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Skanke LH, Lysvand H, Heimdal I, Moe N, Krokstad S, Christensen A, Risnes K, Nordbø SA, Døllner H. Parechovirus A in Hospitalized Children With Respiratory Tract Infections: A 10-Year-Long Study From Norway. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2021; 10:722-729. [PMID: 33899922 PMCID: PMC8364331 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of Parechovirus A (PeV-A) in hospitalized children with respiratory tract infections (RTIs) is unclear. We studied the occurrence and impact of PeV-A over 10 years. METHODS Children from Sør-Trøndelag County, Norway, hospitalized with RTI and a comparison group of asymptomatic children admitted to elective surgery, were prospectively enrolled from 2006 to 2016. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were cultured and analyzed with polymerase chain reaction tests for PeV-A and 19 other pathogens. The cycle threshold levels of PeV-A were reported as measures of viral genomic loads. Parechovirus A-positive samples were genotyped by amplification and sequencing of the VP3/VP1 junction. RESULTS Parechovirus A was detected in 8.8% (323/3689) patients with RTI and in 10.1% (45/444) of the children in the comparison group (P = .34). Parechovirus A genotyping (n = 188) revealed PeV-A1 (n = 121), PeV-A3 (n = 15), PeV-A5 (n = 6), and PeV-A6 (n = 46). Viral codetections occurred in 95% of patients and in 84% of the children in the comparison group (P = .016). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, RTI was unrelated to PeV-A genomic loads, adjusted for other viruses and covariates. Similar results were found for PeV-A1 and PeV-A6. CONCLUSIONS Parechovirus A and viral codetections were common in hospitalized children with RTI and asymptomatic children in a comparison group. Our findings suggest that PeV-A has a limited role in hospitalized children with RTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Høsøien Skanke
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway,Department of Pediatrics, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hilde Lysvand
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Inger Heimdal
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nina Moe
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway,Department of Pediatrics, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sidsel Krokstad
- Department of Medical Microbiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Andreas Christensen
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway,Department of Medical Microbiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kari Risnes
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway,Department of Pediatrics, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway,Department of Research and Innovation, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Svein Arne Nordbø
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway,Department of Medical Microbiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Henrik Døllner
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway,Department of Pediatrics, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway,Corresponding author: Henrik Døllner, MD, PhD, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway. E-mail:
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Phylogenetic molecular evolution and recombination analysis of complete genome of human parechovirus in Thailand. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8572. [PMID: 33883644 PMCID: PMC8060412 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parechovirus (HPeV), which is a member of the Picornavirus group of viruses, is a pathogen that is reported to be associated with manifestations that include respiratory tract involvement, gastroenteritis, sepsis-like symptom, and central nervous system complication. Until now, nineteen genotypes have been identified. The lack of proofreading property of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) together with recombination among the intra- and inter-genotypes of the virus results in high diversity. However, data specific to the molecular evolutionary perspective of the complete genome of HPeV remains limited. This study aimed to analyze the phylogenetic, molecular evolution, and recombination characteristics of the complete genome of HPeV strains isolated in Thailand during 2009–2012. Fifty-eight samples that were previously confirmed to be HPeV positive and then evaluated for genotyping were subjected to complete genome amplification to generate ten overlapping PCR fragments using a set of in-house designed primers. The same position of the viral genome was read in triplicate using direct Sanger sequencing. All samples were classified into the same previously defined genotypes in both whole-genome and VP1 phylogenic tree. However, sample B1091/HPeV14/2011 exhibited discordant grouping between whole-genome and VP1 on the phylogenetic tree. Bootscan analysis revealed that B1091/HPeV14/2011 inherited from two genotypic viruses, including VP1 from HPeV14, and the rest of the genome from HPeV1B. The results of this study provide important insights into the molecular evolution of and recombination in the viral genome of HPeV that will improve and accelerate our ability to develop treatment and prophylactic strategies in the future.
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Jackson T, Belsham GJ. Picornaviruses: A View from 3A. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030456. [PMID: 33799649 PMCID: PMC7999760 DOI: 10.3390/v13030456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Picornaviruses are comprised of a positive-sense RNA genome surrounded by a protein shell (or capsid). They are ubiquitous in vertebrates and cause a wide range of important human and animal diseases. The genome encodes a single large polyprotein that is processed to structural (capsid) and non-structural proteins. The non-structural proteins have key functions within the viral replication complex. Some, such as 3Dpol (the RNA dependent RNA polymerase) have conserved functions and participate directly in replicating the viral genome, whereas others, such as 3A, have accessory roles. The 3A proteins are highly divergent across the Picornaviridae and have specific roles both within and outside of the replication complex, which differ between the different genera. These roles include subverting host proteins to generate replication organelles and inhibition of cellular functions (such as protein secretion) to influence virus replication efficiency and the host response to infection. In addition, 3A proteins are associated with the determination of host range. However, recent observations have challenged some of the roles assigned to 3A and suggest that other viral proteins may carry them out. In this review, we revisit the roles of 3A in the picornavirus life cycle. The 3AB precursor and mature 3A have distinct functions during viral replication and, therefore, we have also included discussion of some of the roles assigned to 3AB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Jackson
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK;
| | - Graham J. Belsham
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Correspondence:
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Kabuga AI, Nejati A, Soheili P, Shahmahmoodi S. Human parechovirus are emerging pathogens with broad spectrum of clinical syndromes in adults. J Med Virol 2020; 92:2911-2916. [PMID: 32761910 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parechoviruses are emerging pathogens of humans often affecting the pediatric age group, with a growing line of evidence implicating them as agents of a broad spectrum of clinical syndromes in adults. However, because many clinicians are not familiar with the manifestation of the infections, they are not included in the list of diagnostic pathogens. Furthermore, due to the indistinguishable feature of the infection compared with other common pathogens, a large number of cases are likely to go unchecked. Some may develop asymptomatic infection and recover without overt clinical disease. In this manuscript, we reviewed available literature on parechovirus infection in adult and summarized information relating to epidemiology, clinical manifestation, laboratory diagnosis, and therapeutics. The information provided should help in early case detection and support an evidence-based clinical decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auwal Idris Kabuga
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Ahmad Nejati
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Soheili
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Shahmahmoodi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Detection of Parechovirus A1 with Monoclonal Antibody against Capsid Protein VP0. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111794. [PMID: 33207765 PMCID: PMC7696872 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Parechovirus A (PeV-A; human parechovirus) causes mild infections and severe diseases such as neonatal sepsis, encephalitis, and cardiomyopathy in young children. Among the 19 types of PeV-A, PeV-A1 is the most common type of infection. We have previously established an immunofluorescence assay for detecting multiple PeV-A types with a polyclonal antibody against the conserved epitope of VP0. Although the polyclonal antibody is useful for PeV-A diagnosis, it could not distinguish the PeV-A genotypes. Thus, the development of a specific monoclonal antibody for identifying the common infection of PeV-A1 would be beneficial in clinical diagnosis practice. In this study, the recombinant full-length PeV-A1 VP0 protein was used in mouse immunization; a total 10 hybridomas were established. After evaluation by immunoblotting and fluorescence assays, six hybridoma clones with monoclonal antibody (mAb) production were confirmed. These mAbs, which specifically recognize viral protein PeV-A1 VP0 without cross-reactivity to PeV-A3, will prove useful in research and PeV-A1 diagnosis.
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Phanthong S, Densumite J, Seesuay W, Thanongsaksrikul J, Teimoori S, Sookrung N, Poovorawan Y, Onvimala N, Guntapong R, Pattanapanyasat K, Chaicumpa W. Human Antibodies to VP4 Inhibit Replication of Enteroviruses Across Subgenotypes and Serotypes, and Enhance Host Innate Immunity. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:562768. [PMID: 33101238 PMCID: PMC7545151 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.562768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a highly contagious disease that usually affects infants and young children (<5 years). HFMD outbreaks occur frequently in the Asia-Pacific region, and these outbreaks are associated with enormous healthcare and socioeconomic burden. There is currently no specific antiviral agent to treat HFMD and/or the severe complications that are frequently associated with the enterovirus of serotype EV71. Therefore, the development of a broadly effective and safe anti-enterovirus agent is an existential necessity. In this study, human single-chain antibodies (HuscFvs) specific to the EV71-internal capsid protein (VP4) were generated using phage display technology. VP4 specific-HuscFvs were linked to cell penetrating peptides to make them cell penetrable HuscFvs (transbodies), and readily accessible to the intracellular target. The transbodies, as well as the original HuscFvs that were tested, entered the enterovirus-infected cells, bound to intracellular VP4, and inhibited replication of EV71 across subgenotypes A, B, and C, and coxsackieviruses CVA16 and CVA6. The antibodies also enhanced the antiviral response of the virus-infected cells. Computerized simulation, indirect and competitive ELISAs, and experiments on cells infected with EV71 particles to which the VP4 and VP1-N-terminus were surface-exposed (i.e., A-particles that don’t require receptor binding for infection) indicated that the VP4 specific-antibodies inhibit virus replication by interfering with the VP4-N-terminus, which is important for membrane pore formation and virus genome release leading to less production of virus proteins, less infectious virions, and restoration of host innate immunity. The antibodies may inhibit polyprotein/intermediate protein processing and cause sterically strained configurations of the capsid pentamers, which impairs virus morphogenesis. These antibodies should be further investigated for application as a safe and broadly effective HFMD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siratcha Phanthong
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jaslan Densumite
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watee Seesuay
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jeeraphong Thanongsaksrikul
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Salma Teimoori
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nitat Sookrung
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Biomedical Research Incubator Unit, Department of Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Napa Onvimala
- Department of Medical Science, Ministry of Public Health, National Institute of Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Ratigorn Guntapong
- Department of Medical Science, Ministry of Public Health, National Institute of Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Kovit Pattanapanyasat
- Biomedical Research Incubator Unit, Department of Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Center of Research Excellence in Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Zhirakovskaia E, Tikunov A, Babkin I, Tikunova N. Complete genome sequences of the first parechoviruses A associated with sporadic pediatric acute gastroenteritis in Russia. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 80:104214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Fernandez-Garcia MD, Simon-Loriere E, Kebe O, Sakuntabhai A, Ndiaye K. Identification and molecular characterization of the first complete genome sequence of Human Parechovirus type 15. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6759. [PMID: 32317760 PMCID: PMC7174385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63467-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a metagenomics approach, we have determined the first full-length genome sequence of a human parechovirus type 15 (HPeV15) strain, isolated from a child with acute flaccid paralysis and co-infected with EV-A71. HPeV15 is a rarely reported type. To date, no full-length genome sequence of HPeV15 is available in the GenBank database, where only limited VP1 sequences of this virus are available. Pairwise comparisons of the complete VP1 nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences revealed that the study strain belongs to type 15 as it displayed 79.6% nucleotide and 93.4% amino acid identity with the HPeV15 prototype strain. Comparative analysis of available genomic regions and phylogenetic analysis using the P2 and P3 coding regions revealed low nucleotide identity to HPeV reference genomes. Phylogenetic and similarity plot analyses showed that genomic recombination events might have occurred in the UTRs and nonstructural region during HPeV15 evolution. The study strain has high similarity features with different variants of HPeV3 suggesting intertypic recombination. Our data contributes to the scarce data available on HPeVs in Africa and provides valuable information for future studies that aim to understand the evolutionary history, molecular epidemiology or biological and pathogenic properties of HPeV15.
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Survey of WU and KI polyomaviruses, coronaviruses, respiratory syncytial virus and parechovirus in children under 5 years of age in Tehran, Iran. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2020; 12:164-169. [PMID: 32494351 PMCID: PMC7244825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) remain an important cause for childhood morbidity worldwide. We designed a research with the objective of finding the frequency of respiratory viruses, particularly WU and KI polyomaviruses (WUPyV & KIPyV), human coronaviruses (HCoVs), human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) and human parechovirus (HPeV) in hospitalized children who were influenza negative. MATERIALS AND METHODS Throat swabs were collected from children younger than 5 years who have been hospitalized for SARI and screened for WUPyV, KIPyV, HCoVs, HRSV and HPeV using Real time PCR. RESULTS A viral pathogen was identified in 23 (11.16%) of 206 hospitalized children with SARI. The rate of virus detection was considerably greater in infants <12 months (78.2%) than in older children (21.8%). The most frequently detected viruses were HCoVs with 7.76% of positive cases followed by KIPyV (2%) and WUPyV (1.5%). No HPeV and HRSV were detected in this study. CONCLUSION This research shown respiratory viruses as causes of childhood acute respiratory infections, while as most of mentioned viruses usually causes mild respiratory diseases, their frequency might be higher in outpatient children. Meanwhile as HRSV is really sensitive to inactivation due to environmental situations and its genome maybe degraded, then for future studies, we need to use fresh samples for HRSV detection. These findings addressed a need for more studies on viral respiratory tract infections to help public health.
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Antifungal Triazole Posaconazole Targets an Early Stage of the Parechovirus A3 Life Cycle. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.02372-19. [PMID: 31818821 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02372-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses in species Parechovirus A (Picornaviridae) are associated with a wide variety of clinical manifestations. Parechovirus A3 (PeV-A3) is known to cause sepsis-like illness, meningitis, and encephalitis in infants and young children. To date, no specific therapies are available to treat PeV-A3-infected children. We had previously identified two FDA-cleared antifungal drugs, itraconazole (ITC) and posaconazole (POS), with potent and specific antiviral activity against PeV-A3. Time-of-addition and synchronized infection assays revealed that POS targets an early stage of the PeV-A3 life cycle. POS exerts an antiviral effect, evidenced by a reduction in viral titer following the addition of POS to Vero-P cells before infection, coaddition of POS and PeV-A3 to Vero-P cells, incubation of POS and PeV-A3 prior to Vero-P infection, and at attachment. POS exerts less of an effect on virus entry. A PeV-A3 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay inhibition experiment, using an anti-PeV-A3 monoclonal antibody, suggested that POS binds directly to the PeV-A3 capsid. POS-resistant PeV-A3 strains developed by serial passage in the presence of POS acquired substitutions in multiple regions of the genome, including the capsid. Reverse genetics confirmed substitutions in capsid proteins VP0, VP3, and VP1 and nonstructural proteins 2A and 3A. Single mutants VP0_K66R, VP0_A124T, VP3_N88S, VP1_Y224C, 2A_S78L, and 3A_T1I were 4-, 9-, 12-, 34-, 51-, and 119-fold more resistant to POS, respectively, than the susceptible prototype strain. Our studies demonstrate that POS may be a valuable tool in developing an antiviral therapy for PeV-A3.
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Cremer J, Morley U, Pas S, Wolthers K, Vennema H, Duizer E, Benschop K. Highly sensitive parechovirus CODEHOP PCR amplification of the complete VP1 gene for typing directly from clinical specimens and correct typing based on phylogenetic clustering. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:1194-1203. [PMID: 31050627 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Human parechoviruses (HPeVs), particularly type 3, can cause severe neurological disease and neonatal sepsis in infants. HPeV3 lacks the receptor-binding motif arginine-glycine aspartic acid (RGD), and is proposed to use a different receptor associated with severe disease. In contrast, HPeV1, which contains the RGD motif, is associated with mild disease. Rapid characterization of the presence/absence of this motif is essential for understanding their epidemiology and differential disease profiles. Current HPeV typing assays are based on partial capsid genes and often do not encompass the C-terminus where the RGD region is localized/absent. In addition, these assays lack sensitivity to enable characterization within low viral-load samples, such as cerebral spinal fluid. METHODOLOGY We developed a highly sensitive HPeV CODEHOP PCR, which enables typing of parechoviruses directly from clinical samples while generating a complete VP1 gene, including the C-terminus. RESULTS The assay was HPeV-specific and has a sensitivity of 6.3 TCID50 ml-1 for HPeV1 and 0.63 TCID50 ml-1 for HPeV3. Analysis of the complete VP1 gene in comparison to partial VP1 fragments generated by previously published PCRs showed homologous clustering for most types. However, phylogenetic analysis of partial VP1 fragments showed incongruent typing based on the 75 % homology classification rule. In particular, the strains designated as type 17 were found to be either type 3 or 4 when using the (near-) complete VP1 fragment. CONCLUSION While enabling sensitive characterization of HPeVs directly from clinical samples, the HPeV CODEHOP PCR enables the characterization of RGD and non-RGD strains and correct HPeV typing based on the complete VP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Cremer
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ursula Morley
- National Virus Reference Laboratory, University College Dublin (UCD), Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Suzan Pas
- Erasmus Medical Center (EMC), Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Present address: Microvida, Roosendaal, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Wolthers
- University Medical Centers Amsterdam-AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Vennema
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin Duizer
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Kimberley Benschop
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Malasao R, Khamrin P, Kumthip K, Ushijima H, Maneekarn N. Molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of human parechoviruses in children hospitalized with acute diarrhea in Thailand during 2011-2016. Arch Virol 2019; 164:1743-1752. [PMID: 30972593 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04249-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about human parechovirus (HPeV) infection in Thailand. The genotype distribution of HPeV strains in children admitted to hospitals with acute gastroenteritis was investigated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and nucleotide sequencing of the VP1 region as the detection and genotype identification methods, respectively. Of a total of 2,002 stool samples, 49 (2.4%) were positive for HPeV. Of these, HPeV-1 was the most predominant genotype (40.8%), followed by HPeV-3 (16.3%) and HPeV-14 (16.3%), while HPeV-5, -6, -2, -4, and -8 strains were less frequently detected, at 10.2%, 8.2%, 2%, 2%, and 2%, respectively. HPeV infections were detected throughout the year with the biannual peaks of infection in the rainy (Jun-Jul-Aug) and winter (Nov-Dec-Jan) months in Thailand. Based on VP1 amino acid sequence alignment, the arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid (RGD) motif was found in HPeV-1, -2, -4, and -6 strains. Additionally, an amino acid insertion at the N-terminus of VP1 was observed in HPeV-4 and HPeV-5 strains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that small clades of HPeV-1 and HPeV-3 strains emerged in 2016 and 2015, respectively, and dominated in the year of their emergence. The HPeV strains detected in Thailand in this study were most closely related to reference strains from Asia and Europe. The evolutionary rate of HPeV strains was 2.87 × 10-4 (95% highest posterior density (HPD) 0.10-6.14 × 10-4) substitutions/site/year. These findings provide information about the genetic diversity and evolutionary dynamics of HPeV genotypes circulating in pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rungnapa Malasao
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pattara Khamrin
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Suthep Rd, Si Phum, Amphoe Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Kattareeya Kumthip
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Suthep Rd, Si Phum, Amphoe Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Hiroshi Ushijima
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Suthep Rd, Si Phum, Amphoe Muang, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
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A 2.8-Angstrom-Resolution Cryo-Electron Microscopy Structure of Human Parechovirus 3 in Complex with Fab from a Neutralizing Antibody. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01597-18. [PMID: 30463974 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01597-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parechovirus 3 (HPeV3) infection is associated with sepsis characterized by significant immune activation and subsequent tissue damage in neonates. Strategies to limit infection have been unsuccessful due to inadequate molecular diagnostic tools for early detection and the lack of a vaccine or specific antiviral therapy. Toward the latter, we present a 2.8-Å-resolution structure of HPeV3 in complex with fragments from a neutralizing human monoclonal antibody, AT12-015, using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and image reconstruction. Modeling revealed that the epitope extends across neighboring asymmetric units with contributions from capsid proteins VP0, VP1, and VP3. Antibody decoration was found to block binding of HPeV3 to cultured cells. Additionally, at high resolution, it was possible to model a stretch of RNA inside the virion and, from this, identify the key features that drive and stabilize protein-RNA association during assembly.IMPORTANCE Human parechovirus 3 (HPeV3) is receiving increasing attention as a prevalent cause of sepsis-like symptoms in neonates, for which, despite the severity of disease, there are no effective treatments available. Structural and molecular insights into virus neutralization are urgently needed, especially as clinical cases are on the rise. Toward this goal, we present the first structure of HPeV3 in complex with fragments from a neutralizing monoclonal antibody. At high resolution, it was possible to precisely define the epitope that, when targeted, prevents virions from binding to cells. Such an atomic-level description is useful for understanding host-pathogen interactions and viral pathogenesis mechanisms and for finding potential cures for infection and disease.
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Chen BC, Chang JT, Huang TS, Chen JJ, Chen YS, Jan MW, Chang TH. Parechovirus A Detection by a Comprehensive Approach in a Clinical Laboratory. Viruses 2018; 10:v10120711. [PMID: 30545147 PMCID: PMC6316871 DOI: 10.3390/v10120711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parechovirus A (Human parechovirus, HPeV) causes symptoms ranging from severe neonatal infection to mild gastrointestinal and respiratory disease. Use of molecular approaches with RT-PCR and genotyping has improved the detection rate of HPeV. Conventional methods, such as viral culture and immunofluorescence assay, together with molecular methods facilitate comprehensive viral diagnosis. To establish the HPeV immunofluorescence assay, an antibody against HPeV capsid protein VP0 was generated by using antigenic epitope prediction data. The specificity of the anti-HPeV VP0 antibody was demonstrated on immunofluorescence assay, showing that this antibody was specific for HPeV but not enteroviruses. A total of 74 HPeV isolates, 7 non–polio-enteroviruses and 12 HPeV negative cell culture supernatant were used for evaluating the efficiency of the anti-HPeV VP0 antibody. The sensitivity of HPeV detection by the anti-HPeV VP0 antibody was consistent with 5′untranslated region (UTR) RT-PCR analysis. This study established comprehensive methods for HPeV detection that include viral culture and observation of cytopathic effect, immunofluorescence assay, RT-PCR and genotyping. The methods were incorporated into our routine clinical practice for viral diagnosis. In conclusion, this study established a protocol for enterovirus and HPeV virus identification that combines conventional and molecular methods and would be beneficial for HPeV diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Chen Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung81362, Taiwan.
| | - Jenn-Tzong Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
| | - Tsi-Shu Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung81362, Taiwan.
| | - Jih-Jung Chen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Yao-Shen Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Wei Jan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
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15
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Chen X, Shi T, Huang J, Xiao G, Huang J, Xiong Y, Li X, Chen H, Zheng X, Yu S, Chen Q. Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of human parechovirus in individuals with acute diarrhea and healthy controls in Guangzhou, China. J Med Virol 2018; 90:1444-1452. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Epidemiology; School of Public Health, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Tingli Shi
- Department of Hospital Infection Management; The Third People’s Hospital of Hainan Province; Sanya China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Division; Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou China
| | - Gang Xiao
- Department of Medical Laboratory; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Yiquan Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Epidemiology; School of Public Health, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Xiufen Li
- Department of Public Health; Shunde District Center for Disease Prevention and Control; Foshan China
| | - Huifang Chen
- Department of Disease Prevention and Control; Songgang Health Inspection and Prevention Institute; Shenzhen China
| | - Xueyan Zheng
- Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response Division; Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou China
- Institute of Non-communicable Disease Control and Prevention; Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Guangzhou China
| | - Shouyi Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Epidemiology; School of Public Health, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Qing Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Department of Epidemiology; School of Public Health, Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
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16
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Epidemiology and genetic diversity of human parechoviruses circulating among children hospitalised with acute gastroenteritis in Pune, Western India: a 5-years study. Epidemiol Infect 2017; 146:11-18. [DOI: 10.1017/s095026881700262x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYHuman parechoviruses (HPeVs) are known to cause various clinical manifestations including acute gastroenteritis. Although HPeV infections and their genotypes have been detected in human patients worldwide, no such reports are available from India to ascertain the association of HPeVs in acute gastroenteritis. The present study was conducted to determine the clinical features and genetic diversity of HPeVs detected in children hospitalised for acute gastroenteritis. Stool specimens (n= 979) collected from children aged ⩽5 years hospitalised for acute gastroenteritis in Pune, western India during January 2006–December 2010 were included. HPeV RNA was detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) (5′UTR) followed by genotyping using VP1 gene-based PCR and phylogenetic analysis. HPeV was detected in 13·9% (136/979) of the cases, co-infections with other enteric viruses were found in 43·4%. HPeV was more frequent in children ⩽1 year age with infections reported throughout the year. A total of 102/136 (75%) HPeV strains were genotyped, which comprised 13 different HPeV genotypes. Of these, HPeV1 was the most predominant genotype detected and phylogenetically clustered with the Harris strain which is rarely reported. The study documents circulation of heterogeneous HPeV genotypes. Two variant strains of HPeV4 and ‘RGD absent’ HPeV5 and 6 strains were also detected. This is the first report of HPeV with diversified genotypes identified in acute gastroenteritis patients from India.
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Anastasina M, Domanska A, Palm K, Butcher S. Human picornaviruses associated with neurological diseases and their neutralization by antibodies. J Gen Virol 2017. [PMID: 28631594 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Picornaviruses are the most commonly encountered infectious agents in mankind. They typically cause mild infections of the gastrointestinal or respiratory tract, but sometimes also invade the central nervous system. There, they can cause severe diseases with long-term sequelae and even be lethal. The most infamous picornavirus is poliovirus, for which significant epidemics of poliomyelitis were reported from the end of the nineteenth century. A successful vaccination campaign has brought poliovirus close to eradication, but neurological diseases caused by other picornaviruses have increasingly been reported since the late 1990s. In this review we focus on enterovirus 71, coxsackievirus A16, enterovirus 68 and human parechovirus 3, which have recently drawn attention because of their links to severe neurological diseases. We discuss the clinical relevance of these viruses and the primary role of humoral immunity in controlling them, and summarize current knowledge on the neutralization of such viruses by antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anastasina
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, 00790 Helsinki, Finland.,Protobios LLC, Mäealuse 4, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Aušra Domanska
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaia Palm
- Protobios LLC, Mäealuse 4, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia.,Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Sarah Butcher
- Institute of Biotechnology and Department of Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
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18
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Human parechovirus type 3 infection: An emerging infection in neonates and young infants. J Infect Chemother 2017; 23:419-426. [PMID: 28511987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human parechoviruses (HPeVs) are RNA viruses that have characteristics similar to those of enteroviruses and usually cause mild respiratory or gastrointestinal symptoms. Human parechovirus type 3 (HPeV3), first reported in 2004, is exceptional because it can provoke sepsis and meningoencephalitis leading to neurological sequelae, and even death, in neonates and young infants. Pediatricians and researchers are increasingly aware that HPeV3 is responsible for serious disease in neonates and young infants. Retrospective studies and several reports of epidemics of HPeV3 infection have provided data on epidemiology, clinical symptoms and signs, laboratory findings, and outcomes. However, the pathogenesis of HPeV3 infection remains unclear, which explains the lack of specific antiviral therapy and effective prevention measures. Maternal antibodies are important in protection against severe HPeV3-related disease, and this may be a clue regarding its pathogenesis. HPeV3 epidemics are likely to continue, and because the clinical manifestations of HPeV3 are severe, determining the pathogenesis of HPeV3 infection and establishing specific antiviral therapies are important goals for future research.
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Hospital admissions for viral meningitis in children in England over five decades: a population-based observational study. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016; 16:1279-1287. [DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(16)30201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Itta KC, Ghargi KV, Kalal S, Patil T, Roy S. First detection of human parechovirus infection with diarrhoea, India. Infect Dis (Lond) 2016; 49:151-152. [DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2016.1218045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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21
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de Crom SCM, Rossen JWA, van Furth AM, Obihara CC. Enterovirus and parechovirus infection in children: a brief overview. Eur J Pediatr 2016; 175:1023-9. [PMID: 27156106 PMCID: PMC4930465 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-016-2725-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Enterovirus and parechovirus are a frequent cause of infection in children. This review is an overview of what is known from enterovirus and parechovirus infection in children and contains information about the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of enterovirus and parechovirus infection in children. CONCLUSIONS EV and HPeV infections are a frequent cause of infection in childhood. The clinical presentation is diverse. RT-qPCR is the best way to detect an EV or HPeV. Cerebrospinal fluid, blood and feces have the highest sensitivity for detecting an EV or HPeV. There is no treatment for EV and HPeV infections. Two vaccines against EV 71 are just licensed in China and will be available on the private market. Little is known about the prognosis of EV and HPeV infections. WHAT IS KNOWN •EV and HPeV are a frequent cause of infection in children. What is new: •This review gives a brief overview over EV and HPeV infection in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C M de Crom
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - J W A Rossen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A M van Furth
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Immunology and Rheumatology, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C C Obihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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22
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Merilahti P, Tauriainen S, Susi P. Human Parechovirus 1 Infection Occurs via αVβ1 Integrin. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154769. [PMID: 27128974 PMCID: PMC4851366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parechovirus 1 (HPeV-1) (family Picornaviridae) is a global cause of pediatric respiratory and CNS infections for which there is no treatment. Although biochemical and in vitro studies have suggested that HPeV-1 binds to αVβ1, αVβ3 and αVβ6 integrin receptor(s), the actual cellular receptors required for infectious entry of HPeV-1 remain unknown. In this paper we analyzed the expression profiles of αVβ1, αVβ3, αVβ6 and α5β1 in susceptible cell lines (A549, HeLa and SW480) to identify which integrin receptors support HPeV-1 internalization and/or replication cycle. We demonstrate by antibody blocking assay, immunofluorescence microscopy and RT-qPCR that HPeV-1 internalizes and replicates in cell lines that express αVβ1 integrin but not αVβ3 or αVβ6 integrins. To further study the role of β1 integrin, we used a mouse cell line, GE11-KO, which is deficient in β1 expression, and its derivate GE11-β1 in which human integrin β1 subunit is overexpressed. HPeV-1 (Harris strain) and three clinical HPeV-1 isolates did not internalize into GE11-KO whereas GE11-β1 supported the internalization process. An integrin β1-activating antibody, TS2/16, enhanced HPeV-1 infectivity, but infection occurred in the absence of visible receptor clustering. HPeV-1 also co-localized with β1 integrin on the cell surface, and HPeV-1 and β1 integrin co-endocytosed into the cells. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that in some cell lines the cellular entry of HPeV-1 is primarily mediated by the active form of αVβ1 integrin without visible receptor clustering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Petri Susi
- Department of Virology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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23
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The Structure of Human Parechovirus 1 Reveals an Association of the RNA Genome with the Capsid. J Virol 2015; 90:1377-86. [PMID: 26581987 PMCID: PMC4719609 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02346-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Parechoviruses are human pathogens that cause diseases ranging from gastrointestinal disorders to encephalitis. Unlike those of most picornaviruses, parechovirus capsids are composed of only three subunits: VP0, VP1, and VP3. Here, we present the structure of a human parechovirus 1 (HPeV-1) virion determined to a resolution of 3.1 Å. We found that interactions among pentamers in the HPeV-1 capsid are mediated by the N termini of VP0s, which correspond to the capsid protein VP4 and the N-terminal part of the capsid protein VP2 of other picornaviruses. In order to facilitate delivery of the virus genome into the cytoplasm, the N termini of VP0s have to be released from contacts between pentamers and exposed at the particle surface, resulting in capsid disruption. A hydrophobic pocket, which can be targeted by capsid-binding antiviral compounds in many other picornaviruses, is not present in HPeV-1. However, we found that interactions between the HPeV-1 single-stranded RNA genome and subunits VP1 and VP3 in the virion impose a partial icosahedral ordering on the genome. The residues involved in RNA binding are conserved among all parechoviruses, suggesting a putative role of the genome in virion stability or assembly. Therefore, putative small molecules that could disrupt HPeV RNA-capsid protein interactions could be developed into antiviral inhibitors. IMPORTANCE Human parechoviruses (HPeVs) are pathogens that cause diseases ranging from respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders to encephalitis. Recently, there have been outbreaks of HPeV infections in Western Europe and North America. We present the first atomic structure of parechovirus HPeV-1 determined by X-ray crystallography. The structure explains why HPeVs cannot be targeted by antiviral compounds that are effective against other picornaviruses. Furthermore, we found that the interactions of the HPeV-1 genome with the capsid resulted in a partial icosahedral ordering of the genome. The residues involved in RNA binding are conserved among all parechoviruses, suggesting an evolutionarily fixed role of the genome in virion assembly. Therefore, putative small molecules disrupting HPeV RNA-capsid protein interactions could be developed into antiviral inhibitors.
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24
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Zhang R, Zhou G, Xin Y, Chen J, Lin S, Tian Y, Xie Z, Jiang S. Identification of a conserved neutralizing linear B-cell epitope in the VP1 proteins of duck hepatitis A virus type 1 and 3. Vet Microbiol 2015; 180:196-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Structure of Ljungan virus provides insight into genome packaging of this picornavirus. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8316. [PMID: 26446437 PMCID: PMC4633645 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Picornaviruses are responsible for a range of human and animal diseases, but how their RNA genome is packaged remains poorly understood. A particularly poorly studied group within this family are those that lack the internal coat protein, VP4. Here we report the atomic structure of one such virus, Ljungan virus, the type member of the genus Parechovirus B, which has been linked to diabetes and myocarditis in humans. The 3.78-Å resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure shows remarkable features, including an extended VP1 C terminus, forming a major protuberance on the outer surface of the virus, and a basic motif at the N terminus of VP3, binding to which orders some 12% of the viral genome. This apparently charge-driven RNA attachment suggests that this branch of the picornaviruses uses a different mechanism of genome encapsidation, perhaps explored early in the evolution of picornaviruses. The Ljungan virus is a picornavirus that lacks the internal coat protein VP4, and the packaging of its RNA genome is poorly understood. Here, the authors use cryo-electron microscopy to visualize this virus and suggest that it uses a different mechanism to other viruses for encapsidation of its genome.
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Abstract
Human parechovirus 3 (HPeV3) is a picornavirus associated with neurologic disease in neonates. Human parechovirus 3 infection of preterm and term infants is associated with seizures and destructive periventricular white matter lesions. Despite unremarkable cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), HPeV3 RNA can be amplified from CSF and nasopharyngeal and rectal swabs. We report pathologic findings in 2 autopsy cases of infants with active HPeV3 infection. Both children were born approximately 1 month premature and were neurologically intact but, after a few weeks, developed seizures and radiologic evidence of white matter lesions. Neuropathologic examination demonstrated classic severe periventricular leukomalacia in the absence of an immune response. Human parechovirus 3 sequences were identified in RNA extracted from CSF, sera, and tissues. Human parechovirus 3 in situ hybridization detection of infected cells was limited to meninges and associated blood vessels in addition to smooth muscle of pulmonary vessels. Ultrastructural evaluation of meninges demonstrated dense core structures compatible with picornavirus virions. These findings suggest that encephalopathic changes are secondary to infection of meninges and potential compromise of vascular perfusion. Thus, parechovirus infection of vascular smooth muscle may be a more general pathogenic process.
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27
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Wiley CA, Bhardwaj N, Ross TM, Bissel SJ. Emerging Infections of CNS: Avian Influenza A Virus, Rift Valley Fever Virus and Human Parechovirus. Brain Pathol 2015; 25:634-50. [PMID: 26276027 PMCID: PMC4538697 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
History is replete with emergent pandemic infections that have decimated the human population. Given the shear mass of humans that now crowd the earth, there is every reason to suspect history will repeat itself. We describe three RNA viruses that have recently emerged in the human population to mediate severe neurological disease. These new diseases are results of new mutations in the infectious agents or new exposure pathways to the agents or both. To appreciate their pathogenesis, we summarize the essential virology and immune response to each agent. Infection is described in the context of known host defenses. Once the viruses evade immune defenses and enter central nervous system (CNS) cells, they rapidly co-opt host RNA processing to a cataclysmic extent. It is not clear why the brain is particularly susceptible to RNA viruses; but perhaps because of its tremendous dependence on RNA processing for physiological functioning, classical mechanisms of host defense (eg, interferon disruption of viral replication) are diminished or not available. Effectiveness of immunity, immunization and pharmacological therapies is reviewed to contextualize the scope of the public health challenge. Unfortunately, vaccines that confer protection from systemic disease do not necessarily confer protection for the brain after exposure through unconventional routes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nitin Bhardwaj
- Department of Infectious Diseases and MicrobiologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPA
- Present address:
Sanofi Pasteur1755 Steeles Avenue WestTorontoOntarioCanadaM2R 3T4
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccine DevelopmentUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA
- Department of Infectious DiseasesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGA
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28
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Lin TL, Lin TH, Chiu SC, Huang YP, Ho CM, Lee CC, Wu HS, Lin JH. Molecular epidemiological analysis of Saffold cardiovirus genotype 3 from upper respiratory infection patients in Taiwan. J Clin Virol 2015; 70:7-13. [PMID: 26305811 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.06.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saffold cardiovirus (SAFV) belongs to the Cardiovirus genus of Picornaviridae family, and may be a relevant new human pathogen; Thus far, eleven genotypes have been identified. The SAFV type 3 (SAFV-3) is thought to be the major genotype and is detected relatively frequently in children with acute gastroenteritis and respiratory illness. The epidemiology and pathogenicity of SAFV-3 remain unclear. OBJECTIVES To investigate the genomic and epidemiologic profiles of SAFV-3 infection in Taiwan. STUDY DESIGN Virus was detected in respiratory samples from children suffering for URI. SAFV-3 isolates were detected by isolation on cell culture and IF assay. The molecular typing was performed by RT-PCR and was sequenced to compare with reference strains available in the NCBI GeneBank. Serum samples were collected from 2005 to 2013 in Taiwan for seroprevalence investigation. RESULTS A total of 226 specimens collected from children with URIs, 22 (9.73%) were positive for SAFV-3. The majority of SAFV-3 infections were found in children less than 6 years of age (14 of 22, 63.6%). Genetic analysis of VP1 coding region of Taiwanese isolates shown an 83.2-97.7% difference from other available SAFV-3 sequences in NCBI GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis revealed there is three genetic groups of SAFV-3 co-circulated in Taiwan during the study period. In addition, seroprevalence investigation results indicated that SAFV-3 infection occurs early in life and 43.7-77.8% of children aged between 6 months to 9 years old, had neutralizing antibodies against SAFV-3. CONCLUSION SAFV-3 may have circulated in Taiwan for some time and it appears to be one of the etiological agents responsible for URIs in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuey-Li Lin
- Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taiwan, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Han Lin
- Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taiwan, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chun Chiu
- Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taiwan, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Pin Huang
- Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taiwan, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Mao Ho
- Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taiwan, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Lee
- Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taiwan, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ho-Sheng Wu
- Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taiwan, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jih-Hui Lin
- Center for Research, Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taiwan, Taipei, Taiwan.
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29
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Chang JT, Yang CS, Chen YS, Chen BC, Chiang AJ, Chang YH, Tsai WL, Lin YS, Chao D, Chang TH. Genome and infection characteristics of human parechovirus type 1: the interplay between viral infection and type I interferon antiviral system. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116158. [PMID: 25646764 PMCID: PMC4380134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human parechoviruses (HPeVs), members of the family
Picornaviridae, are associated with severe human clinical
conditions such as gastrointestinal disease, encephalitis, meningitis,
respiratory disease and neonatal sepsis. A new contemporary strain of HPeV1,
KVP6 (accession no. KC769584), was isolated from a clinical specimen.
Full-genome alignment revealed that HPeV1 KVP6 shares high genome homology with
the German strain of HPeV1, 7555312 (accession no. FM178558) and could be
classified in the clade 1B group. An intertypic recombination was shown within
the P2-P3 genome regions of HPeV1. Cell-type tropism test showed that T84 cells
(colon carcinoma cells), A549 cells (lung carcinoma cells) and DBTRG-5MG cells
(glioblastoma cells) were susceptible to HPeV1 infection, which might be
relevant clinically. A facilitated cytopathic effect and increased viral titers
were reached after serial viral passages in Vero cells, with viral genome
mutation found in later passages. HPeV1 is sensitive to elevated temperature
because 39°C incubation impaired virion production. HPeV1 induced innate
immunity with phosphorylation of interferon (IFN) regulatory transcription
factor 3 and production of type I IFN in A549 but not T84 cells. Furthermore,
type I IFN inhibited HPeV1 production in A549 cells but not T84 cells; T84 cells
may be less responsive to type I IFN stimulation. Moreover, HPeV1-infected cells
showed downregulated type I IFN activation, which indicated a type I IFN evasion
mechanism. The characterization of the complete genome and infection features of
HPeV1 provide comprehensive information about this newly isolated HPeV1 for
further diagnosis, prevention or treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenn-Tzong Chang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University,
Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General
Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics; Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung,
Taiwan
| | - Chih-Shiang Yang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General
Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Shen Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital,
Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bao-Chen Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital,
Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - An-Jen Chiang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University,
Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kaohsiung Veterans General
Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Pediatrics; Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung,
Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lun Tsai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung
Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - You-Sheng Lin
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General
Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - David Chao
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University,
Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General
Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy and Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical
Technology, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Yamamoto SP, Kaida A, Naito T, Hosaka T, Miyazato Y, Sumimoto SI, Kohdera U, Ono A, Kubo H, Iritani N. Human parechovirus infections and child myositis cases associated with genotype 3 in Osaka City, Japan, 2014. J Med Microbiol 2015; 64:1415-1424. [PMID: 26358716 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parechovirus (HPeV) infects humans early in life and typically causes asymptomatic or mild diseases such as gastrointestinal and respiratory illness but sometimes leads to more serious consequences in neonates and young infants. In 2014, we detected HPeV from 38 patients by real-time reverse transcription-PCR in Osaka City, Japan, and 33 HPeV strains were genotyped based on their VP1 sequences. HPeV genotype 3 (HPeV-3) was the most prevalent and accounted for 22 cases (66.7%) followed by nine HPeV-1 (27.3%), one HPeV-2 (3.0%) and one HPeV-4 (3.0%). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that detected HPeV-3 strains were divided into three genetically distinct groups. One was characterized by a novel single amino acid deletion mutation at the N terminus of the 2A protein as well as the VP1 sequence, whereas the others were closely related to HPeV-3 strains detected in Japan in either 2008 or 2011. These HPeV-3 groups were detected from patients with various symptoms including three myositis cases. Recent papers have demonstrated that HPeV-3 was the aetiological agent for epidemic myalgia exclusively among adults from Yamagata Prefecture in Japan. Here, we provide clinical details and episodes of three myositis patients including an adult and two children in Osaka City, Japan. Our results suggest that HPeV-3 is a causative agent of myositis not only in adults but also in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji P Yamamoto
- Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kaida
- Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Atsushi Ono
- Osaka Saiseikai Izuo Hospital, Osaka 551-0032, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kubo
- Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Iritani
- Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Osaka 543-0026, Japan
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Characteristics of the mosaic genome of a human parechovirus type 1 strain isolated from an infant with pneumonia in China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 29:91-8. [PMID: 25461260 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human parechoviruses (HPeVs) belong to the Parechovirus genus of the large and growing family of Picornaviridae with a non-enveloped, single-stranded and positive-sense RNA. An HPeV strain was isolated from the nasopharyngeal aspirate specimen of a 2 months old infant hospitalized with pneumonia in Beijing, China and nominated as BJ-37359 followed the code of the specimen. Strain BJ-37359 was identified as HPeV1 by whole genome sequencing. The full genome of strain BJ-37359 consisted of 7336 nucleotides (nt), excluding a poly (A) tail and contained an ORF of 6537 nt flanked by 5'UTR of 709 nt and 3'UTR of 90 nt. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that strain BJ-37359 were clustered together with HPeV1 strains in the structural capsid protein region, while uncoupling in the non-structural gene regions. Analyses with Simplot and Bootscan indicated that multiple recombination events occurred in the non-structural region and VP0 region of strain BJ-37359 with other HPeV1, and other types might have contributed to the recombination, especially HPeV6 and HPeV7 strains. Recombination analyses indicated that strain BJ-37359 may have a mosaic genome with new genomic recombination breakpoints.
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Sillanpää S, Oikarinen S, Sipilä M, Seppälä E, Nurminen N, Rautiainen M, Laranne J, Hyöty H. Human parechovirus as a minor cause of acute otitis media in children. J Clin Virol 2014; 62:106-9. [PMID: 25464964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Human parechoviruses (HPeVs) cause mild upper respiratory infections, gastrointestinal symptoms, central nervous system infections and some studies have linked them with acute otitis media (AOM). The aim of the present study was to study further the role of HPeV infections in AOM by detecting these viruses directly from middle ear fluid (MEF), respiratory and stool samples collected from children during AOM episodes. A total of 91 MEF samples, 98 nasal swab (NS) samples and 92 stool samples were collected during 100 AOM episodes in a total of 87 children aged between five to 42 months. All specimens were analyzed by real time RT-PCR for the presence of HPeV RNA. HPeV infection was diagnosed in 12 (14%) patients. HPeV RNA was detected in altogether 13 samples, including four MEF samples, three NS samples and six stool samples. One patient was positive in both stool and MEF samples. The results suggest that HPeV may play a role in some AOM cases, but it is not a major cause of AOM in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saara Sillanpää
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Markku Sipilä
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Elina Seppälä
- Department of Dermatology, Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Noora Nurminen
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Markus Rautiainen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Jussi Laranne
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, 33520 Tampere, Finland
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33
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Abstract
Human parechoviruses (HPeVs) often cause severe illness among young children. National surveillance with routine testing of all cerebrospinal fluid, fecal, and tissue samples was conducted during January 2009-December 2012 in all counties in Denmark (6,817 samples from 4,804 children were screened for HPeV). We detected HPeV RNA in 202 (3.0%) specimens from 149 persons. Young infants were at highest risk for HPeV, and 9 (6%) of the HPeV-infected children died, probably of their HPeV illness. HPeV3 was the most common genotype identified, and 5 closely related clades of HPeV3 circulated in Denmark throughout the study period. Our study adds perspective on the prevalence and clinical and molecular virologic characteristics of HPeV infection.
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34
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Chen HF, Zheng XY, Chen XM, Shi TL, Yao YX, Yuan Q, Chen Q, Yu SY. Diversity and recombination of human parechovirus in children with acute gastroenteritis in Guangzhou, China. J Med Virol 2014; 87:296-302. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-fang Chen
- Department of Epidemiology; School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
- Songgang Health Inspection and Prevention Institute; Shenzhen China
| | - Xue-yan Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology; School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Xia-ming Chen
- Songgang Health Inspection and Prevention Institute; Shenzhen China
| | - Ting-li Shi
- Department of Epidemiology; School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Yue-xian Yao
- Department of Epidemiology; School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Qing Yuan
- Songgang Health Inspection and Prevention Institute; Shenzhen China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Epidemiology; School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
| | - Shou-yi Yu
- Department of Epidemiology; School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou China
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35
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Abstract
Early-onset sepsis remains a common and serious problem for neonates, especially preterm infants. Group B streptococcus (GBS) is the most common etiologic agent, while Escherichia coli is the most common cause of mortality. Current efforts toward maternal intrapartum antimicrobial prophylaxis have significantly reduced the rates of GBS disease but have been associated with increased rates of Gram-negative infections, especially among very-low-birth-weight infants. The diagnosis of neonatal sepsis is based on a combination of clinical presentation; the use of nonspecific markers, including C-reactive protein and procalcitonin (where available); blood cultures; and the use of molecular methods, including PCR. Cytokines, including interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and cell surface antigens, including soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM) and CD64, are also being increasingly examined for use as nonspecific screening measures for neonatal sepsis. Viruses, in particular enteroviruses, parechoviruses, and herpes simplex virus (HSV), should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Empirical treatment should be based on local patterns of antimicrobial resistance but typically consists of the use of ampicillin and gentamicin, or ampicillin and cefotaxime if meningitis is suspected, until the etiologic agent has been identified. Current research is focused primarily on development of vaccines against GBS.
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36
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Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) denotes the common final pathway of a potentially fatal hyperinflammatory condition of diverse etiologies. We describe the first case of documented HLH associated with human parechovirus 3. A monoallelic Ala91Val mutation was found in the PRF1 gene, but the contribution of this mutation to HLH remains controversial. The diagnosis, based on accepted criteria, was established early in the course of the disease and led to successful treatment and complete recovery. The awareness of this new association is clinically important in facilitating early treatment, preventing organ damage, and increasing the likelihood of complete recovery.
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37
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Wildenbeest JG, Harvala H, Pajkrt D, Wolthers KC. The need for treatment against human parechoviruses: how, why and when? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 8:1417-29. [DOI: 10.1586/eri.10.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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39
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Rahimi P, Naser HM, Siadat SD, Sohrabi A, Mostafavi E, Motamedirad M, Bahramali G, Sadat SM, Ardestani MS. Genotyping of human parechoviruses in Iranian young children with aseptic meningitis and sepsis-like illness. J Neurovirol 2013; 19:595-600. [PMID: 24277440 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-013-0221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Human parechoviruses (HPeV) are classified into 14 genotypes. HPeV1 and HPeV2 are the most prevalent genotypes in young children, which have been associated with mild to severe diseases. This study was conducted to investigate the involvement of HPeVs in aseptic meningitis and sepsis-like illness in Iran. Viral RNA was extracted from 148 cerebrospinal fluid samples from children <8 years old with primary diagnosis of aseptic meningitis and/or sepsis-like illness. Specific HPeV, HEV real-time PCR and HPeV typing were done to identify the infection rate of these viruses. HPeV and HEV were detected in 64 (43.24 %), 31 (20.94 %) of 148 patients with 10 (6.75 %) coinfection. VP1/VP3 junction region was successfully sequenced from 12 of the HPeV-positive specimens, and all of them were identified as HPeV1. HPeV was more prevalent than HEV in both aseptic meningitis and sepsis-like illness, so further studies are needed to understand the disease burden of HPeV infections, and clinical manifestations especially in specific illnesses of possible viral etiology. Direct detection of these viruses leads to reduce hospitalization and use of antibiotic, which are often followed by other complications in neonates and young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooneh Rahimi
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Enghelab Square, 12 Faravrdin Ave, Tehran, Iran,
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40
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Alam MM, Khurshid A, Shaukat S, Rana MS, Sharif S, Angez M, Nisar N, Naeem M, Zahoor Zaidi SS. Human parechovirus genotypes -10, -13 and -15 in Pakistani children with acute dehydrating gastroenteritis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78377. [PMID: 24265685 PMCID: PMC3827037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human parechoviruses are known to cause asymptomatic to severe clinical illness predominantly respiratory and gastroenetric infections. Despite their global prevalence, epidemiological studies have not been performed in Pakistan. In this study, we retrospectively analyzed 110 fecal specimen and found 26 (24%) positive for viral RNA with HPeV-10 (n = 3, 23%), HPeV-13 (n = 4, 31%) and HPeV-15 (n = 6, 46%) genotypes. Clinical features of patients with different HPeV genotypes were compared. All HPeV positive children were aged ≤4 years (mean 13.92 months). The male-to-female ratio was 1: 1.17 (46.2 vs 53.8%) with significant association (p = .031) to HPeV infectivity. HPeV-10 and -13 were found during summer while HPeV-15 was only detected during late winter season. Disease symptoms were more severe in children infected with HPeV-10 and -13 as compared to HPeV-15. Fever and vomiting were observed in 100% cases of HPeV-10 and -13 while only 17% patients of HPeV-15 had these complaints. Phylogenetic analyses showed that HPeV-10, -13 and -15 strains found in this study have 9-13%, 16.8% and 21.8% nucleotide divergence respectively from the prototype strains and were clustered to distinct genetic lineages. This is the first report of HPeV-15 infection in humans although first identified in rhesus macaques. The arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) motif present at the C-terminal of VP1 responsible for the viral attachment to cellular integrins was not found in all of these strains. In conclusion, these findings enhance our knowledge related to the epidemiology and genetic diversity of the HPeV in Pakistan and support the need for continued laboratory based surveillance programs especially in infants and neonatal clinical settings. Further, the parechovirus pathogenesis, cross-species transmission and disease reservoirs must be ascertained to adopt better prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adnan Khurshid
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Shaukat
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Salmaan Sharif
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mehar Angez
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Nisar
- Department of Virology, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- Department of Biotechnology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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41
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Environmental surveillance of human parechoviruses in sewage in The Netherlands. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:6423-8. [PMID: 23934500 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01917-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The circulation of human parechoviruses (HPeVs) in the population was studied by environmental surveillance comprising of molecular analyses of sewage samples (n = 89) that were collected from 15 different locations in The Netherlands. Samples were taken from sewage originating from schools (n = 9) or from parts of municipalities (n = 6) during the Dutch school year 2010-2011. At 13/15 locations HPeV1, HPeV3, or HPeV6 RNA was detected at least once; however, sequence diversity did not reflect associations in time or place. A higher percentage of positives was observed in the samples originating from the municipalities. It was demonstrated that HPeV circulated in the studied population to a higher extent than would be expected from the current knowledge on infections predominating in young children.
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42
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Jääskeläinen AJ, Kolehmainen P, Voutilainen L, Hauffe HC, Kallio-Kokko H, Lappalainen M, Tolf C, Lindberg AM, Henttonen H, Vaheri A, Tauriainen S, Vapalahti O. Evidence of Ljungan virus specific antibodies in humans and rodents, Finland. J Med Virol 2013; 85:2001-8. [PMID: 23852812 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ljungan virus (LV, genus Parechovirus, family Picornaviridae) is considered currently to be a rodent-borne virus. Despite suggested human disease associations, its zoonotic potential remains unclear. To date, LV antibody prevalence in both humans and rodents has not been studied. In this study, two different LV immunofluorescence assays (LV IFAs) were developed with LV genotypes 1 (LV strain 87-012G) and 2 (LV strain 145SLG), and cross-neutralization and -reaction studies were carried out with LV strain 145SLG. Finally, a panel of 37 Finnish sera was screened for anti-LV antibodies using two different LV IFAs (LV 145SLG and LV 87-012G) and a neutralization (NT) assay (LV 145SLG), and 50 samples from Myodes glareolus by LV IFA (LV 145SLG). The LV seroprevalence study showed 38% and 18% positivity in humans and M. glareolus, respectively. LV IFAs and NT assays were compared, and the results were in good agreement. The data are the first evidence of humans and rodents coming into contact with LV in Finland. Additional studies are required in order to acquire a better understanding of the prevalence, epidemiological patterns and possible disease association of LV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Jääskeläinen
- HUSLAB, Department of Virology and Immunology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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43
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Kolehmainen P, Koskiniemi M, Oikarinen S, Veijola R, Simell O, Ilonen J, Knip M, Hyöty H, Tauriainen S. Human parechovirus and the risk of type 1 diabetes. J Med Virol 2013; 85:1619-23. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Koskiniemi
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute; University of Helsinki; Finland
| | - S. Oikarinen
- Department of Virology, Medical School; University of Tampere; Tampere; Finland
| | - R. Veijola
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Oulu; Oulu; Finland
| | - O. Simell
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Turku; Turku; Finland
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44
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Joffret ML, Bouchier C, Grandadam M, Zeller H, Maufrais C, Bourhy H, Despres P, Delpeyroux F, Dacheux L. Genomic characterization of Sebokele virus 1 (SEBV1) reveals a new candidate species among the genus Parechovirus. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1547-1553. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.053157-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We determined the genomic features and the taxonomic classification of Sebokele virus 1 (SEBV1), a previously unclassified arbovirus isolated in 1972 from rodents collected in Botambi, Central African Republic. The complete genome sequence was obtained using a deep sequencing approach (Illumina technology) and dedicated bioinformatics workflows for data analysis. Molecular analysis identified SEBV1 as a picornavirus, most closely related to Ljungan viruses of the genus Parechovirus. The genome has a typical Ljungan virus-like organization, including the presence of two unrelated 2A protein motifs. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that SEBV1 belongs to the parechovirus phylogroup and was most closely related to the Ljungan virus species. However, it appeared clearly distinct from all members of this phylogroup, suggesting that it represents a novel species of the genus Parechovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. L. Joffret
- INSERM, U994, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Virus Entériques, Paris, France
| | - C. Bouchier
- Institut Pasteur, Plate-forme Génomique, Paris, France
| | - M. Grandadam
- Institut Pasteur, Centre National de Reference des Arbovirus, Unité des Interactions Moléculaires Flavivirus-Hôtes, Paris, France
| | - H. Zeller
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Infections Emergentes, Lyon, France
| | - C. Maufrais
- Institut Pasteur, Centre d’Informatique pour les Biologistes, Paris, France
| | - H. Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Dynamique des Lyssavirus et Adaptation à l’Hôte, Paris, France
| | - P. Despres
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Interactions Moléculaires Flavivirus-Hôtes, Paris, France
| | - F. Delpeyroux
- INSERM, U994, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Biologie des Virus Entériques, Paris, France
| | - L. Dacheux
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Dynamique des Lyssavirus et Adaptation à l’Hôte, Paris, France
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Abstract
Human parechoviruses (HPeVs) belonging to the family Picornaviridae are widely spread pathogens among young children. We report the complete genome sequence of a novel HPeV isolated from the stool sample of a hospitalized child with diarrhea in China. The genome consists of 7,305 nucleotides, excluding the 3' poly(A) tail, and has an open reading frame that maps between nucleotide positions 675 and 7217 and encodes a 2,180-amino-acid polyprotein. The genome sequence of the virus was sufficiently distinct from the 8 known HPeV types. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete genome indicated that the HPeV strain represents a new genotype.
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46
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Alam MM, Khurshid A, Shaukat S, Sharif S, Rana MS, Angez M, Naeem M, Zaidi SSZ. Identification of human parechovirus genotype, HPeV-12, in a paralytic child with diarrhea. J Clin Virol 2012; 55:339-42. [PMID: 22975083 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New genotypes of human parechoviruses have been readily identified after improvement of diverse diagnostic tools. We hereby report the detection of a new genotype, HPeV 12, from a child presented with diarrhea and paralysis. OBJECTIVES The genetic variability of human parechoviruses has recently expanded defining 16 genotypes however data available covers only 11 genotypes. The present study was designed to determine the genetic characterization of human parechovirus identified in a child with gastroenteritis and acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). STUDY DESIGN Stool samples are referred to Virology Department, NIH-Pakistan for the routine detection of enteroviruses and polioviruses through cell culture and RT-PCR. Five of isolates showing cytopathic effect on L20B cell line but negative for poliovirus were further explored for human parechovirus using multiple cell lines and RT-PCR. RESULTS Human Coxsackie A virus type 2, 3, 6 and 20 were found in four samples whereas the fifth sample contained human parechovirus genotype 12. Efficient growth of human parechovirus was found on L20B cells while Vero and LLC-MK2 cells showed no apparent cytopathic effect. CONCLUSIONS This study describes the detection of a new human parechovirus genotype (HPeV-12) in a paralytic child with diarrhea. Human parechoviruses are now considered as potential pathogens that may cause a number of serious clinical complications especially in infants and young children. These findings emphasize to conduct large scale epidemiological surveys in the country to understand their association with clinical diseases especially gastroenteritis, respiratory and neurological disorders.
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Abstract
Unique disorders appear episodically in human populations and cause life-threatening systemic or neurological disease. Historical examples of such disorders include von Economo encephalitis, a disorder of presumed viral etiology; acquired immune deficiency syndrome, caused by the human immunodeficiency virus; and severe acute respiratory syndrome, caused by a member of the coronavirus family. This article describes the factors that contribute to the emergence of infectious diseases and focuses on selected recent examples of emerging viral infections that can affect the nervous system of infants, children, and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Bale
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, The University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA.
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Tuladhar E, Bouwknegt M, Zwietering MH, Koopmans M, Duizer E. Thermal stability of structurally different viruses with proven or potential relevance to food safety. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 112:1050-7. [PMID: 22404161 PMCID: PMC7197747 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05282.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Aims: To collect comparative data on thermal stability of structurally different viruses with proven or potential relevance to food safety. Methods and Results: Suspensions with poliovirus Sabin1, adenovirus type5, parechovirus1, human norovirus (NoV) GII.4, murine NoV (MNV1) and human influenza A (H1N1) viruses were heated at 56 and 73°C. Infectivity was tested by culture assay for all but human NoV GII.4 that cannot be cultivated in vitro. Time to first log10 reduction (TFL‐value) was calculated based on best fit using the monophasic, biphasic or Weibull models. The Weibull model provided the best fit at 56°C for all viruses except influenza virus. The TFL at 56°C varied between a high of 27 min (parechovirus) to a low of 10 s (adenovirus) and ranked parechovirus > influenza > MNV1 > poliovirus > adenovirus. The monophasic model best described the behaviour of the viruses at 73°C, in which case the TFL was MNV1(62s) > influenza > adenovirus > parechovirus > poliovirus(14s). Conclusions: Viruses do not follow log‐linear thermal inactivation kinetics and the thermostability of parechovirus and influenza virus is similar to that of proven foodborne viruses. Significance and Impact of the Study: Resistant fractions of viruses may remain infectious in thermal inactivation processes and inactivation of newly discovered or enveloped viruses in thermal food preparation processes should not be assumed without further testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tuladhar
- Laboratory for Infectious Diseases and Screening, Center for Infectious Disease Control Netherlands, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Chieochansin T, Vichiwattana P, Korkong S, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y. Molecular epidemiology, genome characterization, and recombination event of human parechovirus. Virology 2011; 421:159-66. [PMID: 22018784 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human Parechovirus (HPeV), a member of the Picornaviridae family, is an infectious agent mostly affecting children. There are 16 recognized genotypes which have globally spread. This study incorporated a total of 2957 nasopharyngeal (NP) swab and 759 fecal samples that were collected from different parts of Thailand. The NP of HPeV was detected in 0.4% of NP swab and 6.1% of fecal samples. The majority of HPeV infections occur in infants below the age of 2 years, while infections were detected in children above the age of 10 years as well. Various genotypes comprising 1A, 1B, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10 and 14 have been characterized. This study revealed recombination events in 16 samples in which HPeV1B was shown as the highest frequency. In conclusion, HPeV can be detected in both the respiratory and GI tract. Moreover, HPeV which circulates in Thailand is highly diverse and subject to recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaweesak Chieochansin
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Department of Pediatrics, Chulalongkorng University, Bangkok, Thailand
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50
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Pham NTK, Chan-It W, Khamrin P, Nishimura S, Kikuta H, Sugita K, Baba T, Yamamoto A, Shimizu H, Okitsu S, Mizuguchi M, Ushijima H. Detection of human parechovirus in stool samples collected from children with acute gastroenteritis in Japan during 2007-2008. J Med Virol 2010; 83:331-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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