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Atyeo N, Maldonado J, Warner B, Chiorini J. Salivary Glands and Viral Pathogenesis. J Dent Res 2024; 103:227-234. [PMID: 38344753 PMCID: PMC10985391 DOI: 10.1177/00220345231222871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is an epidemiologically relevant route of viral transmission due to the shedding of viruses in saliva. With advancements in salivary diagnostics, an increasing number of viruses have been detected. However, the anatomic source of virus in saliva is still largely unknown. Some viruses have a well-established tropism for the salivary glands (SGs), and recent studies have emphasized the importance of the glands as potential reservoirs for infectious viruses. Viral infections of the SGs have been linked to acute and chronic SG pathology and may be associated with SG dysfunction, with phenotypes similar to those seen in SjÖgren's disease (SjD), an autoimmune condition that affects the salivary and lacrimal glands. Understanding the breadth of viruses that infect the SG and the conserved or distinct host responses to these infections may provide insights into the pathogenesis of virus-mediated SG diseases. There is a need for further research to fully understand the molecular mechanisms by which viruses enter and replicate in the glands, their physiologic impact on SG function, and whether the SGs can serve as a long-term reservoir for infectious viral particles. The purpose of this review is to highlight a group of viruses that infect the salivary gland: hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, enteric viruses, human T-cell leukemia virus type I, human immunodeficiency virus, human cytomegalovirus, and BK polyomavirus. We focus on the effects of viral infection on salivary gland (SG) inflammation, function, and its association with SjD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Atyeo
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J.O. Maldonado
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Oral Health Integration, HealthPartners Institute, Bloomington, MN, USA
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - B.M. Warner
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J.A. Chiorini
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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2
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Le-Trilling VTK, Jagnjić A, Brizić I, Eilbrecht M, Wohlgemuth K, Rožmanić C, Herdman A, Hoffmann K, Westendorf AM, Hengel H, Jonjić S, Trilling M. Maternal antibodies induced by a live attenuated vaccine protect neonatal mice from cytomegalovirus. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:8. [PMID: 36737485 PMCID: PMC9898546 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00602-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) frequently causes congenital infections, resulting in birth defects and developmental disorders. A vaccine is needed, but unavailable. We analyzed the potential of CMV mutants, lacking their STAT2 antagonists to serve as live attenuated vaccine viruses in mice. Infections with attenuated viruses elicited strong ELISA-reactive binding IgG responses and induced neutralizing antibodies as well as antibodies stimulating cellular Fcγ receptors, including the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)-eliciting receptors FcγRIII/CD16 and FcγRIV. Accordingly, vaccinated mice were fully protected against challenge infections. Female mice vaccinated prior to gestation transmitted CMV-specific IgG to their offspring, which protected the progeny from perinatal infections in a mouse model for congenital CMV disease. To define the role of maternal antibodies, female mice either capable or incapable of producing antibodies were vaccinated and subsequently bred to males of the opposite genotype. Challenge infections of the genotypically identical F1 generation revealed the indispensability of maternal antibodies for vaccine-induced protection against cytomegaloviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Thuy Khanh Le-Trilling
- grid.5718.b0000 0001 2187 5445Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreja Jagnjić
- grid.5718.b0000 0001 2187 5445Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ilija Brizić
- grid.22939.330000 0001 2236 1630Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Mareike Eilbrecht
- grid.5718.b0000 0001 2187 5445Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wohlgemuth
- grid.5718.b0000 0001 2187 5445Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Carmen Rožmanić
- grid.22939.330000 0001 2236 1630Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Alan Herdman
- grid.5718.b0000 0001 2187 5445Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Katja Hoffmann
- grid.5963.9Institute of Virology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Astrid M. Westendorf
- grid.5718.b0000 0001 2187 5445Institute for Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- grid.5963.9Institute of Virology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- grid.22939.330000 0001 2236 1630Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Mirko Trilling
- grid.5718.b0000 0001 2187 5445Institute for Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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3
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Leite ICG, Koifman S. Revisão dos fatores de risco para o câncer de boca e faringe. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE CANCEROLOGIA 2022. [DOI: 10.32635/2176-9745.rbc.1998v44n4.2827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
O presente artigo realizou breve análise de perfil epidemiológico de tumores de boca e faringe no Brasil e no mundo, bem como uma revisão da literatura pertinente a seus fatores de risco. Sua incidência, geralmente, varia entre 2% a 30% do total dos novos casos de câncer no mundo, e é fortemente influenciada pela localização geográfica. No Brasil, é a sexta localização anatômica mais comum nos Registros de Base Populacional entre os homens, sendo que a localização envolvendo a língua corresponde a 40% do total de casos. Os principais fatores de risco são o tabaco, o álcool e a interação entre ambos, que exibem forte efeito multiplicativo sobre o risco. A quantidade consumida e o tempo de exposição a estes dois fatores exibem, comumente, gradiente crescente de risco para o câncer. Elementos da dieta são considerados fatores de proteção, especialmente oβ-caroteno, enquanto estados de carência nutricional são comumente percebidos entre os casos. Condições de precária saúde bucal são achados comuns entre os casos de câncer de boca e faringe. As recentes linhas de pesquisa em patogênese e prevenção do câncer de boca e faringe têm estudado a contribuição viral e genética. O comprometimento de grupos etários mais jovens e de mulheres provavelmente deve-se à universalização dos fatores de risco, levando a esta modificação do perfil epidemiológico.
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Tugizov S. Virus-associated disruption of mucosal epithelial tight junctions and its role in viral transmission and spread. Tissue Barriers 2021; 9:1943274. [PMID: 34241579 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.19432749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal, airway, intestinal, and genital mucosal epithelia are the main portals of entry for the majority of human pathogenic viruses. To initiate systemic infection, viruses must first be transmitted across the mucosal epithelium and then spread across the body. However, mucosal epithelia have well-developed tight junctions, which have a strong barrier function that plays a critical role in preventing the spread and dissemination of viral pathogens. Viruses can overcome these barriers by disrupting the tight junctions of mucosal epithelia, which facilitate paracellular viral penetration and initiate systemic disease. Disruption of tight and adherens junctions may also release the sequestered viral receptors within the junctional areas, and liberation of hidden receptors may facilitate viral infection of mucosal epithelia. This review focuses on possible molecular mechanisms of virus-associated disruption of mucosal epithelial junctions and its role in transmucosal viral transmission and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharof Tugizov
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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5
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Tugizov S. Virus-associated disruption of mucosal epithelial tight junctions and its role in viral transmission and spread. Tissue Barriers 2021; 9:1943274. [PMID: 34241579 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.1943274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal, airway, intestinal, and genital mucosal epithelia are the main portals of entry for the majority of human pathogenic viruses. To initiate systemic infection, viruses must first be transmitted across the mucosal epithelium and then spread across the body. However, mucosal epithelia have well-developed tight junctions, which have a strong barrier function that plays a critical role in preventing the spread and dissemination of viral pathogens. Viruses can overcome these barriers by disrupting the tight junctions of mucosal epithelia, which facilitate paracellular viral penetration and initiate systemic disease. Disruption of tight and adherens junctions may also release the sequestered viral receptors within the junctional areas, and liberation of hidden receptors may facilitate viral infection of mucosal epithelia. This review focuses on possible molecular mechanisms of virus-associated disruption of mucosal epithelial junctions and its role in transmucosal viral transmission and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharof Tugizov
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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6
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Repair of an Attenuated Low-Passage Murine Cytomegalovirus Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Identifies a Novel Spliced Gene Essential for Salivary Gland Tropism. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01456-20. [PMID: 32847854 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01456-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The cloning of herpesviruses as bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) has revolutionized the study of herpesvirus biology, allowing rapid and precise manipulation of viral genomes. Several clinical strains of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) have been cloned as BACs; however, no low-passage strains of murine CMV (MCMV), which provide a model mimicking these isolates, have been cloned. Here, the low-passage G4 strain of was BAC cloned. G4 carries an m157 gene that does not ligate the natural killer (NK) cell-activating receptor, Ly49H, meaning that unlike laboratory strains of MCMV, this virus replicates well in C57BL/6 mice. This BAC clone exhibited normal replication during acute infection in the spleen and liver but was attenuated for salivary gland tropism. Next-generation sequencing revealed a C-to-A mutation at nucleotide position 188422, located in the 3' untranslated region of sgg1, a spliced gene critical for salivary gland tropism. Repair of this mutation restored tropism for the salivary glands. Transcriptional analysis revealed a novel spliced gene within the sgg1 locus. This small open reading frame (ORF), sgg1.1, starts at the 3' end of the first exon of sgg1 and extends exon 2 of sgg1. This shorter spliced gene is prematurely terminated by the nonsense mutation at nt 188422. Sequence analysis of tissue culture-passaged virus demonstrated that sgg1.1 was stable, although other mutational hot spots were identified. The G4 BAC will allow in vivo studies in a broader range of mice, avoiding the strong NK cell responses seen in B6 mice with other MCMV BAC-derived MCMVs.IMPORTANCE Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) is widely used as a model of human CMV (HCMV) infection. However, this model relies on strains of MCMV that have been serially passaged in the laboratory for over four decades. These laboratory strains have been cloned as bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), which permits rapid and precise manipulation. Low-passage strains of MCMV add to the utility of the mouse model of HCMV infection but do not exist as cloned BACs. This study describes the first such low-passage MCMV BAC. This BAC-derived G4 was initially attenuated in vivo, with subsequent full genomic sequencing revealing a novel spliced transcript required for salivary gland tropism. These data suggest that MCMV, like HCMV, undergoes tissue culture adaptation that can limit in vivo growth and supports the use of BAC clones as a way of standardizing viral strains and minimizing interlaboratory strain variation.
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7
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Friedrich SK, Lang PA, Friebus-Kardash J, Duhan V, Bezgovsek J, Lang KS. Mechanisms of lymphatic system-specific viral replication and its potential role in autoimmune disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2019; 195:64-73. [PMID: 30444956 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections can be fatal because of the direct cytopathic effects of the virus or the induction of a strong, uncontrolled inflammatory response. Virus and host intrinsic characteristics strongly modulate the outcome of viral infections. Recently we determined the circumstances under which enhanced replication of virus within the lymphoid tissue is beneficial for the outcome of a disease. This enforced viral replication promotes anti-viral immune activation and, counterintuitively, accelerates virus control. In this review we summarize the mechanisms that contribute to enforced viral replication. Antigen-presenting cells and CD169+ macrophages exhibit enforced viral replication after infection with the model viruses lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 (Usp18), an endogenous type I interferon blocker in CD169+ macrophages, has been identified as a proviral gene, as are B cell activating factor (BAFF) and carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1). Lymphotoxins (LT) strongly enhance viral replication in the spleen and lymph nodes. All these factors modulate splenic architecture and thereby promote the development of CD169+ macrophages. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell signaling (NF-κB) have been found to promote the survival of infected CD169+ macrophages, thereby similarly promoting enforced viral replication. Association of autoimmune disease with infections is evident from (1) autoimmune phenomena described during a chronic virus infection; (2) onset of autoimmune disease simultaneous to viral infections; and (3) experimental evidence. Involvement of virus infection during onset of type I diabetes is strongly evident. Epstein-Bar virus (EBV) infection was discussed to be involved in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. In conclusion, several mechanisms promote viral replication in secondary lymphatic organs. Identifying such factors in humans is a challenge for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-K Friedrich
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, Essen, Germany
| | - P A Lang
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Insitute of Molecular Medicine II, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - J Friebus-Kardash
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, Essen, Germany
| | - V Duhan
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, Essen, Germany
| | - J Bezgovsek
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, Essen, Germany
| | - K S Lang
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Institute of Immunology, Medical Faculty, Essen, Germany
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8
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Reddehase MJ, Lemmermann NAW. Mouse Model of Cytomegalovirus Disease and Immunotherapy in the Immunocompromised Host: Predictions for Medical Translation that Survived the "Test of Time". Viruses 2018; 10:v10120693. [PMID: 30563202 PMCID: PMC6315540 DOI: 10.3390/v10120693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Cytomegalovirus (hCMV), which is the prototype member of the β-subfamily of the herpesvirus family, is a pathogen of high clinical relevance in recipients of hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). hCMV causes multiple-organ disease and interstitial pneumonia in particular upon infection during the immunocompromised period before hematopoietic reconstitution restores antiviral immunity. Clinical investigation of pathomechanisms and of strategies for an immune intervention aimed at restoring antiviral immunity earlier than by hematopoietic reconstitution are limited in patients to observational studies mainly because of ethical issues including the imperative medical indication for chemotherapy with antivirals. Aimed experimental studies into mechanisms, thus, require animal models that match the human disease as close as possible. Any model for hCMV disease is, however, constrained by the strict host-species specificity of CMVs that prevents the study of hCMV in any animal model including non-human primates. During eons of co-speciation, CMVs each have evolved a set of "private genes" in adaptation to their specific mammalian host including genes that have no homolog in the CMV virus species of any other host species. With a focus on the mouse model of CD8 T cell-based immunotherapy of CMV disease after experimental HCT and infection with murine CMV (mCMV), we review data in support of the phenomenon of "biological convergence" in virus-host adaptation. This includes shared fundamental principles of immune control and immune evasion, which allows us to at least make reasoned predictions from the animal model as an experimental "proof of concept." The aim of a model primarily is to define questions to be addressed by clinical investigation for verification, falsification, or modification and the results can then give feedback to refine the experimental model for research from "bedside to bench".
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias J Reddehase
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center and Center for Immunotherapy of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Niels A W Lemmermann
- Institute for Virology, University Medical Center and Center for Immunotherapy of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Str. 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany.
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Feng Y, Livingston-Rosanoff D, Roback L, Sundararajan A, Speck SH, Mocarski ES, Daley-Bauer LP. Remarkably Robust Antiviral Immune Response despite Combined Deficiency in Caspase-8 and RIPK3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:2244-2255. [PMID: 30194111 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Caspase-8 (Casp8)-mediated signaling triggers extrinsic apoptosis while suppressing receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK) 3-dependent necroptosis. Although Casp8 is dispensable for the development of innate and adaptive immune compartments in mice, the importance of this proapoptotic protease in the orchestration of immune response to pathogens remains to be fully explored. In this study, Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- C57BL/6 mice show robust innate and adaptive immune responses to the natural mouse pathogen, murine CMV. When young, these mice lack lpr-like lymphoid hyperplasia and accumulation of either B220 + CD3+ or B220-CD3+CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with increased numbers of immature myeloid cells that are evident in older mice. Dendritic cell activation and cytokine production drive both NK and T cell responses to control viral infection in these mice, suggesting that Casp8 is dispensable to the generation of antiviral host defense. Curiously, NK and T cell expansion is amplified, with greater numbers observed by 7 d postinfection compared with either Casp8+/-Ripk3-/- or wild type (Casp8+/+Ripk3+/+ ) littermate controls. Casp8 and RIPK3 are natural targets of virus-encoded cell death suppressors that prevent infected cell apoptosis and necroptosis, respectively. It is clear from the current studies that the initiation of innate immunity and the execution of cytotoxic lymphocyte functions are all preserved despite the absence of Casp8 in responding cells. Thus, Casp8 and RIPK3 signaling is completely dispensable to the generation of immunity against this natural herpesvirus infection, although the pathways driven by these initiators serve as a crucial first line for host defense within virus-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Feng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Devon Livingston-Rosanoff
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Linda Roback
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Aarthi Sundararajan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Samuel H Speck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Edward S Mocarski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Lisa P Daley-Bauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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10
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Dogra P, Miller-Kittrell M, Pitt E, Jackson JW, Masi T, Copeland C, Wu S, Miller WE, Sparer T. A little cooperation helps murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) go a long way: MCMV co-infection rescues a chemokine salivary gland defect. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2957-2972. [PMID: 27638684 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) produce chemokines (vCXCLs) that have both sequence and functional homology to host chemokines. Assessment of vCXCL-1's role in CMV infection is limited to in vitro and in silico analysis due to CMVs species specificity. In this study, we used the murine CMV (MCMV) mouse model to evaluate the function of vCXCL-1 in vivo. Recombinant MCMVs expressing chimpanzee CMV vCXCL-1 (vCXCL-1CCMV) or host chemokine, mCXCL1, underwent primary dissemination to the popliteal lymph node, spleen and lung similar to the parental MCMV. However, neither of the recombinants expressing chemokines was recovered from the salivary gland (SG) at any time post-infection although viral DNA was detected. This implies that the virus does not grow in the SG or the overexpressed chemokine induces an immune response that leads to suppressed growth. Pointing to immune suppression of virus replication, recombinant viruses were isolated from the SG following infection of immune-ablated mice [i.e. SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency), NSG (non-obese diabetic SCID gamma) or cyclophosphamide treated]. Depletion of neutrophils or NK cells does not rescue the recovery of chemokine-expressing recombinants in the SG. Surprisingly we found that co-infection of parental virus and chemokine-expressing virus leads to the recovery of the recombinants in the SG. We suggest that parental virus reduces the levels of chemokine expression leading to a decrease in inflammatory monocytes and subsequent SG growth. Therefore, aberrant expression of the chemokines induces cells of the innate and adaptive immune system that curtail the growth and dissemination of the recombinants in the SG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Dogra
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Mindy Miller-Kittrell
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Elisabeth Pitt
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Joseph W Jackson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Tom Masi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Courtney Copeland
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Shuen Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0524, USA
| | - William E Miller
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0524, USA
| | - Tim Sparer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, 1414 Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
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11
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Non-redundant and redundant roles of cytomegalovirus gH/gL complexes in host organ entry and intra-tissue spread. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004640. [PMID: 25659098 PMCID: PMC4450070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses form different gH/gL virion envelope glycoprotein complexes that serve as entry complexes for mediating viral cell-type tropism in vitro; their roles in vivo, however, remained speculative and can be addressed experimentally only in animal models. For murine cytomegalovirus two alternative gH/gL complexes, gH/gL/gO and gH/gL/MCK-2, have been identified. A limitation of studies on viral tropism in vivo has been the difficulty in distinguishing between infection initiation by viral entry into first-hit target cells and subsequent cell-to-cell spread within tissues. As a new strategy to dissect these two events, we used a gO-transcomplemented ΔgO mutant for providing the gH/gL/gO complex selectively for the initial entry step, while progeny virions lack gO in subsequent rounds of infection. Whereas gH/gL/gO proved to be critical for establishing infection by efficient entry into diverse cell types, including liver macrophages, endothelial cells, and hepatocytes, it was dispensable for intra-tissue spread. Notably, the salivary glands, the source of virus for host-to-host transmission, represent an exception in that entry into virus-producing cells did not strictly depend on either the gH/gL/gO or the gH/gL/MCK-2 complex. Only if both complexes were absent in gO and MCK-2 double-knockout virus, in vivo infection was abolished at all sites.
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12
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CD200 receptor restriction of myeloid cell responses antagonizes antiviral immunity and facilitates cytomegalovirus persistence within mucosal tissue. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004641. [PMID: 25654642 PMCID: PMC4412112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD200 receptor (CD200R) negatively regulates peripheral and mucosal innate immune responses. Viruses, including herpesviruses, have acquired functional CD200 orthologs, implying that viral exploitation of this pathway is evolutionary advantageous. However, the role that CD200R signaling plays during herpesvirus infection in vivo requires clarification. Utilizing the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) model, we demonstrate that CD200R facilitates virus persistence within mucosal tissue. Specifically, MCMV infection of CD200R-deficient mice (CD200R(-/-)) elicited heightened mucosal virus-specific CD4 T cell responses that restricted virus persistence in the salivary glands. CD200R did not directly inhibit lymphocyte effector function. Instead, CD200R(-/-) mice exhibited enhanced APC accumulation that in the mucosa was a consequence of elevated cellular proliferation. Although MCMV does not encode an obvious CD200 homolog, productive replication in macrophages induced expression of cellular CD200. CD200 from hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells contributed independently to suppression of antiviral control in vivo. These results highlight the CD200-CD200R pathway as an important regulator of antiviral immunity during cytomegalovirus infection that is exploited by MCMV to establish chronicity within mucosal tissue.
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13
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Yamada S, Fukuchi S, Hashimoto K, Fukui Y, Tsuda M, Kataoka M, Katano H, Inoue N. Guinea pig cytomegalovirus GP129/131/133, homologues of human cytomegalovirus UL128/130/131A, are necessary for infection of monocytes and macrophages. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1376-1382. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.064527-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The GP129, GP131 and GP133 genes of guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) are homologues of human cytomegalovirus UL128, UL130 and UL131A, respectively, which are essential for infection of endothelial and epithelial cells, and for viral transmission to leukocytes. Our previous study demonstrated that a GPCMV strain lacking the 1.6 kb locus that contains the GP129, GP131 and GP133 genes had a growth defect in animals. Here, we demonstrated that the WT strain, but not the 1.6 kb-deleted strain, formed capsids in macrophages prepared from the peritoneal fluid. To understand the mechanism, we prepared GPCMV strains defective in each of GP129, GP131 and GP133, and found that they were all essential for the infection of peritoneal, splenic and PBMC-derived macrophages/monocytes, and for expression of immediate-early antigens in the macrophages/monocytes, although they were dispensable for infection of fibroblasts. Monocyte/macrophage tropism could be one of the important determinants for viral dissemination in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souichi Yamada
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saki Fukuchi
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaede Hashimoto
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Fukui
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mihoko Tsuda
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiyo Kataoka
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Harutaka Katano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Inoue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Daley-Bauer LP, Roback LJ, Wynn GM, Mocarski ES. Cytomegalovirus hijacks CX3CR1(hi) patrolling monocytes as immune-privileged vehicles for dissemination in mice. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 15:351-62. [PMID: 24629341 PMCID: PMC3989205 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral blood myelomonocytic cells are important for cytomegalovirus dissemination to distal organs such as salivary glands where persistent replication and shedding dictates transmission patterns. We find that this process is markedly enhanced by the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV)-encoded CC chemokine, MCK2, which promotes recruitment of CX3CR1(hi) patrolling monocytes to initial infection sites in the mouse. There, these cells become infected and traffic via the bloodstream to distal sites. In contrast, inflammatory monocytes, the other major myelomonocytic subset, remain virus negative. CX3CR1 deficiency prevents patrolling monocyte migration on the vascular endothelium and interrupts MCMV dissemination to the salivary glands independent of antiviral NK and T cell immune control. In this manner, CX3CR1(hi) patrolling monocytes serve as immune-privileged vehicles to transport MCMV via the bloodstream to distal organs. MCMV commandeers patrolling monocytes to mediate systemic infection and seed a persistent reservoir essential for horizontal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa P Daley-Bauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Linda J Roback
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Grace M Wynn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Edward S Mocarski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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15
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Optimization of interferon gamma ELISPOT assay to detect human cytomegalovirus specific T-cell responses in solid organ transplants. J Virol Methods 2014; 196:157-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Wagner FM, Brizic I, Prager A, Trsan T, Arapovic M, Lemmermann NAW, Podlech J, Reddehase MJ, Lemnitzer F, Bosse JB, Gimpfl M, Marcinowski L, MacDonald M, Adler H, Koszinowski UH, Adler B. The viral chemokine MCK-2 of murine cytomegalovirus promotes infection as part of a gH/gL/MCK-2 complex. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003493. [PMID: 23935483 PMCID: PMC3723581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) forms two gH/gL glycoprotein complexes, gH/gL/gO and gH/gL/pUL(128,130,131A), which determine the tropism, the entry pathways and the mode of spread of the virus. For murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), which serves as a model for HCMV, a gH/gL/gO complex functionally homologous to the HCMV gH/gL/gO complex has been described. Knock-out of MCMV gO does impair, but not abolish, virus spread indicating that also MCMV might form an alternative gH/gL complex. Here, we show that the MCMV CC chemokine MCK-2 forms a complex with the glycoprotein gH, a complex which is incorporated into the virion. We could additionally show that mutants lacking both, gO and MCK-2 are not able to produce infectious virus. Trans-complementation of these double mutants with either gO or MCK-2 showed that both proteins can promote infection of host cells, although through different entry pathways. MCK-2 has been extensively studied in vivo by others. It has been shown to be involved in attracting cells for virus dissemination and in regulating antiviral host responses. We now show that MCK-2, by forming a complex with gH, strongly promotes infection of macrophages in vitro and in vivo. Thus, MCK-2 may play a dual role in MCMV infection, as a chemokine regulating the host response and attracting specific target cells and as part of a glycoprotein complex promoting entry into cells crucial for virus dissemination. Several human herpesviruses form alternative gH/gL complexes which determine the tropism for different cell types. For murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), a gH/gL/gO complex has recently been characterized. Here, we present the identification and characterization of an alternative gH/gL/MCK-2 complex which promotes MCMV spread and is important for efficient infection of macrophages in vitro and in vivo. Association of the MCMV CC chemokine MCK-2 with a glycoprotein complex promoting virus entry is a novel function for the well-characterized MCK-2. Virus mutants lacking MCK-2 have been shown to exhibit a reduced capacity to attract leukocytes and a disregulated T cell control of the MCMV infection in vivo. These defects can be attributed to the chemokine function of MCK-2. Yet, the observation that MCK-2 knock-out mutants additionally are impaired in infecting leukocytes in vivo is consistent with our new finding that MCK-2 forms a glycoprotein complex promoting entry into monocytic cells. gH/gL complexes associating with multifunctional proteins add a new level of complexity to the interpretation of infection phenotypes of the respective knock-out herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia M. Wagner
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute for Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ilija Brizic
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute for Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Prager
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute for Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tihana Trsan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Maja Arapovic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Niels A. W. Lemmermann
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunology (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Podlech
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunology (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias J. Reddehase
- Institute for Virology and Research Center for Immunology (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Frederic Lemnitzer
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute for Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Bernhard Bosse
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute for Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Gimpfl
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute for Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Marcinowski
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute for Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Margaret MacDonald
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Heiko Adler
- Research Unit Gene Vectors, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich H. Koszinowski
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute for Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Adler
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute for Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Cytomegalovirus impairs antiviral CD8+ T cell immunity by recruiting inflammatory monocytes. Immunity 2012; 37:122-33. [PMID: 22840843 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory monocytes are key early responders to infection that contribute to pathogen-host interactions in diverse ways. Here, we report that the murine cytomegalovirus-encoded CC chemokine, MCK2, enhanced CCR2-dependent recruitment of these cells to modulate antiviral immunity, impairing virus-specific CD8(+) T cell expansion and differentiation into effector cytotoxic T lymphocytes, thus reducing the capacity to eliminate viral antigen-bearing cells and slowing viral clearance. Adoptive transfer of inflammatory monocytes into Ccr2(-/-)Ccl2(-/-) mice impaired virus antigen-specific clearance. Cytomegalovirus therefore enhances a natural CCR2-dependent immune regulatory network to modulate adaptive immunity via nitric oxide production, reminiscent of the monocytic subtype of myeloid-derived suppressor cells primarily implicated in cancer immunomodulation.
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18
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Abstract
One common sign of human cytomegalovirus infection is altered liver function. Murine cytomegalovirus strain v70 induces a rapid and severe hepatitis in immunocompetent mice that requires the presence of T cells in order to develop. v70 exhibits approximately 10-fold-greater virulence than the commonly used strain K181, resulting in a more severe, sustained, and lethal hepatitis but not dramatically higher viral replication levels. Hepatitis and death are markedly delayed in immunodeficient SCID compared to immunocompetent BALB/c mice. Transfer of BALB/c splenocytes to SCID mice conferred rapid disease following infection, and depletion of either CD4 or CD8 T cells in BALB/c mice reduced virus-induced hepatitis. The frequency of CD8 T cells producing gamma interferon and tumor necrosis factor in response to viral antigen was higher in settings where more severe disease occurred. Thus, virus-specific effector CD8 T cells appear to contribute to lethal virus-induced hepatitis, contrasting their protective role during sublethal infection. This study reveals how protection and disease during cytomegalovirus infection depend on viral strain and dose, as well as the quality of the T cell response.
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19
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Virus progeny of murine cytomegalovirus bacterial artificial chromosome pSM3fr show reduced growth in salivary Glands due to a fixed mutation of MCK-2. J Virol 2011; 85:10346-53. [PMID: 21813614 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00545-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) Smith strain has been cloned as a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) named pSM3fr and used for analysis of virus gene functions in vitro and in vivo. When sequencing the complete BAC genome, we identified a frameshift mutation within the open reading frame (ORF) encoding MCMV chemokine homologue MCK-2. This mutation would result in a truncated MCK-2 protein. When mice were infected with pSM3fr-derived virus, we observed reduced virus production in salivary glands, which could be reverted by repair of the frameshift mutation. When looking for the source of the mutation, we consistently found that virus stocks of cell culture-passaged MCMV Smith strain are mixtures of viruses with or without the MCK-2 mutation. We conclude that the MCK-2 mutation in the pSM3fr BAC is the result of clonal selection during the BAC cloning procedure.
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20
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Lacaze P, Forster T, Ross A, Kerr LE, Salvo-Chirnside E, Lisnic VJ, López-Campos GH, García-Ramírez JJ, Messerle M, Trgovcich J, Angulo A, Ghazal P. Temporal profiling of the coding and noncoding murine cytomegalovirus transcriptomes. J Virol 2011; 85:6065-76. [PMID: 21471238 PMCID: PMC3126304 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02341-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The global transcriptional program of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV), involving coding, noncoding, and antisense transcription, remains unknown. Here we report an oligonucleotide custom microarray platform capable of measuring both coding and noncoding transcription on a genome-wide scale. By profiling MCMV wild-type and immediate-early mutant strains in fibroblasts, we found rapid activation of the transcriptome by 6.5 h postinfection, with absolute dependency on ie3, but not ie1 or ie2, for genomic programming of viral gene expression. Evidence is also presented to show, for the first time, genome-wide noncoding and bidirectional transcription at late stages of MCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lacaze
- Division of Pathway Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, College of Medicine, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Thorsten Forster
- Division of Pathway Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, College of Medicine, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Ross
- Division of Pathway Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, College of Medicine, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lorraine E. Kerr
- Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh, The University of Edinburgh, Darwin Building, King's Buildings Campus, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Eliane Salvo-Chirnside
- Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh, The University of Edinburgh, Darwin Building, King's Buildings Campus, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Vanda Juranic Lisnic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Rijeka University, Croatia
| | | | - José J. García-Ramírez
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical School, Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla—La Mancha, Avenida de Almansa 14, 02006 Albacete, Spain
| | - Martin Messerle
- Department of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Joanne Trgovcich
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Ana Angulo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Division of Pathway Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, The Chancellor's Building, College of Medicine, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Systems Biology at Edinburgh, The University of Edinburgh, Darwin Building, King's Buildings Campus, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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21
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Hendrickson JE, Saakadze N, Cadwell CM, Upton JW, Mocarski ES, Hillyer CD, Zimring JC. The spleen plays a central role in primary humoral alloimmunization to transfused mHEL red blood cells. Transfusion 2011; 49:1678-84. [PMID: 19413728 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several differences exist between antigens on transfused red blood cells (RBCs) and other immunogens, including anatomical compartmentalization. Whereas antigens from microbial pathogens and solid organ transplants drain into local lymph nodes, circulating RBCs remain segregated in the peripheral circulation, where they are consumed by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the spleen and liver. Accordingly, it was hypothesized that the splenic APCs play a central role in primary alloimmunization to transfused RBCs. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Recipient mice were splenectomized and transfused with transgenic RBCs expressing the membrane-bound hen egg lysozyme (mHEL) model RBC antigen. In some experiments, mHEL-specific CD4+ T cells were adoptively transferred into recipient mice to allow investigation of helper T-cell responses. Unmanipulated or sham-splenectomized mice served as controls. Recombinant murine cytomegalovirus expressing mHEL (mHEL-MCMV) was used as a control non-RBC immunogen. Humoral responses were measured by mHEL-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometric–based RBC cross-match. RESULTS Control animals synthesized detectable anti-HEL immunoglobulin (Ig)G after a single mHEL RBC transfusion. mHEL-specific CD4+ T cells underwent robust expansion, and adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells resulted in a 1000-fold increase in anti-HEL IgG. In contrast, minimal anti-HEL IgG was detectable in splenectomized mice, mHEL-specific CD4+ T cells did not proliferate, and adoptive transfer did not increase anti-HEL IgG. However, anti-HEL IgG response after exposure to mHEL-MCMV was equivalent in control and splenectomized mice. DISCUSSION Together, these findings illustrate the distinct properties of transfused RBCs as immunologic stimuli, with the spleen playing a critical role in primary RBC alloimmunization at the level of CD4+ T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne E Hendrickson
- Department of Pediatrics, AFLAC Cancer Center and Blood Disorders Service, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Cunningham PT, Lloyd ML, Harvey NL, Williams E, Hardy CM, Redwood AJ, Lawson MA, Shellam GR. Promoter control over foreign antigen expression in a murine cytomegalovirus vaccine vector. Vaccine 2010; 29:141-51. [PMID: 20338212 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported on the development of a recombinant murine cytomegalovirus (rMCMV) containing the mouse zona pellucida 3 (mZP3) gene for use as a virally vectored immunocontraceptive (VVIC). This study aimed to alter promoter control over foreign antigen expression and cellular localisation of the antigen expressed in order to overcome virus attenuation previously encountered. Early studies reported on the mZP3 gene expressed by a strong constitutive human cytomegalovirus immediate-early 1 promoter (pHCMV IE1). This virus was able to induce >90% infertility in BALB/c mice despite being heavily attenuated in vivo. In this study the mZP3 was placed under the control of the MCMV early 1 (pMCMV E1) promoter and the inducible tetracycline promoter (Tet-On). In both instances the recombinant virus was able to induce infertility in directly infected mice. However, the viruses remained attenuated. This study demonstrated the capacity to manipulate the nature of the immune response by altering promoter control over foreign antigen expression and cellular localisation of the expressed antigen. We were able to demonstrate that by using the MCMV E1 promoter it was still possible to sterilize female BALB/c mice with an MCMV vector expressing mZP3. The use of the MCMV E1 promoter provides an added level of safety to any MCMV based VVIC approach as it only allows for transgene expression in MCMV permissive cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula T Cunningham
- Discipline of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
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23
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Yamada S, Nozawa N, Katano H, Fukui Y, Tsuda M, Tsutsui Y, Kurane I, Inoue N. Characterization of the guinea pig cytomegalovirus genome locus that encodes homologs of human cytomegalovirus major immediate-early genes, UL128, and UL130. Virology 2009; 391:99-106. [PMID: 19559454 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 05/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We reported previously that the guinea pig cytomegalovirus (CMV) stock purchased from the American Type Culture Collection contained two types of strains, one containing and the other lacking a 1.6 kb locus, and that the 1.6 kb locus was required for efficient viral growth in animals but not in cell culture. In this study, we characterized the genetic contents of the locus, and found that i) the 1.6 kb locus encodes homologs of human CMV UL128 and UL130, GP129 and GP131, respectively, ii) these genes are expressed with late gene kinetics, iii) GP131 protein (pGP131) localized to cell surface only in the presence of glycoproteins H and L, and iv) pGP131 is a virion component. Therefore, it is plausible that pGP131 forms a complex with glycoproteins H and L and becomes a virion component as does UL130 protein (pUL130). Since pUL130 is one of the glycoproteins essential for infection of endothelial and epithelial cells in human and primates, functional and immunological analyses of this GPCMV homolog of pUL130 may help to illuminate the in vivo role of pUL130.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souichi Yamada
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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24
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Nozawa N, Yamamoto Y, Fukui Y, Katano H, Tsutsui Y, Sato Y, Yamada S, Inami Y, Nakamura K, Yokoi M, Kurane I, Inoue N. Identification of a 1.6 kb genome locus of guinea pig cytomegalovirus required for efficient viral growth in animals but not in cell culture. Virology 2008; 379:45-54. [PMID: 18656220 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) provides a useful model for studies of congenital CMV infection. During characterization of the GPCMV genome sequence, we identified two types of strains in a virus stock purchased from ATCC. One of them, GPCMV/del, lacks a 1.6 kb locus that positionally corresponds to murine CMV (MCMV) M129-M133. Growth of GPCMV/del in cell culture was marginally better than that of the other strain, GPCMV/full, which harbors the 1.6 kb locus. However, in animals infected intraperitoneally with virus stocks containing both strains, GPCMV/full disseminated more efficiently than GPCMV/del, including 200-fold greater viral load in salivary glands. Viral DNA, transcripts of the immediate-early 2 gene homolog, and viral antigens were more abundant in animals infected with GPCMV/full than in those infected with GPCMV/del. Although the observed phenomena have some similarity with the growth properties of MCMV strains defective in mck-1/mck-2(M129/131) and those defective in sgg(M132), no M129-M132 homologs were found in the 1.6 kb locus. Since one of the ORFs in the locus has a weak sequence similarity with HCMV UL130, which relates to cell tropism, further studies will be required to learn the mechanism for efficient GPCMV growth in animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Nozawa
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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25
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Prior infection with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) limits the immunocontraceptive effects of an MCMV vector expressing the mouse zona-pellucida-3 protein. Vaccine 2008; 26:3860-9. [PMID: 18573574 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV)-vectored vaccine expressing the mouse zona-pellucida-3 gene (rMCMV-ZP3), which successfully induces infertility in experimentally inoculated laboratory or wild-derived mice. However, the future success of this vector as a fully disseminating vaccine in free-living mice may be compromised by pre-existing immunity since there is a high prevalence of naturally acquired MCMV infection in these mice. To evaluate the effect of prior immunity to MCMV on vaccine efficacy, we constructed two new biologically effective recombinant MCMV vectors expressing the mouse ZP3 protein from two MCMV strains (N1 and G4) derived from free-living mice. In wild mice, mixed MCMV infection is common and could be acquired either by simultaneous coinfection or sequential infection with different MCMV strains. Interestingly, while coinfection with both wild-type and rMCMV-ZP3 via the intraperitoneal route reduced the impact of the rMCMV-ZP3, prior infection with the same wild-type strain as that used to construct the rMCMV-ZP3 abrogated the immunocontraceptive effects of either N1-ZP3 or G4-ZP3. However, prior infection with G4 28 days before the introduction of N1-ZP3 had a reduced influence on the efficacy of the rMCMV-ZP3. Thus, the strain of virus and the timing of prior infection are factors that may influence the efficacy of the rMCMV-ZP3. Given that mixed infection of mice with MCMV is common, it is possible that prior immunity acquired by natural mucosal infection may have less a less inhibitory effect on the immunocontraceptive outcome.
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26
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Upton JW, Kaiser WJ, Mocarski ES. Cytomegalovirus M45 cell death suppression requires receptor-interacting protein (RIP) homotypic interaction motif (RHIM)-dependent interaction with RIP1. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:16966-70. [PMID: 18442983 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.c800051200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses such as cytomegaloviruses encode functions that modulate the innate response in diverse ways to counteract host sensing and delay host clearance during infection. The murine cytomegalovirus M45 protein interacts with receptor-interacting protein (RIP) 1 and RIP3 via a RIP homotypic interaction motif. Cell death suppression by M45 requires RIP homotypic interaction motif-dependent interaction with RIP1. This interaction also underlies the cell tropism role of M45 in preventing premature death of endothelial cells during murine cytomegalovirus infection. Thus, M45 is a viral inhibitor of RIP activation that provides a direct cell type-dependent replication benefit to the virus while modulating other biological processes signaling via the RIP1 adaptor such as activation of Toll-like receptor (TLR)3 as well as other mediators of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Upton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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27
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Beisser PS, Lavreysen H, Bruggeman CA, Vink C. Chemokines and chemokine receptors encoded by cytomegaloviruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2008; 325:221-42. [PMID: 18637509 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-77349-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CMVs carry several genes that are homologous to genes of the host organism. These include genes homologous to those encoding chemokines (CKs) and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). It is generally assumed that these CMV genes were hijacked from the host genome during the long co-evolution of virus and host. In light of the important function of the CK and GPCR families in the normal physiology of the host, it has previously been hypothesized that the CMV homologs of these proteins, CMV vCKs and vGPCRs, may also have a significant impact on this physiology, such that lifelong maintenance and/or replication of the virus within the infected host is guaranteed. In addition, several of these homologs were reported to have a major impact in the pathogenesis of infection. In this review, the current state of knowledge on the CMV vCKs and vGPCRs will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Beisser
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, University Hospital Maastricht, PO Box 5800, AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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28
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The impact of regulatory T cells on T-cell immunity following hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood 2007; 111:945-53. [PMID: 17916743 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-07-103895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) prevent graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) by inhibiting the proliferation and function of conventional T cells (Tcons). However, the impact of Tregs on T-cell development and immunity following hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) is unknown. Using a murine GvHD model induced by Tcons, we demonstrate that adoptive transfer of Tregs leads to (1) abrogration of GvHD, (2) preservation of thymic and peripheral lymph node architecture, and (3) an accelerated donor lymphoid reconstitution of a diverse TCR-Vbeta repertoire. The resultant enhanced lymphoid reconstitution in Treg recipients protects them from lethal cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection. By contrast, mice that receive Tcons alone have disrupted lymphoid organs from GvHD and remain lymphopenic with a restricted TCR-Vbeta repertoire and rapid death on MCMV challenge. Lymphocytes from previously infected Treg recipients generate secondary response specific to MCMV, indicating long-term protective immunity with transferred Tregs. Thymectomy significantly reduces survival after MCMV challenge in Treg recipients compared with euthymic controls. Our results indicate that Tregs enhance immune reconstitution by preventing GvHD-induced damage of the thymic and secondary lymphoid microenvironment. These findings provide new insights into the role of Tregs in affording protection to lymphoid stromal elements important for T-cell immunity.
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Humphreys IR, de Trez C, Kinkade A, Benedict CA, Croft M, Ware CF. Cytomegalovirus exploits IL-10-mediated immune regulation in the salivary glands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:1217-25. [PMID: 17485516 PMCID: PMC2118568 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20062424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The salivary glands represent a major site of cytomegalovirus replication and transmission to other hosts. Despite control of viral infection by strong T cell responses in visceral organs cytomegalovirus replication continues in the salivary glands of mice, suggesting that the virus exploits the mucosal microenvironment. Here, we show that T cell immunity in the salivary glands is limited by the induction of CD4 T cells expressing the regulatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10. Blockade of IL-10 receptor (IL-10R) with an antagonist antibody dramatically reduced viral load in the salivary glands, but not in the spleen. The mucosa-specific protection afforded by IL-10R blockade was associated with an increased accumulation of CD4 T cells expressing interferon γ, suggesting that IL-10R signaling limits effector T cell differentiation. Consistent with this, an agonist antibody targeting the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member OX40 (TNFRSF4) enhanced effector T cell differentiation and increased the number of interferon γ–producing T cells, thus limiting virus replication in the salivary glands. Collectively, the results indicate that modulating effector T cell differentiation can counteract pathogen exploitation of the mucosa, thus limiting persistent virus replication and transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Humphreys
- Division of Molecular Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Pilgrim MJ, Kasman L, Grewal J, Bruorton ME, Werner P, London L, London SD. A focused salivary gland infection with attenuated MCMV: an animal model with prevention of pathology associated with systemic MCMV infection. Exp Mol Pathol 2007; 82:269-79. [PMID: 17320076 PMCID: PMC3506192 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2006.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 12/05/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
While the salivary gland has been recognized as an important effector site of the common mucosal immune system, a useful model for studying anti-viral salivary gland immune responses in vivo and for exploring the role of the salivary gland within the common mucosal system has been lacking. Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) is a beta-herpesvirus that displays a strong tropism for the salivary gland and produces significant morbidity in susceptible mice when introduced by intraperitoneal (i.p.) inoculation. This study tested the hypothesis that MCMV morbidity and pathology could be reduced by injecting the virus directly the submandibular salivary gland (intraglandular (i.g.)), using either in vivo derived MCMV or the less virulent, tissue-culture-derived MCMV (tcMCMV). Peak salivary gland viral titers were completely unaffected by infection route (i.p vs. i.g.) after inoculation with either MCMV or tcMCMV. However, i.g. tcMCMV inoculation reduced viremia in all systemic tissues tested compared to i.p. inoculation. Furthermore, systemic organ pathology observed in the liver and spleen after i.p. inoculation with either MCMV or tcMCMV was completely eliminated by i.g. inoculation with tcMCMV. Cellular infiltrates in the salivary glands, after i.p. or i.g. inoculation were composed of both B and T cells, indicating the potential for a local immune response to occur in the salivary gland. These results demonstrate that a focused MCMV infection of the salivary gland without systemic organ pathology is possible using i.g. delivery of tcMCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Pilgrim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, PO Box 250504, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA
| | - Laura Kasman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, PO Box 250504, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA
| | - Jasvir Grewal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, PO Box 250504, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA
| | - Mary E. Bruorton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, PO Box 250504, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA
| | - Phil Werner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, PO Box 250504, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA
- College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, PO Box 250504, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA
| | - Lucille London
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, PO Box 250504, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA
| | - Steven D. London
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, PO Box 250504, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA
- College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, PO Box 250504, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA
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31
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Visalli RJ, Nicolosi DM, Irven K, Khan T, Visalli MA. Characterization of the murine cytomegalovirus m136 gene. Virus Genes 2006; 34:117-26. [PMID: 17143724 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-006-0047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The 230-kbp murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) genome is predicted to encode 182 open reading frames (orfs). One gene whose functional role is not known is encoded by the 762-bp m136 orf. Sequence analysis of rat cytomegalovirus (RCMV) strains Maastricht and English revealed homologous orfs, pr136, and ORF HJ4, respectively. Conservation of these orfs suggested that m136 and the RCMV homologs might play a role during virus replication. Expression of an epitope tagged form of m136 (m136-V5) yielded a polypeptide of 34 kDa that localized to the perinuclear region of transfected mouse 3T3 fibroblasts. Three independently generated MCMV m136 mutants were isolated and characterized. Mutations were introduced into the m136 orf by inserting either a beta-glucuronidase (m136-beta-gluc) or a guanosine phosphoribosyl transferase (m136-gpt) expression cassette into a unique BglII site, or by inserting a gpt cassette into a deleted region (Deltam136) of m136. No differences were observed in viral yield, plaque size, and plaque morphology between the parental strain and any of the m136 mutant viruses. In vivo analysis using a SCID mouse virulence model showed a consistently measurable attenuated phenotype for all three m136 mutants. The results showed that although the m136 gene was not essential for replication in vitro or in vivo, an intact m136 gene was necessary to yield wild type virulence during infection of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Visalli
- Department of Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne, 2101 E. Coliseum Blvd., Fort Wayne, IN 46805, USA.
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Kulesza CA, Shenk T. Murine cytomegalovirus encodes a stable intron that facilitates persistent replication in the mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:18302-7. [PMID: 17105807 PMCID: PMC1838746 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0608718103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human cytomegalovirus immediate-early 5-kb RNA previously has been shown to be a stable intron that is not required for efficient replication of the virus in cultured fibroblasts. Here we describe a murine cytomegalovirus 7.2-kb ortholog of the human cytomegalovirus 5-kb RNA. The 5' end of the 7.2-kb transcript maps to a consensus splice-donor site that is conserved among all cytomegaloviruses. We constructed mutant viruses lacking the entire 7.2-kb coding domain, the splice-donor site predicted to function in the generation of the intron or a hairpin predicted to stabilize the intron. All three mutant viruses failed to produce the 7.2-kb RNA, supporting our conclusion that it is a stable intron. Each of the mutants replicated with normal kinetics in cultured fibroblasts, but the mutants exhibited a clear defect within infected mice. Although the initial acute phase at 4 days after infection appeared to be normal, none of the mutant viruses progressed to the persistent phase, i.e., little virus was detected in the salivary gland at 14 days after infection. The intron functions as an in vivo virulence factor, facilitating progression from the acute to persistent phase of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Shenk
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Hai R, Chu A, Li H, Umamoto S, Rider P, Liu F. Infection of human cytomegalovirus in cultured human gingival tissue. Virol J 2006; 3:84. [PMID: 17022821 PMCID: PMC1617094 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-3-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in the oral cavity plays an important role in its horizontal transmission and in causing viral-associated oral diseases such as gingivitis. However, little is currently known about HCMV pathogenesis in oral mucosa, partially because HCMV infection is primarily limited to human cells and few cultured tissue or animal models are available for studying HCMV infection. Results In this report, we studied the infection of HCMV in a cultured gingival tissue model (EpiGingival, MatTek Co.) and investigated whether the cultured tissue can be used to study HCMV infection in the oral mucosa. HCMV replicated in tissues that were infected through the apical surface, achieving a titer of at least 300-fold at 10 days postinfection. Moreover, the virus spread from the apical surface to the basal region and reduced the thickness of the stratum coreum at the apical region. Viral proteins IE1, UL44, and UL99 were expressed in infected tissues, a characteristic of HCMV lytic replication in vivo. Studies of a collection of eight viral mutants provide the first direct evidence that a mutant with a deletion of open reading frame US18 is deficient in growth in the tissues, suggesting that HCMV encodes specific determinants for its infection in oral mucosa. Treatment by ganciclovir abolished viral growth in the infected tissues. Conclusion These results suggest that the cultured gingival mucosa can be used as a tissue model for studying HCMV infection and for screening antivirals to block viral replication and transmission in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Hai
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Program in Comparative Biochemistry, School of Public Health, 140 Warren Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alice Chu
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Program in Comparative Biochemistry, School of Public Health, 140 Warren Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Hongjian Li
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Program in Comparative Biochemistry, School of Public Health, 140 Warren Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Sean Umamoto
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Program in Comparative Biochemistry, School of Public Health, 140 Warren Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Paul Rider
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Program in Comparative Biochemistry, School of Public Health, 140 Warren Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Fenyong Liu
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Program in Comparative Biochemistry, School of Public Health, 140 Warren Hall, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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34
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Melnick M, Mocarski ES, Abichaker G, Huang J, Jaskoll T. Cytomegalovirus-induced embryopathology: mouse submandibular salivary gland epithelial-mesenchymal ontogeny as a model. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2006; 6:42. [PMID: 16959038 PMCID: PMC1601957 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-6-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human studies suggest, and mouse models clearly demonstrate, that cytomegalovirus (CMV) is dysmorphic to early organ and tissue development. CMV has a particular tropism for embryonic salivary gland and other head mesenchyme. CMV has evolved to co-opt cell signaling networks so to optimize replication and survival, to the detriment of infected tissues. It has been postulated that mesenchymal infection is the critical step in disrupting organogenesis. If so, organogenesis dependent on epithelial-mesenchymal interactions would be particularly vulnerable. In this study, we chose to model the vulnerability by investigating the cell and molecular pathogenesis of CMV infected mouse embryonic submandibular salivary glands (SMGs). RESULTS We infected E15 SMG explants with mouse CMV (mCMV). Active infection for up to 12 days in vitro results in a remarkable cell and molecular pathology characterized by atypical ductal epithelial hyperplasia, apparent epitheliomesenchymal transformation, oncocytic-like stromal metaplasia, beta-catenin nuclear localization, and upregulation of Nfkb2, Relb, Il6, Stat3, and Cox2. Rescue with an antiviral nucleoside analogue indicates that mCMV replication is necessary to initiate and maintain SMG dysmorphogenesis. CONCLUSION mCMV infection of embryonic mouse explants results in dysplasia, metaplasia, and, possibly, anaplasia. The molecular pathogenesis appears to center around the activation of canonical and, perhaps more importantly, noncanonical NFkappaB. Further, COX-2 and IL-6 are important downstream effectors of embryopathology. At the cellular level, there appears to be a consequential interplay between the transformed SMG cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix, resulting in the nuclear translocation of beta-catenin. From these studies, a tentative framework has emerged within which additional studies may be planned and performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Melnick
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA
| | - Edward S Mocarski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5124, USA
| | - George Abichaker
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5124, USA
| | - Tina Jaskoll
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0641, USA
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35
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Gorman S, Harvey NL, Moro D, Lloyd ML, Voigt V, Smith LM, Lawson MA, Shellam GR. Mixed infection with multiple strains of murine cytomegalovirus occurs following simultaneous or sequential infection of immunocompetent mice. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:1123-1132. [PMID: 16603512 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81583-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
As with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection of humans, murine CMV (MCMV) infection is widespread in its natural host, the house mouse Mus domesticus, and may consist of mixed infection with different CMV isolates. The incidence and mechanisms by which mixed infection occurs in free-living mice are unknown. This study used two approaches to determine whether mixed infection with MCMV could be established in laboratory mice. The first utilized two naturally occurring MCMV strains, N1 and G4, into which the lacZ gene was inserted by homologous recombination. The lacZ gene was used to track recombinant and parental viruses in simultaneously coinfected mice. In the second approach, a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay was used to detect viral immediate-early 1 (ie1) gene sequences in mice successively coinfected with G4 and then with the K181 MCMV strain. In both systems, mixed infection was detected in the salivary glands and lungs of experimentally infected mice. MCMV-specific antibody in sera and G4 IE1-specific cytotoxic lymphocyte responses in the spleens of twice-infected mice did not prevent reinfection. Finally, the prevalence of mixed infection in free-living mice trapped in four Australian locations was investigated using real-time qPCR to detect ie1 DNA sequences of N1, G4 and K181. Mixed infection with MCMVs containing the G4 and K181 ie1 sequences was detected in the salivary glands of 34·2 % of trapped mice. The observations that mixed infections are common in free-living M. domesticus and are acquired by immunocompetent mice through simultaneous or successive infections are important for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Gorman
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, M502, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Nicole L Harvey
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, M502, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Dorian Moro
- School of Natural Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia
| | - Megan L Lloyd
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, M502, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Valentina Voigt
- Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, 2 Verdun Street, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, M502, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Lee M Smith
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, M502, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Malcolm A Lawson
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, M502, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Geoffrey R Shellam
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, M502, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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García-Ojeda ME, Dejbakhsh-Jones S, Chatterjea-Matthes D, Mukhopadhyay A, BitMansour A, Weissman IL, Brown JMY, Strober S. Stepwise Development of Committed Progenitors in the Bone Marrow That Generate Functional T Cells in the Absence of the Thymus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:4363-73. [PMID: 16177077 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.7.4363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We identified committed T cell progenitors (CTPs) in the mouse bone marrow that have not rearranged the TCRbeta gene; express a variety of genes associated with commitment to the T cell lineage, including GATA-3, T cell-specific factor-1, Cbeta, and Id2; and show a surface marker pattern (CD44+ CD25- CD24+ CD5-) that is similar to the earliest T cell progenitors in the thymus. More mature committed intermediate progenitors in the marrow have rearranged the TCR gene loci, express Valpha and Vbeta genes as well as CD3epsilon, but do not express surface TCR or CD3 receptors. CTPs, but not progenitors from the thymus, reconstituted the alphabeta T cells in the lymphoid tissues of athymic nu/nu mice. These reconstituted T cells vigorously secreted IFN-gamma after stimulation in vitro, and protected the mice against lethal infection with murine CMV. In conclusion, CTPs in wild-type bone marrow can generate functional T cells via an extrathymic pathway in athymic nu/nu mice.
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Noda S, Aguirre SA, Bitmansour A, Brown JM, Sparer TE, Huang J, Mocarski ES. Cytomegalovirus MCK-2 controls mobilization and recruitment of myeloid progenitor cells to facilitate dissemination. Blood 2005; 107:30-8. [PMID: 16046529 PMCID: PMC1895360 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-05-1833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine cytomegalovirus encodes a secreted, pro-inflammatory chemokine-like protein, MCK-2, that recruits leukocytes and facilitates viral dissemination. We have shown that MCK-2-enhanced recruitment of myelomonocytic leukocytes with an immature phenotype occurs early during infection and is associated with efficient viral dissemination. Expression of MCK-2 drives the mobilization of a population of leukocytes from bone marrow that express myeloid marker Mac-1 (CD11b), intermediate levels of Gr-1 (Ly6 G/C), platelet-endothelial-cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1, CD31), together with heterogeneous levels of stem-cell antigen-1 (Sca-1, Ly-6 A /E). Recombinant MCK-2 mediates recruitment of this population even in the absence of viral infection. Recruitment of this cell population and viral dissemination via the bloodstream to salivary glands proceeds normally in mice that lack CCR2 and MCP-1 (CCL2), suggesting that recruitment of macrophages is not a requisite component of pathogenesis. Thus, a systemic impact of MCK-2 enhances the normal host response and causes a marked increase in myelomonocytic recruitment with an immature phenotype to initial sites of infection. Mobilization influences levels of virus dissemination via the bloodstream to salivary glands and is dependent on a myelomonocytic cell type other than mature macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Noda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Fairchild Science Bldg, 299 Campus Dr, Stanford, CA 94305-5124, USA
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Redwood AJ, Messerle M, Harvey NL, Hardy CM, Koszinowski UH, Lawson MA, Shellam GR. Use of a murine cytomegalovirus K181-derived bacterial artificial chromosome as a vaccine vector for immunocontraception. J Virol 2005; 79:2998-3008. [PMID: 15709020 PMCID: PMC548423 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.5.2998-3008.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are members of the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily of the Herpesviridae, and their properties of latency, large DNA size, gene redundancy, and ability to be cloned as bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) suggest their utility as vaccine vectors. While the K181 strain of murine CMV (MCMV) is widely used to study MCMV biology, a BAC clone of this virus had not previously been produced. We report here the construction of a BAC clone of the K181(Perth) strain of MCMV. The in vivo and in vitro growth characteristics of virus derived from the K181 BAC were similar to those of wild-type K181. The utility of the K181 BAC as a method for the rapid production of vaccine vectors was assessed. A vaccine strain of BAC virus, expressing the self-fertility antigen, murine zona pellucida 3, was produced rapidly using standard bacterial genetics techniques and rendered female BALB/c mice infertile with a single intraperitoneal inoculation. In addition, attenuated vaccine strains lacking the open reading frames m07 to m12 exhibited no reduction in efficacy compared to the full-length vaccine strain. In conclusion, we describe the production of a K181-based BAC virus which behaved essentially as wild-type K181 and allowed the rapid production of effective viral vaccine vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec J Redwood
- Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, M502, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
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Voigt S, Sandford GR, Hayward GS, Burns WH. The English strain of rat cytomegalovirus (CMV) contains a novel captured CD200 (vOX2) gene and a spliced CC chemokine upstream from the major immediate-early region: further evidence for a separate evolutionary lineage from that of rat CMV Maastricht. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:263-274. [PMID: 15659745 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80539-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequence data for eight genes, together with time-course Northern blotting and 3′- and 5′-RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) analysis for some mRNAs from a 12 kb region upstream from the major immediate-early (MIE) genes of the English isolate of rat cytomegalovirus (RCMV), are presented. The results identified important differences compared to both murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and the Maastricht isolate of RCMV. A striking finding is the presence of a highly conserved, rightwards-oriented homologue of the rat cellular CD200 (OX2) gene immediately to the right of the MIE region, which replaces either the leftwards-oriented AAV REP gene of RCMV (Maastricht) or the upstream spliced portions of the immediate-early 2 gene (ie2) in MCMV. From the presence of other homologues of MCMV- and RCMV-specific genes, such as the β-chemokine MCK-2, SGG1 and an Fcγ receptor gene, as reported here, the basic architecture of the MIE region (reported previously) and the level of IE2 and DNA polymerase (POL) protein conservation in phylogenetic analyses, it is clear that the English strain of RCMV is also a member of the genus Muromegalovirus, but is a β-herpesvirus species that is very distinct from both MCMV and RCMV (Maastricht). Both the lack of a CD200 homologue in the other two rodent viruses and the depth of sequence divergence of the rodent CMV IE2 and POL proteins suggest that these three viruses have evolved as separate species in the genus Muromegalovirus since very early in the host rodent lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Voigt
- Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Charité, 10098 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gordon R Sandford
- Viral Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
- Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Gary S Hayward
- Viral Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - William H Burns
- Bone Marrow Transplant Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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40
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Abenes G, Chan K, Lee M, Haghjoo E, Zhu J, Zhou T, Zhan X, Liu F. Murine cytomegalovirus with a transposon insertional mutation at open reading frame m155 is deficient in growth and virulence in mice. J Virol 2004; 78:6891-9. [PMID: 15194765 PMCID: PMC421665 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.13.6891-6899.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A pool of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) mutants was previously generated by using a Tn3-based transposon mutagenesis approach (X. Zhan, M. Lee, J. Xiao, and F. Liu, J. Virol. 74:7411-7421, 2000). In this study, one of the MCMV mutants, Rvm155, which contained the transposon insertion in open reading frame m155, was characterized in vitro for its replication in tissue culture and in vivo for its growth and virulence in immunodeficient SCID mice. Compared to the wild-type strain and a rescued virus that restored the m155 region, the mutant is significantly deficient in growth in many organs of the infected animals. At 21 days postinfection the titers of Rvm155 in the salivary glands, lungs, spleens, livers, and kidneys of the intraperitoneally infected SCID mice were lower than the titers of the wild-type virus and the rescued virus by 50-, 1,000-, 500-, 100-, and 500-fold, respectively. Moreover, the viral mutant was attenuated in killing the SCID mice, as none of the SCID mice that were intraperitoneally infected with Rvm155 died until 38 days postinfection while all the animals infected with the wild-type and rescued viruses died at 27 days postinfection. Our results provide the first direct evidence that a disruption of m155 expression leads to attenuation of viral virulence and growth in animals. Moreover, these results suggest that m155 is a viral determinant for optimal MCMV growth and virulence in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Abenes
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, USA
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41
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Vliegen I, Herngreen S, Grauls G, Bruggeman C, Stassen F. Improved detection and quantification of mouse cytomegalovirus by real-time PCR. Virus Res 2004; 98:17-25. [PMID: 14609626 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2003.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
During latent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, viral presence cannot be detected by plaque assay. Therefore, we assessed the applicability of real-time PCR for temporal determination of virus dissemination in two different mouse strains. Eight-week-old BALB/c and C57BL/6J mice were infected with mouse CMV (MCMV) and sacrificed at 1, 2, 4, 6, 14 and 28 days post infection. Real-time PCR was used to determine MCMV copy number in the heart, bone marrow cells, aorta and blood. In lung, liver, salivary gland and spleen the presence of MCMV was determined both by plaque assay and real-time PCR. In analogy with the plaque assay, the real-time PCR technique revealed higher numbers of MCMV genomic copies in all organs obtained from BALB/c mice when compared with C57BL/6J mice, demonstrating the applicability of the technique. A significant correlation was observed between both assays when a positive test result was seen with both assays. Nonetheless, lower viral infectivity titers were found compared to real-time PCR data. Thus, the real-time PCR technique is more sensitive in detecting the presence of MCMV and is therefore well suited for (dose-response) intervention studies aimed at studying virus eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge Vliegen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Maastricht, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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42
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Arber C, BitMansour A, Sparer TE, Higgins JP, Mocarski ES, Weissman IL, Shizuru JA, Brown JMY. Common lymphoid progenitors rapidly engraft and protect against lethal murine cytomegalovirus infection after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood 2003; 102:421-8. [PMID: 12663447 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-12-3834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphoid deficiency after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) results in increased susceptibility to infection; however, transplantation of mature lymphocytes frequently results in a serious complication known as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Here we demonstrate in mice that both congenic as well as allogeneic transplantation of low numbers of highly purified common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs)-a rare population of lymphoid-lineage-committed bone marrow cells-accelerates immune reconstitution after lethal irradiation and rescue with hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). After congenic transplantation, 3 x 10(3) CLPs protected against murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection at a level roughly equivalent to 107 unfractionated lymph node cells. In the allogeneic model of matched unrelated donor HSC transplantation, cotransplantation of 3 x 10(3) CLPs protected thymus-bearing as well as thymectomized hosts from MCMV infection and attenuated disease severity. Immunohistochemistry in combination with antibody depletion of T and natural killer (NK) cells confirmed that CLP-derived as well as residual host lymphocytes contribute to antiviral protection. Importantly, transplantation of allogeneic CLPs provided a durable antiviral immunity without inducing GVHD. These data support the potential for composing grafts with committed progenitors to reduce susceptibility to viral infection following HCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Arber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA
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43
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Tam A, Zhu J, Hai R, Haghjoo E, Tong T, Zhan X, Lu S, Liu F. Murine cytomegalovirus with a transposon insertional mutation at open reading frame M35 is defective in growth in vivo. J Virol 2003; 77:7746-55. [PMID: 12829814 PMCID: PMC161956 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.14.7746-7755.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We had previously constructed a pool of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) mutants that contained a Tn3-based transposon sequence randomly inserted in the viral genome. In the study reported here, one of the mutants, RvM35, which contains the transposon insertion at open reading frame M35, was characterized both in vitro in tissue cultures and in immunocompetent Balb/c and immunodeficient SCID mice. Our results provide the first direct evidence to suggest that M35 is not essential for viral replication in vitro in NIH 3T3 cells. Compared to the wild-type strain and a rescued virus that restored the M35 region, the viral mutant was attenuated in growth in both the intraperitoneally infected Balb/c and SCID mice. At 21 days postinfection, the titers of the mutant in the salivary glands, lungs, spleens, livers, and kidneys of the SCID mice were lower than the titers of the wild-type Smith strain and the rescued virus by 50,000-, 100-, 10-, 100-, and 50-fold, respectively. Moreover, the growth of RvM35 is severely attenuated in the salivary glands. The virulence of the mutant virus also appears to be attenuated, because no death was observed in SCID mice infected with RvM35 until 35 days postinfection, while all the animals infected with the wild-type and rescued viruses died 27 days postinfection. Our results suggest that M35 is important for MCMV virulence in killing SCID mice and is required for optimal viral growth in vivo, including in the salivary glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Tam
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of California-Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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44
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Lloyd ML, Shellam GR, Papadimitriou JM, Lawson MA. Immunocontraception is induced in BALB/c mice inoculated with murine cytomegalovirus expressing mouse zona pellucida 3. Biol Reprod 2003; 68:2024-32. [PMID: 12606395 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.102.012880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunocontraception, the prevention of oocyte fertilization through immunological means, could potentially be used to control plaguing mouse populations in Australia. This paper describes the construction of a mouse-specific betaherpesvirus, murine cytomegalovirus, which has been engineered to express the murine zona pellucida 3 (ZP3) gene. A single inoculation of this recombinant virus resulted in almost complete infertility, persistent anti-ZP3 antibody production, and profound changes to ovarian morphology in BALB/c mice in the absence of significant virus replication during the acute phase of infection. Murine cytomegalovirus may prove to be useful as a vector for the delivery of a mouse-specific immunocontraceptive agent to target populations of wild mice in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Lloyd
- Microbiology, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, University of Western Australia, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009 Australia
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Zhu J, Chen J, Hai R, Tong T, Xiao J, Zhan X, Lu S, Liu F. In vitro and in vivo characterization of a murine cytomegalovirus with a mutation at open reading frame m166. J Virol 2003; 77:2882-91. [PMID: 12584312 PMCID: PMC149767 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.5.2882-2891.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have recently generated a pool of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) mutants by using a Tn3-based transposon mutagenesis approach. In this study, one of the mutants, Rvm166, which contained the transposon sequence at open reading frame m166, was characterized both in tissue culture and in immunocompetent BALB/c mice and immunodeficient SCID mice. The viral mutant replicated as well as the wild-type Smith strain in vitro in NIH 3T3 cells, whereas the transposon insertion precluded the expression of >65% of the m166 open reading frame. Compared to the wild-type strain and a rescued virus that restored the m166 region, the viral mutant was significantly attenuated in growth in both BALB/c and SCID mice that were intraperitoneally infected with the viruses. At 21 days postinfection, the titers of the viral mutant in the salivary glands, lungs, spleens, livers, and kidneys of the infected SCID mice were lower than the titers of the Smith strain and the rescued virus by about 30000-, 10000-, 1000-, 300-, and 800-fold, respectively. Moreover, the virulence of the mutant virus appears to be severely attenuated because no death was found in SCID mice infected with the viral mutant up to 90 days postinfection, whereas all of the animals infected with the wild-type and rescued viruses died at 27 days postinfection. Our results suggest that m166 probably encodes a virulence factor and is required for MCMV virulence in killing SCID mice and for optimal viral growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Zhu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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Visalli RJ, Fairhurst J, Kothandaraman S, Buklan A. Characterization of the murine cytomegalovirus 38 kDa m137 gene product. Virus Res 2002; 84:181-9. [PMID: 11900850 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(02)00024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) m137 null mutants, Deltam137A and Deltam137B, were generated by inserting a gpt cassette into a deleted region of the open reading frame. A polyclonal antiserum produced to an Escherichia coli expressed gst-m137 fusion protein was used to show that a 38 kDa polypeptide corresponding to the predicted m137 gene product was present in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts infected with wild-type MCMV but was not detected in Deltam137 infected cells. The protein did not fractionate with infected cell membranes and was not detectable in purified wild-type virions. Plaque size, plaque morphology, and viral yield did not differ significantly between Deltam137 and wild-type MCMV infected 3T3 fibroblasts. The results showed that deletion of the 38 kDa protein did not negatively effect viral growth in 3T3 fibroblasts indicating that the m137 gene product is not essential for replication in these cells. In vivo analysis revealed that two independently isolated m137 mutants showed a significant delay in time until death but ultimately killed 100% of the mice in a SCID mouse model of virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Visalli
- Infectious Diseases Section, Department of Molecular Biology/Virology, Wyeth-Ayerst Research, 401 N. Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA.
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Saederup N, Aguirre SA, Sparer TE, Bouley DM, Mocarski ES. Murine cytomegalovirus CC chemokine homolog MCK-2 (m131-129) is a determinant of dissemination that increases inflammation at initial sites of infection. J Virol 2001; 75:9966-76. [PMID: 11559829 PMCID: PMC114568 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.20.9966-9976.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The murine cytomegalovirus CC chemokine homolog MCK-2 (m131-129) is an important determinant of dissemination during primary infection. Reduced peak levels of viremia at day 5 were followed by reduced levels of virus in salivary glands starting at day 7 when mck insertion (RM461) and point (RM4511) mutants were compared to mck-expressing viruses. A dramatic MCK-2-enhanced inflammation occurred at the inoculation site over the first few days of infection, preceding viremia. The data further reinforce the role of MCK-2 as a proinflammatory signal that recruits leukocytes to increase the efficiency of viral dissemination in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Saederup
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305-5124, USA
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48
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Grzimek NK, Dreis D, Schmalz S, Reddehase MJ. Random, asynchronous, and asymmetric transcriptional activity of enhancer-flanking major immediate-early genes ie1/3 and ie2 during murine cytomegalovirus latency in the lungs. J Virol 2001; 75:2692-705. [PMID: 11222693 PMCID: PMC115894 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.6.2692-2705.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The lungs are a major organ site of cytomegalovirus (CMV) pathogenesis, latency, and recurrence. Previous work on murine CMV latency has documented a high load and an even distribution of viral genomes in the lungs after the resolution of productive infection. Initiation of the productive cycle requires expression of the ie1/3 transcription unit, which is driven by the immediate-early (IE) promoter P(1/3) and generates IE1 and IE3 transcripts by differential splicing. Latency is molecularly defined by the absence of IE3 transcripts specifying the essential transactivator protein IE3. In contrast, IE1 transcripts were found to be generated focally and randomly, reflecting sporadic P(1/3) activity. Selective generation of IE1 transcripts implies molecular control of latency operating after ie1/3 transcription initiation. P(1/3) is regulated by an upstream enhancer. It is widely assumed that the viral transcriptional program is started by activation of the enhancer through the binding of transcription factors. Accordingly, stochastic transcription during latency might reflect episodes of enhancer activation by the "noise" activity of intrinsic transcription factors. In addition to ie1/3, the enhancer controls gene ie2, which has its own promoter, P(2), and is transcribed in opposite direction. We show here that ie2 is also randomly transcribed during latency. Notably, however, ie1 and ie2 were found to be expressed independently. We infer from this finding that expression of the major IE genes is regulated asymmetrically and asynchronously via the combined control unit P(1/3) -E-P(2). Our data are consistent with a stochastic nature of enhancer action as it is proposed by the "binary" or probability model.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Grzimek
- Institute for Virology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
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49
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Abenes G, Lee M, Haghjoo E, Tong T, Zhan X, Liu F. Murine cytomegalovirus open reading frame M27 plays an important role in growth and virulence in mice. J Virol 2001; 75:1697-707. [PMID: 11160668 PMCID: PMC114079 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.4.1697-1707.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a Tn3-based transposon mutagenesis approach, we have generated a pool of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) mutants. In this study, one of the mutants, RvM27, which contained the transposon sequence at open reading frame M27, was characterized both in tissue culture and in immunocompetent BALB/c mice and immunodeficient SCID mice. Our results suggest that the M27 carboxyl-terminal sequence is dispensable for viral replication in vitro. Compared to the wild-type strain and a rescued virus that restored the M27 region, RvM27 was attenuated in growth in both BALB/c and SCID mice that were intraperitoneally infected with the viruses. Specifically, the titers of RvM27 in the salivary glands, lungs, spleens, livers, and kidneys of the infected SCID mice at 21 days postinfection were 50- to 500-fold lower than those of the wild-type virus and the rescued virus. Moreover, the virulence of the mutant virus appeared to be attenuated, because no deaths occurred among SCID mice infected with RvM27 for up to 37 days postinfection, while all the animals infected with the wild-type and rescued viruses died within 27 days postinfection. Our observations provide the first direct evidence to suggest that a disruption of M27 expression results in reduced viral growth and attenuated viral virulence in vivo in infected animals. Moreover, these results suggest that M27 is a viral determinant required for optimal MCMV growth and virulence in vivo and provide insight into the functions of the M27 homologues found in other animal and human CMVs as well as in other betaherpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Abenes
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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50
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Lee M, Xiao J, Haghjoo E, Zhan X, Abenes G, Tuong T, Dunn W, Liu F. Murine cytomegalovirus containing a mutation at open reading frame M37 is severely attenuated in growth and virulence in vivo. J Virol 2000; 74:11099-107. [PMID: 11070005 PMCID: PMC113190 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.23.11099-11107.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A pool of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) mutants was generated by using a Tn3-based transposon mutagenesis procedure. One of the mutants, RvM37, which contained the transposon sequence at open reading frame M37, was characterized both in tissue culture and in immunocompetent BALB/c and immunodeficient SCID mice. Our results provide the first direct evidence to suggest that M37 is not essential for viral replication in vitro in NIH 3T3 cells. Compared to the wild-type strain and a rescued virus that restored the M37 region, the viral mutant was severely attenuated in growth in both BALB/c and SCID mice after intraperitoneal infection. Specifically, titers of the Smith strain and rescued virus in the salivary glands, lungs, spleens, livers, and kidneys of the SCID mice at 21 days postinfection were about 5 x 10(5), 2 x 10(5), 5 x 10(4), 5 x 10(3), and 1 x 10(4) PFU/ml of organ homogenate, respectively; in contrast, titers of RvM37 in these organs were less than 10(2) PFU/ml of organ homogenate. Moreover, the virulence of the mutant virus appeared to be significantly attenuated because none of the SCID mice infected with RvM37 had died by 120 days postinfection, while all animals infected with the wild-type and rescued viruses had died by 26 days postinfection. Our results suggest that M37 probably encodes a virulence factor and is required for MCMV virulence in SCID mice and for optimal viral growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lee
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunity, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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