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Luczo JM, Spackman E. Epitopes in the HA and NA of H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses that are important for antigenic drift. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2024; 48:fuae014. [PMID: 38734891 PMCID: PMC11149724 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses evolve antigenically to evade host immunity. Two influenza A virus surface glycoproteins, the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase, are the major targets of host immunity and undergo antigenic drift in response to host pre-existing humoral and cellular immune responses. Specific sites have been identified as important epitopes in prominent subtypes such as H5 and H7, which are of animal and public health significance due to their panzootic and pandemic potential. The haemagglutinin is the immunodominant immunogen, it has been extensively studied, and the antigenic reactivity is closely monitored to ensure candidate vaccine viruses are protective. More recently, the neuraminidase has received increasing attention for its role as a protective immunogen. The neuraminidase is expressed at a lower abundance than the haemagglutinin on the virus surface but does elicit a robust antibody response. This review aims to compile the current information on haemagglutinin and neuraminidase epitopes and immune escape mutants of H5 and H7 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Understanding the evolution of immune escape mutants and the location of epitopes is critical for identification of vaccine strains and development of broadly reactive vaccines that can be utilized in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina M Luczo
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, East Geelong, Victoria 3219, Australia
| | - Erica Spackman
- Exotic & Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, United States
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2
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Gilbertson B, Subbarao K. What Have We Learned by Resurrecting the 1918 Influenza Virus? Annu Rev Virol 2023; 10:25-47. [PMID: 37774132 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-111821-104408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
The 1918 Spanish influenza pandemic was one of the deadliest infectious disease events in recorded history, resulting in approximately 50-100 million deaths worldwide. The origins of the 1918 virus and the molecular basis for its exceptional virulence remained a mystery for much of the 20th century because the pandemic predated virologic techniques to isolate, passage, and store influenza viruses. In the late 1990s, overlapping fragments of influenza viral RNA preserved in the tissues of several 1918 victims were amplified and sequenced. The use of influenza reverse genetics then permitted scientists to reconstruct the 1918 virus entirely from cloned complementary DNA, leading to new insights into the origin of the virus and its pathogenicity. Here, we discuss some of the advances made by resurrection of the 1918 virus, including the rise of innovative molecular research, which is a topic in the dual use debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Gilbertson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;
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3
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Babaeimarzangou SS, Allymehr M, Molouki A, Talebi A, Fallah Mehrabadi MH. Identification of an additional N-glycosylation site and thermostable mutations within the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene of the Newcastle disease virus belonging to the VII.1.1 sub-genotype. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2023; 14:447-456. [PMID: 37667791 PMCID: PMC10475166 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2022.558074.3562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is considered one of the most devastating avian viral patho-gens affecting the avian population, and it causes a significant economic burden on the poultry industry worldwide. The study aimed to gain deeper understanding of the molecular and phylogenetic analyses of the complete hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) coding region among NDV isolates. The samples were obtained from different parts of Iran from July 2017 to February 2020, were used for phylogenic analysis in this study. The results confirmed the predominance of sub-genotype VII.1.1, previously known as sub-genotype VIIL, which is circulating in commercial broiler farms of Iran. Identification of (a) an additional N-glycosylation site (NIS) at position 144; (b) mutations S315P and I369V which are related to increasing the viral thermostability; (C) cysteine residues at positions 123; (d) amino acid substitutions in the HN antigenic sites, especially the mutations I514V and E347Q, as well as the other mutant within HN binding sites of the VII.1.1 sub-genotype, suggests the idea that this new sub-genotype of NDV may possess a high level of pathogenicity and virulence compared to other NDV sub-genotypes. In conclusion, the results indicate the presence of an additional NIS at position 144, which may alter the virulence of the isolates. Furthermore, the presence of the thermostable mutations (S315P and I369V) and the other amino acid substitutions among the VII.1.1 sub-genotype isolates may have an impact on the vaccine immunity against this new NDV sub-genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manochehr Allymehr
- Department of Poultry Health and Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran;
| | - Aidin Molouki
- Department of Avian Diseases Research and Diagnostics, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
| | - Alireza Talebi
- Department of Poultry Health and Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Hossein Fallah Mehrabadi
- Department of Avian Diseases Research and Diagnostics, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran.
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4
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Kaveh K, Tazarghi A, Hosseini P, Fotouhi F, Ajorloo M, Rabiei Roodsari M, Razavi Nikoo H. Molecular characterization of the neuraminidase gene of influenza B virus in Northern Iran. Virusdisease 2023; 34:21-28. [PMID: 37009253 PMCID: PMC10050514 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-022-00806-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase inhibitors are the only FDA-approved class of antiviral agents against influenza B viruses. Resistance to these drugs has been reported from different parts of the world; however, there seems to be not enough information about this issue in Iran. We aimed to study the genetic evolution of these viruses as well as the presence of possible mutations concerning drug resistance in northern Iran. RNA was extracted from naso- and oropharyngeal swabs and amplified by one-step RT-PCR for detection and sequencing of the neuraminidase gene. All the data were edited and assembled utilizing BioEdit DNASequence Alignment Editor Software, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed via MEGA software version 10. Finally, resistance-associated mutations and B-cell epitopes substitutions were assessed by comparing our sequences with the counterparts in the reference strains. Comparing our sequences with reference strains revealed that the analyzed isolates of influenza B pertained to the B-Yamagata lineage, had a few B-cell epitopes alterations, and contained no particular mutations concerning resistance against neuraminidase inhibitors, such as oseltamivir. Our findings suggest that all the strains circulating in northern Iran and hopefully other parts of the country can be considered sensitive to this class of drugs. Although it is promising, we strongly recommend additional investigations to evaluate the impact of such drug-resistant mutations in other regions, which in turn will assist the public health agencies in taking immediate and effective therapeutic measures into account when needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Kaveh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Abbas Tazarghi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Parastoo Hosseini
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Fotouhi
- Influenza Research Lab, Department of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ajorloo
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute of Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rabiei Roodsari
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hadi Razavi Nikoo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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5
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Scheibner D, Salaheldin AH, Bagato O, Zaeck LM, Mostafa A, Blohm U, Müller C, Eweas AF, Franzke K, Karger A, Schäfer A, Gischke M, Hoffmann D, Lerolle S, Li X, Abd El-Hamid HS, Veits J, Breithaupt A, Boons GJ, Matrosovich M, Finke S, Pleschka S, Mettenleiter TC, de Vries RP, Abdelwhab EM. Phenotypic effects of mutations observed in the neuraminidase of human origin H5N1 influenza A viruses. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011135. [PMID: 36745654 PMCID: PMC9934401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Global spread and regional endemicity of H5Nx Goose/Guangdong avian influenza viruses (AIV) pose a continuous threat for poultry production and zoonotic, potentially pre-pandemic, transmission to humans. Little is known about the role of mutations in the viral neuraminidase (NA) that accompanied bird-to-human transmission to support AIV infection of mammals. Here, after detailed analysis of the NA sequence of human H5N1 viruses, we studied the role of A46D, L204M, S319F and S430G mutations in virus fitness in vitro and in vivo. Although H5N1 AIV carrying avian- or human-like NAs had similar replication efficiency in avian cells, human-like NA enhanced virus replication in human airway epithelia. The L204M substitution consistently reduced NA activity of H5N1 and nine other influenza viruses carrying NA of groups 1 and 2, indicating a universal effect. Compared to the avian ancestor, human-like H5N1 virus has less NA incorporated in the virion, reduced levels of viral NA RNA replication and NA expression. We also demonstrate increased accumulation of NA at the plasma membrane, reduced virus release and enhanced cell-to-cell spread. Furthermore, NA mutations increased virus binding to human-type receptors. While not affecting high virulence of H5N1 in chickens, the studied NA mutations modulated virulence and replication of H5N1 AIV in mice and to a lesser extent in ferrets. Together, mutations in the NA of human H5N1 viruses play different roles in infection of mammals without affecting virulence or transmission in chickens. These results are important to understand the genetic determinants for replication of AIV in mammals and should assist in the prediction of AIV with zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Scheibner
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ahmed H. Salaheldin
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Ola Bagato
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Water Pollution Research Department, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Luca M. Zaeck
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Water Pollution Research Department, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christin Müller
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ahmed F. Eweas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt; Department of Science, University of Technology and Applied Sciences-Rustaq, Rustaq, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Kati Franzke
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Alexander Schäfer
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Marcel Gischke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Donata Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Solène Lerolle
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Xuguang Li
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology and Emerging Pathogens Research Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hatem S. Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhur University, Al-Buheira, Egypt
| | - Jutta Veits
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, the Netherlands
| | | | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Robert P. de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, the Netherlands
| | - Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Structural and inhibitor sensitivity analysis of influenza B-like viral neuraminidases derived from Asiatic toad and spiny eel. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2210724119. [PMID: 36191180 PMCID: PMC9586306 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2210724119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) is an important target for antiviral development because it plays a crucial role in releasing newly assembled viruses. Two unique influenza-like virus genomes were recently reported in the Wuhan Asiatic toad and Wuhan spiny eel. Their NA genes appear to be highly divergent from all known influenza NAs, raising key questions as to whether the Asiatic toad influenza-like virus NA (tNA) and spiny eel NA (eNA) have canonical NA activities and structures and whether they show sensitivity to NA inhibitors (NAIs). Here, we found that both tNA and eNA have neuraminidase activities. A detailed structural analysis revealed that tNA and eNA present similar overall structures to currently known NAs, with a conserved calcium binding site. Inhibition assays indicated that tNA is resistant to NAIs, while eNA is still sensitive to NAIs. E119 is conserved in canonical NAs. The P119E substitution in tNA can restore sensitivity to NAIs, and, in contrast, the E119P substitution in eNA decreased its sensitivity to NAIs. The structures of NA-inhibitor complexes further provide a detailed insight into NA-inhibitor interactions at the atomic level. Moreover, tNA and eNA have unique N-glycosylation sites compared with canonical NAs. Collectively, the structural features, NA activities, and sensitivities to NAIs suggest that fish- and amphibian-derived influenza-like viruses may circulate in these vertebrates. More attention should be paid to these influenza-like viruses because their NA molecules may play roles in the emergence of NAI resistance.
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7
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Byrd-Leotis L, Jia N, Matsumoto Y, Lu D, Kawaoka Y, Steinhauer DA, Cummings RD. Sialylated and sulfated N-Glycans in MDCK and engineered MDCK cells for influenza virus studies. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12757. [PMID: 35882911 PMCID: PMC9325728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16605-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell line is an in vitro model for influenza A virus (IAV) infection and propagation. MDCK-SIAT1 (SIAT1) and humanized MDCK (hCK) cell lines are engineered MDCK cells that express N-glycans with elevated levels of sialic acid (Sia) in α2,6-linkage (α2,6-Sia) that are recognized by many human IAVs. To characterize the N-glycan structures in these cells and the potential changes compared to the parental MDCK cell line resulting from engineering, we analyzed the N-glycans from these cells at different passages, using both mass spectrometry and specific lectin and antibody binding. We observed significant differences between the three cell lines in overall complex N-glycans and terminal galactose modifications. MDCK cells express core fucosylated, bisected complex-type N-glycans at all passage stages, in addition to expressing α2,6-Sia on short N-glycans and α2,3-Sia on larger N-glycans. By contrast, SIAT1 cells predominantly express α2,6-Sia glycans and greatly reduced level of α2,3-Sia glycans. Additionally, they express bisected, sialylated N-glycans that are scant in MDCK cells. The hCK cells exclusively express α2,6-Sia glycans. Unexpectedly, hCK glycoproteins bound robustly to the plant lectin MAL-1, indicating α2,3-Sia glycans, but such binding was not Sia-dependent and closely mirrored that of an antibody that recognizes glycans with terminal 3-O-sulfate galactose (3-O-SGal). The 3-O-SGal epitope is highly expressed in N-glycans on multiple hCK glycoproteins. These results indicate vastly different N-glycomes between MDCK cells and the engineered clones that could relate to IAV infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Byrd-Leotis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Centers for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, Emory-UGA CEIRS, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nan Jia
- Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Dongli Lu
- Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Influenza Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - David A Steinhauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Centers for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, Emory-UGA CEIRS, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, CLS 11087 - 3 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Centers for Excellence in Influenza Research and Surveillance, Emory-UGA CEIRS, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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8
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Kenney AD, Aron SL, Gilbert C, Kumar N, Chen P, Eddy A, Zhang L, Zani A, Vargas-Maldonado N, Speaks S, Kawahara J, Denz PJ, Dorn L, Accornero F, Ma J, Zhu H, Rajaram MVS, Cai C, Langlois RA, Yount JS. Influenza virus replication in cardiomyocytes drives heart dysfunction and fibrosis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm5371. [PMID: 35544568 PMCID: PMC9094651 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm5371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac dysfunction is a common complication of severe influenza virus infection, but whether this occurs due to direct infection of cardiac tissue or indirectly through systemic lung inflammation remains unclear. To test the etiology of this aspect of influenza disease, we generated a novel recombinant heart-attenuated influenza virus via genome incorporation of target sequences for miRNAs expressed in cardiomyocytes. Compared with control virus, mice infected with miR-targeted virus had significantly reduced heart viral titers, confirming cardiac attenuation of viral replication. However, this virus was fully replicative in the lungs and induced similar systemic inflammation and weight loss compared to control virus. The miR-targeted virus induced fewer cardiac conduction irregularities and significantly less fibrosis in mice lacking interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), which serve as a model for influenza-associated cardiac pathology. We conclude that robust virus replication in the heart is required for pathology, even when lung inflammation is severe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D. Kenney
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stephanie L. Aron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Clara Gilbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Adrian Eddy
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ashley Zani
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Nahara Vargas-Maldonado
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Samuel Speaks
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey Kawahara
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Parker J. Denz
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lisa Dorn
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Federica Accornero
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jianjie Ma
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Murugesan V. S. Rajaram
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chuanxi Cai
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ryan A. Langlois
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jacob S. Yount
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Viruses and Emerging Pathogens Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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9
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Feng T, Zhang J, Chen Z, Pan W, Chen Z, Yan Y, Dai J. Glycosylation of viral proteins: Implication in virus-host interaction and virulence. Virulence 2022; 13:670-683. [PMID: 35436420 PMCID: PMC9037552 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2060464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans are among the most important cell molecular components. However, given their structural diversity, their functions have not been fully explored. Glycosylation is a vital post-translational modification for various proteins. Many bacteria and viruses rely on N-linked and O-linked glycosylation to perform critical biological functions. The diverse functions of glycosylation on viral proteins during viral infections, including Dengue, Zika, influenza, and human immunodeficiency viruses as well as coronaviruses have been reported. N-linked glycosylation is the most common form of protein modification, and it modulates folding, transportation and receptor binding. Compared to N-linked glycosylation, the functions of O-linked viral protein glycosylation have not been comprehensively evaluated. In this review, we summarize findings on viral protein glycosylation, with particular attention to studies on N-linked glycosylation in viral life cycles. This review informs the development of virus-specific vaccines or inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiqian Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wen Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhengrong Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yongdong Yan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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10
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Comparative Investigation of Gene Regulatory Processes Underlying Avian Influenza Viruses in Chicken and Duck. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020219. [PMID: 35205087 PMCID: PMC8868632 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Avian influenza poses a great risk to gallinaceous poultry, while mallard ducks can withstand most virus strains. To date, the mechanisms underlying the susceptibility of chicken and the effective immune response of duck have not been completely understood. In this study, our aim is to investigate the transcriptional gene regulation governing the expression of important avian-influenza-induced genes and to reveal the master regulators stimulating an effective immune response after virus infection in ducks while dysfunctioning in chicken. Abstract The avian influenza virus (AIV) mainly affects birds and not only causes animals’ deaths, but also poses a great risk of zoonotically infecting humans. While ducks and wild waterfowl are seen as a natural reservoir for AIVs and can withstand most virus strains, chicken mostly succumb to infection with high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). To date, the mechanisms underlying the susceptibility of chicken and the effective immune response of duck have not been completely unraveled. In this study, we investigate the transcriptional gene regulation underlying disease progression in chicken and duck after AIV infection. For this purpose, we use a publicly available RNA-sequencing dataset from chicken and ducks infected with low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H5N2 and HPAI H5N1 (lung and ileum tissues, 1 and 3 days post-infection). Unlike previous studies, we performed a promoter analysis based on orthologous genes to detect important transcription factors (TFs) and their cooperation, based on which we apply a systems biology approach to identify common and species-specific master regulators. We found master regulators such as EGR1, FOS, and SP1, specifically for chicken and ETS1 and SMAD3/4, specifically for duck, which could be responsible for the duck’s effective and the chicken’s ineffective immune response.
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Bunte MJM, Schots A, Kammenga JE, Wilbers RHP. Helminth Glycans at the Host-Parasite Interface and Their Potential for Developing Novel Therapeutics. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:807821. [PMID: 35083280 PMCID: PMC8784694 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.807821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Helminths are parasitic worms that have successfully co-evolved with their host immune system to sustain long-term infections. Their successful parasitism is mainly facilitated by modulation of the host immune system via the release of excretory-secretory (ES) products covered with glycan motifs such as Lewis X, fucosylated LDN, phosphorylcholine and tyvelose. Evidence is accumulating that these glycans play key roles in different aspects of helminth infection including interactions with immune cells for recognition and evasion of host defences. Moreover, antigenic properties of glycans can be exploited for improving the efficacy of anti-helminthic vaccines. Here, we illustrate that glycans have the potential to open new avenues for the development of novel biopharmaceuticals and effective vaccines based on helminth glycoproteins.
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Schön J, Breithaupt A, Höper D, King J, Pohlmann A, Parvin R, Behr KP, Schwarz BA, Beer M, Stech J, Harder T, Grund C. Neuraminidase-associated plasminogen recruitment enables systemic spread of natural avian Influenza viruses H3N1. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009490. [PMID: 33891662 PMCID: PMC8118554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated outbreaks due to H3N1 low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) in Belgium were associated with unusually high mortality in chicken in 2019. Those events caused considerable economic losses and prompted restriction measures normally implemented for eradicating high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIV). Initial pathology investigations and infection studies suggested this virus to be able to replicate systemically, being very atypical for H3 LPAIV. Here, we investigate the pathogenesis of this H3N1 virus and propose a mechanism explaining its unusual systemic replication capability. By intravenous and intracerebral inoculation in chicken, we demonstrate systemic spread of this virus, extending to the central nervous system. Endoproteolytic viral hemagglutinin (HA) protein activation by either tissue-restricted serine peptidases or ubiquitous subtilisin-like proteases is the functional hallmark distinguishing (H5 or H7) LPAIV from HPAIV. However, luciferase reporter assays show that HA cleavage in case of the H3N1 strain in contrast to the HPAIV is not processed by intracellular proteases. Yet the H3N1 virus replicates efficiently in cell culture without trypsin, unlike LPAIVs. Moreover, this trypsin-independent virus replication is inhibited by 6-aminohexanoic acid, a plasmin inhibitor. Correspondingly, in silico analysis indicates that plasminogen is recruitable by the viral neuraminidase for proteolytic activation due to the loss of a strongly conserved N-glycosylation site at position 130. This mutation was shown responsible for plasminogen recruitment and neurovirulence of the mouse brain-passaged laboratory strain A/WSN/33 (H1N1). In conclusion, our findings provide good evidence in natural chicken strains for N1 neuraminidase-operated recruitment of plasminogen, enabling systemic replication leading to an unusual high pathogenicity phenotype. Such a gain of function in naturally occurring AIVs representing an established human influenza HA-subtype raises concerns over potential zoonotic threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Schön
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Dirk Höper
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jacqueline King
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anne Pohlmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Rokshana Parvin
- Department of Pathology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jürgen Stech
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Timm Harder
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christian Grund
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Greifswald–Insel Riems, Germany
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Pralow A, Hoffmann M, Nguyen-Khuong T, Pioch M, Hennig R, Genzel Y, Rapp E, Reichl U. Comprehensive N-glycosylation analysis of the influenza A virus proteins HA and NA from adherent and suspension MDCK cells. FEBS J 2021; 288:4869-4891. [PMID: 33629527 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is considered as a critical quality attribute for the production of recombinant biopharmaceuticals such as hormones, blood clotting factors, or monoclonal antibodies. In contrast, glycan patterns of immunogenic viral proteins, which differ significantly between the various expression systems, are hardly analyzed yet. The influenza A virus (IAV) proteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) have multiple N-glycosylation sites, and alteration of N-glycan micro- and macroheterogeneity can have strong effects on virulence and immunogenicity. Here, we present a versatile and powerful glycoanalytical workflow that enables a comprehensive N-glycosylation analysis of IAV glycoproteins. We challenged our workflow with IAV (A/PR/8/34 H1N1) propagated in two closely related Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell lines, namely an adherent MDCK cell line and its corresponding suspension cell line. As expected, N-glycan patterns of HA and NA from virus particles produced in both MDCK cell lines were similar. Detailed analysis of the HA N-glycan microheterogeneity showed an increasing variability and a higher complexity for N-glycosylation sites located closer to the head region of the molecule. In contrast, NA was found to be exclusively N-glycosylated at site N73. Almost all N-glycan structures were fucosylated. Furthermore, HA and NA N-glycan structures were exclusively hybrid- and complex-type structures, to some extent terminated with alpha-linked galactose(s) but also with blood group H type 2 and blood group A epitopes. In contrast to the similarity of the overall glycan pattern, differences in the relative abundance of individual structures were identified. This concerned, in particular, oligomannose-type, alpha-linked galactose, and multiantennary complex-type N-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pralow
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Hoffmann
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Terry Nguyen-Khuong
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Markus Pioch
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - René Hennig
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany.,glyXera GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Genzel
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Erdmann Rapp
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany.,glyXera GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Udo Reichl
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany.,Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Cipollo JF, Parsons LM. Glycomics and glycoproteomics of viruses: Mass spectrometry applications and insights toward structure-function relationships. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2020; 39:371-409. [PMID: 32350911 PMCID: PMC7318305 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of viral glycomics has paralleled that of the mass spectrometry glycomics toolbox. In some regard the glycoproteins studied have provided the impetus for this advancement. Viral proteins are often highly glycosylated, especially those targeted by the host immune system. Glycosylation tends to be dynamic over time as viruses propagate in host populations leading to increased number of and/or "movement" of glycosylation sites in response to the immune system and other pressures. This relationship can lead to highly glycosylated, difficult to analyze glycoproteins that challenge the capabilities of modern mass spectrometry. In this review, we briefly discuss five general areas where glycosylation is important in the viral niche and how mass spectrometry has been used to reveal key information regarding structure-function relationships between viral glycoproteins and host cells. We describe the recent past and current glycomics toolbox used in these analyses and give examples of how the requirement to analyze these complex glycoproteins has provided the incentive for some advances seen in glycomics mass spectrometry. A general overview of viral glycomics, special cases, mass spectrometry methods and work-flows, informatics and complementary chemical techniques currently used are discussed. © 2020 The Authors. Mass Spectrometry Reviews published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Mass Spec Rev.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Cipollo
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMaryland
| | - Lisa M. Parsons
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug AdministrationSilver SpringMaryland
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15
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Majid NN, Omar AR, Mariatulqabtiah AR. Negligible effect of chicken cytokine IL-12 integration into recombinant fowlpox viruses expressing avian influenza virus neuraminidase N1 on host cellular immune responses. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:772-777. [PMID: 32427095 PMCID: PMC7660237 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In comparison to the extensive characterization of haemagglutinin antibodies of avian influenza virus (AIV), the role of neuraminidase (NA) as an immunogen is less well understood. This study describes the construction and cellular responses of recombinant fowlpox viruses (rFWPV) strain FP9, co-expressing NA N1 gene of AIV A/Chicken/Malaysia/5858/2004, and chicken IL-12 gene. Our data shows that the N1 and IL-12 proteins were successfully expressed from the recombinants with 48 kD and 70 kD molecular weights, respectively. Upon inoculation into specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens at 105 p.f.u. ml-1, levels of CD3+/CD4+ and CD3+/CD8+ populations were higher in the wild-type fowlpox virus FP9 strain, compared to those of rFWPV-N1 and rFWPV-N1-IL-12 at weeks 2 and 5 time points. Furthermore, rFWPV-N1-IL-12 showed a suppressive effect on chicken body weight within 4 weeks after inoculation. We suggest that co-expression of N1 with or without IL-12 offers undesirable quality as a potential AIV vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadzreeq Nor Majid
- Office of Deputy Vice Chancellor (Research and Innovation), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutic, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Razak Mariatulqabtiah
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutic, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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A Novel Neuraminidase-Dependent Hemagglutinin Cleavage Mechanism Enables the Systemic Spread of an H7N6 Avian Influenza Virus. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.02369-19. [PMID: 31690675 PMCID: PMC6831776 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02369-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of virulence markers in influenza viruses underpins risk assessment programs and the development of novel therapeutics. The cleavage of the influenza virus HA is a required step in the viral life cycle, and phenotypic differences in viruses can be caused by changes in this process. Here, we describe a novel mechanism for HA cleavage in an H7N6 influenza virus isolated from a mallard duck. The mechanism requires the N6 protein and full activity of thrombin-like proteases and allows the virus to cause systemic infection in chickens, ducks, and mice. The thrombin-mediated cleavage of HA is thus a novel virulence determinant of avian influenza viruses. In this study, we demonstrate a novel mechanism for hemagglutinin (HA) activation in a naturally occurring H7N6 avian influenza A virus strain, A/mallard duck/Korea/6L/2007 (A/Mdk/6L/07). This novel mechanism allows for systemic infection of chickens, ducks, and mice, and A/Mdk/6L/07 can replicate in vitro without exogenous trypsin and exhibits broad tissue tropism in animals despite the presence of a monobasic HA cleavage motif (PEIPKGR/G). The trypsin-independent growth phenotype requires the N6 neuraminidase and the specific recognition of glycine at the P2 position of the HA cleavage motif by a thrombin-like protease. Correspondingly, viral growth is significantly attenuated by the addition of a thrombin-like protease inhibitor (argatroban). These data provide evidence for a previously unrecognized virus replication mechanism and support the hypothesis that thrombin-mediated HA cleavage is an important virulence marker and potential therapeutic target for H7 influenza viruses.
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Viral Factors Important for Efficient Replication of Influenza A Viruses in Cells of the Central Nervous System. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.02273-18. [PMID: 30867311 PMCID: PMC6532103 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02273-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disease is one of the most common extrarespiratory tract complications of influenza A virus infections, and the frequency and severity differ between seasonal, pandemic, and zoonotic influenza viruses. However, little is known about the interaction of these viruses with cells of the CNS. Differences among seasonal, pandemic, and zoonotic influenza viruses in replication efficacy in CNS cells, in vitro, suggest that the presence of an alternative HA cleavage mechanism and ability to attach are important viral factors. Identifying these viral factors and detailed knowledge of the interaction between influenza virus and CNS cells are important to prevent and treat this potentially lethal CNS disease. Central nervous system (CNS) disease is one of the most common extrarespiratory tract complications of influenza A virus infections. Remarkably, zoonotic H5N1 virus infections are more frequently associated with CNS disease than seasonal or pandemic influenza viruses. Little is known about the interaction between influenza A viruses and cells of the CNS; therefore, it is currently unknown which viral factors are important for efficient replication. Here, we determined the replication kinetics of a seasonal, pandemic, zoonotic, and lab-adapted influenza A virus in human neuron-like (SK-N-SH) and astrocyte-like (U87-MG) cells and primary mouse cortex neurons. In general, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus replicated most efficiently in all cells, which was associated with efficient attachment and infection. Seasonal H3N2 and to a lesser extent pandemic H1N1 virus replicated in a trypsin-dependent manner in SK-N-SH but not in U87-MG cells. In the absence of trypsin, only HPAI H5N1 and WSN viruses replicated. Removal of the multibasic cleavage site (MBCS) from HPAI H5N1 virus attenuated, but did not abrogate, replication. Taken together, our results showed that the MBCS and, to a lesser extent, the ability to attach are important determinants for efficient replication of HPAI H5N1 virus in cells of the CNS. This suggests that both an alternative hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage mechanism and preference for α-2,3-linked sialic acids allowing efficient attachment contribute to the ability of influenza A viruses to replicate efficiently in cells of the CNS. This study further improves our knowledge on potential viral factors important for the neurotropic potential of influenza A viruses. IMPORTANCE Central nervous system (CNS) disease is one of the most common extrarespiratory tract complications of influenza A virus infections, and the frequency and severity differ between seasonal, pandemic, and zoonotic influenza viruses. However, little is known about the interaction of these viruses with cells of the CNS. Differences among seasonal, pandemic, and zoonotic influenza viruses in replication efficacy in CNS cells, in vitro, suggest that the presence of an alternative HA cleavage mechanism and ability to attach are important viral factors. Identifying these viral factors and detailed knowledge of the interaction between influenza virus and CNS cells are important to prevent and treat this potentially lethal CNS disease.
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Kosik I, Yewdell JW. Influenza Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase: Yin⁻Yang Proteins Coevolving to Thwart Immunity. Viruses 2019; 11:E346. [PMID: 31014029 PMCID: PMC6520700 DOI: 10.3390/v11040346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virions possess two surface glycoproteins-the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)-which exert opposite functions. HA attaches virions to cells by binding to terminal sialic acid residues on glycoproteins/glycolipids to initiate the infectious cycle, while NA cleaves terminal sialic acids, releasing virions to complete the infectious cycle. Antibodies specific for HA or NA can protect experimental animals from IAV pathogenesis and drive antigenic variation in their target epitopes that impairs vaccine effectiveness in humans. Here, we review progress in understanding HA/NA co-evolution as each acquires epistatic mutations to restore viral fitness to mutants selected in the other protein by host innate or adaptive immune pressure. We also discuss recent exciting findings that antibodies to HA can function in vivo by blocking NA enzyme activity to prevent nascent virion release and enhance Fc receptor-based activation of innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kosik
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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19
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She YM, Li X, Cyr TD. Remarkable Structural Diversity of N-Glycan Sulfation on Influenza Vaccines. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5083-5090. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min She
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Xuguang Li
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Terry D. Cyr
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
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Byrne-Nash RT, Gillis JH, Miller DF, Bueter KM, Kuck LR, Rowlen KL. A neuraminidase potency assay for quantitative assessment of neuraminidase in influenza vaccines. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:3. [PMID: 30675394 PMCID: PMC6342948 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0099-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase (NA) immunity leads to decreased viral shedding and reduced severity of influenza disease; however, NA content in influenza vaccines is currently not regulated, resulting in inconsistent quality and quantity of NA that can vary from manufacturer to manufacturer, from year to year, and from lot to lot. To address this problem, we have developed an assay for NA quantification that could be used by the industry to move toward developing influenza vaccines that induce a predictable immune response to NA. The VaxArray Influenza Seasonal NA Potency Assay (VXI-sNA) is a multiplexed sandwich immunoassay that relies on six subtype-specific monoclonal antibodies printed in microarray format and a suite of fluor-conjugated “label” antibodies. The performance of the assay as applied to a wide range of influenza vaccines is described herein. The assay demonstrated high NA subtype specificity and high sensitivity, with quantification limits ranging from 1 to 60 ng/mL and linear dynamic ranges of 24–500-fold. When compared to an enzymatic activity assay for samples exposed to thermal degradation conditions, the assay was able to track changes in protein stability over time and exhibited good correlation with enzyme activity. The assay also demonstrated excellent analytical precision with relative error ranging from 6 to 12% over day-to-day, user-to-user, and lot-to-lot variation. The high sensitivity and reproducibility of the assay enabled robust detection and quantification of NA in crude in-process samples and low-dose, adjuvanted vaccines with an accuracy of 100 ± 10%. Influenza vaccines that contain neuraminidase (NA) are associated with lower disease severity and better prognosis in vaccinated individuals, but the amount and quality of NA present in vaccines remains difficult to determine. Here, Rose Byrne-Nash and colleagues present the VaxArray Influenza Seasonal NA Potency Assay (VXI-sNA), a multiplexed sandwich immunoassay for the quantification of NA of all subtypes and for the determination of its potency. Featuring multiple NA subtype-specific antibodies printed in microarray format, the VXI-sNA showed high precision, dynamic range and reproducibility, and its results correlated well with NA enzymatic activity. This method is a step forward towards standardization of NA quantification for the assessment of stability, batch-to-batch variation and immunogenicity of NA in influenza vaccine formulations, and may help to develop influenza vaccines that trigger predictable immune responses to NA for increased protection against influenza infections.
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Zhu B, Shen J, Zhao T, Jiang H, Ma T, Zhang J, Dang L, Gao N, Hu Y, Shi Y, Sun S. Intact Glycopeptide Analysis of Influenza A/H1N1/09 Neuraminidase Revealing the Effects of Host and Glycosite Location on Site‐Specific Glycan Structures. Proteomics 2019; 19:e1800202. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201800202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bojing Zhu
- College of Life ScienceNorthwest University Xi'an Shaanxi province 710069 P. R. China
| | - Jiechen Shen
- College of Life ScienceNorthwest University Xi'an Shaanxi province 710069 P. R. China
| | - Ting Zhao
- College of Life ScienceNorthwest University Xi'an Shaanxi province 710069 P. R. China
| | - Haihai Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of Sciences 100101 Beijing P. R. China
| | - Tianran Ma
- College of Life ScienceNorthwest University Xi'an Shaanxi province 710069 P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Computer Science and TechnologyXidian University Xi'an Shaanxi province 710069 P. R. China
| | - Liuyi Dang
- College of Life ScienceNorthwest University Xi'an Shaanxi province 710069 P. R. China
| | - Ni Gao
- College of Life ScienceNorthwest University Xi'an Shaanxi province 710069 P. R. China
| | - Yingwei Hu
- Department of PathologyJohns Hopkins University Baltimore MD 21287 USA
| | - Yi Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and ImmunologyInstitute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of Sciences 100101 Beijing P. R. China
| | - Shisheng Sun
- College of Life ScienceNorthwest University Xi'an Shaanxi province 710069 P. R. China
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Influenza virus N-linked glycosylation and innate immunity. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20171505. [PMID: 30552137 PMCID: PMC6328934 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause seasonal epidemics and sporadic pandemics in humans. The virus’s ability to change its antigenic nature through mutation and recombination, and the difficulty in developing highly effective universal vaccines against it, make it a serious global public health challenge. Influenza virus’s surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, are all modified by the host cell’s N-linked glycosylation pathways. Host innate immune responses are the first line of defense against infection, and glycosylation of these major antigens plays an important role in the generation of host innate responses toward the virus. Here, we review the principal findings in the analytical techniques used to study influenza N-linked glycosylation, the evolutionary dynamics of N-linked glycosylation in seasonal versus pandemic and zoonotic strains, its role in host innate immune responses, and the prospects for lectin-based therapies. As the efficiency of innate immune responses is a critical determinant of disease severity and adaptive immunity, the study of influenza glycobiology is of clinical as well as research interest.
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Evolution of high pathogenicity of H5 avian influenza virus: haemagglutinin cleavage site selection of reverse-genetics mutants during passage in chickens. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11518. [PMID: 30068964 PMCID: PMC6070550 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29944-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) are generally asymptomatic in their natural avian hosts. LPAIVs can evolve into highly pathogenic forms, which can affect avian and human populations with devastating consequences. The switch to highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) from LPAIV precursors requires the acquisition of multiple basic amino acids in the haemagglutinin cleavage site (HACS) motif. Through reverse genetics of an H5N1 HPAIV, and experimental infection of chickens, we determined that viruses containing five or more basic amino acids in the HACS motif were preferentially selected over those with three to four basic amino acids, leading to rapid replacement with virus types containing extended HACS motifs. Conversely, viruses harbouring low pathogenicity motifs containing two basic amino acids did not readily evolve to extended forms, suggesting that a single insertion of a basic amino acid into the cleavage site motif of low-pathogenic viruses may lead to escalating selection for extended motifs. Our results may explain why mid-length forms are rarely detected in nature. The stability of the short motif suggests that pathogenicity switching may require specific conditions of intense selection pressure (such as with high host density) to boost selection of the initial mid-length HACS forms.
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Cysteines and N-Glycosylation Sites Conserved among All Alphaherpesviruses Regulate Membrane Fusion in Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00873-17. [PMID: 28835497 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00873-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotropism is a defining characteristic of alphaherpesvirus pathogenicity. Glycoprotein K (gK) is a conserved virion glycoprotein of all alphaherpesviruses that is not found in other herpesvirus subfamilies. The extracellular amino terminus of gK has been shown to be important to the ability of the prototypic alphaherpesvirus herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) to enter neurons via axonal termini. Here, we determined the role of the two conserved N-linked glycosylation (N48 and N58) sites of gK in virus-induced cell fusion and replication. We found that N-linked glycosylation is important to the regulation of HSV-1-induced membrane fusion since mutating N58 to alanine (N58A) caused extensive virus-induced cell fusion. Due to the known contributions of N-linked glycosylation to protein processing and correct disulfide bond formation, we investigated whether the conserved extracellular cysteine residues within the amino terminus of gK contributed to the regulation of HSV-1-induced membrane fusion. We found that mutation of C37 and C114 residues led to a gK-null phenotype characterized by very small plaque formation and drastic reduction in infectious virus production, while mutation of C82 and C243 caused extensive virus-induced cell fusion. Comparison of N-linked glycosylation and cysteine mutant replication kinetics identified disparate effects on infectious virion egress from infected cells. Specifically, cysteine mutations caused defects in the accumulation of infectious virus in both the cellular and supernatant fractions, while glycosylation site mutants did not adversely affect virion egress from infected cells. These results demonstrate a critical role for the N glycosylation sites and cysteines for the structure and function of the amino terminus of gK.IMPORTANCE We have previously identified important entry and neurotropic determinants in the amino terminus of HSV-1 glycoprotein K (gK). Alphaherpesvirus-mediated membrane fusion is a complex and highly regulated process that is not clearly understood. gK and UL20, which are highly conserved across all alphaherpesviruses, play important roles in the regulation of HSV-1 fusion in the context of infection. A greater understanding of mechanisms governing alphaherpesvirus membrane fusion is expected to inform the rational design of therapeutic and prevention strategies to combat herpesviral infection and pathogenesis. This work adds to the growing reports regarding the importance of gK to alphaherpesvirus pathogenesis and details important structural features of gK that are involved in gK-mediated regulation of virus-induced membrane fusion.
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Tyrrell BE, Sayce AC, Warfield KL, Miller JL, Zitzmann N. Iminosugars: Promising therapeutics for influenza infection. Crit Rev Microbiol 2017; 43:521-545. [PMID: 27931136 PMCID: PMC5470110 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2016.1242868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus causes three to five million severe respiratory infections per year in seasonal epidemics, and sporadic pandemics, three of which occurred in the twentieth century and are a continuing global threat. Currently licensed antivirals exclusively target the viral neuraminidase or M2 ion channel, and emerging drug resistance necessitates the development of novel therapeutics. It is believed that a host-targeted strategy may combat the development of antiviral drug resistance. To this end, a class of molecules known as iminosugars, hydroxylated carbohydrate mimics with the endocyclic oxygen atom replaced by a nitrogen atom, are being investigated for their broad-spectrum antiviral potential. The influenza virus glycoproteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, are susceptible to inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum α-glucosidases by certain iminosugars, leading to reduced virion production or infectivity, demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo studies. In some experiments, viral strain-specific effects are observed. Iminosugars may also inhibit other host and virus targets with antiviral consequences. While investigations of anti-influenza iminosugar activities have been conducted since the 1980s, recent successes of nojirimycin derivatives have re-invigorated investigation of the therapeutic potential of iminosugars as orally available, low cytotoxicity, effective anti-influenza drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Ellen Tyrrell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford Medical Sciences DivisionOxfordUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Andrew Cameron Sayce
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford Medical Sciences DivisionOxfordUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Kelly Lyn Warfield
- Antiviral Research and Development, Emergent BioSolutions IncGaithersburgMDUnited States
| | - Joanna Louise Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford Medical Sciences DivisionOxfordUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford Medical Sciences DivisionOxfordUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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She YM, Farnsworth A, Li X, Cyr TD. Topological N-glycosylation and site-specific N-glycan sulfation of influenza proteins in the highly expressed H1N1 candidate vaccines. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10232. [PMID: 28860626 PMCID: PMC5579265 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10714-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of a pandemic influenza H1N1 in 2009 required the rapid generation of high-yielding vaccines against the A/California/7/2009 virus, which were achieved by either addition or deletion of a glycosylation site in the influenza proteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. In this report, we have systematically evaluated the glycan composition, structural distribution and topology of glycosylation for two high-yield candidate reassortant vaccines (NIBRG-121xp and NYMC-X181A) by combining various enzymatic digestions with high performance liquid chromatography and multiple-stage mass spectrometry. Proteomic data analyses of the full-length protein sequences determined 9 N-glycosylation sites of hemagglutinin, and defined 6 N-glycosylation sites and the glycan structures of low abundance neuraminidase, which were occupied by high-mannose, hybrid and complex-type N-glycans. A total of ~300 glycopeptides were analyzed and manually validated by tandem mass spectrometry. The specific N-glycan structure and topological location of these N-glycans are highly correlated to the spatial protein structure and the residential ligand binding. Interestingly, sulfation, fucosylation and bisecting N-acetylglucosamine of N-glycans were also reliably identified at the specific glycosylation sites of the two influenza proteins that may serve a crucial role in regulating the protein structure and increasing the protein abundance of the influenza virus reassortants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Min She
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Aaron Farnsworth
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Xuguang Li
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Terry D Cyr
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0K9, Canada.
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Choi Y, Lee JK, Kang IC, Jung S. Screening Viral Neuraminidase Inhibitors Using a Glycosylated N1 Structure Model Derived From Molecular Dynamics Simulations. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youngjin Choi
- Department of Food Science and Technology and BioChip Research Center; Hoseo University; Asan 336-795 Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-kyu Lee
- Department of Biological Science and BioChip Research Center; Hoseo University; Asan 336-795 Republic of Korea
| | - In-Cheol Kang
- Department of Biological Science and BioChip Research Center; Hoseo University; Asan 336-795 Republic of Korea
| | - Seunho Jung
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center & Center for Biotechnology Research in UBITA; Konkuk University; Seoul 143-701 Republic of Korea
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Laporte M, Naesens L. Airway proteases: an emerging drug target for influenza and other respiratory virus infections. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 24:16-24. [PMID: 28414992 PMCID: PMC7102789 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
To enter into airway epithelial cells, influenza, parainfluenza- and coronaviruses rely on host cell proteases for activation of the viral protein involved in membrane fusion. One protease, transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) was recently proven to be crucial for hemagglutinin cleavage of some human influenza viruses. Since the catalytic sites of the diverse serine proteases linked to influenza, parainfluenza- and coronavirus activation are structurally similar, active site inhibitors of these airway proteases could have broad therapeutic applicability against multiple respiratory viruses. Alternatively, superior selectivity could be achieved with allosteric inhibitors of TMPRSS2 or another critical protease. Though still in its infancy, airway protease inhibition represents an attractive host-cell targeting approach to combat respiratory viruses such as influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Laporte
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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29
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Tewawong N, Vichiwattana P, Korkong S, Klinfueng S, Suntronwong N, Thongmee T, Theamboonlers A, Vongpunsawad S, Poovorawan Y. Evolution of the neuraminidase gene of seasonal influenza A and B viruses in Thailand between 2010 and 2015. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175655. [PMID: 28410396 PMCID: PMC5391933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) oseltamivir and zanamivir are commonly used for the treatment and control of influenza A and B virus infection. However, the emergence of new influenza virus strains with reduced susceptibility to NAIs may appear with the use of these antivirals or even naturally. We therefore screened the neuraminidase (NA) sequences of seasonal influenza virus A(H1N1), A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), and influenza B virus strains identified in Thailand for the presence of substitutions previously reported to reduce susceptibility to NAIs. We initially examined oseltamivir resistance (characterized by the H275Y mutation in the NA gene) in 485 A(H1N1)pdm09 strains circulating in Thailand and found that 0.82% (4/485) had this substitution. To further evaluate the evolution of the NA gene, we also randomly selected 98 A(H1N1)pdm09, 158 A(H3N2), and 69 influenza B virus strains for NA gene amplification and sequencing, which revealed various amino acid mutations in the active site of the NA protein previously shown to be associated with reduced susceptibility to NAIs. Phylogenetic analysis of the influenza virus strains from this study and elsewhere around the world, together with the estimations of nucleotide substitution rates and selection pressure, and the predictions of B-cell epitopes and N-linked glycosylation sites all provided evidence for the ongoing evolution of NA. The overall rates of NA evolution for influenza A viruses were higher than for influenza B virus at the nucleotide level, although influenza B virus possessed more genealogical diversity than that of influenza A viruses. The continual surveillance of the antigenic changes associated with the NA protein will not only contribute to the influenza virus database but may also provide a better understanding of selection pressure exerted by antiviral use.
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MESH Headings
- Drug Resistance, Viral/genetics
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Evolution, Molecular
- Genotype
- Glycosylation
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/enzymology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/enzymology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza B virus/drug effects
- Influenza B virus/enzymology
- Influenza B virus/genetics
- Influenza, Human/drug therapy
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Neuraminidase/classification
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Neuraminidase/metabolism
- Oseltamivir/pharmacology
- Oseltamivir/therapeutic use
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Seasons
- Thailand/epidemiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipaporn Tewawong
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Preeyaporn Vichiwattana
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sumeth Korkong
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sirapa Klinfueng
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nungruthai Suntronwong
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanunrat Thongmee
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Apiradee Theamboonlers
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sompong Vongpunsawad
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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30
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Generation of a Genetically Stable High-Fidelity Influenza Vaccine Strain. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01073-16. [PMID: 28053101 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01073-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is considered the most effective preventive means for influenza control. The development of a master virus with high growth and genetic stability, which may be used for the preparation of vaccine viruses by gene reassortment, is crucial for the enhancement of vaccine performance and efficiency of production. Here, we describe the generation of a high-fidelity and high-growth influenza vaccine master virus strain with a single V43I amino acid change in the PB1 polymerase of the high-growth A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (PR8) master virus. The PB1-V43I mutation was introduced to increase replication fidelity in order to design an H1N1 vaccine strain with a low error rate. The PR8-PB1-V43I virus exhibited good replication compared with that of the parent PR8 virus. In order to compare the efficiency of egg adaptation and the occurrence of gene mutations leading to antigenic alterations, we constructed 6:2 genetic reassortant viruses between the A(H1N1)pdm09 and the PR8-PB1-V43I viruses; hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) were from the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, and the other genes were from the PR8 virus. Mutations responsible for egg adaptation mutations occurred in the HA of the PB1-V43I reassortant virus during serial egg passages; however, in contrast, antigenic mutations were introduced into the HA gene of the 6:2 reassortant virus possessing the wild-type PB1. This study shows that the mutant PR8 virus possessing the PB1 polymerase with the V43I substitution may be utilized as a master virus for the generation of high-growth vaccine viruses with high polymerase fidelity, low error rates of gene replication, and reduced antigenic diversity during virus propagation in eggs for vaccine production.IMPORTANCE Vaccination represents the most effective prophylactic option against influenza. The threat of emergence of influenza pandemics necessitates the ability to generate vaccine viruses rapidly. However, as the influenza virus exhibits a high mutation rate, vaccines must be updated to ensure a good match of the HA and NA antigens between the vaccine and the circulating strain. Here, we generated a genetically stable master virus of the A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) backbone encoding an engineered high-fidelity viral polymerase. Importantly, following the application of the high-fidelity PR8 backbone, no mutation resulting in antigenic change was introduced into the HA gene during propagation of the A(H1N1)pdm09 candidate vaccine virus. The low error rate of the present vaccine virus should decrease the risk of generating mutant viruses with increased virulence. Therefore, our findings are expected to be useful for the development of prepandemic vaccines and live attenuated vaccines with higher safety than that of the present candidate vaccines.
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31
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Farooqui A, Huang L, Wu S, Cai Y, Su M, Lin P, Chen W, Fang X, Zhang L, Liu Y, Zeng T, Paquette SG, Khan A, Kelvin AA, Kelvin DJ. Assessment of Antiviral Properties of Peramivir against H7N9 Avian Influenza Virus in an Experimental Mouse Model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:7255-64. [PMID: 26369969 PMCID: PMC4649212 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01885-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The H7N9 influenza virus causes a severe form of disease in humans. Neuraminidase inhibitors, including oral oseltamivir and injectable peramivir, are the first choices of antiviral treatment for such cases; however, the clinical efficacy of these drugs is questionable. Animal experimental models are essential for understanding the viral replication kinetics under the selective pressure of antiviral agents. This study demonstrates the antiviral activity of peramivir in a mouse model of H7N9 avian influenza virus infection. The data show that repeated administration of peramivir at 30 mg/kg of body weight successfully eradicated the virus from the respiratory tract and extrapulmonary tissues during the acute response, prevented clinical signs of the disease, including neuropathy, and eventually protected mice against lethal H7N9 influenza virus infection. Early treatment with peramivir was found to be associated with better disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Farooqui
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, University Health Network & Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Linxi Huang
- Infectious Diseases Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Suwu Wu
- Intensive Care Unit, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, China
| | - Yingmu Cai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Su
- Department of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Pengzhou Lin
- Infectious Diseases Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Weihong Chen
- Intensive Care Unit, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, China
| | - Xibin Fang
- Intensive Care Unit, Shantou Central Hospital, Shantou, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, University Health Network & Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yisu Liu
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, University Health Network & Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Tiansheng Zeng
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, University Health Network & Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Stephane G Paquette
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adnan Khan
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, University Health Network & Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Alyson A Kelvin
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David J Kelvin
- Division of Immunology, International Institute of Infection and Immunity, University Health Network & Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou, Guangdong, China Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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32
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The Mechanism by which 146-N-Glycan Affects the Active Site of Neuraminidase. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135487. [PMID: 26267136 PMCID: PMC4534095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most conserved glycosylation sites of neuraminidase (NA) is 146-N-glycan. This site is adjacent to the 150-cavity of NA, which is found within the active site and thought to be a target for rational drug development against the antiviral resistance of influenza. Here, through a total of 2.4 μs molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we demonstrated that 146-N-glycan can stabilize the conformation of the 150-loop that controls the volume of the 150-cavity. Moreover, with 146-N-glycan, our simulation result was more consistent with crystal structures of NAs than simulations conducted without glycans. Cluster analysis of the MD trajectories showed that 146-N-glycan adopted three distinct conformations: monomer-bridged, dimer-bridged and standing. Of these conformations, the dimer-bridged 146-N-glycan was the most stable one and contributed to stabilization of the 150-loop conformation. Furthermore, our simulation revealed that various standing conformations of 146-N-glycan could block the entrance of the binding pocket. This result was consistent with experimental data and explained the relatively low activity of inhibitors with flexible substituents toward the 150-cavity. Together, our results lead us to hypothesize that rigid and hydrophobic substituents could serve as better inhibitors targeting the 150-cavity.
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Tse LV, Whittaker GR. Modification of the hemagglutinin cleavage site allows indirect activation of avian influenza virus H9N2 by bacterial staphylokinase. Virology 2015; 482:1-8. [PMID: 25841078 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Influenza H9N2 is considered to be a low pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) virus that commonly infects avian species and can also infect humans. In 1996, the influenza virus, A/chicken/Korea/MS96-CE6/1996/H9N2 (MS96) was isolated from an outbreak in multiple farms in South Korea that resulted in upwards of 30% mortality in infected chickens, with the virus infecting a number of extrapulmonary tissues, indicating internal spread. However, in experimental infections, complete recovery of specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens occurred. Such a discrepancy indicated an alternative pathway for MS96 virus to gain virulence in farmed chickens. A key determinant of influenza pathogenesis is the susceptibility of the viral hemagglutinin (HA) to proteolytic cleavage/activation. Here, we identified that an amino acid substitution, Ser to Tyr found at the P2 position of the MS96 HA cleavage site optimizes cleavage by the protease plasmin (Pm). Importantly, we identified that certain Staphylococcus sp. are able to cleave and activate MS96 HA by activating plasminogen (Plg) to plasmin by use of a virulence factor, staphylokinase. Overall, these studies provide an in-vitro mechanism for bacterially mediated enhancement of influenza activation, and allow insight into the microbiological mechanisms underlying the avian influenza H9N2 outbreak in Korea in1996.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longping V Tse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, C4127 VMC Ithaca NY 14853, United States; New York Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester NY 14627, United States
| | - Gary R Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, C4127 VMC Ithaca NY 14853, United States; New York Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester NY 14627, United States.
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Kamal RP, Katz JM, York IA. Molecular determinants of influenza virus pathogenesis in mice. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 385:243-74. [PMID: 25038937 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mice are widely used for studying influenza virus pathogenesis and immunology because of their low cost, the wide availability of mouse-specific reagents, and the large number of mouse strains available, including knockout and transgenic strains. However, mice do not fully recapitulate the signs of influenza infection of humans: transmission of influenza between mice is much less efficient than in humans, and influenza viruses often require adaptation before they are able to efficiently replicate in mice. In the process of mouse adaptation, influenza viruses acquire mutations that enhance their ability to attach to mouse cells, replicate within the cells, and suppress immunity, among other functions. Many such mouse-adaptive mutations have been identified, covering all 8 genomic segments of the virus. Identification and analysis of these mutations have provided insight into the molecular determinants of influenza virulence and pathogenesis, not only in mice but also in humans and other species. In particular, several mouse-adaptive mutations of avian influenza viruses have proved to be general mammalian-adaptive changes that are potential markers of pre-pandemic viruses. As well as evaluating influenza pathogenesis, mice have also been used as models for evaluation of novel vaccines and anti-viral therapies. Mice can be a useful animal model for studying influenza biology as long as differences between human and mice infections are taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram P Kamal
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA,
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35
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Phylogenetic analysis of the neuraminidase gene of pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus circulating in the South American region. Virus Res 2015; 197:1-7. [PMID: 25479596 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular characterization of circulating influenza A viruses (IAV) in all regions of the world is essential to detect mutations potentially involved in increased virulence, anti-viral resistance and immune escape. In order to gain insight into these matters, a phylogenetic analysis of the neuraminidase (NA) gene of 146 pandemic H1N1 (H1N1pdm) influenza A virus strains isolated in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay from 2009 to 2013 was performed. Comparison of vaccine strain A/California/7/2009 included in the influenza vaccine recommended for the Southern hemisphere from 2010 through 2013 influenza seasons and strains isolated in South America revealed several amino acid substitutions. Mapping of these substitutions revealed that most of them are located at the surface of the protein and do not interfere with the active site. 3.4% of the strains enrolled in these studies carried the H275Y substitution that confers resistance to oseltamivir. Strains isolated in South America differ from vaccine in two predicted B-cell epitope regions present at positions 102-103 and 351-352 of the NA protein. Moreover, vaccine and strains isolated in Paraguay differ also in an epitope present at position 229. These differences among strains isolated in South America and vaccine strain suggests that these epitopes may not be present in strains isolated in this region. A potential new N-linked glycosylation site was observed in the NA protein of an H1N1pdm IAV strain isolated in Brazil. The results of these studies revealed several genetic and antigenic differences in the NA of H1N1pdm IAV among vaccine and strains circulating in South America. All these findings contribute to our understanding of the course of genetic and antigenic evolution of H1N1pdm IAV populations circulating in the South American region and, consequently, contribute to the study and selection of future and more appropriate vaccines and anti-viral drugs.
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36
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Yavarian J, Shafiei Jandaghi NZ, Naseri M, Mokhtari Azad T. Characterization of Variations in PB2, NS1, M, Neuraminidase and Hemagglutinin of Influenza A (H3N2) Viruses in Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2014; 7:e9089. [PMID: 25147684 PMCID: PMC4138647 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.9089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In the influenza A viruses, neuraminidase (NA), hemagglutinin (HA), PB2, NS1 and M are responsible for the disease pathogenicity. The mechanism of pathogenicity differs among these viruses. Binding of host proteases by the viral NA, sequence of HA in the cleavage and receptor-binding sites, number of oligosaccharide side chains of HA, shortening of NA, and substitutions in PB2, NS1 and M genes, all have been suggested as molecular correlates of pathogenicity of influenza viruses. Objectives: The goal of this study was to find the alterations in genes, which might be responsible in the virus pathogenesis. Materials and Methods: Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequencing of HA, NA, PB2, NS and M genes were performed. Results: In the receptor binding site of HA, Ile-226, Pro-227, Ser-228, and Asp-190 were found. Arg was in the cleavage site of all viruses and 11-12 N-linked glycosylation sites were found. In NS1, Asp-92 and Ala-149 were detected and Lys-627 was found in PB2 of all viruses in this study. Val-15, Thr-139 and Ala-218 of M1 and Val-28, Leu-54 and His-57 were found in M2 gene. At residue 146 of NA, there was N-linked glycosylation, and Ile-222 was found in the enzyme active site. Conclusions: The changes found in these five genes, compared to other studies, suggest that viruses studied in this research had the ability to bind to Neu Acα2,6 Gal linkage and had low pathogenicity. It is important to mention that these changes were at the amino acid level and studies need to be performed on animals to investigate the significance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jila Yavarian
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
| | | | - Maryam Naseri
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Talat Mokhtari Azad
- Virology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences
- Corresponding author: Talat Mokhtari Azad, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Porsina Ave, Keshavarz Blv., Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2188962343, Fax: +98-2188962343, E-mail:
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Single-domain antibodies targeting neuraminidase protect against an H5N1 influenza virus challenge. J Virol 2014; 88:8278-96. [PMID: 24829341 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03178-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) is an interesting target of small-molecule antiviral drugs. We isolated a set of H5N1 NA-specific single-domain antibodies (N1-VHHm) and evaluated their in vitro and in vivo antiviral potential. Two of them inhibited the NA activity and in vitro replication of clade 1 and 2 H5N1 viruses. We then generated bivalent derivatives of N1-VHHm by two methods. First, we made N1-VHHb by genetically joining two N1-VHHm moieties with a flexible linker. Second, bivalent N1-VHH-Fc proteins were obtained by genetic fusion of the N1-VHHm moiety with the crystallizable region of mouse IgG2a (Fc). The in vitro antiviral potency against H5N1 of both bivalent N1-VHHb formats was 30- to 240-fold higher than that of their monovalent counterparts, with 50% inhibitory concentrations in the low nanomolar range. Moreover, single-dose prophylactic treatment with bivalent N1-VHHb or N1-VHH-Fc protected BALB/c mice against a lethal challenge with H5N1 virus, including an oseltamivir-resistant H5N1 variant. Surprisingly, an N1-VHH-Fc fusion without in vitro NA-inhibitory or antiviral activity also protected mice against an H5N1 challenge. Virus escape selection experiments indicated that one amino acid residue close to the catalytic site is required for N1-VHHm binding. We conclude that single-domain antibodies directed against influenza virus NA protect against H5N1 virus infection, and when engineered with a conventional Fc domain, they can do so in the absence of detectable NA-inhibitory activity. IMPORTANCE Highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses are a zoonotic threat. Outbreaks of avian influenza caused by these viruses occur in many parts of the world and are associated with tremendous economic loss, and these viruses can cause very severe disease in humans. In such cases, small-molecule inhibitors of the viral NA are among the few treatment options for patients. However, treatment with such drugs often results in the emergence of resistant viruses. Here we show that single-domain antibody fragments that are specific for NA can bind and inhibit H5N1 viruses in vitro and can protect laboratory mice against a challenge with an H5N1 virus, including an oseltamivir-resistant virus. In addition, plant-produced VHH fused to a conventional Fc domain can protect in vivo even in the absence of NA-inhibitory activity. Thus, NA of influenza virus can be effectively targeted by single-domain antibody fragments, which are amenable to further engineering.
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Cong Y, Sun Y, Wang W, Meng Q, Ran W, Zhu L, Yang G, Yang W, Yang L, Wang C, Ding Z. Comparative analysis of receptor-binding specificity and pathogenicity in natural reassortant and non-reassortant H3N2 swine influenza virus. Vet Microbiol 2014; 168:105-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Glycans from avian influenza virus are recognized by chicken dendritic cells and are targets for the humoral immune response in chicken. Mol Immunol 2013; 56:452-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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40
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Burnham AJ, Baranovich T, Govorkova EA. Neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza B virus infection: efficacy and resistance. Antiviral Res 2013; 100:520-34. [PMID: 24013000 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Many aspects of the biology and epidemiology of influenza B viruses are far less studied than for influenza A viruses, and one of these aspects is efficacy and resistance to the clinically available antiviral drugs, the neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs). Acute respiratory infections are one of the leading causes of death in children and adults, and influenza is among the few respiratory infections that can be prevented and treated by vaccination and antiviral treatment. Recent data has suggested that influenza B virus infections are of specific concern to pediatric patients because of the increased risk of severe disease. Treatment of influenza B is a challenging task for the following reasons: This review presents current knowledge of the efficacy of NAIs for influenza B virus and antiviral resistance in clinical, surveillance, and experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Burnham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
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41
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Bera BC, Virmani N, Shanmugasundaram K, Vaid RK, Singh BK, Gulati BR, Anand T, Barua S, Malik P, Singh RK. Genetic Analysis of the Neuraminidase (NA) Gene of Equine Influenza Virus (H3N8) from Epizootic of 2008-2009 in India. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2013; 24:256-64. [PMID: 24426284 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-013-0137-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The neuraminidase (NA) gene sequences of four Indian equine influenza viruses (EIVs) isolated from epizootic in 2008 and 2009 were analyzed. The phylogenetic relationship and selection pressure of NA genes were established in comparison to other EIVs circulating worldwide along with the domains and motifs of the encoded protein to find out the significance of mutational changes. Among Indian isolates, two amino acid (aa) changes each in Mysore/12/08 (Asn67Tyr & Asp396Gly), Gopeshwar/1/09 (Ile49Val & Asp396Gly), and Uttarkashi/1/09 (Ile49Val & Asp396Gly) isolates were observed in respect to Jammu-Katra/06/08 isolate. Amino acid (aa) sequence analysis also revealed five consistent aa residue changes viz, Gly/Arg40Glu, Tyr66His, Val191Ile, Val209Ile and Asp235Asn in Asian including Indian isolates, Spain/07 and Spain/09 isolates in comparison to other EIVs circulating worldwide. The topology of the phylogenetic tree revealed that the Indian, Chinese, Mongolian and Kazakhstan isolates together formed a subgroup with Yokohama/10 isolate. Spain/07 & Spain/09 isolates showed closest clustering with Asian isolates. This indicates that non-synonymous mutations in Asian isolates with temporal pattern originating from Spain/07, led to the subgroup of the Asian isolates within Florida clade 2 sublineage. The analysis of the predicted secondary structure has not shown any significant difference in the NA proteins of all Indian isolates. Fixed-effects likelihood (FEL) analysis of the selection pressure revealed three codons (43, 355 & 434) under positive selection pressure. The overall evolutionary changes (ω value) of 3.4 indicates NA gene to be under strong selection pressure. Further, seven putative N-glycosylation sites were observed in the NA protein. The mapping of specific aa changes, their mutational and functional analysis need to be carried out to ascertain their role in pathogenecity of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Bera
- National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India
| | - N Virmani
- National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India
| | - K Shanmugasundaram
- National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India
| | - R K Vaid
- National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India
| | - B K Singh
- National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India
| | - B R Gulati
- National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India
| | - T Anand
- National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India
| | - S Barua
- National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India
| | - P Malik
- National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India
| | - R K Singh
- National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa Road, Hisar, 125001 Haryana India
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Tse LV, Marcano VC, Huang W, Pocwierz MS, Whittaker GR. Plasmin-mediated activation of pandemic H1N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin is independent of the viral neuraminidase. J Virol 2013; 87:5161-9. [PMID: 23449787 PMCID: PMC3624321 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00210-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus is well recognized to modulate host tropism and pathogenesis based on mutations in the proteolytic cleavage site of the viral hemagglutinin (HA), which activates HA and exposes the fusion peptide for membrane fusion. Instead of the conventional trypsin-mediated cleavage event, modification of the cleavage site allows extended use of host cell proteases and enhanced spread in vivo. For H1N1 influenza viruses, the mouse-adapted A/WSN/33 strain is known to replicate in the brain based on recruitment of plasminogen by the viral neuraminidase (NA), as well as a Ser-Tyr substitution at the P2 position of the HA cleavage site. Here, we show that an equivalent Ser-Tyr substitution has occurred in the HA of naturally occurring human H1N1 influenza viruses. We characterize one of these viruses (A/Beijing/718/2009), as well as the prototype A/California/04/2009 with a Ser-Tyr substitution in the cleavage site, and show that these HAs are preferentially cleaved by plasmin. Importantly, cleavage activation by plasmin/plasminogen was independent of the viral NA, suggesting a novel mechanism for HA cleavage activation. We show that the viral HA itself can recruit plasminogen for HA cleavage. We further show that cellular factors, as well as streptokinase from bacteria commonly coinfecting the respiratory tract of influenza patients, can be a source of activated plasminogen for plasmin-mediated cleavage of influenza virus HAs that contain a Ser-Tyr substitution in the cleavage site.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Fibrinolysin/metabolism
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/enzymology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/metabolism
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza, Human/enzymology
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neuraminidase/chemistry
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Neuraminidase/metabolism
- Pandemics
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Sequence Alignment
- Viral Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
- Virulence
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Affiliation(s)
- Longping V. Tse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- New York Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Valerie C. Marcano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Weishan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Misty S. Pocwierz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Gary R. Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- New York Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA
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43
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Piralla A, Pariani E, Campanini G, Rovida F, Ranghiero A, Fiorina L, Amendola A, Zanetti A, Baldanti F. Multiple clusters of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus circulating in severe cases of influenza during the 2010-2011 season: a phylogenetic and molecular analysis of the neuraminidase gene. J Med Virol 2013; 85:944-52. [PMID: 23588719 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The molecular characterization of circulating influenza A viruses is crucial to detect mutations potentially involved in increased virulence, drug resistance and immune escape. A molecular and phylogenetic analysis of A(H1N1)pdm09 neuraminidase (NA) gene sequences from different patient categories defined according to the severity of influenza infection were analyzed. A total of 126 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 positive samples from patients with severe infections in comparison with those with moderate and mild infections was performed in Lombardy (Northern Italy, nearly 10 million inhabitants) during the 2010-2011 season. NA sequences included in this study segregated into five distinct clusters. Nineteen amino acid substitutions were detected exclusively in NA sequences of viruses identified in patients with severe or moderate influenza infection. Three of them (F74S, S79P, E287K) were observed in virus strains with the 222G/N hemagglutinin mutation. None of NA sequences under study had mutations related to the resistance to the NA inhibitors. Four out of 126 (3.2%) NA sequences from patients with severe infection lost a N-linked glycosylation site due to the change from N to K at residue 386. Two additional N-linked glycosylation sites in the NA stalk region (residues 42 and 44) were found in 12 (9.5%) NA sequences. Sporadic NA mutations were detected in NA viral sequences from critically ill patients, and no variants with reduced sensitivity to NA inhibitors were observed either in treated or untreated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Piralla
- Molecular Virology Unit, Virology and Microbiology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
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44
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Hutchinson EC, Denham EM, Thomas B, Trudgian DC, Hester SS, Ridlova G, York A, Turrell L, Fodor E. Mapping the phosphoproteome of influenza A and B viruses by mass spectrometry. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002993. [PMID: 23144613 PMCID: PMC3493474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a common post-translational modification in eukaryotic cells and has a wide range of functional effects. Here, we used mass spectrometry to search for phosphorylated residues in all the proteins of influenza A and B viruses--to the best of our knowledge, the first time such a comprehensive approach has been applied to a virus. We identified 36 novel phosphorylation sites, as well as confirming 3 previously-identified sites. N-terminal processing and ubiquitination of viral proteins was also detected. Phosphorylation was detected in the polymerase proteins (PB2, PB1 and PA), glycoproteins (HA and NA), nucleoprotein (NP), matrix protein (M1), ion channel (M2), non-structural protein (NS1) and nuclear export protein (NEP). Many of the phosphorylation sites detected were conserved between influenza virus genera, indicating the fundamental importance of phosphorylation for all influenza viruses. Their structural context indicates roles for phosphorylation in regulating viral entry and exit (HA and NA); nuclear localisation (PB2, M1, NP, NS1 and, through NP and NEP, of the viral RNA genome); and protein multimerisation (NS1 dimers, M2 tetramers and NP oligomers). Using reverse genetics we show that for NP of influenza A viruses phosphorylation sites in the N-terminal NLS are important for viral growth, whereas mutating sites in the C-terminus has little or no effect. Mutating phosphorylation sites in the oligomerisation domains of NP inhibits viral growth and in some cases transcription and replication of the viral RNA genome. However, constitutive phosphorylation of these sites is not optimal. Taken together, the conservation, structural context and functional significance of phosphorylation sites implies a key role for phosphorylation in influenza biology. By identifying phosphorylation sites throughout the proteomes of influenza A and B viruses we provide a framework for further study of phosphorylation events in the viral life cycle and suggest a range of potential antiviral targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ervin Fodor
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Chen W, Zhong Y, Qin Y, Sun S, Li Z. The evolutionary pattern of glycosylation sites in influenza virus (H5N1) hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49224. [PMID: 23133677 PMCID: PMC3486865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), on the surface of influenza viruses play crucial roles in transfaunation, membrane fusion and the release of progeny virions. To explore the distribution of N-glycosylation sites (glycosites) in these two glycoproteins, we collected and aligned the amino acid sequences of all the HA and NA subtypes. Two glycosites were located at HA0 cleavage sites and fusion peptides and were strikingly conserved in all HA subtypes, while the remaining glycosites were unique to their subtypes. Two to four conserved glycosites were found in the stalk domain of NA, but these are affected by the deletion of specific stalk domain sequences. Another highly conserved glycosite appeared at the top center of tetrameric global domain, while the others glycosites were distributed around the global domain. Here we present a detailed investigation of the distribution and the evolutionary pattern of the glycosites in the envelope glycoproteins of IVs, and further focus on the H5N1 virus and conclude that the glycosites in H5N1 have become more complicated in HA and less influential in NA in the last five years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentian Chen
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaogang Zhong
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yannan Qin
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Shisheng Sun
- Department of Pathology, Clinical Chemistry Division, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Zheng Li
- Laboratory for Functional Glycomics, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
From September to December 2011, 162 New England harbor seals died in an outbreak of pneumonia. Sequence analysis of postmortem samples revealed the presence of an avian H3N8 influenza A virus, similar to a virus circulating in North American waterfowl since at least 2002 but with mutations that indicate recent adaption to mammalian hosts. These include a D701N mutation in the viral PB2 protein, previously reported in highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza viruses infecting people. Lectin staining and agglutination assays indicated the presence of the avian-preferred SAα-2,3 and mammalian SAα-2,6 receptors in seal respiratory tract, and the ability of the virus to agglutinate erythrocytes bearing either the SAα-2,3 or the SAα-2,6 receptor. The emergence of this A/harbor seal/Massachusetts/1/2011 virus may herald the appearance of an H3N8 influenza clade with potential for persistence and cross-species transmission. The emergence of new strains of influenza virus is always of great public concern, especially when the infection of a new mammalian host has the potential to result in a widespread outbreak of disease. Here we report the emergence of an avian influenza virus (H3N8) in New England harbor seals which caused an outbreak of pneumonia and contributed to a U.S. federally recognized unusual mortality event (UME). This outbreak is particularly significant, not only because of the disease it caused in seals but also because the virus has naturally acquired mutations that are known to increase transmissibility and virulence in mammals. Monitoring the spillover and adaptation of avian viruses in mammalian species is critically important if we are to understand the factors that lead to both epizootic and zoonotic emergence.
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Hamilton BS, Whittaker GR, Daniel S. Influenza virus-mediated membrane fusion: determinants of hemagglutinin fusogenic activity and experimental approaches for assessing virus fusion. Viruses 2012; 4:1144-68. [PMID: 22852045 PMCID: PMC3407899 DOI: 10.3390/v4071144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA) is the viral protein that facilitates the entry of influenza viruses into host cells. This protein controls two critical aspects of entry: virus binding and membrane fusion. In order for HA to carry out these functions, it must first undergo a priming step, proteolytic cleavage, which renders it fusion competent. Membrane fusion commences from inside the endosome after a drop in lumenal pH and an ensuing conformational change in HA that leads to the hemifusion of the outer membrane leaflets of the virus and endosome, the formation of a stalk between them, followed by pore formation. Thus, the fusion machinery is an excellent target for antiviral compounds, especially those that target the conserved stem region of the protein. However, traditional ensemble fusion assays provide a somewhat limited ability to directly quantify fusion partly due to the inherent averaging of individual fusion events resulting from experimental constraints. Inspired by the gains achieved by single molecule experiments and analysis of stochastic events, recently-developed individual virion imaging techniques and analysis of single fusion events has provided critical information about individual virion behavior, discriminated intermediate fusion steps within a single virion, and allowed the study of the overall population dynamics without the loss of discrete, individual information. In this article, we first start by reviewing the determinants of HA fusogenic activity and the viral entry process, highlight some open questions, and then describe the experimental approaches for assaying fusion that will be useful in developing the most effective therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian S. Hamilton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Gary R. Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Susan Daniel
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
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48
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McKimm-Breschkin JL, Rootes C, Mohr PG, Barrett S, Streltsov VA. In vitro passaging of a pandemic H1N1/09 virus selects for viruses with neuraminidase mutations conferring high-level resistance to oseltamivir and peramivir, but not to zanamivir. J Antimicrob Chemother 2012; 67:1874-83. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dks150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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49
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Choi YJ, Kwon CH, Cho EA, Kang IC, Jeong HJ, Park SJ, Jeong KJ, Hur T, Jung SH. A Structural Model of Glycosylated Neuraminidase Based on Molecular Dynamics Simulations for Virtual Inhibitor Screening Against Influenza Virus. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.3.1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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50
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Abstract
Computational simulation of pandemic diseases provides important insight into many disease features that may benefit public health. This is especially true for the influenza virus, a continuing global pandemic threat. Molecular or atomic-level investigation of influenza has predominantly focused on the two major virus glycoproteins, neuraminidase (NA) and hemagglutinin (HA). In this chapter, we walk the readers through major considerations for studying pandemic influenza glycoproteins, from choosing the most useful choice of system(s) to avoiding common pitfalls in experimental design and execution. While a brief discussion of several potential simulation and docking techniques is presented, we emphasize molecular dynamics (MD) and Brownian dynamics (BD) simulation techniques and molecular docking, within the context of biologically outstanding questions in influenza research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rommie E Amaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
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