicate that the Japanese BIV isolates appear to be antigenically and genetically similar to the American R-29. Since BIV was isolated from milk samples, BIV could possibly be transmitted through milk. This is the first report of BIV isolation in Japan.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Western/veterinary
- Cats
- Cattle
- Cattle Diseases/epidemiology
- Cell Line
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Coculture Techniques/veterinary
- DNA, Viral/chemistry
- Enzootic Bovine Leukosis/epidemiology
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique/veterinary
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Bovine/genetics
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Bovine/immunology
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Bovine/isolation & purification
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Bovine/physiology
- Immunodiffusion/veterinary
- Lentivirus Infections/epidemiology
- Lentivirus Infections/veterinary
- Leukemia Virus, Bovine/isolation & purification
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Milk/virology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
- Sarcoma Viruses, Murine
- Seroepidemiologic Studies
- Viral Load
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- S Meas
- Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Japan
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Munro R, Lysons R, Venables C, Horigan M, Jeffrey M, Dawson M. Lymphadenopathy and non-suppurative meningo-encephalitis in calves experimentally infected with bovine immunodeficiency-like virus (FL112). J Comp Pathol 1998; 119:121-34. [PMID: 9749357 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9975(98)80057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In an experiment on bovine immunodeficiency-like virus (BIV), the virological and serological aspects of which were reported in an earlier paper, three groups (A, B and C) of three calves were inoculated subcutaneously with a recently isolated strain (FL112). For group B and group C, the virus was suspended in milk, and for group C (controls) the viral suspension was subjected to pasteurization before inoculation. The calves were killed for necropsy 12 months later. Clinical assessment revealed subtle ataxia in two group A calves, which took the form of an intermittent "shifting" (from one leg to another) lameness, and palpable enlargement of the pre-scapular lymph nodes in one group B animal. At necropsy, haemal lymph nodes (0.1 to 0.5 cm in diameter), occurring singly, were observed in all animals. However, in groups A and B (but not C), enlarged haemal lymph nodes (< or = 2 cm in diameter) were also seen, occurring singly and in chains; and in one group A animal they occurred in grape-like clusters. In groups A and B (but not C), histopathological examination revealed generalized hyperplastic changes in lymph nodes, especially the haemal lymph nodes. This finding was particularly striking in the two clinically ataxic animals from group A, which also showed a non-suppurative meningo-encephalitis; the latter was possibly the cause of the subtle clinical signs. This study supports previous findings on lymphadenopathy resulting from experimental infection with BIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Munro
- Lasswade Veterinary Laboratory, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, UK
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43
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Isaacson JA, Flaming KP, Roth JA. Increased MHC class II and CD25 expression on lymphocytes in the absence of persistent lymphocytosis in cattle experimentally infected with bovine leukemia virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1998; 64:235-48. [PMID: 9730219 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(98)00139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We recently observed that a group of cattle experimentally infected with bovine leukemia virus (BLV) had enhanced antibody responses to recall antigens. None of the cattle in this group were classified as persistently lymphocytotic, but they did have significantly increased numbers of circulating T and B cells. In order to investigate the potential mechanisms of BLV-induced immune activation, dual-color flow cytometry was used to compare the expression of MHC class II (MHC II) molecules and the inducible IL-2 receptor alpha chain, CD25, on lymphocyte subsets in freshly isolated and cultured PBMC from these same BLV-infected cattle (n=5) with that of age-matched, uninfected controls (n=3). Freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from BLV-infected cattle were found to contain a significantly higher percentage of B cells that expressed MHC II molecules (p<0.01). In addition, an increased proportion of CD4+ T cells from BLV-infected cattle expressed MHC II molecules after 20 h of Concanavalin A (Con A) stimulation (p<0.05), and MHC II expression was increased on both CD4+ (p<0.01) and CD8+ (p<0.05) T cells from BLV-infected cattle after 68 h in vitro, even in the absence of exogenous mitogen. Although CD25 expression was not increased on freshly isolated lymphocytes from BLV-infected cattle, an increased percentage of B cells from BLV-infected cattle expressed CD25 after 20 h of culture, either in the presence (p<0.05) or absence (p<0.01) of Con A. Thus, in addition to causing alterations in absolute numbers of circulating lymphocytes, BLV infection appears to cause a functional activation of both B and T cells, even in cattle that are non-lymphocytotic. It is likely that these BLV-induced alterations in lymphocyte activation status contributed to the previously observed enhancement of antibody responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Isaacson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
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Isaacson JA, Flaming KP, Roth JA. Effects of long-term infection with bovine immunodeficiency virus and/or bovine leukemia virus on antibody and lymphocyte proliferative responses in cattle. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 1998; 64:249-66. [PMID: 9730220 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(98)00140-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses were examined in cattle between 3-5 years after experimental inoculation with bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIG) and/or bovine leukemia virus (BLV). Lymphocyte proliferative responses to Con A or to allogeneic lymphocytes with foreign major histocompatibility complex molecules (allo MHC) were determined by 3H-thymidine incorporation assays. Antigen-specific antibody and lymphocyte proliferative responses were measured following vaccination with tetanus toxoid (TT) and bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV-1). Lymphocytes from BIV-infected cattle had significantly (p<0.05) reduced proliferative responses to Con A, but responses to allo-MHC and TT did not differ from those of uninfected controls. BIV infection also had little effect on TT-specific antibody responses in vivo. In contrast, BLV-infected cattle had significantly increased secondary antibody responses to vaccination with TT, as well as enhancement of antibody responses to BHV-1. Co-infection with BIV did not alter the BLV effect, suggesting a lack of significant interaction between the two viruses in vivo. Numbers of circulating mononuclear cells were also higher in BLV-infected cattle, which was attributable to increases in both T and B cell numbers. Unstimulated lymphocytes from BLV-infected cattle had significantly increased spontaneous uptake of 3H-thymidine in vitro. When differences in counts per minute were analyzed, lymphocytes from BLV-infected cattle had slightly increased proliferative responses to Con A, but no consistent alternations in responsiveness to allo-MHC, TT, or BHV-1. The observed increase in antibody responses to non-BLV antigens suggests that at least in clinically asymptomatic cattle, BLV infection may cause a non-specific B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Isaacson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames 50011, USA
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Heaton PR, Johnstone P, Brownlie J. Investigation of the cellular tropism of bovine immunodeficiency-like virus. Res Vet Sci 1998; 65:33-40. [PMID: 9769070 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-5288(98)90024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Bovine immunodeficiency-like virus (BIV) was first isolated from an animal showing transient leucocytosis, lymphadenopathy, lesions in the central nervous system and progressive weakness and emaciation. Similar signs are observed in other immunosuppressive lentiviral infections. BIV, like other lentiviruses, has been isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and lymphoid tissue of infected animals. However, the in vivo cellular tropism of BIV remains unclear although initial studies indicate that BIV may be pantropic, infecting T cells, B cells and monocytes similar to some of the immunodeficiency-causing lentiviruses. PCR, Southern blot hybridisation, cell culture and reverse transcriptase assays were used to demonstrate the presence of BIV proviral DNA and the production of infectious virus in CD2+, WC1+, B cells and monocytes during the acute stages of infection. Western immunoblot assays were used to assess the development of antibody responses towards the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Heaton
- Rabies Research and Diagnostic Group, Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey.
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Abstract
This article reviews the basic types of immunity, the factors relevant to feedlot cattle that have been shown to suppress immune function, and what is known about the basis of protective acquired immunity against the common bovine respiratory pathogens. The characteristics and efficacy of vaccines for respiratory disease pathogens are also reviewed. Recommendations for optimizing vaccination are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Roth
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, USA.
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47
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Jacobs RM, Jefferson BJ, Suarez DL. Prevalence of bovine immunodeficiency-like virus in bulls as determined by serology and proviral detection. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 1998; 62:231-3. [PMID: 9684054 PMCID: PMC1189481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We found the rate of bovine immunodeficiency-like virus (BIV) infection among bulls to be 9.6% using serology and 12.6% when tested by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of BIV provirus in peripheral blood leukocytes. Previously, we determined the frequency of BIV infection among the general dairy cow population in Ontario to be 5.5% based on serological analysis. Apparently, serological testing detects only 77% of BIV-infected bulls. Since almost a quarter of BIV-infected bulls may be seronegative, it is recommended that the PCR test be used to identify BIV-infected individuals. It is clear from the data presented here and supported by experimental studies that the latent carrier state is a relatively common outcome in ruminants infected with BIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Jacobs
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario
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48
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Zhang S, Xue W, Wood C, Chen Q, Kapil S, Minocha HC. Detection of bovine immunodeficiency virus antibodies in cattle by western blot assay with recombinant gag protein. J Vet Diagn Invest 1997; 9:347-51. [PMID: 9376421 DOI: 10.1177/104063879700900401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A western blot assay using purified recombinant bovine immunodeficiency virus gag protein has been developed for detection of bovine immunodeficiency virus antibodies in bovine serum samples. The test was standardized with known bovine immunodeficiency virus positive and negative bovine serum samples and the monoclonal antibody to gag protein. Both naturally and experimentally infected cattle sera demonstrated positive test results. The result of western blot assay was compared with polymerase chain reaction test results in 134 blood samples collected from Kansas. Twenty-six samples tested positive for bovine immunodeficiency virus DNA with polymerase chain reaction (18.7%) and 25 were positive for the antibody to gag protein by western blot analysis (17.9%). Of 26 cattle testing positive using the polymerase chain reaction assay, 24 were antibody-positive by western blot assay, thus establishing a strong correlation between the two tests. The sensitivity and specificity of western blot relative to polymerase chain reaction are 0.92 and 0.99, respectively. The western blot assay proved to be a specific and sensitive test.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA
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49
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Zhang S, Troyer DL, Kapil S, Zheng L, Kennedy G, Weiss M, Xue W, Wood C, Minocha HC. Detection of proviral DNA of bovine immunodeficiency virus in bovine tissues by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR in situ hybridization. Virology 1997; 236:249-57. [PMID: 9325232 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, experiments were designed to investigate the distribution of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) proviral DNA in the tissues and cells of infected calves by solution-phase polymerase chain reaction (SP-PCR) and PCR in situ hybridization (PCR-ISH). Total DNA samples extracted from tissues of 10 BIV-infected and 5 uninfected calves were amplified by SP-PCR with the primers directed to the BIV conserved pol gene segment. The identity of the SP-PCR product was confirmed by Southern hybridization with a BIV pol gene cDNA probe. SP-PCR results demonstrated that BIV proviral DNA was present predominantly in neural tissues and some lymphoid tissues in BIV-infected calves. It also was detected frequently in other tissues including lung, heart, esophagus, and pancreas. Further investigation on cell location of BIV proviral DNA was performed by in situ amplification of DNA on formalin-fixed tissue sections. The amplified DNA was subjected to in situ hybridization with an internal biotinylated probe and detected with streptavidin-gold followed by silver enhancement. Specific BIV proviral DNA signals were observed in neurons, microglial cells, lymphocytes, septal macrophages, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells. On the basis of these results, we conclude that BIV replicates in a variety of bovine tissues in vivo and has a broad cell tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Wilcox
- Division of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Western Australia
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