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White S, Roller R. Herpes simplex virus type-1 cVAC formation in neuronal cells is mediated by dynein motor function and glycoprotein retrieval from the plasma membrane. J Virol 2024; 98:e0071324. [PMID: 38899931 PMCID: PMC11265375 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00713-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus assembly requires the cytoplasmic association of large macromolecular and membrane structures that derive from both the nucleus and cytoplasmic membrane systems. Results from the study of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in cells where it organizes a perinuclear cytoplasmic virus assembly compartment (cVAC) show a clear requirement for the minus-end-directed microtubule motor, dynein, for virus assembly. In contrast, the assembly of herpes simplex virus -1 (HSV-1) in epithelial cells where it forms multiple dispersed, peripheral assembly sites is only mildly inhibited by the microtubule-depolymerizing agent, nocodazole. Here, we make use of a neuronal cell line system in which HSV-1 forms a single cVAC and show that dynein and its co-factor dynactin localize to the cVAC, and dynactin is associated with membranes that contain the virion tegument protein pUL11. We also show that the virus membrane-associated structural proteins pUL51 and the viral envelope glycoprotein gE arrive at the cVAC by different routes. Specifically, gE arrives at the cVAC after retrieval from the plasma membrane, suggesting the need for an intact retrograde transport system. Finally, we demonstrate that inhibition of dynactin function profoundly inhibits cVAC formation and virus production during the cytoplasmic assembly phase of infection.IMPORTANCEMany viruses reorganize cytoplasmic membrane systems and macromolecular transport systems to promote the production of progeny virions. Clarifying the mechanisms by which they accomplish this may reveal novel therapeutic strategies and illustrate mechanisms that are critical for normal cellular organization. Here, we explore the mechanism by which HSV-1 moves macromolecular and membrane cargo to generate a virus assembly compartment in the infected cell. We find that the virus makes use of a well-characterized, microtubule-based transport system that is stabilized against drugs that disrupt microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowen White
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Richard Roller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Seo D, Brito Oliveira S, Rex EA, Ye X, Rice LM, da Fonseca FG, Gammon DB. Poxvirus A51R proteins regulate microtubule stability and antagonize a cell-intrinsic antiviral response. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113882. [PMID: 38457341 PMCID: PMC11023057 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous viruses alter host microtubule (MT) networks during infection, but how and why they induce these changes is unclear in many cases. We show that the vaccinia virus (VV)-encoded A51R protein is a MT-associated protein (MAP) that directly binds MTs and stabilizes them by both promoting their growth and preventing their depolymerization. Furthermore, we demonstrate that A51R-MT interactions are conserved across A51R proteins from multiple poxvirus genera, and highly conserved, positively charged residues in A51R proteins mediate these interactions. Strikingly, we find that viruses encoding MT interaction-deficient A51R proteins fail to suppress a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent antiviral response in macrophages that leads to a block in virion morphogenesis. Moreover, A51R-MT interactions are required for VV virulence in mice. Collectively, our data show that poxviral MAP-MT interactions overcome a cell-intrinsic antiviral ROS response in macrophages that would otherwise block virus morphogenesis and replication in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahee Seo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sabrynna Brito Oliveira
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Emily A Rex
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xuecheng Ye
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Luke M Rice
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Flávio Guimarães da Fonseca
- Laboratório de Virologia Básica e Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Don B Gammon
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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Bergeman MH, Hernandez MQ, Diefenderfer J, Drewes JA, Velarde K, Tierney WM, Enow JA, Glenn HL, Rahman MM, Hogue IB. Individual herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) particles exit by exocytosis and accumulate at preferential egress sites. J Virol 2024; 98:e0178523. [PMID: 38193690 PMCID: PMC10883806 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01785-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The human pathogen herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) produces a lifelong infection in the majority of the world's population. While the generalities of alpha herpesvirus assembly and egress pathways are known, the precise molecular and spatiotemporal details remain unclear. In order to study this aspect of HSV-1 infection, we engineered a recombinant HSV-1 strain expressing a pH-sensitive reporter, gM-pHluorin. Using a variety of fluorescent microscopy modalities, we can detect individual virus particles undergoing intracellular transport and exocytosis at the plasma membrane. We show that particles exit from epithelial cells individually, not bulk release of many particles at once, as has been reported for other viruses. In multiple cell types, HSV-1 particles accumulate over time at the cell periphery and cell-cell contacts. We show that this accumulation effect is the result of individual particles undergoing exocytosis at preferential sites and that these egress sites can contribute to cell-cell spread. We also show that the viral membrane proteins gE, gI, and US9, which have important functions in intracellular transport in neurons, are not required for preferential egress and clustering in non-neuronal cells. Importantly, by comparing HSV-1 to a related alpha herpesvirus, pseudorabies virus, we show that this preferential exocytosis and clustering effect are cell type dependent, not virus dependent. This preferential egress and clustering appear to be the result of the arrangement of the microtubule cytoskeleton, as virus particles co-accumulate at the same cell protrusions as an exogenous plus end-directed kinesin motor.IMPORTANCEAlpha herpesviruses produce lifelong infections in their human and animal hosts. The majority of people in the world are infected with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), which typically causes recurrent oral or genital lesions. However, HSV-1 can also spread to the central nervous system, causing severe encephalitis, and might also contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Many of the steps of how these viruses infect and replicate inside host cells are known in depth, but the final step, exiting from the infected cell, is not fully understood. In this study, we engineered a novel variant of HSV-1 that allows us to visualize how individual virus particles exit from infected cells. With this imaging assay, we investigated preferential egress site formation in certain cell types and their contribution to the cell-cell spread of HSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H. Bergeman
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Michaella Q. Hernandez
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Jake A. Drewes
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Kimberly Velarde
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Wesley M. Tierney
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Junior A. Enow
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Honor L. Glenn
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Center for Structural Discovery, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Masmudur M. Rahman
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- Biodesign Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Ian B. Hogue
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
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4
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Bartak M, Bąska P, Chodkowski M, Tymińska B, Bańbura MW, Cymerys J. Neurons cytoskeletal architecture remodeling during the replication cycle of mouse coronavirus MHV-JHM: a morphological in vitro study. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:18. [PMID: 38195523 PMCID: PMC10775625 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03813-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the population is still struggling with a post-COVID19 syndrome known as long COVID, including a broad spectrum of neurological problems. There is an urgent need for a better understanding and exploration of the mechanisms of coronavirus neurotropism. For this purpose, the neurotropic strain of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-JHM) originating from the beta-coronavirus genus, the same as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been used. The role of the cytoskeleton during virus replication in neurons in vitro was determined to understand the mechanisms of MHV-JHM neuroinfection. We have described for the first time the changes of actin filaments during MHV-JHM infection. We also observed productive replication of MHV-JHM in neurons during 168 h p.i. and syncytial cytopathic effect. We discovered that the MHV-JHM strain modulated neuronal cytoskeleton during infection, which were manifested by: (i) condensation of actin filaments in the cortical layer of the cytoplasm, (ii) formation of microtubule cisternae structures containing viral antigen targeting viral replication site (iii) formation of tunneling nanotubes used by MHV-JHM for intercellular transport. Additionally, we demonstrated that the use of cytoskeletal inhibitors have reduced virus replication in neurons, especially noscapine and nocodazole, the microtubule shortening factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Bartak
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8 St., Warsaw, 02-786, Poland.
| | - Piotr Bąska
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Ciszewskiego 8 St., Warsaw, 02-786, Poland
| | - Marcin Chodkowski
- Laboratory of Nanobiology and Biomaterials, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4 St., Warsaw, 01-063, Poland
| | - Beata Tymińska
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8 St., Warsaw, 02-786, Poland
| | - Marcin W Bańbura
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8 St., Warsaw, 02-786, Poland
| | - Joanna Cymerys
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8 St., Warsaw, 02-786, Poland.
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5
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Wu L, Wang M, Cheng A, Tian B, Huang J, Wu Y, Yang Q, Ou X, Sun D, Zhang S, Zhao X, Gao Q, He Y, Zhu D, Chen S, Liu M, Jia R. Duck plague virus tegument protein vp22 plays a key role in the secondary envelopment and cell-to-cell spread. Vet Res 2023; 54:60. [PMID: 37461115 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01191-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Duck plague virus (DPV) is one of the major infectious and fatal diseases of geese, ducks, and other wild waterfowl. The DPV UL49 gene product VP22 is one of the most abundant tegument proteins. However, the role of the DPV VP22 is enigmatic to be clarified. In this study, we found deletion of the UL49 gene resulted in reduced viral growth curve and smaller plaque size in duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) cells, confirming that DPV VP22 is required for efficient viral growth in vitro. In addition, deletion of the UL49 gene inhibited the secondary envelopment of the virus, the release of viral particles, and the spread of viruses between cells. Our study signified the importance of VP22 for DPV secondary envelopment, release, cell-to-cell spread, and accumulation of viral RNA. These findings provide a basis for further study of the function of VP22 in DPV or other herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xumin Ou
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu He
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
- Engineering Research Center of Southwest Animal Disease Prevention and Control Technology, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu City, 611130, Sichuan, China
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6
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da Silva ES, Naghavi MH. Microtubules and viral infection. Adv Virus Res 2023; 115:87-134. [PMID: 37173066 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) form rapidly adaptable, complex intracellular networks of filaments that not only provide structural support, but also form the tracks along which motors traffic macromolecular cargos to specific sub-cellular sites. These dynamic arrays play a central role in regulating various cellular processes including cell shape and motility as well as cell division and polarization. Given their complex organization and functional importance, MT arrays are carefully controlled by many highly specialized proteins that regulate the nucleation of MT filaments at distinct sites, their dynamic growth and stability, and their engagement with other subcellular structures and cargoes destined for transport. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of how MTs and their regulatory proteins function, including their active targeting and exploitation, during infection by viruses that utilize a wide variety of replication strategies that occur within different cellular sub-compartments or regions of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Santos da Silva
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States; HIV Clinical and Translational Research, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Department of Infection and Immunity, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Mojgan H Naghavi
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States.
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7
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Río-Bergé C, Cong Y, Reggiori F. Getting on the right track: Interactions between viruses and the cytoskeletal motor proteins. Traffic 2023; 24:114-130. [PMID: 35146839 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton is an essential component of the cell and it is involved in multiple physiological functions, including intracellular organization and transport. It is composed of three main families of proteinaceous filaments; microtubules, actin filaments and intermediate filaments and their accessory proteins. Motor proteins, which comprise the dynein, kinesin and myosin superfamilies, are a remarkable group of accessory proteins that mainly mediate the intracellular transport of cargoes along with the cytoskeleton. Like other cellular structures and pathways, viruses can exploit the cytoskeleton to promote different steps of their life cycle through associations with motor proteins. The complexity of the cytoskeleton and the differences among viruses, however, has led to a wide diversity of interactions, which in most cases remain poorly understood. Unveiling the details of these interactions is necessary not only for a better comprehension of specific infections, but may also reveal new potential drug targets to fight dreadful diseases such as rabies disease and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In this review, we describe a few examples of the mechanisms that some human viruses, that is, rabies virus, adenovirus, herpes simplex virus, human immunodeficiency virus, influenza A virus and papillomavirus, have developed to hijack dyneins, kinesins and myosins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clàudia Río-Bergé
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Molecular Cell Biology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yingying Cong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Molecular Cell Biology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells & Systems, Molecular Cell Biology Section, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Krawczyk E, Kangas C, He B. HSV Replication: Triggering and Repressing STING Functionality. Viruses 2023; 15:226. [PMID: 36680267 PMCID: PMC9864509 DOI: 10.3390/v15010226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) has persisted within human populations due to its ability to establish both lytic and latent infection. Given this, human hosts have evolved numerous immune responses to protect against HSV infection. Critical in this defense against HSV, the host protein stimulator of interferon genes (STING) functions as a mediator of the antiviral response by inducing interferon (IFN) as well as IFN-stimulated genes. Emerging evidence suggests that during HSV infection, dsDNA derived from either the virus or the host itself ultimately activates STING signaling. While a complex regulatory circuit is in operation, HSV has evolved several mechanisms to neutralize the STING-mediated antiviral response. Within this review, we highlight recent progress involving HSV interactions with the STING pathway, with a focus on how STING influences HSV replication and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bin He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Deb Roy A, Gross EG, Pillai GS, Seetharaman S, Etienne-Manneville S, Inoue T. Non-catalytic allostery in α-TAT1 by a phospho-switch drives dynamic microtubule acetylation. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213540. [PMID: 36222836 PMCID: PMC9565784 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202202100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatiotemporally dynamic microtubule acetylation underlies diverse physiological and pathological events. Despite its ubiquity, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the sole microtubule acetylating agent, α-tubulin-N-acetyltransferase-1 (α-TAT1), remain obscure. Here, we report that dynamic intracellular localization of α-TAT1 along with its catalytic activity determines efficiency of microtubule acetylation. Specifically, we newly identified a conserved signal motif in the intrinsically disordered C-terminus of α-TAT1, consisting of three competing regulatory elements-nuclear export, nuclear import, and cytosolic retention. Their balance is tuned via phosphorylation by CDK1, PKA, and CK2, and dephosphorylation by PP2A. While the unphosphorylated form binds to importins and resides both in cytosol and nucleus, the phosphorylated form binds to specific 14-3-3 adapters and accumulates in the cytosol for maximal substrate access. Unlike other molecules with a similar phospho-regulated signal motif, α-TAT1 uniquely uses the nucleus as a hideout. This allosteric spatial regulation of α-TAT1 function may help uncover a spatiotemporal code of microtubule acetylation in normal and aberrant cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Deb Roy
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | - Shailaja Seetharaman
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691, Université Paris Cité, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691, Université Paris Cité, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Takanari Inoue
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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Trim69 is a microtubule regulator that acts as a pantropic viral inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2211467119. [PMID: 36251989 PMCID: PMC9618055 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2211467119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Through a screen that combines functional and evolutionary analyses, we identified tripartite motif protein (Trim69), a poorly studied member of the Trim family, as a negative regulator of HIV-1 infection in interferon (IFN)-stimulated myeloid cells. Trim69 inhibits the early phases of infection of HIV-1, but also of HIV-2 and SIVMAC in addition to the negative and positive-strand RNA viruses vesicular stomatitis virus and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, with magnitudes that depend on the combination between cell type and virus. Mechanistically, Trim69 associates directly to microtubules and its antiviral activity is linked to its ability to promote the accumulation of stable microtubules, a program that we uncover to be an integral part of antiviral IFN-I responses in myeloid cells. Overall, our study identifies Trim69 as the antiviral innate defense factor that regulates the properties of microtubules to limit viral spread and highlights the cytoskeleton as an unappreciated battleground in the host-pathogen interactions that underlie viral infections.
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Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) inhibitor of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) (KicGAS) encoded by ORF52 is a conserved major tegument protein of KSHV and the first reported viral inhibitor of cGAS. In our previous study, we found that KicGAS is highly oligomerized in solution and that oligomerization is required for its cooperative DNA binding and for inhibiting DNA-induced phase separation and activation of cGAS. However, how KicGAS oligomerizes remained unclear. Here, we present the crystal structure of KicGAS at 2.5 Å resolution, which reveals an "L"-shaped molecule with each arm of the L essentially formed by a single α helix (α1 and α2). Antiparallel dimerization of α2 helices from two KicGAS molecules leads to a unique "Z"-shaped dimer. Surprisingly, α1 is also a dimerization domain. It forms a parallel dimeric leucine zipper with the α1 from a neighboring dimer, leading to the formation of an infinite chain of KicGAS dimers. Residues involved in leucine zipper dimer formation are among the most conserved residues across ORF52 homologs of gammaherpesviruses. The self-oligomerization increases the valence and cooperativity of interaction with DNA. The resultant multivalent interaction is critical for the formation of liquid condensates with DNA and consequent sequestration of DNA from being sensed by cGAS, explaining its role in restricting cGAS activation. The structure presented here not only provides a mechanistic understanding of the function of KicGAS but also informs a molecular target for rational design of antivirals against KSHV and related viruses.
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Seo D, Gammon DB. Manipulation of Host Microtubule Networks by Viral Microtubule-Associated Proteins. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050979. [PMID: 35632720 PMCID: PMC9147350 DOI: 10.3390/v14050979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse DNA and RNA viruses utilize cytoskeletal networks to efficiently enter, replicate, and exit the host cell, while evading host immune responses. It is well established that the microtubule (MT) network is commonly hijacked by viruses to traffic to sites of replication after entry and to promote egress from the cell. However, mounting evidence suggests that the MT network is also a key regulator of host immune responses to infection. At the same time, viruses have acquired mechanisms to manipulate and/or usurp MT networks to evade these immune responses. Central to most interactions of viruses with the MT network are virally encoded microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) that bind to MTs directly or indirectly. These MAPs associate with MTs and other viral or cellular MAPs to regulate various aspects of the MT network, including MT dynamics, MT-dependent transport via motor proteins such as kinesins and dyneins, and MT-dependent regulation of innate immune responses. In this review, we examine how viral MAP interactions with the MT network facilitate viral replication and immune evasion.
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Post-translational modifications and stabilization of microtubules regulate transport of viral factors during infections. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1735-1748. [PMID: 34436545 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin post-translational modifications (PTMs) constitute a source of diversity for microtubule (MT) functions, in addition to the different isotypes of α and β-tubulin acting as building blocks of MTs. Also, MT-associated proteins (MAPs) confer different characteristics to MTs. The combination of all these factors regulates the stability of these structures that act as rails to transport organelles within the cell, facilitating the association of motor complexes. All these functions are involved in crucial cellular processes in most cell types, ranging from spindle formation in mitosis to the defense against incoming cellular threats during phagocytosis mediated by immune cells. The regulation of MT dynamics through tubulin PTMs has evolved to depend on many different factors that act in a complex orchestrated manner. These tightly regulated processes are particularly relevant during the induction of effective immune responses against pathogens. Viruses have proved not only to hijack MTs and MAPs in order to favor an efficient infection, but also to induce certain PTMs that improve their cellular spread and lead to secondary consequences of viral processes. In this review, we offer a perspective on relevant MT-related elements exploited by viruses.
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Cellular and Viral Determinants of HSV-1 Entry and Intracellular Transport towards Nucleus of Infected Cells. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02434-20. [PMID: 33472938 PMCID: PMC8092704 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02434-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
HSV-1 employs cellular motor proteins and modulates kinase pathways to facilitate intracellular virion capsid transport. Previously, we and others have shown that the Akt inhibitor miltefosine inhibited virus entry. Herein, we show that the protein kinase C inhibitors staurosporine (STS) and gouml inhibited HSV-1 entry into Vero cells, and that miltefosine prevents HSV-1 capsid transport toward the nucleus. We have reported that the HSV-1 UL37 tegument protein interacts with the dynein motor complex during virus entry and virion egress, while others have shown that the UL37/UL36 protein complex binds dynein and kinesin causing a saltatory movement of capsids in neuronal axons. Co-immoprecipitation experiments confirmed previous findings from our laboratory that the UL37 protein interacted with the dynein intermediate chain (DIC) at early times post infection. This UL37-DIC interaction was concurrent with DIC phosphorylation in infected, but not mock-infected cells. Miltefosine inhibited dynein phosphorylation when added before, but not after virus entry. Inhibition of motor accessory protein dynactins (DCTN2, DCTN3), the adaptor proteins EB1 and the Bicaudal D homolog 2 (BICD2) expression using lentiviruses expressing specific shRNAs, inhibited intracellular transport of virion capsids toward the nucleus of human neuroblastoma (SK-N-SH) cells. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that the major capsid protein Vp5 interacted with dynactins (DCTN1/p150 and DCTN4/p62) and the end-binding protein (EB1) at early times post infection. These results show that Akt and kinase C are involved in virus entry and intracellular transport of virion capsids, but not in dynein activation via phosphorylation. Importantly, both the UL37 and Vp5 viral proteins are involved in dynein-dependent transport of virion capsids to the nuclei of infected cells.Importance. Herpes simplex virus type-1 enter either via fusion at the plasma membranes or endocytosis depositing the virion capsids into the cytoplasm of infected cells. The viral capsids utilize the dynein motor complex to move toward the nuclei of infected cells using the microtubular network. This work shows that inhibitors of the Akt kinase and kinase C inhibit not only viral entry into cells but also virion capsid transport toward the nucleus. In addition, the work reveals that the virion protein ICP5 (VP5) interacts with the dynein cofactor dynactin, while the UL37 protein interacts with the dynein intermediate chain (DIC). Importantly, neither Akt nor Kinase C was found to be responsible for phosphorylation/activation of dynein indicating that other cellular or viral kinases may be involved.
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Role of the DNA Binding Activity of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 VP22 in Evading AIM2-Dependent Inflammasome Activation Induced by the Virus. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.02172-20. [PMID: 33298538 PMCID: PMC8092817 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02172-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM2 is a cytosolic DNA sensor of the inflammasome, which induces critical innate immune responses against various invading pathogens. Earlier biochemical studies showed that the binding of AIM2 to DNA triggered the self-oligomerization of AIM2, which is essential for AIM2 inflammasome activation. We recently reported that VP22, a virion tegument protein of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), inhibited activation of the AIM2 inflammasome in HSV-1-infected cells by preventing AIM2 oligomerization. VP22 binds non-specifically to DNA; however, its role in HSV-1 replication is unclear. We investigated the role of VP22 DNA binding activity in the VP22-mediated inhibition of AIM2 inflammasome activation. We identified a VP22 domain encoded by amino acids 227 to 258 as the minimal domain required for its binding to DNA in vitro Consecutive alanine substitutions in this domain substantially impaired the DNA binding activity of VP22 in vitro and attenuated the inhibitory effect of VP22 on AIM2 inflammasome activation in an AIM2 inflammasome reconstitution system. The inhibitory effect of VP22 on AIM2 inflammasome activation was completely abolished in macrophages infected with a recombinant virus harboring VP22 with one of the consecutive alanine substitutions, similar to the effect of a VP22-null mutant virus. These results suggested that the DNA binding activity of VP22 is critical for VP22-mediated AIM2 inflammasome activation in HSV1-infected cells.IMPORTANCE VP22, a major component of the HSV-1 virion tegument, is conserved in alphaherpesviruses and has structural similarity to ORF52, a component of the virion tegument that is well-conserved in gammaherpesviruses. Although the potential DNA binding activity of VP22 was discovered decades ago, its significance in the HSV-1 life cycle is poorly understood. Here, we show that the DNA binding activity of VP22 is critical for the inhibition of AIM2 inflammasome activation induced in HSV-1-infected cells. This is the first report to show a role for the DNA binding activity of VP22 in the HSV-1 life cycle, allowing the virus to evade AIM2 inflammasome activation, which is critical for its replication in vivo.
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Ahmad I, Wilson DW. HSV-1 Cytoplasmic Envelopment and Egress. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21175969. [PMID: 32825127 PMCID: PMC7503644 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21175969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a structurally complex enveloped dsDNA virus that has evolved to replicate in human neurons and epithelia. Viral gene expression, DNA replication, capsid assembly, and genome packaging take place in the infected cell nucleus, which mature nucleocapsids exit by envelopment at the inner nuclear membrane then de-envelopment into the cytoplasm. Once in the cytoplasm, capsids travel along microtubules to reach, dock, and envelope at cytoplasmic organelles. This generates mature infectious HSV-1 particles that must then be sorted to the termini of sensory neurons, or to epithelial cell junctions, for spread to uninfected cells. The focus of this review is upon our current understanding of the viral and cellular molecular machinery that enables HSV-1 to travel within infected cells during egress and to manipulate cellular organelles to construct its envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ahmad
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Duncan W. Wilson
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Correspondence:
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Wu L, Cheng A, Wang M, Jia R, Yang Q, Wu Y, Zhu D, Zhao X, Chen S, Liu M, Zhang S, Ou X, Mao S, Gao Q, Sun D, Wen X, Liu Y, Yu Y, Zhang L, Tian B, Pan L, Chen X. Alphaherpesvirus Major Tegument Protein VP22: Its Precise Function in the Viral Life Cycle. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1908. [PMID: 32849477 PMCID: PMC7427429 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaherpesviruses are zoonotic pathogens that can cause a variety of diseases in humans and animals and severely damage health. Alphaherpesvirus infection is a slow and orderly process that can lie dormant for the lifetime of the host but may be reactivated when the immune system is compromised. All alphaherpesviruses feature a protein layer called the tegument that lies between the capsid and the envelope. Virus protein (VP) 22 is one of the most highly expressed tegument proteins; there are more than 2,000 copies of this protein in each viral particle. VP22 can interact with viral proteins, cellular proteins, and chromatin, and these interactions play important roles. This review summarizes the latest literature and discusses the roles of VP22 in viral gene transcription, protein synthesis, virion assembly, and viral cell-to-cell spread with the purpose of enhancing understanding of the life cycle of herpesviruses and other pathogens in host cells. The molecular interaction information herein provides important reference data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Renyong Jia
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dekang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shun Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mafeng Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaqiu Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuming Ou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sai Mao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qun Gao
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinjian Wen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunya Liu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanling Yu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bin Tian
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Leichang Pan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyue Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Kolyvushko O, Kelch MA, Osterrieder N, Azab W. Equine Alphaherpesviruses Require Activation of the Small GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42 for Intracellular Transport. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8071013. [PMID: 32645930 PMCID: PMC7409331 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses utilize host cell signaling to facilitate productive infection. Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) has been shown to activate Ca2+ release and phospholipase C upon contact with α4β1 integrins on the cell surface. Signaling molecules, including small GTPases, have been shown to be activated downstream of Ca2+ release, and modulate virus entry, membrane remodeling and intracellular transport. In this study, we show that EHV-1 activates the small GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42 during infection. The activation of Rac1 and Cdc42 is necessary for virus-induced acetylation of tubulin, effective viral transport to the nucleus, and cell-to-cell spread. We also show that inhibitors of Rac1 and Cdc42 did not block virus entry, but inhibited overall virus infection. The Rac1 and Cdc42 signaling is presumably orthogonal to Ca2+ release, since Rac1 and Cdc42 inhibitors affected the infection of both EHV-1 and EHV-4, which do not bind to integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Walid Azab
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-838-50087
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19
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Targeting of the cGAS-STING system by DNA viruses. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 174:113831. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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20
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Diwaker D, Wilson DW. Microtubule-Dependent Trafficking of Alphaherpesviruses in the Nervous System: The Ins and Outs. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121165. [PMID: 31861082 PMCID: PMC6950448 DOI: 10.3390/v11121165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Alphaherpesvirinae include the neurotropic pathogens herpes simplex virus and varicella zoster virus of humans and pseudorabies virus of swine. These viruses establish lifelong latency in the nuclei of peripheral ganglia, but utilize the peripheral tissues those neurons innervate for productive replication, spread, and transmission. Delivery of virions from replicative pools to the sites of latency requires microtubule-directed retrograde axonal transport from the nerve terminus to the cell body of the sensory neuron. As a corollary, during reactivation newly assembled virions must travel along axonal microtubules in the anterograde direction to return to the nerve terminus and infect peripheral tissues, completing the cycle. Neurotropic alphaherpesviruses can therefore exploit neuronal microtubules and motors for long distance axonal transport, and alternate between periods of sustained plus end- and minus end-directed motion at different stages of their infectious cycle. This review summarizes our current understanding of the molecular details by which this is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drishya Diwaker
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
| | - Duncan W. Wilson
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA;
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(718)-430-2305
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21
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Imaging, Tracking and Computational Analyses of Virus Entry and Egress with the Cytoskeleton. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040166. [PMID: 29614729 PMCID: PMC5923460 DOI: 10.3390/v10040166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have a dual nature: particles are “passive substances” lacking chemical energy transformation, whereas infected cells are “active substances” turning-over energy. How passive viral substances convert to active substances, comprising viral replication and assembly compartments has been of intense interest to virologists, cell and molecular biologists and immunologists. Infection starts with virus entry into a susceptible cell and delivers the viral genome to the replication site. This is a multi-step process, and involves the cytoskeleton and associated motor proteins. Likewise, the egress of progeny virus particles from the replication site to the extracellular space is enhanced by the cytoskeleton and associated motor proteins. This overcomes the limitation of thermal diffusion, and transports virions and virion components, often in association with cellular organelles. This review explores how the analysis of viral trajectories informs about mechanisms of infection. We discuss the methodology enabling researchers to visualize single virions in cells by fluorescence imaging and tracking. Virus visualization and tracking are increasingly enhanced by computational analyses of virus trajectories as well as in silico modeling. Combined approaches reveal previously unrecognized features of virus-infected cells. Using select examples of complementary methodology, we highlight the role of actin filaments and microtubules, and their associated motors in virus infections. In-depth studies of single virion dynamics at high temporal and spatial resolutions thereby provide deep insight into virus infection processes, and are a basis for uncovering underlying mechanisms of how cells function.
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22
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Infection and Transport of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Neurons: Role of the Cytoskeleton. Viruses 2018; 10:v10020092. [PMID: 29473915 PMCID: PMC5850399 DOI: 10.3390/v10020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a neuroinvasive human pathogen that has the ability to infect and replicate within epithelial cells and neurons and establish a life-long latent infection in sensory neurons. HSV-1 depends on the host cellular cytoskeleton for entry, replication, and exit. Therefore, HSV-1 has adapted mechanisms to promote its survival by exploiting the microtubule and actin cytoskeletons to direct its active transport, infection, and spread between neurons and epithelial cells during primary and recurrent infections. This review will focus on the currently known mechanisms utilized by HSV-1 to harness the neuronal cytoskeleton, molecular motors, and the secretory and exocytic pathways for efficient virus entry, axonal transport, replication, assembly, and exit from the distinct functional compartments (cell body and axon) of the highly polarized sensory neurons.
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A Conserved Leucine Zipper Motif in Gammaherpesvirus ORF52 Is Critical for Distinct Microtubule Rearrangements. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00304-17. [PMID: 28615210 PMCID: PMC5553167 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00304-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Productive viral infection often depends on the manipulation of the cytoskeleton. Herpesviruses, including rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (RRV) and its close homolog, the oncogenic human gammaherpesvirus Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8 (KSHV/HHV8), exploit microtubule (MT)-based retrograde transport to deliver their genomes to the nucleus. Subsequently, during the lytic phase of the life cycle, the maturing viral particles undergo orchestrated translocation to specialized regions within the cytoplasm, leading to tegumentation, secondary envelopment, and then egress. As a result, we hypothesized that RRV might induce changes in the cytoskeleton at both early and late stages of infection. Using confocal imaging, we found that RRV infection led to the thickening and acetylation of MTs emanating from the MT-organizing center (MTOC) shortly after viral entry and more pronounced and diffuse MT reorganization during peak stages of lytic gene expression and virion production. We subsequently identified open reading frame 52 (ORF52), a multifunctional and abundant tegument protein, as being the only virally encoded component responsible for these cytoskeletal changes. Mutational and modeling analyses indicated that an evolutionarily conserved, truncated leucine zipper motif near the N terminus as well as a strictly conserved arginine residue toward the C terminus of ORF52 play critical roles in its ability to rearrange the architecture of the MT cytoskeleton. Taken together, our findings combined with data from previous studies describing diverse roles for ORF52 suggest that it likely binds to different cellular components, thereby allowing context-dependent modulation of function. IMPORTANCE A thorough understanding of the processes governing viral infection includes knowledge of how viruses manipulate their intracellular milieu, including the cytoskeleton. Altering the dynamics of actin or MT polymerization, for example, is a common strategy employed by viruses to ensure efficient entry, maturation, and egress as well as the avoidance of antiviral defenses through the sequestration of key cellular factors. We found that infection with RRV, a homolog of the human pathogen KSHV, led to perinuclear wrapping by acetylated MT bundles and identified ORF52 as the viral protein underlying these changes. Remarkably, incoming virions were able to supply sufficient ORF52 to induce MT thickening and acetylation near the MTOC, potentially aiding in the delivery viral genomes to the nucleus. Although the function of MT alterations during late stages of infection requires further study, ORF52 shares functional and structural similarities with alphaherpesvirus VP22, underscoring the evolutionary importance of MT cytoskeletal manipulations for this virus family.
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Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) form a rapidly adaptable network of filaments that radiate throughout the cell. These dynamic arrays facilitate a wide range of cellular processes, including the capture, transport, and spatial organization of cargos and organelles, as well as changes in cell shape, polarity, and motility. Nucleating from MT-organizing centers, including but by no means limited to the centrosome, MTs undergo rapid transitions through phases of growth, pause, and catastrophe, continuously exploring and adapting to the intracellular environment. Subsets of MTs can become stabilized in response to environmental cues, acquiring distinguishing posttranslational modifications and performing discrete functions as specialized tracks for cargo trafficking. The dynamic behavior and organization of the MT array is regulated by MT-associated proteins (MAPs), which include a subset of highly specialized plus-end-tracking proteins (+TIPs) that respond to signaling cues to alter MT behavior. As pathogenic cargos, viruses require MTs to transport to and from their intracellular sites of replication. While interactions with and functions for MT motor proteins are well characterized and extensively reviewed for many viruses, this review focuses on MT filaments themselves. Changes in the spatial organization and dynamics of the MT array, mediated by virus- or host-induced changes to MT regulatory proteins, not only play a central role in the intracellular transport of virus particles but also regulate a wider range of processes critical to the outcome of infection.
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Zheng K, Jiang Y, He Z, Kitazato K, Wang Y. Cellular defence or viral assist: the dilemma of HDAC6. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:322-337. [PMID: 27959772 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is a unique cytoplasmic deacetylase that regulates various important biological processes by preventing protein aggregation and deacetylating different non-histone substrates including tubulin, heat shock protein 90, cortactin, retinoic acid inducible gene I and β-catenin. Growing evidence has indicated a dual role for HDAC6 in viral infection and pathogenesis: HDAC6 may represent a host defence mechanism against viral infection by modulating microtubule acetylation, triggering antiviral immune response and stimulating protective autophagy, or it may be hijacked by the virus to enhance proinflammatory response. In this review, we will highlight current data illustrating the complexity and importance of HDAC6 in viral pathogenesis. We will summarize the structure and functional specificity of HDAC6, and its deacetylase- and ubiquitin-dependent activity in key cellular events in response to virus infection. We will also discuss how HDAC6 exerts its direct or indirect histone modification ability in viral lytic-latency switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China.,College of Life Science and Technology, Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yingchun Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Zhendan He
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Kaio Kitazato
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology of Infectious Agents, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Yifei Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
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Portilho DM, Persson R, Arhel N. Role of non-motile microtubule-associated proteins in virus trafficking. Biomol Concepts 2017; 7:283-292. [PMID: 27879481 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2016-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are entirely dependent on their ability to infect a host cell in order to replicate. To reach their site of replication as rapidly and efficiently as possible following cell entry, many have evolved elaborate mechanisms to hijack the cellular transport machinery to propel themselves across the cytoplasm. Long-range movements have been shown to involve motor proteins along microtubules (MTs) and direct interactions between viral proteins and dynein and/or kinesin motors have been well described. Although less well-characterized, it is also becoming increasingly clear that non-motile microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), including structural MAPs of the MAP1 and MAP2 families, and microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs), can also promote viral trafficking in infected cells, by mediating interaction of viruses with filaments and/or motor proteins, and modulating filament stability. Here we review our current knowledge on non-motile MAPs, their role in the regulation of cytoskeletal dynamics and in viral trafficking during the early steps of infection.
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Horníková L, Fraiberk M, Man P, Janovec V, Forstová J. VP1, the major capsid protein of the mouse polyomavirus, binds microtubules, promotes their acetylation and blocks the host cell cycle. FEBS J 2017; 284:301-323. [PMID: 27885808 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
VP1, the major structural protein of the mouse polyomavirus (MPyV), is the major architectural component of the viral capsid. Its pentamers are able to self-assemble into capsid-like particles and to non-specifically bind DNA. Surface loops of the protein interact with sialic acid of ganglioside receptors. Although the replication cycle of the virus, including virion morphogenesis, proceeds in the cell nucleus, a substantial fraction of the protein is detected in the cytoplasm of late-phase MPyV-infected cells. In this work, we detected VP1 mainly in the cytoplasm of mammalian cells transfected with plasmid expressing VP1. In the cytoplasm, VP1-bound microtubules, including the mitotic spindle, and the interaction of VP1 with microtubules resulted in cell cycle block at the G2/M phase. Furthermore, in the late phase of MPyV infection and in cells expressing VP1, microtubules were found to be hyperacetylated. We then sought to understand how VP1 interacts with microtubules. Dynein is not responsible for the VP1-microtubule association, as neither overexpression of p53/dynamitin nor treatment with ciliobrevin-D (an inhibitor of dynein activity) prevented binding of VP1 to microtubules. A pull-down assay for VP1-interacting proteins identified the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) chaperone, and Hsp90 was also detected in the VP1-microtubule complexes. Although Hsp90 is known to be associated with acetylated microtubules, it does not mediate the interaction between VP1 and microtubules. Our study provides insight into the role of the major structural protein in MPyV replication, indicating that VP1 is a multifunctional protein that participates in the regulation of cell cycle progression in MPyV-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Horníková
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Fraiberk
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Man
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Cell Signaling, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Janovec
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Forstová
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Otth C, Leyton L, Salamin M, Acuña-Hinrichsen F, Martin C, Concha MI. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Neuronal Infection Elicits Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in in vitro and in vivo Mice Models. J Alzheimers Dis 2016. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-160508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carola Otth
- Instituto de Microbiología Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios del Sistema Nervioso (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Luis Leyton
- Instituto de Microbiología Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Marukel Salamin
- Instituto de Microbiología Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios del Sistema Nervioso (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Francisca Acuña-Hinrichsen
- Instituto de Microbiología Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Estudios del Sistema Nervioso (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carolina Martin
- Instituto de Microbiología Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Margarita I. Concha
- Instituto de Bioquimica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Liu J, Gallo RM, Duffy C, Brutkiewicz RR. A VP22-Null HSV-1 Is Impaired in Inhibiting CD1d-Mediated Antigen Presentation. Viral Immunol 2016; 29:409-16. [PMID: 27327902 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1d-restricted T (natural killer T [NKT]) cells are important for controlling a herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. One of the mechanisms of immune evasion by HSV is to downregulate CD1d-mediated activation of NKT cells. VP22 is an HSV-1-encoded protein responsible for reorganizing the host cell's cytoskeletal network and viral spreading. We have previously shown that modification of the cytoskeleton can alter CD1d-mediated antigen presentation. In this study, we found that an HSV-1 lacking VP22 (ΔUL49) was impaired in its ability to inhibit CD1d-mediated antigen presentation compared with the wild-type (WT) virus; this was reversed by a repair virus (UL49R) in CD1d-expressing cells. We further demonstrated that CD1d recycling was inhibited by infection with WT and UL49R, but not the ΔUL49 virus. Ectopic expression of VP22 in CD1d-expressing cells complemented the VP22-deficient virus in inhibiting antigen presentation. Moreover, inhibiting viral protein synthesis rescued VP22-dependent inhibition of CD1d antigen presentation. In conclusion, our findings suggest that VP22 is required (but not sufficient) for the inhibition of CD1d-mediated antigen presentation by an HSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyun Liu
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Richard M Gallo
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Carol Duffy
- 2 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa, Alabama
| | - Randy R Brutkiewicz
- 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
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Li W, Avey D, Fu B, Wu JJ, Ma S, Liu X, Zhu F. Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Inhibitor of cGAS (KicGAS), Encoded by ORF52, Is an Abundant Tegument Protein and Is Required for Production of Infectious Progeny Viruses. J Virol 2016; 90:5329-5342. [PMID: 27009954 PMCID: PMC4934757 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02675-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) ORF52 (also known as KSHV inhibitor of cGAS [KicGAS]) has been detected in purified virions, the roles of this protein during KSHV replication have not been characterized. Using specific monoclonal antibodies, we revealed that ORF52 displays true late gene expression kinetics and confirmed its cytoplasmic localization in both transfected and KSHV-infected cells. We demonstrated that ORF52 comigrates with other known virion proteins following sucrose gradient centrifugation. We also determined that ORF52 resides inside the viral envelope and remains partially associated with capsid when extracellular virions are treated with various detergents and/or salts. There results indicate that ORF52 is a tegument protein abundantly present in extracellular virions. To characterize the roles of ORF52 in the KSHV life cycle, we engineered a recombinant KSHV ORF52-null mutant virus and found that loss of ORF52 results in reduced virion production and a further defect in infectivity. Upon analysis of the virion composition of ORF52-null viral particles, we observed a decrease in the incorporation of ORF45, as well as other tegument proteins, suggesting that ORF52 is important for the packaging of other virion proteins. In summary, our results indicate that, in addition to its immune evasion function, KSHV ORF52 is required for the optimal production of infectious virions, likely due to its roles in virion assembly as a tegument protein. IMPORTANCE The tegument proteins of herpesviruses, including Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), play key roles in the viral life cycle. Each of the three subfamilies of herpesviruses (alpha, beta, and gamma) encode unique tegument proteins with specialized functions. We recently found that one such gammaherpesvirus-specific protein, ORF52, has an important role in immune evasion during KSHV primary infection, through inhibition of the host cytosolic DNA sensing pathway. In this report, we further characterize ORF52 as a tegument protein with vital roles during KSHV lytic replication. We found that ORF52 is important for the production of infectious viral particles, likely through its role in virus assembly, a critical process for KSHV replication and pathogenesis. More comprehensive investigation of the functions of tegument proteins and their roles in viral replication may reveal novel targets for therapeutic interventions against KSHV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Li
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Denis Avey
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Bishi Fu
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Jian-Jun Wu
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Siming Ma
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Fanxiu Zhu
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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Jovasevic V, Naghavi MH, Walsh D. Microtubule plus end-associated CLIP-170 initiates HSV-1 retrograde transport in primary human cells. J Cell Biol 2016; 211:323-37. [PMID: 26504169 PMCID: PMC4621836 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201505123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus particles that enter the cell do not randomly associate with microtubule filaments, but require plus end–binding proteins EB1, CLIP-170, and dynactin to initiate retrograde transport to the nucleus. Dynamic microtubules (MTs) continuously explore the intracellular environment and, through specialized plus end–tracking proteins (+TIPs), engage a variety of targets. However, the nature of cargoes that require +TIP-mediated capture for their movement on MTs remains poorly understood. Using RNA interference and dominant-negative approaches, combined with live cell imaging, we show that herpes simplex virus particles that have entered primary human cells exploit a +TIP complex comprising end-binding protein 1 (EB1), cytoplasmic linker protein 170 (CLIP-170), and dynactin-1 (DCTN1) to initiate retrograde transport. Depletion of these +TIPs completely blocked post-entry long-range transport of virus particles and suppressed infection ∼5,000-fold, whereas transferrin uptake, early endosome organization, and dynein-dependent movement of lysosomes and mitochondria remained unaffected. These findings provide the first insights into the earliest stages of viral engagement of MTs through specific +TIPs, akin to receptors, with therapeutic implications, and identify herpesvirus particles as one of a very limited number of cargoes absolutely dependent on CLIP-170–mediated capture to initiate transport in primary human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Jovasevic
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Mojgan H Naghavi
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
| | - Derek Walsh
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611 Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10016
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Nakashima H, Kaufmann JK, Wang PY, Nguyen T, Speranza MC, Kasai K, Okemoto K, Otsuki A, Nakano I, Fernandez S, Goins WF, Grandi P, Glorioso JC, Lawler S, Cripe TP, Chiocca EA. Histone deacetylase 6 inhibition enhances oncolytic viral replication in glioma. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:4269-80. [PMID: 26524593 DOI: 10.1172/jci80713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viral (OV) therapy, which uses genetically engineered tumor-targeting viruses, is being increasingly used in cancer clinical trials due to the direct cytolytic effects of this treatment that appear to provoke a robust immune response against the tumor. As OVs enter tumor cells, intrinsic host defenses have the potential to hinder viral replication and spread within the tumor mass. In this report, we show that histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) in tumor cells appears to alter the trafficking of post-entry OVs from the nucleus toward lysosomes. In glioma cell lines and glioma-stem-like cells, HDAC6 inhibition (HDAC6i) by either pharmacologic or genetic means substantially increased replication of oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 (oHSV). Moreover, HDAC6i increased shuttling of post-entry oHSV to the nucleus. In addition, electron microscopic analysis revealed that post-entry oHSVs are preferentially taken up into glioma cells through the endosomal pathway rather than via fusion at the cell surface. Together, these findings illustrate a mechanism of glioma cell defense against an incoming infection by oHSV and identify possible approaches to enhance oHSV replication and subsequent lysis of tumor cells.
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Wang W, Cheng T, Zhu H, Xia N. Insights into the function of tegument proteins from the varicella zoster virus. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2015. [PMID: 26208824 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4887-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chickenpox (varicella) is caused by primary infection with varicella zoster virus (VZV), which can establish long-term latency in the host ganglion. Once reactivated, the virus can cause shingles (zoster) in the host. VZV has a typical herpesvirus virion structure consisting of an inner DNA core, a capsid, a tegument, and an outer envelope. The tegument is an amorphous layer enclosed between the nucleocapsid and the envelope, which contains a variety of proteins. However, the types and functions of VZV tegument proteins have not yet been completely determined. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the multiple roles played by VZV tegument proteins during viral infection. Moreover, we discuss the VZV tegument protein-protein interactions and their impact on viral tissue tropism in SCID-hu mice. This will help us develop a better understanding of how the tegument proteins aid viral DNA replication, evasion of host immune response, and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
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HSV-1 gM and the gK/pUL20 complex are important for the localization of gD and gH/L to viral assembly sites. Viruses 2015; 7:915-38. [PMID: 25746217 PMCID: PMC4379555 DOI: 10.3390/v7030915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), like all herpesviruses, is a large complex DNA virus containing up to 16 different viral membrane proteins in its envelope. The assembly of HSV-1 particles occurs by budding/wrapping at intracellular membranes producing infectious virions contained within the lumen of cytoplasmic membrane-bound compartments that are then released by secretion. To ensure incorporation of all viral membrane proteins into the envelope, they need to be localized to the appropriate intracellular membranes either via the endocytic pathway or by direct targeting to assembly sites from the biosynthetic secretory pathway. Many HSV-1 envelope proteins encode targeting motifs that direct their endocytosis and targeting, while others do not, including the essential entry proteins gD and the gH/gL complex, and so it has been unclear how these envelope proteins reach the appropriate assembly compartments. We now show that efficient endocytosis of gD and gH/gL and their incorporation into mature virions relies upon the presence of the HSV-1 envelope proteins gM and the gK/pUL20 complex. Our data demonstrate both redundant and synergistic roles for gM and gK/pUL20 in controlling the targeting of gD and gH/L to the appropriate intracellular virus assembly compartments.
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Hew K, Dahlroth SL, Pan LX, Cornvik T, Nordlund P. VP22 core domain from Herpes simplex virus 1 reveals a surprising structural conservation in both the Alpha- and Gammaherpesvirinae subfamilies. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1436-1445. [PMID: 26068188 PMCID: PMC4635490 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The viral tegument is a layer of proteins between the herpesvirus capsid and its outer envelope. According to phylogenetic studies, only a third of these proteins are conserved amongst the three subfamilies (Alpha-, Beta- and Gammaherpesvirinae) of the family Herpesviridae. Although some of these tegument proteins have been studied in more detail, the structure and function of the majority of them are still poorly characterized. VP22 from Herpes simplex virus 1 (subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae) is a highly interacting tegument protein that has been associated with tegument assembly. We have determined the crystal structure of the conserved core domain of VP22, which reveals an elongated dimer with several potential protein-protein interaction regions and a peptide-binding site. The structure provides us with the structural basics to understand the numerous functional mutagenesis studies of VP22 found in the literature. It also establishes an unexpected structural homology to the tegument protein ORF52 from Murid herpesvirus 68 (subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae). Homologues for both VP22 and ORF52 have been identified in their respective subfamilies. Although there is no obvious sequence overlap in the two subfamilies, this structural conservation provides compelling structural evidence for shared ancestry and functional conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Hew
- Division of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 138673, Singapore
| | - Sue-Li Dahlroth
- Division of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 138673, Singapore
| | - Lucy Xin Pan
- Division of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 138673, Singapore
| | - Tobias Cornvik
- Division of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 138673, Singapore
| | - Pär Nordlund
- Division of Biophysics, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 11, Sweden.,Division of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 138673, Singapore
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Trapp-Fragnet L, Bencherit D, Chabanne-Vautherot D, Le Vern Y, Remy S, Boutet-Robinet E, Mirey G, Vautherot JF, Denesvre C. Cell cycle modulation by Marek's disease virus: the tegument protein VP22 triggers S-phase arrest and DNA damage in proliferating cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100004. [PMID: 24945933 PMCID: PMC4063868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Marek's disease is one of the most common viral diseases of poultry affecting chicken flocks worldwide. The disease is caused by an alphaherpesvirus, the Marek's disease virus (MDV), and is characterized by the rapid onset of multifocal aggressive T-cell lymphoma in the chicken host. Although several viral oncogenes have been identified, the detailed mechanisms underlying MDV-induced lymphomagenesis are still poorly understood. Many viruses modulate cell cycle progression to enhance their replication and persistence in the host cell, in the case of some oncogenic viruses ultimately leading to cellular transformation and oncogenesis. In the present study, we found that MDV, like other viruses, is able to subvert the cell cycle progression by triggering the proliferation of low proliferating chicken cells and a subsequent delay of the cell cycle progression into S-phase. We further identified the tegument protein VP22 (pUL49) as a major MDV-encoded cell cycle regulator, as its vector-driven overexpression in cells lead to a dramatic cell cycle arrest in S-phase. This striking functional feature of VP22 appears to depend on its ability to associate with histones in the nucleus. Finally, we established that VP22 expression triggers the induction of massive and severe DNA damages in cells, which might cause the observed intra S-phase arrest. Taken together, our results provide the first evidence for a hitherto unknown function of the VP22 tegument protein in herpesviral reprogramming of the cell cycle of the host cell and its potential implication in the generation of DNA damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laëtitia Trapp-Fragnet
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Equipe Biologie des Virus Aviaires, Nouzilly, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Djihad Bencherit
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Equipe Biologie des Virus Aviaires, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Yves Le Vern
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Laboratoire de Cytométrie, Nouzilly, France
| | - Sylvie Remy
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Equipe Biologie des Virus Aviaires, Nouzilly, France
| | - Elisa Boutet-Robinet
- INRA, UMR 1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France
- University of Toulouse, UPS, UMR1331, Toxalim, Toulouse, France
| | - Gladys Mirey
- INRA, UMR 1331, Toxalim, Research Centre in Food Toxicology, Toulouse, France
- University of Toulouse, UPS, UMR1331, Toxalim, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-François Vautherot
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Equipe Biologie des Virus Aviaires, Nouzilly, France
| | - Caroline Denesvre
- INRA, UMR1282 Infectiologie et Santé Publique, Equipe Biologie des Virus Aviaires, Nouzilly, France
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Zhong M, Zheng K, Chen M, Xiang Y, Jin F, Ma K, Qiu X, Wang Q, Peng T, Kitazato K, Wang Y. Heat-shock protein 90 promotes nuclear transport of herpes simplex virus 1 capsid protein by interacting with acetylated tubulin. PLoS One 2014; 9:e99425. [PMID: 24901434 PMCID: PMC4047101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it is known that inhibitors of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) can inhibit herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection, the role of Hsp90 in HSV-1 entry and the antiviral mechanisms of Hsp90 inhibitors remain unclear. In this study, we found that Hsp90 inhibitors have potent antiviral activity against standard or drug-resistant HSV-1 strains and viral gene and protein synthesis are inhibited in an early phase. More detailed studies demonstrated that Hsp90 is upregulated by virus entry and it interacts with virus. Hsp90 knockdown by siRNA or treatment with Hsp90 inhibitors significantly inhibited the nuclear transport of viral capsid protein (ICP5) at the early stage of HSV-1 infection. In contrast, overexpression of Hsp90 restored the nuclear transport that was prevented by the Hsp90 inhibitors, suggesting that Hsp90 is required for nuclear transport of viral capsid protein. Furthermore, HSV-1 infection enhanced acetylation of α-tubulin and Hsp90 interacted with the acetylated α-tubulin, which is suppressed by Hsp90 inhibition. These results demonstrate that Hsp90, by interacting with acetylated α-tubulin, plays a crucial role in viral capsid protein nuclear transport and may provide novel insight into the role of Hsp90 in HSV-1 infection and offer a promising strategy to overcome drug-resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meigong Zhong
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Kai Zheng
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Maoyun Chen
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yangfei Xiang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Fujun Jin
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Kaiqi Ma
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xianxiu Qiu
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qiaoli Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Tao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Kaio Kitazato
- Division of Molecular Pharmacology of Infectious Agents, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yifei Wang
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Center, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Sabo Y, Walsh D, Barry DS, Tinaztepe S, de los Santos K, Goff SP, Gundersen GG, Naghavi MH. HIV-1 induces the formation of stable microtubules to enhance early infection. Cell Host Microbe 2013; 14:535-46. [PMID: 24237699 PMCID: PMC3855456 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Stable microtubule (MT) subsets form distinct networks from dynamic MTs and acquire distinguishing posttranslational modifications, notably detyrosination and acetylation. Acting as specialized tracks for vesicle and macromolecular transport, their formation is regulated by the end-binding protein EB1, which recruits proteins that stabilize MTs. We show that HIV-1 induces the formation of acetylated and detyrosinated stable MTs early in infection. Although the MT depolymerizing agent nocodazole affected dynamic MTs, HIV-1 particles localized to nocodazole-resistant stable MTs, and infection was minimally affected. EB1 depletion or expression of an EB1 carboxy-terminal fragment that acts as a dominant-negative inhibitor of MT stabilization prevented HIV-1-induced stable MT formation and suppressed early viral infection. Furthermore, we show that the HIV-1 matrix protein targets the EB1-binding protein Kif4 to induce MT stabilization. Our findings illustrate how specialized MT-binding proteins mediate MT stabilization by HIV-1 and the importance of stable MT subsets in viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Sabo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Derek Walsh
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Denis S. Barry
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Sedef Tinaztepe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kenia de los Santos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Stephen P. Goff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gregg G. Gundersen
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Mojgan H. Naghavi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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39
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Plus-end tracking proteins, CLASPs, and a viral Akt mimic regulate herpesvirus-induced stable microtubule formation and virus spread. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:18268-73. [PMID: 24145430 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1310760110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although microtubules (MTs) frequently form highly dynamic networks, subsets of MTs become stabilized in response to environmental cues and function as specialized tracks for vesicle and macromolecular trafficking. MT stabilization is controlled by specialized plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs) whose accumulation at the MT ends is facilitated by the end-binding protein, EB1, and regulated by various signaling pathways. As cargoes themselves, viruses are dependent on MTs for their intracellular movement. Although many viruses affect MT organization, the potential contribution of MT stabilization by +TIPs to infection remains unknown. Here we show that early in infection of primary human fibroblasts, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) disrupts the centrosome, the primary MT organizing center in many cell types. As infection progresses HSV-1 induces the formation of stable MT subsets through inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta by the viral Ser/Thr kinase, Us3. Stable MT formation is reduced in cells infected with Us3 mutants and those stable MTs that form cluster around the trans-Golgi network. Downstream of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta, cytoplasmic linker-associated proteins (CLASPs), specialized host +TIPs that control MT formation at the trans-Golgi network and cortical capture, are specifically required for virus-induced MT stabilization and HSV-1 spread. Our findings demonstrate the biological importance of +TIPs to viral infection and suggest that HSV-1 has evolved to exploit the trans-Golgi network as an alternate MT organizing center to facilitate virus spread.
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40
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Elucidation of the block to herpes simplex virus egress in the absence of tegument protein UL16 reveals a novel interaction with VP22. J Virol 2013; 88:110-9. [PMID: 24131716 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02555-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UL16 is a tegument protein of herpes simplex virus (HSV) that is conserved among all members of the Herpesviridae, but its function is poorly understood. Previous studies revealed that UL16 is associated with capsids in the cytoplasm and interacts with the membrane protein UL11, which suggested a "bridging" function during cytoplasmic envelopment, but this conjecture has not been tested. To gain further insight, cells infected with UL16-null mutants were examined by electron microscopy. No defects in the transport of capsids to cytoplasmic membranes were observed, but the wrapping of capsids with membranes was delayed. Moreover, clusters of cytoplasmic capsids were often observed, but only near membranes, where they were wrapped to produce multiple capsids within a single envelope. Normal virion production was restored when UL16 was expressed either by complementing cells or from a novel position in the HSV genome. When the composition of the UL16-null viruses was analyzed, a reduction in the packaging of glycoprotein E (gE) was observed, which was not surprising, since it has been reported that UL16 interacts with this glycoprotein. However, levels of the tegument protein VP22 were also dramatically reduced in virions, even though this gE-binding protein has been shown not to depend on its membrane partner for packaging. Cotransfection experiments revealed that UL16 and VP22 can interact in the absence of other viral proteins. These results extend the UL16 interaction network beyond its previously identified binding partners to include VP22 and provide evidence that UL16 plays an important function at the membrane during virion production.
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41
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42
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Differing effects of herpes simplex virus 1 and pseudorabies virus infections on centrosomal function. J Virol 2013; 87:7102-12. [PMID: 23596303 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00764-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient intracellular transport of the capsid of alphaherpesviruses, such as herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), is known to be dependent upon the microtubule (MT) network. Typically, the MT network radiates from an MT-organizing center (MTOC), which is, in most cases, the centrosome. During herpesvirus egress, it has been assumed that capsids travel first from the nucleus to the centrosome and then from the centrosome to the site of envelopment. Here we report that the centrosome is no longer a primary MTOC in HSV-1-infected cells, but it retains this function in cells infected by another alphaherpesvirus, pseudorabies virus (PrV). As a result, MTs formed at late times after infection with PrV grow from a major, centralized MTOC, while those formed after HSV-1 infection arise from dispersed locations in the cytoplasm, indicating the presence of alternative and minor MTOCs. Thus, loss of the principal MT nucleating center in cells following HSV-1 infection raises questions about the mechanism of HSV-1 capsid egress. It is possible that, rather than passing via the centrosome, capsids may travel directly to the site of envelopment after exiting the nucleus. We suggest that, in HSV-1-infected cells, the disruption of centrosomal functions triggers reorganization of the MT network to favor noncentrosomal MTs and promote efficient viral spread.
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43
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Zeng WG, Li JJ, Hu P, Lei L, Wang JN, Liu RB. An oncolytic herpes simplex virus vector, G47Δ, synergizes with paclitaxel in the treatment of breast cancer. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:2355-61. [PMID: 23525624 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel-containing treatment regimens are standard chemotherapy schemes for breast cancer patients. The use of oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) vectors has been shown to be a safe and effective therapeutic approach for different types of cancer. We hypothesized that paclitaxel in combination with an oHSV vector would present an enhanced killing effect when used against breast cancer cells. In the present study, we demonstrated that the combined use of the oHSV vector G47Δ and paclitaxel produced a synergistic effect against breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro studies demonstrated that paclitaxel and G47Δ both caused dose-dependent cytotoxicity against the human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-468. G47Δ and paclitaxel also demonstrated synergistic cytotoxicity when applied together, with Chou-Talalay combination indices ranging from 0.44 to 0.77 for MCF-7 cells and 0.68 to 0.83 for MDA-MB‑468 cells. Paclitaxel did not enhance viral replication or viral spread among tumor cells. However, G47Δ increased the antitumor ability of paclitaxel by inducing mitotic arrest and apoptosis. In vivo studies indicated that when combined with G47Δ, the dose of paclitaxel could be reduced at least 5-fold while maintaining levels of tumor reduction similar to those achieved with the administration of paclitaxel alone. Combination therapy resulted in no morbidity in vivo. Our data demonstrated that G47Δ and paclitaxel combination therapy had synergistic effects in the treatment of breast cancer. This combination therapy may be promising for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Gen Zeng
- Breast Cancer Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, PR China
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44
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Herpesvirus tegument protein pUL37 interacts with dystonin/BPAG1 to promote capsid transport on microtubules during egress. J Virol 2012; 87:2857-67. [PMID: 23269794 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02676-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus that travels long distances through cells using the microtubule network. Its 125-nm-diameter capsid is a large cargo which efficiently recruits molecular motors for movement. Upon entry, capsids reach the centrosome by minus-end-directed transport. From there, they are believed to reach the nucleus by plus-end-directed transport. Plus-end-directed transport is also important during egress, when capsids leave the nucleus to reach the site of envelopment in the cytoplasm. Although capsid interactions with dynein and kinesins have been described in vitro, the actual composition of the cellular machinery recruited by herpesviruses for capsid transport in infected cells remains unknown. Here, we identify the spectraplakin protein, dystonin/BPAG1, an important cytoskeleton cross-linker involved in microtubule-based transport, as a binding partner of the HSV-1 protein pUL37, which has been implicated in capsid transport. Viral replication is delayed in dystonin-depleted cells, and, using video microscopy of living infected cells, we show that dystonin depletion strongly inhibits capsid movement in the cytoplasm during egress. This study provides new insights into the cellular requirements for HSV-1 capsid transport and identifies dystonin as a nonmotor protein part of the transport machinery.
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45
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ORF9p phosphorylation by ORF47p is crucial for the formation and egress of varicella-zoster virus viral particles. J Virol 2012; 87:2868-81. [PMID: 23269791 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02757-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the tegument during the herpesvirus lytic cycle is still not clearly established, particularly at the late phase of infection, when the newly produced viral particles need to be fully assembled before being released from the infected cell. The varicella-zoster virus (VZV) protein coded by open reading frame (ORF) 9 (ORF9p) is an essential tegument protein, and, even though its mRNA is the most expressed during the productive infection, little is known about its functions. Using a GalK positive/negative selection technique, we modified a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) containing the complete VZV genome to create viruses expressing mutant versions of ORF9p. We showed that ORF9p is hyperphosphorylated during the infection, especially through its interaction with the viral Ser/Thr kinase ORF47p; we identified a consensus site within ORF9p recognized by ORF47p and demonstrated its importance for ORF9p phosphorylation. Strikingly, an ultrastructural analysis revealed that the mutation of this consensus site (glutamate 85 to arginine) strongly affects viral assembly and release, reproducing the ORF47 kinase-dead VZV phenotype. It also slightly diminishes the infectivity toward immature dendritic cells. Taken together, our results identify ORF9p as a new viral substrate of ORF47p and suggest a determinant role of this phosphorylation for viral infectivity, especially during the process of viral particle formation and egress.
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46
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Bosse JB, Bauerfeind R, Popilka L, Marcinowski L, Taeglich M, Jung C, Striebinger H, von Einem J, Gaul U, Walther P, Koszinowski UH, Ruzsics Z. A beta-herpesvirus with fluorescent capsids to study transport in living cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40585. [PMID: 22792376 PMCID: PMC3394720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent tagging of viral particles by genetic means enables the study of virus dynamics in living cells. However, the study of beta-herpesvirus entry and morphogenesis by this method is currently limited. This is due to the lack of replication competent, capsid-tagged fluorescent viruses. Here, we report on viable recombinant MCMVs carrying ectopic insertions of the small capsid protein (SCP) fused to fluorescent proteins (FPs). The FPs were inserted into an internal position which allowed the production of viable, fluorescently labeled cytomegaloviruses, which replicated with wild type kinetics in cell culture. Fluorescent particles were readily detectable by several methods. Moreover, in a spread assay, labeled capsids accumulated around the nucleus of the newly infected cells without any detectable viral gene expression suggesting normal entry and particle trafficking. These recombinants were used to record particle dynamics by live-cell microscopy during MCMV egress with high spatial as well as temporal resolution. From the resulting tracks we obtained not only mean track velocities but also their mean square displacements and diffusion coefficients. With this key information, we were able to describe particle behavior at high detail and discriminate between particle tracks exhibiting directed movement and tracks in which particles exhibited free or anomalous diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens B. Bosse
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Rudolf Bauerfeind
- Department of Cell Biology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Leonhard Popilka
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Marcinowski
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Taeglich
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Christophe Jung
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Hannah Striebinger
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens von Einem
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ulrike Gaul
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Paul Walther
- Central Unit for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Zsolt Ruzsics
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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47
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Dewberry EJ, Dunkerley E, Duffy C. Purification of full-length VP22 from cells infected with HSV-1: A two-pronged approach for the solubilization and purification of viral proteins for use in biochemical studies. J Virol Methods 2012; 183:180-5. [PMID: 22569534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
VP22, encoded by the U(L)49 gene, is one of the most abundant proteins of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) tegument and has been shown to be important for virus replication and spread. However, the exact role(s) played by VP22 in the HSV-1 replication cycle have yet to be delineated. The lack of a procedure to purify full-length VP22 has limited molecular studies on VP22 function. A procedure was developed for the purification of soluble, full-length VP22 from cells infected with HSV-1. A recombinant virus encoding His-tagged VP22 was generated and found to express VP22 at levels comparable to the wild type virus upon infection of Vero cells. By experimenting with a wide variety of cell lysis buffer conditions, several buffers that promote the solubility of full-length VP22 were identified. Buffers that gave the highest levels of solubility were then used in immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography experiments to identify conditions that provided the greatest level of VP22 binding and recovery from cobalt and nickel affinity resins. Using this strategy soluble, full-length VP22 was purified from cells infected with HSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebony J Dewberry
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, 300 Hackberry Lane, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
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48
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Herpes simplex virus 1 VP22 regulates translocation of multiple viral and cellular proteins and promotes neurovirulence. J Virol 2012; 86:5264-77. [PMID: 22357273 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06913-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) protein VP22, encoded by the UL49 gene, is a major virion tegument protein. In the present study, we showed that VP22 was required for efficient redistribution of viral proteins VP16, VP26, ICP0, ICP4, and ICP27 and of cellular protein Hsc-70 to the cytoplasm of infected cells. We found that two dileucine motifs in VP22, at amino acids 235 and 236 and amino acids 251 and 252, were necessary for VP22 regulation of the proper cytoplasmic localization of these viral and cellular proteins. The dileucine motifs were also required for proper cytoplasmic localization of VP22 itself and for optimal expression of viral proteins VP16, VP22, ICP0, UL41, and glycoprotein B. Interestingly, a recombinant mutant virus with alanines substituted for the dileucines at amino acids 251 and 252 had a 50% lethal dose (LD(50)) for neurovirulence in mice following intracerebral inoculation about 10(3)-fold lower than the LD(50) of the repaired virus. Furthermore, the replication and spread of this mutant virus in the brains of mice following intracerebral inoculation were significantly impaired relative to those of the repaired virus. The ability of VP22 to regulate the localization and expression of various viral and cellular proteins, as shown in this study, was correlated with an increase in viral replication and neurovirulence in the experimental murine model. Thus, HSV-1 VP22 is a significant neurovirulence factor in vivo.
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49
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Mouse norovirus 1 utilizes the cytoskeleton network to establish localization of the replication complex proximal to the microtubule organizing center. J Virol 2012; 86:4110-22. [PMID: 22301146 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05784-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (family Caliciviridae) are the leading cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Although Human noroviruses are significant enteric pathogens, there exists no reliable vaccine or therapy to treat infected individuals. To date, attempts to cultivate Human noroviruses within the laboratory have met with little success; however, the related murine norovirus mouse norovirus 1 (MNV-1) has provided an ideal model system to study norovirus replication due to the ease with which the virus is cultivated and the ability to infect a small animal model with this virus. Previously we have identified the association between MNV-1 and components of the host secretory pathway and proposed a role for the viral open reading frame 1 proteins in the replication cycle. Here we describe for the first time a role for cytoskeletal components in early MNV-1 replication events. We show that the MNV-1 utilizes microtubules to position the replication complex adjacent to the microtubule organizing center. Chemical disruption of the microtubule network disperses the sites of MNV-1 replication throughout the cell and impairs production of viral protein and infectious virus. Furthermore, we demonstrate the ability of MNV-1 to redistribute acetylated tubulin to the replication complex and that this association is potentially mediated via the MNV-1 major structural protein, VP1. Transient expression of MNV-1 VP1 exhibited extensive colocalization with both α-tubulin and acetylated tubulin and was observed to alter the distribution of acetylated tubulin in transfected cells. This study highlights the role of the cytoskeleton in early virus replication events and demonstrates the importance of this interaction in establishing the intracellular location of MNV-1 replication complexes.
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50
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Chien KY, Liu HC, Goshe MB. Development and application of a phosphoproteomic method using electrostatic repulsion-hydrophilic interaction chromatography (ERLIC), IMAC, and LC-MS/MS analysis to study Marek's Disease Virus infection. J Proteome Res 2011; 10:4041-53. [PMID: 21736374 DOI: 10.1021/pr2002403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Marek's Disease (MD) is an avian neoplastic disease caused by Marek's Disease Virus (MDV). The mechanism of virus transition between the lytic and latent cycle is still being investigated; however, post-translational modifications, especially phosphorylation, have been thought to play an important role. Previously, our group has used strong cation exchange chromatography in conjunction with reversed-phase liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to study the changes in global proteomic expression upon MDV infection (Ramaroson , M. F.; Ruby, J.; Goshe, M. B.; Liu , H.-C. S. J. Proteome Res. 2008, 7, 4346-4358). Here, we extend our study by developing an effective separation and enrichment approach to investigate the changes occurring in the phosphoproteome using electrostatic repulsion-hydrophilic interaction chromatography (ERLIC) to fractionate peptides from chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) digests and incorporating a subsequent IMAC enrichment step to selectively target phosphorylated peptides for LC-MS/MS analysis. To monitor the multidimensional separation between mock- and MDV-infected CEF samples, a casein phosphopeptide mixture was used as an internal standard. With LC-MS/MS analysis alone, no CEF phosphopeptides were detected, while with ERLIC fractionation only 1.2% of all identified peptides were phosphorylated. However, the incorporation of IMAC enrichment with ERLIC fractionation provided a 50-fold increase in the percentage of identified phosphopeptides. Overall, a total of 581 unique phosphopeptides were identified (p < 0.05) with those of the MDV-infected CEF sample containing nearly twice as many as the mock-infected control of which 11% were unique to MDV proteins. The changes in the phosphoproteome are discussed including the role that microtubule-associated proteins may play in MDV infection mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko-Yi Chien
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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