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Kelishadi M, Shahsavarani H, Tabarraei A, Shokrgozar MA, Teimoori-Toolabi L, Azadmanesh K. The chicken chorioallantoic membrane model for isolation of CRISPR/cas9-based HSV-1 mutant expressing tumor suppressor p53. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286231. [PMID: 37862369 PMCID: PMC10588894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) have emerged as a novel cancer treatment modality, which selectively target and kill cancer cells while sparing normal ones. Among them, engineered Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has been proposed as a potential treatment for cancer and was moved to phase III clinical trials. Previous studies showed that design of OV therapy combined with p53 gene therapy increases the anti-cancer activities of OVs. Here, the UL39 gene of the ICP34.5 deleted HSV-1 was manipulated with the insertion of the EGFP-p53 expression cassette utilizing CRISPR/ Cas9 editing approach to enhance oncoselectivity and oncotoxicity capabilities. The ΔUL39/Δγ34.5/HSV1-p53 mutant was isolated using the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of fertilized chicken eggs as a complementing membrane to support the growth of the viruses with gene deficiencies. Comparing phenotypic features of ΔUL39/Δγ34.5/HSV1-p53-infected cells with the parent Δγ34.5/HSV-1 in vitro revealed that HSV-1-P53 had cytolytic ability in various cell lines from different origin with different p53 expression rates. Altogether, data presented here illustrate the feasibility of exploiting CAM model as a promising strategy for isolating recombinant viruses such as CRISPR/Cas9 mediated HSV-1-P53 mutant with less virus replication in cell lines due to increased cell mortality induced by exogenous p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mishar Kelishadi
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasture Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hosein Shahsavarani
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Innovations, Pasteur Institute of Iran, National Cell Bank, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alijan Tabarraei
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Virology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Shokrgozar
- Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine and Biomedical Innovations, Pasteur Institute of Iran, National Cell Bank, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ladan Teimoori-Toolabi
- Molecular Medicine Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kayhan Azadmanesh
- Department of Molecular Virology, Pasture Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Scroggs SLP, Bird EJ, Molik DC, Nayduch D. Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Elicits Early Transcriptome Response in Culicoides sonorensis Cells. Viruses 2023; 15:2108. [PMID: 37896885 PMCID: PMC10612082 DOI: 10.3390/v15102108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses that are transmitted by arthropods, or arboviruses, have evolved to successfully navigate both the invertebrate and vertebrate hosts, including their immune systems. Biting midges transmit several arboviruses including vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). To study the interaction between VSV and midges, we characterized the transcriptomic responses of VSV-infected and mock-infected Culicoides sonorensis cells at 1, 8, 24, and 96 h post inoculation (HPI). The transcriptomic response of VSV-infected cells at 1 HPI was significant, but by 8 HPI there were no detectable differences between the transcriptome profiles of VSV-infected and mock-infected cells. Several genes involved in immunity were upregulated (ATG2B and TRAF4) or downregulated (SMAD6 and TOLL7) in VSV-treated cells at 1 HPI. These results indicate that VSV infection in midge cells produces an early immune response that quickly wanes, giving insight into in vivo C. sonorensis VSV tolerance that may underlie their permissiveness as vectors for this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L. P. Scroggs
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (D.C.M.); (D.N.)
| | - Edward J. Bird
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA;
| | - David C. Molik
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (D.C.M.); (D.N.)
| | - Dana Nayduch
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (D.C.M.); (D.N.)
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Goad DW, Nesmelova AY, Yohe LR, Grdzelishvili VZ. Intertumoral heterogeneity impacts oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus efficacy in mouse pancreatic cancer cells. J Virol 2023; 97:e0100523. [PMID: 37671865 PMCID: PMC10537684 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01005-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy is a promising virus-based approach against various malignancies, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Our previous studies demonstrated that human PDAC cell lines are highly variable in their permissiveness to OVs. Mouse PDAC cell lines, which are widely used for in vivo examination of the adaptive immune responses during OV and other cancer therapies, have never been examined systematically for the impact of intertumoral heterogeneity (the differences observed between tumors in different patients) on OV virus efficacy. Here, we examined phenotypically and genotypically three commonly used allograftable mouse PDAC cell lines (C57BL6 genetic background): Panc02 (derived from chemically induced PDAC; also known as Pan02), and two cell lines originated from PDACs developed in two different KPC (KrasG12D, Trp53R172H, and PDX-1-Cre) mouse models. Our study (i) characterized the ability of a widely used attenuated oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus VSV-ΔM51-GFP to infect, replicate in, and kill mouse PDAC cells; (ii) examined their innate antiviral responses; (iii) compared their permissiveness to a non-attenuated VSV-Mwt-GFP and chemotherapeutic drugs; and (iv) analyzed their karyotype and exome. Mouse PDAC cell lines showed high divergence in their permissiveness to VSV-ΔM51-GFP, which negatively correlated with their abilities to mount innate antiviral responses, while all three cell lines were highly permissive to VSV-Mwt-GFP. No correlation was found between resistance to VSV-ΔM51-GFP and chemotherapy. Also, mouse PDAC cell lines showed high divergence in their karyotype and exome. The exome analysis demonstrated that more VSV-ΔM51-GFP-permissive mouse PDAC cell lines harbor mutations in multiple important antiviral genes, such as TYK2, JAK2, and JAK3. IMPORTANCE Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy is a promising virus-based approach against various malignancies, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Our previous studies using various human PDAC cell lines demonstrated that they are highly variable in their permissiveness to OVs. In this study, we examined phenotypically and genotypically three commonly used allograftable mouse PDAC cell lines, which are widely used for in vivo examination of the adaptive immune responses during cancer therapies. Mouse PDAC cell lines showed high divergence in their permissiveness to oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), which negatively correlated with their abilities to mount innate antiviral responses. Also, we discovered that more VSV-permissive mouse PDAC cell lines harbor mutations in multiple important antiviral genes, such as TYK2, JAK2, and JAK3. Our study provides essential information about three model mouse PDAC cell lines and proposes a novel platform to study OV-based therapies against different PDACs in immunocompetent mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota W. Goad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Anna Y. Nesmelova
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laurel R. Yohe
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
| | - Valery Z. Grdzelishvili
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
- School of Data Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Goad DW, Bressy C, Holbrook MC, Grdzelishvili VZ. Acquired chemoresistance can lead to increased resistance of pancreatic cancer cells to oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:59-76. [PMID: 34977342 PMCID: PMC8703189 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a promising oncolytic virus (OV) against different malignancies, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Our previous studies have demonstrated that VSV-based OVs are effective against the majority of tested human PDAC cell lines. However, some PDAC cell lines are resistant to VSV. PDAC is one of the deadliest types of human malignancies in part due to intrinsic or acquired chemoresistance. Here, we investigated how acquired chemoresistance impacts the efficacy of VSV-based OV therapy. Using an experimental evolution approach, we generated PDAC cell lines with increased resistance to gemcitabine and examined their responsiveness to oncolytic virotherapy. We found that gemcitabine-resistant PDAC cells become more resistant to VSV. The cross-resistance correlated with upregulated levels of a subset of interferon-stimulated genes, resembling the interferon-related DNA damage resistance signature (IRDS), often associated with resistance of cancer cells to chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. Analysis of ten different PDAC cell lines showed that four PDAC cell lines most resistant to VSV were also highly resistant to gemcitabine, and they all displayed IRDS-like expression in our previous reports. Our study highlights a possible interaction between two different therapies that should be considered in the future for the development of rational treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota W. Goad
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Christian Bressy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Molly C. Holbrook
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Valery Z. Grdzelishvili
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
- School of Data Science, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
- Corresponding author Valery Z. Grdzelishvili, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA.
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Gorgoglione B, Ringiesn JL, Pham LH, Shepherd BS, Leaman DW. Comparative effects of Novirhabdovirus genes on modulating constitutive transcription and innate antiviral responses, in different teleost host cell types. Virol J 2020; 17:110. [PMID: 32690033 PMCID: PMC7369537 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01372-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) are highly contagious, pathogenic Novirhabdoviruses affecting fish and are thusly notifiable diseases with the World Organization for Animal Health. This study assessed the relative capacities of IHNV and VHSV genes to modulate host general transcription and explores the abilities of specific IHNV genes to interfere with the interferon pathway in heterogenous teleost cell-lines. METHODS Optimized protocols allowed for efficient transient transfections in EPC, BF-2, RTG-2 and RTgill-W1 cell lines of plasmids encoding IHNV (M genogroup) and VHSV (-IVb genotype) genes, including N, P, M, G and NV. Their impact on general cellular transcription was measured 48 hours post transfection (hpt) with luciferase constructs driven by a modified β-Actin promoter (pCAG). Their modulation of the innate antiviral immune response was characterized 72 hpt, using luciferase constructs measuring rainbow trout Type I IFN or MX-1 promoter augmentation, upon MAVS co-transfection. RESULTS M was generally confirmed as the strongest constitutive transcriptional suppressor while IHNV P, but not VHSV P, augmented constitutive transcription in fibroblastic cell types. Cell-specific effects were observed for viral G gene, with VHSV G exhibiting suppression of basal transcription in EPC and BF-2 but not in trout cells; while IHNV G was stimulatory in RTG-2, but inhibitory in RTgill-W1. NV consistently stimulated constitutive transcription, with higher augmentation patterns seen in fibroblastic compared to epithelial cells, and for IHNV NV compared to VHSV NV. The innate antiviral immune response, focusing on the IFN pathway, was silenced by IHNV M in all cell lines tested. IHNV N showed a dose-dependent suppression of type I IFN, but with minor effects on MX-1. IHNV P and G played minor IFN-inhibitory roles, consistent and dose-dependent only for G in rainbow trout cells. IHNV NV mediated a consistent stimulatory effect on either Type I IFN or MX-1, but much less pronounced in RTgill-W1. CONCLUSIONS This study extends our understanding of Novirhabdoviruses-host interaction, showing differential innate immune responses in heterogenous cell types. Viral regulators of innate immune signaling are identified, either as dose-dependent suppressors (such as M and N) or stimulators (mainly NV), indicating novel targets for the design of more efficient vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartolomeo Gorgoglione
- Aquatic Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, CVM & Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, CANR - Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 235 Diggs Laboratory / 134 Oelman Hall, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA.
| | - Jeffery L Ringiesn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 235 Diggs Laboratory / 134 Oelman Hall, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Loc H Pham
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA
| | - Brian S Shepherd
- USDA/ARS/School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 E. Greenfield Ave, Milwaukee, WI, 53204, USA
| | - Douglas W Leaman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 235 Diggs Laboratory / 134 Oelman Hall, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft St, Toledo, OH, 43606, USA.
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Bayne RS, Puckett S, Rodrigues LU, Cramer SD, Lee J, Furdui CM, Chou JW, Miller LD, Ornelles DA, Lyles DS. MAP3K7 and CHD1 Are Novel Mediators of Resistance to Oncolytic Vesicular Stomatitis Virus in Prostate Cancer Cells. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2020; 17:496-507. [PMID: 32529027 PMCID: PMC7276393 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A key principle of oncolytic viral therapy is that many cancers develop defects in their antiviral responses, making them more susceptible to virus infection. However, some cancers display resistance to viral infection. Many of these resistant cancers constitutively express interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). The goal of these experiments was to determine the role of two tumor suppressor genes, MAP3K7 and CHD1, in viral resistance and ISG expression in PC3 prostate cancer cells resistant to oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). MAP3K7 and CHD1 are often co-deleted in aggressive prostate cancers. Silencing expression of MAP3K7 and CHD1 in PC3 cells increased susceptibility to the matrix (M) gene mutant M51R-VSV, as shown by increased expression of viral genes, increased yield of progeny virus, and reduction of tumor growth in nude mice. Silencing MAP3K7 alone had a greater effect on virus susceptibility than did silencing CHD1. Silencing MAP3K7 and CHD1 decreased constitutive expression of ISG mRNAs and proteins, whereas silencing MAP3K7 alone decreased expression of ISG proteins, but actually increased expression of ISG mRNAs. These results suggest a role for the protein product of MAP3K7, transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), in regulating translation of ISG mRNAs and a role of CHD1 in maintaining the transcription of ISGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Bayne
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Shelby Puckett
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | - Scott D Cramer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jingyun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Cristina M Furdui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Molecular Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jeff W Chou
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Lance D Miller
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - David A Ornelles
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Douglas S Lyles
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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7
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Hu M, Bogoyevitch MA, Jans DA. Impact of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection on Host Functions: Implications for Antiviral Strategies. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1527-1594. [PMID: 32216549 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of viral respiratory tract infection in infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised worldwide, causing more deaths each year than influenza. Years of research into RSV since its discovery over 60 yr ago have elucidated detailed mechanisms of the host-pathogen interface. RSV infection elicits widespread transcriptomic and proteomic changes, which both mediate the host innate and adaptive immune responses to infection, and reflect RSV's ability to circumvent the host stress responses, including stress granule formation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and programmed cell death. The combination of these events can severely impact on human lungs, resulting in airway remodeling and pathophysiology. The RSV membrane envelope glycoproteins (fusion F and attachment G), matrix (M) and nonstructural (NS) 1 and 2 proteins play key roles in modulating host cell functions to promote the infectious cycle. This review presents a comprehensive overview of how RSV impacts the host response to infection and how detailed knowledge of the mechanisms thereof can inform the development of new approaches to develop RSV vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- MengJie Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marie A Bogoyevitch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David A Jans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Experimental Evolution Generates Novel Oncolytic Vesicular Stomatitis Viruses with Improved Replication in Virus-Resistant Pancreatic Cancer Cells. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01643-19. [PMID: 31694943 PMCID: PMC7000975 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01643-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based oncolytic viruses are promising agents against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, some PDAC cell lines are resistant to VSV. Here, using a directed viral evolution approach, we generated novel oncolytic VSVs with an improved ability to replicate in virus-resistant PDAC cell lines, while remaining highly attenuated in nonmalignant cells. Two independently evolved VSVs obtained 2 identical VSV glycoprotein mutations, K174E and E238K. Additional experiments indicated that these acquired G mutations improved VSV replication, at least in part due to improved virus attachment to SUIT-2 cells. Importantly, no deletions or mutations were found in the virus-carried transgenes in any of the passaged viruses. Our findings demonstrate long-term genomic stability of complex VSV recombinants carrying large transgenes and support further clinical development of oncolytic VSV recombinants as safe therapeutics for cancer. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) based oncolytic viruses are promising agents against various cancers. We have shown that pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cell lines exhibit great diversity in susceptibility and permissibility to VSV. Here, using a directed evolution approach with our two previously described oncolytic VSV recombinants, VSV-p53wt and VSV-p53-CC, we generated novel oncolytic VSVs with an improved ability to replicate in virus-resistant PDAC cell lines. VSV-p53wt and VSV-p53-CC encode a VSV matrix protein (M) with a ΔM51 mutation (M-ΔM51) and one of two versions of a functional human tumor suppressor, p53, fused to a far-red fluorescent protein, eqFP650. Each virus was serially passaged 32 times (which accounts for more than 60 viral replication cycles) on either the SUIT-2 (moderately resistant to VSV) or MIA PaCa-2 (highly permissive to VSV) human PDAC cell lines. While no phenotypic changes were observed for MIA PaCa-2-passaged viruses, both SUIT-2-passaged VSV-p53wt and VSV-p53-CC showed improved replication in SUIT-2 and AsPC-1, another human PDAC cell line also moderately resistant to VSV, while remaining highly attenuated in nonmalignant cells. Surprisingly, two identical VSV glycoprotein (VSV-G) mutations, K174E and E238K, were identified in both SUIT-2-passaged viruses. Additional experiments indicated that the acquired G mutations improved VSV replication, at least in part due to improved virus attachment to SUIT-2 cells. Importantly, no mutations were found in the M-ΔM51 protein, and no deletions or mutations were found in the p53 or eqFP650 portions of virus-carried transgenes in any of the passaged viruses, demonstrating long-term genomic stability of complex VSV recombinants carrying large transgenes. IMPORTANCE Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based oncolytic viruses are promising agents against pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, some PDAC cell lines are resistant to VSV. Here, using a directed viral evolution approach, we generated novel oncolytic VSVs with an improved ability to replicate in virus-resistant PDAC cell lines, while remaining highly attenuated in nonmalignant cells. Two independently evolved VSVs obtained 2 identical VSV glycoprotein mutations, K174E and E238K. Additional experiments indicated that these acquired G mutations improved VSV replication, at least in part due to improved virus attachment to SUIT-2 cells. Importantly, no deletions or mutations were found in the virus-carried transgenes in any of the passaged viruses. Our findings demonstrate long-term genomic stability of complex VSV recombinants carrying large transgenes and support further clinical development of oncolytic VSV recombinants as safe therapeutics for cancer.
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Intragastric delivery of recombinant Lactococcus lactis displaying ectodomain of influenza matrix protein 2 (M2e) and neuraminidase (NA) induced focused mucosal and systemic immune responses in chickens. Mol Immunol 2019; 114:497-512. [PMID: 31518854 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Compounding with the problem of frequent antigenic shift and occasional drift of the segmented genome of Avian Influenza Virus (AIV), vaccines based on major surface glycoproteins such as haemagglutinin (HA) to counter heterosubtypic AIV infection in chickens remain unsuccessful. In contrast, neuraminidase (NA), the second most abundant surface glycoprotein present in viral capsid is less mutable and, in some instances, successful in eliciting inter-species cross-reactive antibody responses. However, without selective activation of B-cells and T-cells, the ability of NA to induce strong cell mediated immune responses is limited, thus NA based vaccines cannot singularly address the risk of virus escape from host defence. To this end, the highly conserved ectodomain of influenza matrix protein-2 (M2e) has emerged as an attractive cross-protective vaccine target. The present study describes the potential of recombinant Lactococcus lactis (rL. lactis) in expressing functional influenza NA or M2e proteins and conferring effective mucosal and systemic immune responses in the intestine as well as in the upper respiratory airways (trachea) of chickens. In addition, lavages collected from trachea and intestine of birds administered with rL. lactis expressing influenza NA or M2e protein were found to protect MDCK cells against avian influenza type A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus challenge. Although minor, the differences in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines gene transcripts targeted in this study among the birds administered with either empty or rL. lactis could be attributed to the activation of innate response by L. lactis.
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10
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Global analysis of polysome-associated mRNA in vesicular stomatitis virus infected cells. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007875. [PMID: 31226162 PMCID: PMC6608984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of mammalian cells with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) results in the inhibition of cellular translation while viral translation proceeds efficiently. VSV RNA synthesis occurs entirely within the cytoplasm, where during transcription the viral polymerase produces 5 mRNAs that are structurally indistinct to cellular mRNAs with respect to their 5′ cap-structure and 3′-polyadenylate tail. Using the global approach of massively parallel sequencing of total cytoplasmic, monosome- and polysome-associated mRNA, we interrogate the impact of VSV infection of HeLa cells on translation. Analysis of sequence reads in the different fractions shows >60% of total cytoplasmic and polysome-associated reads map to the 5 viral genes by 6 hours post-infection, a time point at which robust host cell translational shut-off is observed. Consistent with an overwhelming abundance of viral mRNA in the polysome fraction, the reads mapping to cellular genes were reduced. The cellular mRNAs that remain most polysome-associated following infection had longer half-lives, were typically larger, and were more AU rich, features that are shared with the viral mRNAs. Several of those mRNAs encode proteins known to positively affect viral replication, and using chemical inhibition and siRNA depletion we confirm that the host chaperone heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3A (eIF3A)—encoded by 2 such mRNAs—support viral replication. Correspondingly, regulated in development and DNA damage 1 (Redd1) encoded by a host mRNA with reduced polysome association inhibits viral infection. These data underscore the importance of viral mRNA abundance in the shut-off of host translation in VSV infected cells and link the differential translatability of some cellular mRNAs with pro- or antiviral function. Viruses co-opt the host translational machinery and frequently suppress host cell protein synthesis. Many positive-strand RNA viruses manipulate initiation factors while bypassing their need for viral protein production using internal ribosome entry sites. Negative-strand RNA viruses and DNA viruses produce mRNAs that contain host-like 5′ cap-structures and 3′ polyadenylate tails. Those similarities necessitate a different mechanism for controlling viral versus host protein synthesis. We infected cells with vesicular stomatitis virus and sequenced polysome-associated mRNAs at 2 and 6 hours post-infection providing 2 snapshots of how infection alters translation. We present evidence that the 5 viral mRNAs outcompete cellular mRNAs for ribosomes and demonstrate that individual host mRNAs vary in the extent to which their polysome association is altered by infection. Host mRNAs that are more abundant, have longer half-lives, greater than average length, and a similar AU content to the viral mRNAs were more likely to be enriched among polysome-associated cellular mRNAs. Several of the enriched mRNAs encode proteins that promote viral replication, whereas mRNAs that exhibit the largest decrease in polysome association include those that encode antiviral functions.
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11
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Gray Z, Tabarraei A, Moradi A, Kalani MR. M51R and Delta-M51 matrix protein of the vesicular stomatitis virus induce apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:3371-3379. [PMID: 31006094 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04799-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in both men and women. Oncolytic viral-based therapy methods seem to be promising for CRC treatment. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is considered as a potent candidate in viral therapy for several tumors. VSV particles with mutated matrix (M) protein are capable of initiating cell death cascades while not being harmful to the immune system. In the current study, the effects of the VSV M-protein was investigated on the apoptosis of the colorectal cancer SW480 cell. Wild-type, M51R, and ΔM51 mutants VSV M-protein genes were cloned into the PCDNA3.1 vector and transfected into the SW480 cells. The results of the MTT assay, Western blotting, and Caspase 3, 8, and 9 measurement, illustrated that both wild and M51R mutant M-proteins can destroy the SW480 colorectal cancer cells. DAPI/TUNEL double-staining reconfirmed the apoptotic effects of the M-protein expression. The ΔM51 mutant M-protein is effective likewise M51R, somehow it can be considered as a safer substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Gray
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Science, 1 Shastcola Ave, 5 km Sari Rd, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Alijan Tabarraei
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Science, 1 Shastcola Ave, 5 km Sari Rd, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Abdolvahab Moradi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Science, 1 Shastcola Ave, 5 km Sari Rd, Gorgan, Iran.
| | - Mohamad R Kalani
- Cell and Molecular Research center, Golestan University of Medical Science, 1 Shastcola Ave, 5 km Sari Rd, Gorgan, Iran. .,Molecular and Cell Biology, RAL, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Goodwin Ave #325, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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Near-Complete Genome Sequences of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Indiana Laboratory Strains HR and T1026R1 and Plaque Isolates 22-20 and 22-25. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:8/14/e00012-19. [PMID: 30948461 PMCID: PMC6449552 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00012-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We report four near-complete genome sequences of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) Indiana obtained with Sanger and Illumina next-generation sequencing, namely, laboratory strains HR (heat resistant) and T1026R1 and isolates 22-20 and 22-25. Previously, only the M gene of these viruses had been sequenced, and these sequences were not deposited in GenBank. We report four near-complete genome sequences of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) Indiana obtained with Sanger and Illumina next-generation sequencing, namely, laboratory strains HR (heat resistant) and T1026R1 and isolates 22-20 and 22-25. Previously, only the M gene of these viruses had been sequenced, and these sequences were not deposited in GenBank.
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Cell Cycle Arrest in G 2/M Phase Enhances Replication of Interferon-Sensitive Cytoplasmic RNA Viruses via Inhibition of Antiviral Gene Expression. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01885-18. [PMID: 30487274 PMCID: PMC6364032 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01885-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) (a rhabdovirus) and its variant VSV-ΔM51 are widely used model systems to study mechanisms of virus-host interactions. Here, we investigated how the cell cycle affects replication of these viruses using an array of cell lines with different levels of impairment of antiviral signaling and a panel of chemical compounds arresting the cell cycle at different phases. We observed that all compounds inducing cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase strongly enhanced the replication of VSV-ΔM51 in cells with functional antiviral signaling. G2/M arrest strongly inhibited type I and type III interferon (IFN) production as well as expression of IFN-stimulated genes in response to exogenously added IFN. Moreover, G2/M arrest enhanced the replication of Sendai virus (a paramyxovirus), which is also highly sensitive to the type I IFN response but did not stimulate the replication of a wild-type VSV that is more effective at evading antiviral responses. In contrast, the positive effect of G2/M arrest on virus replication was not observed in cells defective in IFN signaling. Altogether, our data show that replication of IFN-sensitive cytoplasmic viruses can be strongly stimulated during G2/M phase as a result of inhibition of antiviral gene expression, likely due to mitotic inhibition of transcription, a global repression of cellular transcription during G2/M phase. The G2/M phase thus could represent an "Achilles' heel" of the infected cell, a phase when the cell is inadequately protected. This model could explain at least one of the reasons why many viruses have been shown to induce G2/M arrest.IMPORTANCE Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) (a rhabdovirus) and its variant VSV-ΔM51 are widely used model systems to study mechanisms of virus-host interactions. Here, we investigated how the cell cycle affects replication of VSV and VSV-ΔM51. We show that G2/M cell cycle arrest strongly enhances the replication of VSV-ΔM51 (but not of wild-type VSV) and Sendai virus (a paramyxovirus) via inhibition of antiviral gene expression, likely due to mitotic inhibition of transcription, a global repression of cellular transcription during G2/M phase. Our data suggest that the G2/M phase could represent an "Achilles' heel" of the infected cell, a phase when the cell is inadequately protected. This model could explain at least one of the reasons why many viruses have been shown to induce G2/M arrest, and it has important implications for oncolytic virotherapy, suggesting that frequent cell cycle progression in cancer cells could make them more permissive to viruses.
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Immunogenicity in African Green Monkeys of M Protein Mutant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vectors and Contribution of Vector-Encoded Flagellin. Vaccines (Basel) 2018; 6:vaccines6010016. [PMID: 29562688 PMCID: PMC5874657 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines6010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a promising platform for vaccine development. M51R VSV, an attenuated, M protein mutant strain, is an effective inducer of Type I interferon and dendritic cell (DC) maturation, which are desirable properties to exploit for vaccine design. We have previously evaluated M51R VSV (M51R) and M51R VSV that produces flagellin (M51R-F) as vaccine vectors using murine models, and found that flagellin enhanced DC activation and VSV-specific antibody production after low-dose vaccination. In this report, the immunogenicity of M51R vectors and the adjuvant effect of virus-produced flagellin were evaluated in nonhuman primates following high-dose (108 pfu) and low-dose (105 pfu) vaccination. A single intramuscular vaccination of African green monkeys with M51R or M51R-F induced VSV-specific, dose-dependent humoral immune responses. Flagellin induced a significant increase in antibody production (IgM, IgG and neutralizing antibody) at the low vaccination dose. A VSV-specific cellular response was detected at 6 weeks post-vaccination, but was neither dose-dependent nor enhanced by flagellin; similar numbers of VSV-specific, IFNγ-producing cells were detected in lymph node and spleen of all animals. These results indicate that virus-directed, intracellular flagellin production may improve VSV-based vaccines encoding heterologous antigens by lowering the dose required to achieve humoral immunity.
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Felt SA, Grdzelishvili VZ. Recent advances in vesicular stomatitis virus-based oncolytic virotherapy: a 5-year update. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:2895-2911. [PMID: 29143726 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy is an anti-cancer approach that uses viruses that preferentially infect, replicate in and kill cancer cells. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV, a rhabdovirus) is an OV that is currently being tested in the USA in several phase I clinical trials against different malignancies. Several factors make VSV a promising OV: lack of pre-existing human immunity against VSV, a small and easy to manipulate genome, cytoplasmic replication without risk of host cell transformation, independence of cell cycle and rapid growth to high titres in a broad range of cell lines facilitating large-scale virus production. While significant advances have been made in VSV-based OV therapy, room for improvement remains. Here we review recent studies (published in the last 5 years) that address 'old' and 'new' challenges of VSV-based OV therapy. These studies focused on improving VSV safety, oncoselectivity and oncotoxicity; breaking resistance of some cancers to VSV; preventing premature clearance of VSV; and stimulating tumour-specific immunity. Many of these approaches were based on combining VSV with other therapeutics. This review also discusses another rhabdovirus closely related to VSV, Maraba virus, which is currently being tested in Canada in phase I/II clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien A Felt
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Valery Z Grdzelishvili
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
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Role of Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Matrix (M) Protein in Suppressing Host Transcription. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00279-17. [PMID: 28747493 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00279-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is a pathogenic fish rhabdovirus found in discrete locales throughout the Northern Hemisphere. VHSV infection of fish cells leads to upregulation of the host's virus detection response, but the virus quickly suppresses interferon (IFN) production and antiviral gene expression. By systematically screening each of the six VHSV structural and nonstructural genes, we identified matrix protein (M) as the virus' most potent antihost protein. Only M of VHSV genotype IV sublineage b (VHSV-IVb) suppressed mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) and type I IFN-induced gene expression in a dose-dependent manner. M also suppressed the constitutively active simian virus 40 (SV40) promoter and globally decreased cellular RNA levels. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) studies illustrated that M inhibited RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) recruitment to gene promoters and decreased RNAP II C-terminal domain (CTD) Ser2 phosphorylation during VHSV infection. However, transcription directed by RNAP I to III was suppressed by M. To identify regions of functional importance, M proteins from a variety of VHSV strains were tested in cell-based transcriptional inhibition assays. M of a particular VHSV-Ia strain, F1, was significantly less potent than IVb M at inhibiting SV40/luciferase (Luc) expression yet differed by just 4 amino acids. Mutation of D62 to alanine alone, or in combination with an E181-to-alanine mutation (D62A E181A), dramatically reduced the ability of IVb M to suppress host transcription. Introducing either M D62A or D62A E181A mutations into VHSV-IVb via reverse genetics resulted in viruses that replicated efficiently but exhibited less cytotoxicity and reduced antitranscriptional activities, implicating M as a primary regulator of cytopathicity and host transcriptional suppression.IMPORTANCE Viruses must suppress host antiviral responses to replicate and spread between hosts. In these studies, we identified the matrix protein of the deadly fish novirhabdovirus VHSV as a critical mediator of host suppression during infection. Our studies indicated that M alone could block cellular gene expression at very low expression levels. We identified several subtle mutations in M that were less potent at suppressing host transcription. When these mutations were engineered back into recombinant viruses, the resulting viruses replicated well but elicited less toxicity in infected cells and activated host innate immune responses more robustly. These data demonstrated that VHSV M plays an important role in mediating both virus-induced cell toxicity and viral replication. Our data suggest that its roles in these two processes can be separated to design effective attenuated viruses for vaccine candidates.
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Gubala A, Walsh S, McAllister J, Weir R, Davis S, Melville L, Mitchell I, Bulach D, Gauci P, Skvortsov A, Boyle D. Identification of very small open reading frames in the genomes of Holmes Jungle virus, Ord River virus, and Wongabel virus of the genus Hapavirus, family Rhabdoviridae. Evol Bioinform Online 2017; 13:1176934317713484. [PMID: 28747815 PMCID: PMC5510769 DOI: 10.1177/1176934317713484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses of the family Rhabdoviridae infect a broad range of hosts from a variety of ecological and geographical niches, including vertebrates, arthropods, and plants. The arthropod-transmitted members of this family display considerable genetic diversity and remarkable genomic flexibility that enable coding for various accessory proteins in different locations of the genome. Here, we describe the genome of Holmes Jungle virus, isolated from Culex annulirostris mosquitoes collected in northern Australia, and make detailed comparisons with the closely related Ord River and Wongabel viruses, with a focus on identifying very small open reading frames (smORFs) in their genomes. This is the first systematic prediction of smORFs in rhabdoviruses, emphasising the intricacy of the rhabdovirus genome and the knowledge gaps. We speculate that these smORFs may be of importance to the life cycle of the virus in the arthropod vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Gubala
- Land Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, VIC, Australia
| | - Susan Walsh
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Northern Territory Government, Berrimah, NT, Australia
| | - Jane McAllister
- Land Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard Weir
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Northern Territory Government, Berrimah, NT, Australia
| | - Steven Davis
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Northern Territory Government, Berrimah, NT, Australia
| | - Lorna Melville
- Berrimah Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Primary Industry and Fisheries, Northern Territory Government, Berrimah, NT, Australia
| | - Ian Mitchell
- Land Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, VIC, Australia
| | - Dieter Bulach
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Penny Gauci
- Land Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, VIC, Australia
| | - Alex Skvortsov
- Land Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, VIC, Australia
| | - David Boyle
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy utilizes replication-competent viruses to kill cancer cells, leaving non-malignant cells unharmed. With the first U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved OV, dozens of clinical trials ongoing, and an abundance of translational research in the field, OV therapy is poised to be one of the leading treatments for cancer. A number of recombinant OVs expressing a transgene for p53 (TP53) or another p53 family member (TP63 or TP73) were engineered with the goal of generating more potent OVs that function synergistically with host immunity and/or other therapies to reduce or eliminate tumor burden. Such transgenes have proven effective at improving OV therapies, and basic research has shown mechanisms of p53-mediated enhancement of OV therapy, provided optimized p53 transgenes, explored drug-OV combinational treatments, and challenged canonical roles for p53 in virus-host interactions and tumor suppression. This review summarizes studies combining p53 gene therapy with replication-competent OV therapy, reviews preclinical and clinical studies with replication-deficient gene therapy vectors expressing p53 transgene, examines how wild-type p53 and p53 modifications affect OV replication and anti-tumor effects of OV therapy, and explores future directions for rational design of OV therapy combined with p53 gene therapy.
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19
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Fehl DJ, Ahmed M. Curcumin promotes the oncoltyic capacity of vesicular stomatitis virus for the treatment of prostate cancers. Virus Res 2017; 228:14-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Ghanem A, Conzelmann KK. G gene-deficient single-round rabies viruses for neuronal circuit analysis. Virus Res 2016; 216:41-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Blondel D, Maarifi G, Nisole S, Chelbi-Alix MK. Resistance to Rhabdoviridae Infection and Subversion of Antiviral Responses. Viruses 2015; 7:3675-702. [PMID: 26198243 PMCID: PMC4517123 DOI: 10.3390/v7072794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon (IFN) treatment induces the expression of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). However, only a selection of their products have been demonstrated to be responsible for the inhibition of rhabdovirus replication in cultured cells; and only a few have been shown to play a role in mediating the antiviral response in vivo using gene knockout mouse models. IFNs inhibit rhabdovirus replication at different stages via the induction of a variety of ISGs. This review will discuss how individual ISG products confer resistance to rhabdoviruses by blocking viral entry, degrading single stranded viral RNA, inhibiting viral translation or preventing release of virions from the cell. Furthermore, this review will highlight how these viruses counteract the host IFN system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Blondel
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS UMR 9198, Université Paris-Sud, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France.
| | - Ghizlane Maarifi
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, Centre Interdisciplinaire Chimie Biologie-Paris (FR 3567, CNRS), 75270 Paris Cedex 6, France.
| | - Sébastien Nisole
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, Centre Interdisciplinaire Chimie Biologie-Paris (FR 3567, CNRS), 75270 Paris Cedex 6, France.
| | - Mounira K Chelbi-Alix
- INSERM UMR-S 1124, Université Paris Descartes, Centre Interdisciplinaire Chimie Biologie-Paris (FR 3567, CNRS), 75270 Paris Cedex 6, France.
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Redondo N, Madan V, Alvarez E, Carrasco L. Impact of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus M Proteins on Different Cellular Functions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131137. [PMID: 26091335 PMCID: PMC4474437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three different matrix (M) proteins termed M1, M2 and M3 have been described in cells infected with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Individual expression of VSV M proteins induces an evident cytopathic effect including cell rounding and detachment, in addition to a partial inhibition of cellular protein synthesis, likely mediated by an indirect mechanism. Analogous to viroporins, M1 promotes the budding of new virus particles; however, this process does not produce an increase in plasma membrane permeability. In contrast to M1, M2 and M3 neither interact with the cellular membrane nor promote the budding of double membrane vesicles at the cell surface. Nonetheless, all three species of M protein interfere with the transport of cellular mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and also modulate the redistribution of the splicing factor. The present findings indicate that all three VSV M proteins share some activities that interfere with host cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Redondo
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Vanesa Madan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Enrique Alvarez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Carrasco
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Nicolás Cabrera 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. Wasik
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8106; ,
| | - Paul E. Turner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8106; ,
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Preservation of dendritic cell function during vesicular stomatitis virus infection reflects both intrinsic and acquired mechanisms of resistance to suppression of host gene expression by viral M protein. J Virol 2013; 87:11730-40. [PMID: 23986580 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00680-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of host-directed gene expression by the matrix (M) protein of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) effectively blocks host antiviral responses, promotes virus replication, and disables the host cell. However, dendritic cells (DC) have the capacity to resist these effects and remain functional during VSV infection. Here, the mechanisms of DC resistance to M protein and their subsequent maturation were addressed. Flt3L-derived murine bone marrow dendritic cells (FDC), which phenotypically resemble resident splenic DC, continued to synthesize cellular proteins and matured during single-cycle (high-multiplicity) and multicycle (low-multiplicity) infection with VSV. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-derived myeloid DC (GDC), which are susceptible to M protein effects, were nevertheless capable of maturing, but the response was delayed and occurred only during multicycle infection. FDC resistance was manifested early and was type I interferon (IFN) receptor (IFNAR) and MyD88 independent, but sustained resistance required IFNAR. MyD88-dependent signaling contributed to FDC maturation during single-cycle infection but was dispensable during multicycle infection. Similar to FDC, splenic DC were capable of maturing in vivo during the first 24 h of infection with VSV, and neither Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) nor MyD88 was required. We conclude that FDC resistance to M protein is controlled by an intrinsic, MyD88-independent mechanism that operates early in infection and is augmented later in infection by type I IFN. In contrast, while GDC are not intrinsically resistant, they can acquire resistance during multicycle infection. In vivo, splenic DC resist the inhibitory effects of VSV, and as in multicycle FDC infection, MyD88-independent signaling events control their maturation.
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Ayala-Breton C, Suksanpaisan L, Mader EK, Russell SJ, Peng KW. Amalgamating oncolytic viruses to enhance their safety, consolidate their killing mechanisms, and accelerate their spread. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1930-7. [PMID: 23842448 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are structurally and biologically diverse, spreading through tumors and killing them by various mechanisms and with different kinetics. Here, we created a hybrid vesicular stomatitis/measles virus (VSV/MV) that harnesses the safety of oncolytic MV, the speed of VSV, and the tumor killing mechanisms of both viruses. Oncolytic MV targets CD46 and kills by forcing infected cells to fuse with uninfected neighbors, but propagates slowly. VSV spreads rapidly, directly lysing tumor cells, but is neurotoxic and loses oncolytic potency when neuroattenuated by conventional approaches. The hybrid VSV/MV lacks neurotoxicity, replicates rapidly with VSV kinetics, and selectively targets CD46 on tumor cells. Its in vivo performance in a myeloma xenograft model was substantially superior to either MV or widely used recombinant oncolytic VSV-M51.
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26
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Hastie E, Cataldi M, Marriott I, Grdzelishvili VZ. Understanding and altering cell tropism of vesicular stomatitis virus. Virus Res 2013; 176:16-32. [PMID: 23796410 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a prototypic nonsegmented negative-strand RNA virus. VSV's broad cell tropism makes it a popular model virus for many basic research applications. In addition, a lack of preexisting human immunity against VSV, inherent oncotropism and other features make VSV a widely used platform for vaccine and oncolytic vectors. However, VSV's neurotropism that can result in viral encephalitis in experimental animals needs to be addressed for the use of the virus as a safe vector. Therefore, it is very important to understand the determinants of VSV tropism and develop strategies to alter it. VSV glycoprotein (G) and matrix (M) protein play major roles in its cell tropism. VSV G protein is responsible for VSV broad cell tropism and is often used for pseudotyping other viruses. VSV M affects cell tropism via evasion of antiviral responses, and M mutants can be used to limit cell tropism to cell types defective in interferon signaling. In addition, other VSV proteins and host proteins may function as determinants of VSV cell tropism. Various approaches have been successfully used to alter VSV tropism to benefit basic research and clinically relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hastie
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Boulevard, Charlotte, NC 28223, United States
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27
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Jha BK, Dong B, Nguyen CT, Polyakova I, Silverman RH. Suppression of antiviral innate immunity by sunitinib enhances oncolytic virotherapy. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1749-57. [PMID: 23732991 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of lytic viruses to preferentially infect and eliminate cancer cells while sparing normal cells is a promising experimental therapeutic approach for treating cancer. However, the efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy is often limited by two innate immunity pathways, the protein kinase PKR and the 2'-5'-oligoadenylate (OAS)/RNase L systems, which are widely present in many but not all tumor cell types. Previously, we reported that the anticancer drug, sunitinib, an inhibitor of VEGF-R and PDGF-R, has off-target effects against both PKR and RNase L. Here we show that combining sunitinib treatments with infection by an oncolytic virus, vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), led to the elimination of prostate, breast, and kidney malignant tumors in mice. In contrast, either virus or sunitinib alone slowed tumor progression but did not eliminate tumors. In prostate tumors excised from treated mice, sunitinib decreased levels of the phosphorylated form of translation initiation factor, eIF2-α, a substrate of PKR, by 10-fold while increasing median viral titers by 23-fold. The sunitinib/VSV regimen caused complete and sustained tumor regression in both immunodeficient and immunocompetent animals. Results indicate that transient inhibition of innate immunity with sunitinib enhances oncolytic virotherapy allowing the recovery of tumor-bearing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babal K Jha
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Ran Z, Chen Y, Shen H, Xiang X, Liu Q, Bawa B, Qi W, Zhu L, Young A, Richt J, Ma W, Li F. In vitro and in vivo replication of influenza A H1N1 WSN33 viruses with different M1 proteins. J Gen Virol 2012; 94:884-895. [PMID: 23255622 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.046219-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The M1 protein is a major structural protein that has multiple functions in various steps within the life cycle of the influenza A virus (IAV). However, little is currently known about the role of M1 in IAV replication in vivo and the associated pathogenesis. In this study, six isogenic H1N1 WSN33 viruses, constructed to express unique M1 proteins derived from various strains, subtypes or WSN33 itself, were tested to determine in vitro and in vivo functional exchangeability of M1 proteins in the replication and pathogenesis of the WSN33 virus. Despite five chimeric M1 viruses replicating to levels similar to those of the parental WSN33 virus in cell cultures, all M1 chimeras exhibited improved replication and enhanced virulence in mice when compared with the WSN33 virus. Interestingly, M1 proteins derived from swine viruses caused more severe clinical diseases than those from human or quail. These data indicate that the M1 protein is an important determinant of viral replication and pathogenic properties in mice, although the functions of M1 observed in vivo are not adequately reflected in simple infections of cultured cells. Chimeric M1 viruses that are variable in their clinical manifestations described here will aid future understanding of the role of M1 in IAV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguang Ran
- Veterinary Diagnostic Division, Chongqing Municipal Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 401120, PR China.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA.,Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Huigang Shen
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Xiaoxiao Xiang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA.,Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Qinfang Liu
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Bhupinder Bawa
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Wenbao Qi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Laihua Zhu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA.,Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Alan Young
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
| | - Juergen Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, PR China.,Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA.,Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA
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29
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Moerdyk-Schauwecker M, Shah NR, Murphy AM, Hastie E, Mukherjee P, Grdzelishvili VZ. Resistance of pancreatic cancer cells to oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus: role of type I interferon signaling. Virology 2012; 436:221-34. [PMID: 23246628 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy takes advantage of common cancer characteristics, such as defective type I interferon (IFN) signaling, to preferentially infect and kill cancer cells with viruses. Our recent study (Murphy et al., 2012. J. Virol. 86, 3073-87) found human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) cells were highly heterogeneous in their permissiveness to vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and suggested at least some resistant cell lines retained functional type I IFN responses. Here we examine cellular responses to infection by the oncolytic VSV recombinant VSV-ΔM51-GFP by analyzing a panel of 11 human PDA cell lines for expression of 33 genes associated with type I IFN pathways. Although all cell lines sensed infection by VSV-ΔM51-GFP and most activated IFN-α and β expression, only resistant cell lines displayed constitutive high-level expression of the IFN-stimulated antiviral genes MxA and OAS. Inhibition of JAK/STAT signaling decreased levels of MxA and OAS and increased VSV infection, replication and oncolysis, further implicating IFN responses in resistance. Unlike VSV, vaccinia and herpes simplex virus infectivity and killing of PDA cells was independent of the type I IFN signaling profile, possibly because these two viruses are better equipped to evade type I IFN responses. Our study demonstrates heterogeneity in the type I IFN signaling status of PDA cells and suggests MxA and OAS as potential biomarkers for PDA resistance to VSV and other OVs sensitive to type I IFN responses.
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Hastie E, Grdzelishvili VZ. Vesicular stomatitis virus as a flexible platform for oncolytic virotherapy against cancer. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:2529-2545. [PMID: 23052398 PMCID: PMC4091291 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.046672-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) therapy is an emerging anti-cancer approach that utilizes viruses to preferentially infect and kill cancer cells, while not harming healthy cells. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a prototypic non-segmented, negative-strand RNA virus with inherent OV qualities. Antiviral responses induced by type I interferon pathways are believed to be impaired in most cancer cells, making them more susceptible to VSV than normal cells. Several other factors make VSV a promising OV candidate for clinical use, including its well-studied biology, a small, easily manipulated genome, relative independence of a receptor or cell cycle, cytoplasmic replication without risk of host-cell transformation, and lack of pre-existing immunity in humans. Moreover, various VSV-based recombinant viruses have been engineered via reverse genetics to improve oncoselectivity, safety, oncotoxicity and stimulation of tumour-specific immunity. Alternative delivery methods are also being studied to minimize premature immune clearance of VSV. OV treatment as a monotherapy is being explored, although many studies have employed VSV in combination with radiotherapy, chemotherapy or other OVs. Preclinical studies with various cancers have demonstrated that VSV is a promising OV; as a result, a human clinical trial using VSV is currently in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Hastie
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Valery Z Grdzelishvili
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
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31
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Complexes of vesicular stomatitis virus matrix protein with host Rae1 and Nup98 involved in inhibition of host transcription. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002929. [PMID: 23028327 PMCID: PMC3460625 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) suppresses antiviral responses in infected cells by inhibiting host gene expression at multiple levels, including transcription, nuclear cytoplasmic transport, and translation. The inhibition of host gene expression is due to the activity of the viral matrix (M) protein. Previous studies have shown that M protein interacts with host proteins Rae1 and Nup98 that have been implicated in regulating nuclear-cytoplasmic transport. However, Rae1 function is not essential for host mRNA transport, raising the question of how interaction of a viral protein with a host protein that is not essential for gene expression causes a global inhibition at multiple levels. We tested the hypothesis that there may be multiple M protein-Rae1 complexes involved in inhibiting host gene expression at multiple levels. Using size exclusion chromatography and sedimentation velocity analysis, it was determined that Rae1 exists in high, intermediate, and low molecular weight complexes. The intermediate molecular weight complexes containing Nup98 interacted most efficiently with M protein. The low molecular weight form also interacted with M protein in cells that overexpress Rae1 or cells in which Nup98 expression was silenced. Silencing Rae1 expression had little if any effect on nuclear accumulation of host mRNA in VSV-infected cells, nor did it affect VSV's ability to inhibit host translation. Instead, silencing Rae1 expression reduced the ability of VSV to inhibit host transcription. M protein interacted efficiently with Rae1-Nup98 complexes associated with the chromatin fraction of host nuclei, consistent with an effect on host transcription. These results support the idea that M protein-Rae1 complexes serve as platforms to promote the interaction of M protein with other factors involved in host transcription. They also support the idea that Rae1-Nup98 complexes play a previously under-appreciated role in regulation of transcription. All viruses have mechanisms to suppress or evade host antiviral responses. These mechanisms are critical for viral pathogenicity. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) suppresses antiviral responses by global inhibition of host gene expression mediated by the viral matrix (M) protein. M protein interacts with the host protein Rae1 in a complex with the nucleoporin Nup98. It had been thought that interaction of M protein with Rae1 blocks nuclear-cytoplasmic mRNA transport. However, other data show that Rae1 is not essential for mRNA transport. With this discrepancy in mind, we re-examined the interaction of M protein with Rae1 and Nup98 and the level of host gene expression in which they are involved. A key result was that silencing Rae1 expression did not affect host gene expression, but instead increased cellular resistance to inhibition by M protein. Furthermore, silencing Rae1 expression primarily affected the inhibition of host transcription with no significant effect on nuclear accumulation of mRNA. These results support a model in which Rae1 serves as a “platform” to promote interaction of M protein with cellular targets involved in host transcription. This illustrates a general principle that viral proteins can have multiple cellular effects by interacting with host proteins that are themselves multi-functional.
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Cytopathogenesis of vesicular stomatitis virus is regulated by the PSAP motif of M protein in a species-dependent manner. Viruses 2012; 4:1605-18. [PMID: 23170175 PMCID: PMC3499822 DOI: 10.3390/v4091605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is an important vector-borne pathogen of bovine and equine species, causing a reportable vesicular disease. The matrix (M) protein of VSV is multifunctional and plays a key role in cytopathogenesis, apoptosis, host protein shut-off, and virion assembly/budding. Our previous findings indicated that mutations of residues flanking the 37PSAP40 motif within the M protein resulted in VSV recombinants having attenuated phenotypes in mice. In this report, we characterize the phenotype of VSV recombinant PS > A4 (which harbors four alanines (AAAA) in place of the PSAP motif without disruption of flanking residues) in both mice, and in Aedes albopictus C6/36 mosquito and Culicoides sonorensis KC cell lines. The PS > A4 recombinant displayed an attenuated phenotype in infected mice as judged by weight loss, mortality, and viral titers measured from lung and brain samples of infected animals. However, unexpectedly, the PS > A4 recombinant displayed a robust cytopathic phenotype in insect C6/36 cells compared to that observed with control viruses. Notably, titers of recombinant PS > A4 were approximately 10-fold greater than those of control viruses in infected C6/36 cells and in KC cells from Culicoides sonorensis, a known VSV vector species. In addition, recombinant PS > A4 induced a 25-fold increase in the level of C3 caspase activity in infected C6/36 cells. These findings indicate that the PSAP motif plays a direct role in regulating cytopathogenicity in a species-dependent manner, and suggest that the intact PSAP motif may be important for maintaining persistence of VSV in an insect host.
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33
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VSV-MP gene therapy strategy inhibits tumor growth in nude mice model of human lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Gene Ther 2011; 19:101-9. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2011.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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34
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Gerlier D, Lyles DS. Interplay between innate immunity and negative-strand RNA viruses: towards a rational model. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2011; 75:468-90, second page of table of contents. [PMID: 21885681 PMCID: PMC3165544 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00007-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of a new class of cytosolic receptors recognizing viral RNA, called the RIG-like receptors (RLRs), has revolutionized our understanding of the interplay between viruses and host cells. A tremendous amount of work has been accumulating to decipher the RNA moieties required for an RLR agonist, the signal transduction pathway leading to activation of the innate immunity orchestrated by type I interferon (IFN), the cellular and viral regulators of this pathway, and the viral inhibitors of the innate immune response. Previous reviews have focused on the RLR signaling pathway and on the negative regulation of the interferon response by viral proteins. The focus of this review is to put this knowledge in the context of the virus replication cycle within a cell. Likewise, there has been an expansion of knowledge about the role of innate immunity in the pathophysiology of viral infection. As a consequence, some discrepancies have arisen between the current models of cell-intrinsic innate immunity and current knowledge of virus biology. This holds particularly true for the nonsegmented negative-strand viruses (Mononegavirales), which paradoxically have been largely used to build presently available models. The aim of this review is to bridge the gap between the virology and innate immunity to favor the rational building of a relevant model(s) describing the interplay between Mononegavirales and the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Gerlier
- INSERM U758, CERVI, 21 avenue Tony Garnier, 69007 Lyon, France.
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35
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Mutations in the glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus affect cytopathogenicity: potential for oncolytic virotherapy. J Virol 2011; 85:6513-20. [PMID: 21561919 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02484-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has been widely used to characterize cellular processes, viral resistance, and cytopathogenicity. Recently, VSV has also been used for oncolytic virotherapy due to its capacity to selectively lyse tumor cells. Mutants of the matrix (M) protein of VSV have generally been preferred to the wild-type virus for oncolysis because of their ability to induce type I interferon (IFN) despite causing weaker cytopathic effects. However, due to the large variability of tumor types, it is quite clear that various approaches and combinations of multiple oncolytic viruses will be needed to effectively treat most cancers. With this in mind, our work focused on characterizing the cytopathogenic profiles of four replicative envelope glycoprotein (G) VSV mutants. In contrast to the prototypic M mutant, VSV G mutants are as efficient as wild-type virus at inhibiting cellular transcription and host protein translation. Despite being highly cytopathic, the mutant G(6R) triggers type I interferon secretion as efficiently as the M mutant. Importantly, most VSV G mutants are more effective at killing B16 and MC57 tumor cells in vitro than the M mutant or wild-type virus through apoptosis induction. Taken together, our results demonstrate that VSV G mutants retain the high cytopathogenicity of wild-type VSV, with G(6R) inducing type I IFN secretion at levels similar to that of the M mutant. VSV G protein mutants could therefore prove to be highly valuable for the development of novel oncolytic virotherapy strategies that are both safe and efficient for the treatment of various types of cancer.
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36
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Oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus induces apoptosis in U87 glioblastoma cells by a type II death receptor mechanism and induces cell death and tumor clearance in vivo. J Virol 2011; 85:5708-17. [PMID: 21450822 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02393-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a potential oncolytic virus for treating glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), an aggressive brain tumor. Matrix (M) protein mutants of VSV have shown greater selectivity for killing GBM cells versus normal brain cells than VSV with wild-type M protein. The goal of this research was to determine the contribution of death receptor and mitochondrial pathways to apoptosis induced by an M protein mutant (M51R) VSV in U87 human GBM tumor cells. Compared to controls, U87 cells expressing a dominant negative form of Fas (dnFas) or overexpressing Bcl-X(L) had reduced caspase-3 activation following infection with M51R VSV, indicating that both the death receptor pathway and mitochondrial pathways are important for M51R VSV-induced apoptosis. Death receptor signaling has been classified as type I or type II, depending on whether signaling is independent (type I) or dependent on the mitochondrial pathway (type II). Bcl-X(L) overexpression inhibited caspase activation in response to a Fas-inducing antibody, similar to the inhibition in response to M51R VSV infection, indicating that U87 cells behave as type II cells. Inhibition of apoptosis in vitro delayed, but did not prevent, virus-induced cell death. Murine xenografts of U87 cells that overexpress Bcl-X(L) regressed with a time course similar to that of control cells following treatment with M51R VSV, and tumors were not detectable at 21 days postinoculation. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated similar levels of viral antigen expression but reduced activation of caspase-3 following virus treatment of Bcl-X(L)-overexpressing tumors compared to controls. Further, the pathological changes in tumors following treatment with virus were quite different in the presence versus the absence of Bcl-X(L) overexpression. These results demonstrate that M51R VSV efficiently induces oncolysis in GBM tumor cells despite deregulation of apoptotic pathways, underscoring its potential use as a treatment for GBM.
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37
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Gou M, Men K, Zhang J, Li Y, Song J, Luo S, Shi H, Wen Y, Guo G, Huang M, Zhao X, Qian Z, Wei Y. Efficient inhibition of C-26 colon carcinoma by VSVMP gene delivered by biodegradable cationic nanogel derived from polyethyleneimine. ACS NANO 2010; 4:5573-84. [PMID: 20839784 DOI: 10.1021/nn1005599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable cationic nanoparticles have promising application as a gene delivery system. In this article, heparin-polyethyleneimine (HPEI) nanogels were prepared, and these nanogels were developed as a nonviral gene vector. The transfection efficiency of HPEI nanogels was comparable with that of PEI25K, while the cytotoxicity was lower than that of PEI2K and much lower than that of PEI25K in vitro. These HPEI nanogels also had better blood compatibility than PEI25K. After intravenous administration, HPEI nanogels degraded, and the degradation products were excreted through urine. The plasmid expressing vesicular stomatitis virus matrix protein (pVSVMP) could be efficiently transfected into C-26 colon carcinoma cells by HPEI nanogels in vitro, inhibiting the cell proliferation through apoptosis induction. Intraperitoneal injection of pVSVMP/HPEI complexes efficiently inhibited the abdominal metastases of C-26 colon carcinoma through apoptosis induction (mean tumor weight in mice treated with pVSVMP/HPEI complex = 0.93 g and in control mice = 3.28 g, difference = 2.35 g, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.75-2.95 g, P < 0.001) and prolonged the survival of treated mice. Moreover, intravenous application of pVSVMP/HPEI complexes also inhibited the growth of pulmonary metastases of C-26 colon carcinoma through apoptosis induction. The HPEI nanogels delivering pVSVMP have promising application in treating colon carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- MaLing Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Men
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - YuHua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - HuaShan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - YanJun Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - MeiJuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - ZhiYong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
| | - YuQuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People’s Republic of China
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38
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Hoffmann M, Wu YJ, Gerber M, Berger-Rentsch M, Heimrich B, Schwemmle M, Zimmer G. Fusion-active glycoprotein G mediates the cytotoxicity of vesicular stomatitis virus M mutants lacking host shut-off activity. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:2782-93. [PMID: 20631091 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.023978-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytopathogenicity of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has been attributed mainly to the host shut-off activity of the viral matrix (M) protein, which inhibits both nuclear transcription and nucleocytoplasmic RNA transport, thereby effectively suppressing the synthesis of type I interferon (IFN). The M protein from persistently VSV-infected cells was shown to harbour characteristic amino acid substitutions (M51R, V221F and S226R) implicated in IFN induction. This study demonstrates that infection of human fibroblasts with recombinant VSV containing the M51R substitution resulted in IFN induction, whereas neither the V221F nor the S226R substitution effected an IFN-inducing phenotype. Only when V221F was combined with S226R were the host shut-off activity of the M protein abolished and IFN induced, independently of M51R. The M33A substitution, previously implicated in VSV cytotoxicity, did not affect host shut-off activity. M-mutant VSV containing all four amino acid substitutions retained cytotoxic properties in both Vero cells and IFN-competent primary fibroblasts. Infected-cell death was associated with the formation of giant polynucleated cells, suggesting that the fusion activity of the VSV G protein was involved. Accordingly, M-mutant VSV expressing a fusion-defective G protein or with a deletion of the G gene showed significantly reduced cytotoxic properties and caused long-lasting infections in Vero cells and mouse hippocampal slice cultures. In contrast, a G-deleted VSV expressing wild-type M protein remained cytotoxic. These findings indicate that the host shut-off activity of the M protein dominates VSV cytotoxicty, whilst the fusion-active G protein is mainly responsible for the cytotoxicity remaining with M-mutant VSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Hoffmann
- Institut für Virologie, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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39
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Rieder M, Conzelmann KK. Rhabdovirus evasion of the interferon system. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2010; 29:499-509. [PMID: 19715459 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2009.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Rhabdoviridae contains important pathogens of humans, livestock, and crops, including the insect-transmitted vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and the neurotropic rabies virus (RV), which is directly transmitted between mammals. In spite of a highly similar organization of RNA genomes, proteins, and virus particles, cell biology of VSV and RV is divergent in several aspects, particularly with respect to their interplay with the cellular host defense. While infection with both rhabdoviruses is recognized via viral triphosphate RNAs by the cytoplasmic RNA helicase/translocase RIG-I, the viral counteractions to limit the response are contrasting. VSV infection is characterized by a rapid general shutdown of host gene expression and severe cytopathic effects, due to multiple activities of the matrix (M) protein affecting host polymerase functions and mRNA nuclear export, and by rapid and high-level virus replication. In contrast, RV spread and transmission relies on preserving the integrity of host cells, particularly of neurons. While a general cell shutdown by RV M is not observed, RV phosphoprotein (P) has developed independent functions to interfere with activation of IRFs and with STAT signaling. The molecular mechanisms employed are different from those of the paramyxovirus P gene products serving similar functions, and illustrate evolution of IFN antagonists to specifically support virus survival in the natural niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rieder
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
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40
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Ge P, Tsao J, Schein S, Green TJ, Luo M, Zhou ZH. Cryo-EM model of the bullet-shaped vesicular stomatitis virus. Science 2010; 327:689-93. [PMID: 20133572 DOI: 10.1126/science.1181766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is a bullet-shaped rhabdovirus and a model system of negative-strand RNA viruses. Through direct visualization by means of cryo-electron microscopy, we show that each virion contains two nested, left-handed helices: an outer helix of matrix protein M and an inner helix of nucleoprotein N and RNA. M has a hub domain with four contact sites that link to neighboring M and N subunits, providing rigidity by clamping adjacent turns of the nucleocapsid. Side-by-side interactions between neighboring N subunits are critical for the nucleocapsid to form a bullet shape, and structure-based mutagenesis results support this description. Together, our data suggest a mechanism of VSV assembly in which the nucleocapsid spirals from the tip to become the helical trunk, both subsequently framed and rigidified by the M layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ge
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095-7364, USA
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41
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Protection against lethal vaccinia virus challenge by using an attenuated matrix protein mutant vesicular stomatitis virus vaccine vector expressing poxvirus antigens. J Virol 2010; 84:3552-61. [PMID: 20089648 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01572-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSV) are excellent candidate vectors for vaccination against human diseases. The neurovirulence of VSV in animal models requires the attenuation of the virus for use in humans. Previous efforts have focused on attenuating virus replication. Studies presented here test an alternative approach for attenuation that uses a matrix (M) protein mutant (rM51R) VSV as a vaccine vector against respiratory infection. This mutant is attenuated for viral virulence by its inability to suppress the innate immune response. The ability of rM51R VSV vectors to protect against lethal respiratory challenge was tested using a vaccinia virus intranasal challenge model. Mice immunized intranasally with rM51R vectors expressing vaccinia virus antigens B5R and L1R were protected against lethal vaccinia virus challenge. A single immunization with the vectors provided protection against vaccinia virus-induced mortality; however, a prime-boost strategy reduced the severity of the vaccinia virus-induced disease progression. Antibody titers measured after the prime and boost were low despite complete protection against lethal challenge. However, immunized animals had higher antibody titers during the challenge, suggesting that memory B-cell responses may be important for the protection. Depletion experiments demonstrated that B cells but not CD8 T cells were involved in the protection mediated by rM51R vaccine vectors that express B5R and L1R. These results demonstrate the potential of M protein mutant VSVs as candidate vaccine vectors against human diseases.
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42
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Faul EJ, Lyles DS, Schnell MJ. Interferon response and viral evasion by members of the family rhabdoviridae. Viruses 2009; 1:832-51. [PMID: 21994572 PMCID: PMC3185512 DOI: 10.3390/v1030832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Like many animal viruses, those of the Rhabdoviridae family, are able to antagonize the type I interferon response and cause disease in mammalian hosts. Though these negative-stranded RNA viruses are very simple and code for as few as five proteins, they have been seen to completely abrogate the type I interferon response early in infection. In this review, we will discuss the viral organization and type I interferon evasion of rhabdoviruses, focusing on vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and rabies virus (RABV). Despite their structural similarities, VSV and RABV have completely different mechanisms by which they avert the host immune response. VSV relies on the matrix protein to interfere with host gene transcription and nuclear export of anti-viral mRNAs. Alternatively, RABV uses its phosphoprotein to interfere with IRF-3 phosphorylation and STAT1 signaling. Understanding the virus-cell interactions and viral proteins necessary to evade the immune response is important in developing effective vaccines and therapeutics for this viral family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J. Faul
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19438, USA
| | - Douglas S. Lyles
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Matthias J. Schnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19438, USA
- Jefferson Vaccine Center, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19438, USA
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43
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Wu K, Kim GN, Kang CY. Expression and processing of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp160 using the vesicular stomatitis virus New Jersey serotype vector system. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:1135-1140. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.009019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Indiana serotype of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSVIND), but not the New Jersey serotype (VSVNJ), has been widely used as a gene expression vector. In terms of prime–boost-based vaccine strategies, it would be desirable to use two different VSV serotypes to avoid immunity against the priming viral vector. Here, we report that we have applied the VSVNJ vector system for expression of the env gene of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The HIV-1 env gene was inserted into the VSVNJ vector system at two different sites: between the P and M genes (NP-gp160-MGL) and between the G and L genes (NPMG-gp160-L). The HIV-1 env gene product, gp160, was efficiently expressed and processed in cells infected with either of these two recombinant VSV–HIV-1gp160 viruses. In this study, we have investigated the applicability of the VSVNJ vector system for foreign gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyu Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Siebens-Drake Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Gyoung Nyoun Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Siebens-Drake Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2V4, Canada
| | - C. Yong Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Siebens-Drake Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6G 2V4, Canada
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Antitumor and antimetastatic activities of vesicular stomatitis virus matrix protein in a murine model of breast cancer. J Mol Med (Berl) 2009; 87:493-506. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-009-0444-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Revised: 11/01/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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45
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Vesicular stomatitis virus M protein mutant stimulates maturation of Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)-positive dendritic cells through TLR-dependent and -independent mechanisms. J Virol 2009; 83:2962-75. [PMID: 19144711 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02030-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild-type (wt) vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) strains stimulate plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) through Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and its adaptor molecule, MyD88. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-derived DC (G-DC), which do not express TLR7, are unresponsive to wt VSV due to inhibition of cellular gene expression by the matrix (M) protein. In contrast to its recombinant wt (rwt) counterpart, an M protein mutant of VSV, rM51R-M virus, stimulates maturation of G-DC independently of MyD88. These results suggest that, as in the case of G-DC, rM51R-M virus may stimulate pDC by mechanisms distinct from that by rwt virus. Studies presented here demonstrate that both rwt and rM51R-M viruses induced maturation of TLR7-positive DC derived by culture in the presence of Flt3L (F-DC), with the subsequent expression of type I interferon (IFN). F-DC are a mixture of myeloid (CD11b(+)) and plasmacytoid (B220(+)) DC, both of which respond to TLR7 ligands. Separated CD11b(+) and B220(+) F-DC responded to both rwt and rM51R-M viruses. Both viruses were also defective at inhibiting host gene expression in F-DC, including the expression of genes involved in the antiviral response. The data from F-DC generated from IFN receptor knockout mice demonstrated that the maturation of F-DC induced by rwt virus was dependent on the type I IFN response, while maturation induced by rM51R-M virus was partially dependent on this molecule. Therefore, activation of the type I IFN pathway appears to be important for not only inducing an antiviral response but also for stimulating maturation of F-DC upon virus infection. Importantly, F-DC from TLR7 and MyD88 knockout mice did not undergo maturation in response to rwt virus, while maturation induced by rM51R-M virus was largely independent of both molecules. These results indicate that although both viruses induce F-DC maturation, F-DC detect and respond to rM51R-M virus by means that are distinct from rwt virus. Specifically, this mutant virus appears capable of inducing DC maturation in a wide variety of DC subsets through TLR-dependent and independent mechanisms.
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Graham SC, Assenberg R, Delmas O, Verma A, Gholami A, Talbi C, Owens RJ, Stuart DI, Grimes JM, Bourhy H. Rhabdovirus matrix protein structures reveal a novel mode of self-association. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000251. [PMID: 19112510 PMCID: PMC2603668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The matrix (M) proteins of rhabdoviruses are multifunctional proteins essential for virus maturation and budding that also regulate the expression of viral and host proteins. We have solved the structures of M from the vesicular stomatitis virus serotype New Jersey (genus: Vesiculovirus) and from Lagos bat virus (genus: Lyssavirus), revealing that both share a common fold despite sharing no identifiable sequence homology. Strikingly, in both structures a stretch of residues from the otherwise-disordered N terminus of a crystallographically adjacent molecule is observed binding to a hydrophobic cavity on the surface of the protein, thereby forming non-covalent linear polymers of M in the crystals. While the overall topology of the interaction is conserved between the two structures, the molecular details of the interactions are completely different. The observed interactions provide a compelling model for the flexible self-assembly of the matrix protein during virion morphogenesis and may also modulate interactions with host proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Graham
- Division of Structural Biology and Oxford Protein Production Facility, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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47
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Dancho B, McKenzie MO, Connor JH, Lyles DS. Vesicular stomatitis virus matrix protein mutations that affect association with host membranes and viral nucleocapsids. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:4500-9. [PMID: 19088071 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m808136200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral matrix (M) proteins bind the nucleoprotein core (nucleocapsid) to host membranes during the process of virus assembly by budding. Previous studies using truncated M proteins had implicated the N-terminal 50 amino acids of the vesicular stomatitis virus M protein in binding both membranes and nucleocapsids and a sequence from amino acids 75-106 as an additional membrane binding region. Structure-based mutations were introduced into these two regions, and their effects on membrane association and incorporation into nucleocapsid-M protein complexes were determined using quantitative assays. The results confirmed that the N terminus of M protein is involved in association with plasma membranes as well as nucleocapsids, although these two activities were differentially affected by individual mutations. Mutations in the 75-106 region affected incorporation into nucleocapsid-M complexes but had only minor effects on association with membranes. The ability of site-specific mutant M proteins to complement growth of temperature-sensitive M mutant virus did not correlate well with the ability to associate with membranes or nucleocapsids, suggesting that complementation involves an additional activity of M protein. Mutants with similar abilities to associate with membranes and nucleocapsids but differing in complementation activity were incorporated into infectious cDNA clones. Infectious virus was repeatedly recovered containing mutant M proteins capable of complementation but was never recovered with mutant M proteins that lacked complementation activity, providing further evidence for a separate activity of M protein that is essential for virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Dancho
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157
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48
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hnRNPs Relocalize to the cytoplasm following infection with vesicular stomatitis virus. J Virol 2008; 83:770-80. [PMID: 19004954 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01279-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) matrix protein inhibits nuclear-cytoplasmic mRNA transport. The goal of this work is to determine whether VSV inhibits the nuclear-cytoplasmic transport of heterogeneous ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), which are thought to serve as mRNA export factors. Confocal microscopy experiments showed that hnRNPA1, hnRNPK, and hnRNPC1/C2, but not hnRNPB1 or lamin A/C, are relocalized to the cytoplasm during VSV infection. We determined whether protein import is inhibited by VSV by transfecting cells with a plasmid encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) tagged with either the M9 nuclear localization sequence (NLS) or the classical NLS. These experiments revealed that both the M9 NLS and the classical NLS are functional during VSV infection. These data suggest that the inhibition of protein import is not responsible for hnRNP relocalization during VSV infection but that hnRNP export is enhanced. We found that hnRNPA1 relocalization was significantly reduced following the silencing of the mRNA export factor Rae1, indicating that Rae1 is necessary for hnRNP export. In order to determine the role of hnRNPA1 in VSV infection, we silenced hnRNPA1 in HeLa cells and assayed three aspects of the viral life cycle: host protein synthesis shutoff concurrent with the onset of viral protein synthesis, replication by plaque assay, and cell killing. We observed that host shutoff and replication are unaffected by the reduction in hnRNPA1 but that the rate of VSV-induced apoptosis is slower in cells that have reduced hnRNPA1. These data suggest that VSV promotes hnRNPA1 relocalization in a Rae1-dependent manner for apoptotic signaling.
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Zhong Q, Wen YJ, Yang HS, Luo H, Fu AF, Yang F, Chen LJ, Chen X, Qi XR, Lin HG, Wan Y, Chen XC, Wei YQ, Zhao X. Efficient inhibition of cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer growth and prolonged survival by gene transferred vesicular stomatitis virus matrix protein in nude mice. Ann Oncol 2008; 19:1584-91. [DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdn167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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50
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Du XB, Lang JY, XU JR, Lu Y, Wen YJ, Zhao JM, Diao P, Yuan ZP, Yao B, Fan LY, Wang GQ, Liu L, Ding ZY, Wang YS, Li T, Wang R, Mao YQ, Kan B, Wu HB, Li HX, Yang HS, Wu HB, Wei YQ, Zhao X. Vesicular stomatitis virus matrix protein gene enhances the antitumor effects of radiation via induction of apoptosis. Apoptosis 2008; 13:1205-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-008-0253-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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