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Su G, Chen Y, Li X, Shao JW. Virus versus host: influenza A virus circumvents the immune responses. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1394510. [PMID: 38817972 PMCID: PMC11137263 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1394510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a highly contagious pathogen causing dreadful losses to humans and animals around the globe. As is known, immune escape is a strategy that benefits the proliferation of IAVs by antagonizing, blocking, and suppressing immune surveillance. The HA protein binds to the sialic acid (SA) receptor to enter the cytoplasm and initiate viral infection. The conserved components of the viral genome produced during replication, known as the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), are thought to be critical factors for the activation of effective innate immunity by triggering dependent signaling pathways after recognition by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), followed by a cascade of adaptive immunity. Viral infection-induced immune responses establish an antiviral state in the host to effectively inhibit virus replication and enhance viral clearance. However, IAV has evolved multiple mechanisms that allow it to synthesize and transport viral components by "playing games" with the host. At its heart, this review will describe how host and viral factors interact to facilitate the viral evasion of host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanming Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiqun Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Wei Shao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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Butta N, van der Wal DE. Desialylation by neuraminidases in platelets, kiss of death or bittersweet? Curr Opin Hematol 2024:00062752-990000000-00068. [PMID: 38529832 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Loss of surface sialic acid by neuraminidases is known as 'desialylation'. Platelets are desialylated in bacterial or viral infections, during storage, senescence, various mutations, platelet auto antibodies, hemostasis and shear stress. In this review the recent literature on the different sialic acid capped glycan structures will be covered as well as platelet desialylation in inherited glycan disorders and induced by external neuraminidases. RECENT FINDINGS Neuraminidases are released from platelet intracellular stores and translocated to the platelet surface. Apart from clearance, loss of surface sialic acid by neuraminidases ('desialylation') affects platelet signaling including ligand binding and their procoagulant function. Platelets are also desialylated in infections, various mutations, presence of platelet auto antibodies. SUMMARY Since platelet desialylation occurs in various healthy and pathological conditions, measuring desialylation might be a new diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Butta
- Group of Coagulopathies and Haemostasis Disorders, La Paz University Hospital Research Institute (IdiPAZ), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dianne E van der Wal
- Platelets and Thrombosis Research Laboratory, Anzac Research Institute, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, New South Wales, Australia
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Thomas MN, Zanella GC, Cowan B, Caceres CJ, Rajao DS, Perez DR, Gauger PC, Vincent Baker AL, Anderson TK. Nucleoprotein reassortment enhanced transmissibility of H3 1990.4.a clade influenza A virus in swine. J Virol 2024; 98:e0170323. [PMID: 38353535 PMCID: PMC10949443 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01703-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The increased detection of H3 C-IVA (1990.4.a) clade influenza A viruses (IAVs) in US swine in 2019 was associated with a reassortment event to acquire an H1N1pdm09 lineage nucleoprotein (pdmNP) gene, replacing a TRIG lineage NP (trigNP). We hypothesized that acquiring the pdmNP conferred a selective advantage over prior circulating H3 viruses with a trigNP. To investigate the role of NP reassortment in transmission, we identified two contemporary 1990.4.a representative strains (NC/19 and MN/18) with different evolutionary origins of the NP gene. A reverse genetics system was used to generate wild-type (wt) strains and swap the pdm and TRIG lineage NP genes, generating four viruses: wtNC/19-pdmNP, NC/19-trigNP, wtMN/18-trigNP, and MN/18-pdmNP. The pathogenicity and transmission of the four viruses were compared in pigs. All four viruses infected 10 primary pigs and transmitted to five indirect contact pigs per group. Pigs infected via contact with MN/18-pdmNP shed virus 2 days earlier than pigs infected with wtMN/18-trigNP. The inverse did not occur for wtNC/19-pdmNP and NC/19-trigNP. This suggests that pdmNP reassortment resulted in a combination of genes that improved transmission efficiency when paired with the 1990.4.a hemagglutinin (HA). This is likely a multigenic trait, as replacing the trigNP gene did not diminish the transmission of a wild-type IAV in swine. This study demonstrates how reassortment and evolutionary change of internal genes can result in more transmissible viruses that influence HA clade detection frequency. Thus, rapidly identifying novel reassortants paired with dominant hemagglutinin/neuraminidase may improve the prediction of strains to include in vaccines.IMPORTANCEInfluenza A viruses (IAVs) are composed of eight non-continuous gene segments that can reassort during coinfection of a host, creating new combinations. Some gene combinations may convey a selective advantage and be paired together preferentially. A reassortment event was detected in swine in the United States that involved the exchange of two lineages of nucleoprotein (NP) genes (trigNP to pdmNP) that became a predominant genotype detected in surveillance. Using a transmission study, we demonstrated that exchanging the trigNP for a pdmNP caused the virus to shed from the nose at higher levels and transmit to other pigs more rapidly. Replacing a pdmNP with a trigNP did not hinder transmission, suggesting that transmission efficiency depends on interactions between multiple genes. This demonstrates how reassortment alters IAV transmission and that reassortment events can provide an explanation for why genetically related viruses with different internal gene combinations experience rapid fluxes in detection frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan N. Thomas
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Giovana Ciacci Zanella
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Brianna Cowan
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - C. Joaquin Caceres
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniela S. Rajao
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Daniel R. Perez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Phillip C. Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Amy L. Vincent Baker
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Tavis K. Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, Iowa, USA
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Arbani O, Ducatez MF, Mahmoudi S, Salamat F, Khayi S, Mouahid M, Selim KM, Kichou F, Ouchhour I, El Houadfi M, Fellahi S. Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza H9N2 Viruses in Morocco: Antigenic and Molecular Evolution from 2021 to 2023. Viruses 2023; 15:2355. [PMID: 38140596 PMCID: PMC10747644 DOI: 10.3390/v15122355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses pose significant threats to both the poultry industry and public health worldwide. Among them, the H9N2 subtype has gained substantial attention due to its high prevalence, especially in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa; its ability to reassort with other influenza viruses; and its potential to infect humans. This study presents a comprehensive phylogenetic and molecular analysis of H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulating in Morocco from 2021 to 2023. Through an active epidemiological survey, a total of 1140 samples (trachea and lungs) and oropharyngeal swabs pooled into 283 pools, collected from 205 farms located in 7 regions of Morocco known for having a high density of poultry farms, were analyzed. Various poultry farms were investigated (159 broiler farms, 24 layer farms, 10 breeder farms, and 12 turkey breeder farms). A total of 21 AI H9N2 strains were isolated, and in order to understand the molecular evolution of the H9N2 avian influenza virus, their genetic sequences were determined using the Sanger sequencing technique. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using a dataset comprising global H9N2 sequences to determine the genetic relatedness and evolutionary dynamics of the Moroccan strains. The results revealed the continued circulation and diversification of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in Morocco during the study period. Real-time RT-PCR showed a positivity rate of 35.6% (73/205), with cycle threshold values ranging from 19.2 to 34.9. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that all Moroccan strains belonged to a G1-like lineage and regrouped into two distinct clusters. Our newly detected isolates aggregated distinctly from the genotypes previously isolated in Morocco, North and West Africa, and the Middle East. This indicats the potential of virus evolution resulting from both national circulation and cross-border transmission. A high genetic diversity at both nucleotide and amino-acid levels was observed among all the strains isolated in this study, as compared to H9N2 strains isolated in Morocco since 2016, which suggests the co-circulation of genetically diverse H9N2 variants. Newly discovered mutations were detected in hemagglutinin positions 226, 227, and 193 (H3 numbering), which highlights the genetic evolution of the H9N2 AIVs. These findings contribute to our understanding of the evolution and epidemiology of H9N2 in the region and provide valuable insights for the development of effective prevention and control strategies against this emerging avian influenza subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumayma Arbani
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (F.S.); (F.K.); (I.O.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Mariette F. Ducatez
- Laboratoire Interactions Hôtes-Agents Pathogènes (IHAP), Toulouse University, INRAE, ENVT, 31300 Toulouse, France;
| | - Salma Mahmoudi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohamed V University in Rabat, 4 Avenue Ibn Battouta, Rabat 10106, Morocco;
| | - Faiçal Salamat
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (F.S.); (F.K.); (I.O.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Slimane Khayi
- Biotechnology Research Unit, CRRA-Rabat, National Institute of Agricultural Research, Rabat 10101, Morocco;
| | | | - Karim M. Selim
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Agriculture Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza 12618, Egypt;
| | - Faouzi Kichou
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (F.S.); (F.K.); (I.O.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Ikram Ouchhour
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (F.S.); (F.K.); (I.O.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Mohammed El Houadfi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (F.S.); (F.K.); (I.O.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Siham Fellahi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Rabat 10000, Morocco; (F.S.); (F.K.); (I.O.); (M.E.H.)
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He Z, Wang X, Lin Y, Feng S, Huang X, Zhao L, Zhang J, Ding Y, Li W, Yuan R, Jiao P. Genetic characteristics of waterfowl-origin H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses and their pathogenesis in ducks and chickens. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1211355. [PMID: 37405154 PMCID: PMC10315182 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1211355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Waterfowl, such as ducks, are natural hosts for avian influenza viruses (AIVs) and act as a bridge for transmitting the virus to humans or susceptible chickens. Since 2013, chickens and ducks have been threatened by waterfowl-origin H5N6 subtype AIVs in China. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the genetic evolution, transmission, and pathogenicity of these viruses. In this study, we determined the genetic characteristics, transmission, and pathogenicity of waterfowl-origin H5N6 viruses in southern China. The hemagglutinin (HA) genes of H5N6 viruses were classified into the MIX-like branch of clade 2.3.4.4h. The neuraminidase (NA) genes belonged to the Eurasian lineage. The PB1 genes were classified into MIX-like and VN 2014-like branches. The remaining five genes were clustered into the MIX-like branch. Therefore, these viruses belonged to different genotypes. The cleavage site of the HA proteins of these viruses was RERRRKR/G, a molecular characteristic of the H5 highly pathogenic AIV. The NA stalk of all H5N6 viruses contained 11 amino acid deletions at residues 58-68. All viruses contained 627E and 701D in the PB2 proteins, which were molecular characteristics of typical bird AIVs. Furthermore, this study showed that Q135 and S23 viruses could replicate systematically in chickens and ducks. They did not cause death in ducks but induced mild clinical signs in them. All the infected chickens showed severe clinical signs and died. These viruses were shed from the digestive and respiratory tracts and transmitted horizontally in chickens and ducks. Our results provide valuable information for preventing H5N6 avian influenza outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoliang He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xia Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siyu Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Luxiang Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junsheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangbao Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiqiang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Runyu Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Institution of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peirong Jiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Guangzhou, China
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Abbadi N, Mousa JJ. Broadly Protective Neuraminidase-Based Influenza Vaccines and Monoclonal Antibodies: Target Epitopes and Mechanisms of Action. Viruses 2023; 15:200. [PMID: 36680239 PMCID: PMC9861061 DOI: 10.3390/v15010200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase (NA) is an important surface protein on influenza virions, playing an essential role in the viral life cycle and being a key target of the immune system. Despite the importance of NA-based immunity, current vaccines are focused on the hemagglutinin (HA) protein as the target for protective antibodies, and the amount of NA is not standardized in virion-based vaccines. Antibodies targeting NA are predominantly protective, reducing infection severity and viral shedding. Recently, NA-specific monoclonal antibodies have been characterized, and their target epitopes have been identified. This review summarizes the characteristics of NA, NA-specific antibodies, the mechanism of NA inhibition, and the recent efforts towards developing NA-based and NA-incorporating influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Abbadi
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jarrod J. Mousa
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Evidence for Different Virulence Determinants and Host Response after Infection of Turkeys and Chickens with Highly Pathogenic H7N1 Avian Influenza Virus. J Virol 2022; 96:e0099422. [PMID: 35993736 PMCID: PMC9472639 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00994-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild birds are the reservoir for all avian influenza viruses (AIV). In poultry, the transition from low pathogenic (LP) AIV of H5 and H7 subtypes to highly pathogenic (HP) AIV is accompanied mainly by changing the hemagglutinin (HA) monobasic cleavage site (CS) to a polybasic motif (pCS). Galliformes, including turkeys and chickens, succumb with high morbidity and mortality to HPAIV infections, although turkeys appear more vulnerable than chickens. Surprisingly, the genetic determinants for virulence and pathogenesis of HPAIV in turkeys are largely unknown. Here, we determined the genetic markers for virulence and transmission of HPAIV H7N1 in turkeys, and we explored the host responses in this species compared to those of chickens. We found that recombinant LPAIV H7N1 carrying pCS was avirulent in chickens but exhibited high virulence in turkeys, indicating that virulence determinants vary in these two galliform species. A transcriptome analysis indicated that turkeys mount a different host response than do chickens, particularly from genes involved in RNA metabolism and the immune response. Furthermore, we found that the HA glycosylation at residue 123, acquired by LP viruses shortly after transmission from wild birds and preceding the transition from LP to HP, had a role in virus fitness and virulence in chickens, though it was not a prerequisite for high virulence in turkeys. Together, these findings indicate variable virulence determinants and host responses in two closely related galliformes, turkeys and chickens, after infection with HPAIV H7N1. These results could explain the higher vulnerability to HPAIV of turkeys compared to chickens. IMPORTANCE Infection with HPAIV in chickens and turkeys, two closely related galliform species, results in severe disease and death. Although the presence of a polybasic cleavage site (pCS) in the hemagglutinin of AIV is a major virulence determinant for the transition of LPAIV to HPAIV, there are knowledge gaps on the genetic determinants (including pCS) and the host responses in turkeys compared to chickens. Here, we found that the pCS alone was sufficient for the transformation of a LP H7N1 into a HPAIV in turkeys but not in chickens. We also noticed that turkeys exhibited a different host response to an HPAIV infection, namely, a widespread downregulation of host gene expression associated with protein synthesis and the immune response. These results are important for a better understanding of the evolution of HPAIV from LPAIV and of the different outcomes and the pathomechanisms of HPAIV infections in chickens and turkeys.
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Cui M, Huang Y, Wang X, Bian X, Du L, Yan Y, Gu J, Dong W, Zhou J, Liao M. Genetic characterization and evolution of H6N6 subtype avian influenza viruses. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:963218. [PMID: 35979484 PMCID: PMC9376297 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.963218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
H6-subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) was prevalent in the world and could sporadically infect humans. Here, a new chicken-derived H6N6-subtype AIV strain A/chicken/Zhejiang/49/2021 (ZJ49) was isolated in Zhejiang Province, China in 2021. Phylogenetic analysis by Maximum likelihood methods showed that H6-subtype AIVs were classed into 13 groups according to HA gene. The ZJ49 strain belonged to the G12 group, which mainly consisted of strains from Asian and dominated in recent years. Based on NA gene, H6-subtype AIVs were divided into N6.1 and N6.2 clades according to the NA gene. The ZJ49 isolate was located in the N6.2e clade, which mainly consisted of the H5N6-subtype AIVs. Phylogenetic analysis by Bayesian methods showed that the effective quantity size of H6-subtype AIVs increased around 1990, reached a peak around 2015, declined after 2015, then kept in a stable level after 2018. The reassortment analysis predicted that the PB2, PA, and NA genes of ZJ49 may recombine with H5-subtype AIVs. The amino acid at 222 position of HA gene of ZJ49 strain mutated from A to V, suggesting that ZJ49 has a potential ability to cross species barriers. The four glycosylation sites were highly conserved, implying less impact on the fold and conception of HA stem structure. Our results revealed the complicated evolution, reassortment, and mutations of receptor binding sites of H6-subtype AIVs, which emphasize the importance to continuously monitor the epidemiology and evolution of H6-subtype AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxian Cui
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanming Huang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xingbo Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiyi Bian
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liuyang Du
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Yan
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinyan Gu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiren Dong
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Jiyong Zhou,
| | - Min Liao
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Center of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Min Liao,
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Chen TH, Chen CC, Wu SC. Neuraminidase (NA) 370-Loop Mutations of the 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Viruses Affect NA Enzyme Activity, Hemagglutination Titer, Mouse Virulence, and Inactivated-Virus Immunogenicity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061304. [PMID: 35746775 PMCID: PMC9230709 DOI: 10.3390/v14061304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are the two major envelope proteins of influenza viruses. The spatial organization of HA and NA on the virus surface needs to be optimized to promote viral fitness, host specificity, transmissibility, infectivity, and virulence. We previously demonstrated that the recombinant NA protein of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) with the I365T/S366N mutation in the NA 370-loop elicited higher NA-inhibition antibody titers against the homologous pH1N1 virus and three heterologous H5N1, H3N2, and H7N9 viruses in mice. In this study, we used PR8-based reverse genetics (RG) by replacing the HA and NA genes of A/Texas/05/2009 pH1N1 virus to obtain the wild-type pH1N1 and three NA 370-loop mutant viruses of pH1N1 (I365T/S366N), RG pH1N1 (I365E/S366D), and RG pH1N1 (I365T/S366A). Our results revealed that the viral NA enzyme activity increased for the RG pH1N1(I365T/S366N) and RG pH1N1 (I365E/S366D) viruses but reduced for the RG pH1N1 (I365T/S366A) virus. The increased or decreased NA enzyme activity was found to correlate with the increase or decrease in HA titers of these NA 370-loop mutant viruses. All of these three NA 370-loop mutant RG pH1N1 viruses were less virulent than the wild-type RG pH1N1 virus in mice. Immunizations with the inactivated viruses carrying the three NA 370-loop mutations and the wild-type RG pH1N1 virus were found to elicit approximately the same titers of NA-inhibition antibodies against H1N1 and H5N1 viruses. These results may provide information for developing NA-based influenza virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Hsuan Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
| | - Chung-Chu Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu 30071, Taiwan;
- Teaching Center of Natural Science, Minghsin University of Science and Technology, Hsinchu 30401, Taiwan
| | - Suh-Chin Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan;
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
- Adimmune Corporation, Taichung 42723, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Feng T, Zhang J, Chen Z, Pan W, Chen Z, Yan Y, Dai J. Glycosylation of viral proteins: Implication in virus-host interaction and virulence. Virulence 2022; 13:670-683. [PMID: 35436420 PMCID: PMC9037552 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2060464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans are among the most important cell molecular components. However, given their structural diversity, their functions have not been fully explored. Glycosylation is a vital post-translational modification for various proteins. Many bacteria and viruses rely on N-linked and O-linked glycosylation to perform critical biological functions. The diverse functions of glycosylation on viral proteins during viral infections, including Dengue, Zika, influenza, and human immunodeficiency viruses as well as coronaviruses have been reported. N-linked glycosylation is the most common form of protein modification, and it modulates folding, transportation and receptor binding. Compared to N-linked glycosylation, the functions of O-linked viral protein glycosylation have not been comprehensively evaluated. In this review, we summarize findings on viral protein glycosylation, with particular attention to studies on N-linked glycosylation in viral life cycles. This review informs the development of virus-specific vaccines or inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhiqian Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wen Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhengrong Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yongdong Yan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Dai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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11
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Cárdenas M, Michelson S, Pérez DR, Montoya M, Toledo J, Vásquez-Martínez Y, Cortez-San Martin M. Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus Infectivity Is Determined by Multiple Segments with an Important Contribution from Segment 5. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030631. [PMID: 35337038 PMCID: PMC8954079 DOI: 10.3390/v14030631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) is the etiological agent of infectious salmon anemia. It belongs to the genus isavirus, one of the genera of the Orthomyxoviridae family, as does Influenzavirus A. The ISAV genome comprises eight negative-sense single-stranded RNA segments that code for at least 10 proteins. Although some ISAV strains can reach 100% mortality rates, the factors that determine isavirus infectivity remain unknown. However, some studies suggest that segments 5 and 6 are responsible for the different degrees of virulence and infectivity among ISAV subtypes, unlike the influenza A virus, where most segments are involved in the virus infectivity. In this work, synthetic reassortant viruses for the eight segments of ISAV were generated by reverse genetics, combining a highly virulent virus, ISAV 752_09 (HPR7b), and an avirulent strain, SK779/06 (HPR0). We characterized the rescued viruses and their capacity to replicate and infect different cell lines, produce plaques in ASK cells, and their ability to induce and modulate the cellular immune response in vitro. Our results show that the majority of ISAV segments are involved in at least one of the analyzed characteristics, segment 5 being one of the most important, allowing HPR0 viruses, among other things, to produce plaques and replicate in CHSE-214 cells. We determined that segments 5 and 6 participate in different stages of the viral cycle, and their compatibility is critical for viral infection. Additionally, we demonstrated that segment 2 can modulate the cellular immune response. Our results indicate a high degree of genetic compatibility between the genomic segments of HPR7b and HPR0, representing a latent risk of reassortant that would give rise to a new virus with an unknown phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Cárdenas
- Molecular Virology and Pathogen Control Laboratory, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile; (M.C.); (S.M.); (Y.V.-M.)
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GE 30602, USA;
| | - Sofía Michelson
- Molecular Virology and Pathogen Control Laboratory, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile; (M.C.); (S.M.); (Y.V.-M.)
| | - Daniel R. Pérez
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GE 30602, USA;
| | - Margarita Montoya
- Cell Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago, Santiago 9170022, Chile;
| | - Jorge Toledo
- Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutical Laboratory, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile;
| | - Yesseny Vásquez-Martínez
- Molecular Virology and Pathogen Control Laboratory, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile; (M.C.); (S.M.); (Y.V.-M.)
- Programa Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas Aplicadas, Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago, Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Marcelo Cortez-San Martin
- Molecular Virology and Pathogen Control Laboratory, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile; (M.C.); (S.M.); (Y.V.-M.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Aberrant Cellular Glycosylation May Increase the Ability of Influenza Viruses to Escape Host Immune Responses through Modification of the Viral Glycome. mBio 2022; 13:e0298321. [PMID: 35285699 PMCID: PMC9040841 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02983-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with metabolic dysregulation of cellular glycosylation often experience severe influenza disease, with a poor immune response to the virus and low vaccine efficacy. Here, we investigate the consequences of aberrant cellular glycosylation for the glycome and the biology of influenza virus. We transiently induced aberrant N-linked glycosylation in cultured cells with an oligosaccharyltransferase inhibitor, NGI-1. Cells treated with NGI-1 produced morphologically unaltered viable influenza virus with sequence-neutral glycosylation changes (primarily reduced site occupancy) in the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins. Hemagglutinin with reduced glycan occupancy required a higher concentration of surfactant protein D (an important innate immunity respiratory tract collectin) for inhibition compared to that with normal glycan occupancy. Immunization of mice with NGI-1-treated virus significantly reduced antihemagglutinin and antineuraminidase titers of total serum antibody and reduced hemagglutinin protective antibody responses. Our data suggest that aberrant cellular glycosylation may increase the risk of severe influenza as a result of the increased ability of glycome-modified influenza viruses to evade the immune response.
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13
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Huang QJ, Song K, Xu C, Bolon DNA, Wang JP, Finberg RW, Schiffer CA, Somasundaran M. Quantitative structural analysis of influenza virus by cryo-electron tomography and convolutional neural networks. Structure 2022; 30:777-786.e3. [PMID: 35290796 PMCID: PMC9610019 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Influenza viruses pose severe public health threats globally. Influenza viruses are extensively pleomorphic, in shape, size, and organization of viral proteins. Analysis of influenza morphology and ultrastructure can help elucidate viral structure-function relationships and aid in therapeutics and vaccine development. While cryo-electron tomography (cryoET) can depict the 3D organization of pleomorphic influenza, the low signal-to-noise ratio inherent to cryoET and viral heterogeneity have precluded detailed characterization of influenza viruses. In this report, we leveraged convolutional neural networks and cryoET to characterize the morphological architecture of the A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) influenza strain. Our pipeline improved the throughput of cryoET analysis and accurately identified viral components within tomograms. Using this approach, we successfully characterized influenza morphology, glycoprotein density, and conducted subtomogram averaging of influenza glycoproteins. Application of this processing pipeline can aid in the structural characterization of not only influenza viruses, but other pleomorphic viruses and infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu J Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Kangkang Song
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Daniel N A Bolon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Jennifer P Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Robert W Finberg
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Celia A Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
| | - Mohan Somasundaran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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14
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Naqvi AAT, Anjum F, Shafie A, Badar S, Elasbali AM, Yadav DK, Hassan MI. Investigating host-virus interaction mechanism and phylogenetic analysis of viral proteins involved in the pathogenesis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261497. [PMID: 34914801 PMCID: PMC8675761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the emergence of yellow fever in the Americas and the devastating 1918 influenza pandemic, biologists and clinicians have been drawn to human infecting viruses to understand their mechanisms of infection better and develop effective therapeutics against them. However, the complex molecular and cellular processes that these viruses use to infect and multiply in human cells have been a source of great concern for the scientific community since the discovery of the first human infecting virus. Viral disease outbreaks, such as the recent COVID-19 pandemic caused by a novel coronavirus, have claimed millions of lives and caused significant economic damage worldwide. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of host-virus interaction and the molecular machinery involved in the pathogenesis of some common human viruses. We also performed a phylogenetic analysis of viral proteins involved in host-virus interaction to understand the changes in the sequence organization of these proteins during evolution for various strains of viruses to gain insights into the viral origin's evolutionary perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farah Anjum
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Shafie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sufian Badar
- Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Abdelbaset Mohamed Elasbali
- Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences-Qurayyat, Jouf University, Sakakah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Yadav
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Hambakmoeiro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon City, South Korea
| | - Md. Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, India
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15
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Fan M, Liang B, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Tian M, Zheng Y, Xia H, Suzuki Y, Chen H, Ping J. Mutations of 127, 183 and 212 residues on the HA globular head affect the antigenicity, replication and pathogenicity of H9N2 avian influenza virus. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e659-e670. [PMID: 34724348 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV), one of the predominant subtypes devastating the poultry industry, has been circulating widely in the poultry population and causing huge economic losses. In this study, two H9N2 viruses with similar genetic backgrounds but different antigenicity were isolated from a poultry farm, namely A/chicken/Jiangsu/75/2018 (JS/75) and A/chicken/Jiangsu/76/2018 (JS/76). Sequence analysis revealed that their surface genes differed in three amino acid residues (127, 183 and 212) on the head of hemagglutinin (HA). To explore the differences between the two viruses in their biological features, six recombinant viruses, including the wild-type or mutant HA and NA of JS/75 and JS/76 were generated with A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (PR8) backbone via reverse genetics. The chicken challenge study and HI assay data indicated that r-76/PR8 showed the most obvious antigen escape due to 127 and 183 amino acid substitutions in HA gene. Further studies verified that the 127N site was glycosylated in JS/76 and its mutants. Receptor-binding assays showed that all the recombination viruses were prone to bind the human-like receptors, except for the mutants which glycosylated 127N was deleted. Growth kinetics and mice challenge experiments indicated that 127N-glycosylated viruses showed less replication in A549 cells and lower pathogenicity in mice compared with wild-type viruses. Therefore, the glycosylation site and two amino acid alternations in the HA globular head were responsible for the differences in antigenicity and pathogenicity between the two H9N2 isolates. This study is significant in the research of the antigenic variation and vaccine updates for the H9N2 AIV. Also, highlighted the critical functions of glycosylation in the influenza virus on the pathogenicity against mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglu Fan
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Bing Liang
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhen Zhao
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Qingzheng Liu
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Miao Tian
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yiqing Zheng
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Huizhi Xia
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yasuo Suzuki
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Harbin, P. R. China
| | - Jihui Ping
- MOE International Joint Collaborative Research Laboratory for Animal Health and Food Safety & Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P. R. China
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16
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Development of an Inactivated H7N9 Subtype Avian Influenza Serological DIVA Vaccine Using the Chimeric HA Epitope Approach. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0068721. [PMID: 34585985 PMCID: PMC8557892 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00687-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
H7N9 avian influenza virus (AIV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen, and it is necessary to develop a differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) vaccine for the purpose of eradication. H7N9 subtype AIV hemagglutinin subunit 2 glycoprotein (HA2) peptide chips and antisera of different AIV subtypes were used to screen H7N9 AIV-specific epitopes. A selected specific epitope in the HA2 protein of H7N9 AIV strain A/Chicken/Huadong/JD/17 (JD/17) was replaced with an epitope from an H3N2 subtype AIV strain by reverse genetics. The protection and serological DIVA characteristics of the recombinant H7N9 AIV strain were evaluated. The results showed that a specific epitope on the HA2 protein of H7N9 AIV, named the H7-12 peptide, was successfully screened. The recombinant H7N9 AIV with a modified epitope in the HA2 protein was rescued and named A/Chicken/Huadong/JD-cHA/17 (JD-cHA/17). The HA titer of JD-cHA/17 was 10 log2, and the 50% egg infective dose (EID50) titer was 9.67 log10 EID50/ml. Inactivated JD-cHA/17 induced a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody titer similar that of the parent strain and provided 100% protection against high-pathogenicity or low-pathogenicity H7N9 AIV challenge. A peptide chip coated with H7-12 peptide was successfully applied to detect the seroconversion of chickens infected or vaccinated with JD/17, while there was no reactivity with antisera of chickens vaccinated with JD-cHA/17. Therefore, the marked vaccine candidate JD-cHA/17 can be used as a DIVA vaccine against H7N9 avian influenza when combined with an H7-12 peptide chip, making it a useful tool for stamping out the H7N9 AIV. IMPORTANCE DIVA vaccine is a useful tool for eradicating avian influenza, especially for highly pathogenic avian influenza. Several different DIVA strategies have been proposed for avian influenza inactivated whole-virus vaccine, involving the neuraminidase (NA), nonstructural protein 1 (NS1), matrix protein 2 ectodomain (M2e), or HA2 gene. However, virus reassortment, residual protein in a vaccine component, or reduced vaccine protection may limit the application of these DIVA strategies. Here, we constructed a novel chimeric H7N9 AIV, JD-cHA/17, that expressed the entire HA protein with substitution of an H3 AIV epitope in HA2. The chimeric H7N9 recombinant vaccine provides full clinical protection against high-pathogenicity or low-pathogenicity H7N9 AIV challenge. Combined with a short-peptide-based microarray chip containing the H7N9 AIV epitope in HA2, our finding is expected to be useful as a marker vaccine designed for avian influenza.
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17
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Abstract
Introduction: As the pathogen that caused the first influenza virus pandemic in this century, the swine-origin A(H1N1) pdm09 influenza virus has caused continuous harm to human public health. The evolution of hemagglutinin protein glycosylation sites, including the increase in number and positional changes, is an important way for influenza viruses to escape host immune pressure. Based on the traditional influenza virus molecular monitoring, special attention should be paid to the influence of glycosylation evolution on the biological characteristics of virus antigenicity, transmission and pathogenicity. The epidemiological significance of glycosylation mutants should be analyzed as a predictive tool for early warning of new outbreaks and pandemics, as well as the design of vaccines and drug targets.Areas covered: We review on the evolutionary characteristics of glycosylation on the HA protein of the A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza virus in the last ten years.Expert opinion: We discuss the crucial impact of evolutionary glycosylation on the biological characteristics of the virus and the host immune responses, summarize studies revealing different roles of glycosylation play during host adaptation. Although these studies show the significance of glycosylation evolution in host-virus interaction, much remains to be discovered about the mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Ge
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA
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18
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Pralow A, Hoffmann M, Nguyen-Khuong T, Pioch M, Hennig R, Genzel Y, Rapp E, Reichl U. Comprehensive N-glycosylation analysis of the influenza A virus proteins HA and NA from adherent and suspension MDCK cells. FEBS J 2021; 288:4869-4891. [PMID: 33629527 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation is considered as a critical quality attribute for the production of recombinant biopharmaceuticals such as hormones, blood clotting factors, or monoclonal antibodies. In contrast, glycan patterns of immunogenic viral proteins, which differ significantly between the various expression systems, are hardly analyzed yet. The influenza A virus (IAV) proteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) have multiple N-glycosylation sites, and alteration of N-glycan micro- and macroheterogeneity can have strong effects on virulence and immunogenicity. Here, we present a versatile and powerful glycoanalytical workflow that enables a comprehensive N-glycosylation analysis of IAV glycoproteins. We challenged our workflow with IAV (A/PR/8/34 H1N1) propagated in two closely related Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cell lines, namely an adherent MDCK cell line and its corresponding suspension cell line. As expected, N-glycan patterns of HA and NA from virus particles produced in both MDCK cell lines were similar. Detailed analysis of the HA N-glycan microheterogeneity showed an increasing variability and a higher complexity for N-glycosylation sites located closer to the head region of the molecule. In contrast, NA was found to be exclusively N-glycosylated at site N73. Almost all N-glycan structures were fucosylated. Furthermore, HA and NA N-glycan structures were exclusively hybrid- and complex-type structures, to some extent terminated with alpha-linked galactose(s) but also with blood group H type 2 and blood group A epitopes. In contrast to the similarity of the overall glycan pattern, differences in the relative abundance of individual structures were identified. This concerned, in particular, oligomannose-type, alpha-linked galactose, and multiantennary complex-type N-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pralow
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Hoffmann
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Terry Nguyen-Khuong
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Markus Pioch
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - René Hennig
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany.,glyXera GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Genzel
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Erdmann Rapp
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany.,glyXera GmbH, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Udo Reichl
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany.,Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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19
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Liu L, Li Z, Zhou J, Lu J, Li X, Liu J, Xiao N, Wang D. The effect of single amino acid substitution at position 220 in the hemagglutinin glycoprotein on avian influenza H7N9 candidate vaccine virus. Virus Genes 2021; 57:164-171. [PMID: 33606171 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01827-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Influenza vaccines represent the most effective preventive strategy to control influenza virus infections; however, adaptive mutations frequently occur in the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein during the preparation of candidate vaccine virus and production of vaccine in embryonated eggs. In our previous study, we constructed candidate vaccine virus (HA-R) to match the highly pathogenic avian influenza H7N9 viruses A/Guangdong/17SF003/2016 as part of a pandemic preparedness program. However, mixed amino acids (R, G, and I) were presented at position 220 (H3 numbering) in HA during passage in embryonated eggs. The residue at position 220 is located close to the receptor-binding site and the biological characteristics of this site remain to be elucidated. Therefore, in this study, using reverse genetics, we constructed two viruses carrying the single substitution in position 220 of HA (HA-G and HA-I) and evaluated the biological effects of substitution (R with G/I) on receptor binding, neuraminidase (NA) activity, growth characteristics, genetic stability, and antigenicity. The results revealed both mutant viruses exhibited lower HA binding affinities to two receptor types (sialic acid in alpha2,3- and alpha2,6-linkage to galactose, P < 0.001) and significant better growth characteristics compared to HA-R in two cells. Moreover, under similar NA enzymatic activity, the two mutant viruses eluted more easily from agglutinated erythrocytes than HA-R. Collectively, these results implied the balance of HA and NA in mutant viruses was a stronger determinant of viral growth than the individual amino acid in the HA position 220 in HA-R without strong binding between HA and sialylated receptors. Importantly, both the substitutions conferred altered antigenicity to the mutant viruses. In conclusion, amino acid substitutions at position 220 can substantially influence viral biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqi Liu
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi Li
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfang Zhou
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Lu
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiyan Li
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Liu
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Xiao
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dayan Wang
- Chinese National Influenza Center, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Yin H, Jiang N, Shi W, Chi X, Liu S, Chen JL, Wang S. Development and Effects of Influenza Antiviral Drugs. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040810. [PMID: 33557246 PMCID: PMC7913928 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus is a highly contagious zoonotic respiratory disease that causes seasonal outbreaks each year and unpredictable pandemics occasionally with high morbidity and mortality rates, posing a great threat to public health worldwide. Besides the limited effect of vaccines, the problem is exacerbated by the lack of drugs with strong antiviral activity against all flu strains. Currently, there are two classes of antiviral drugs available that are chemosynthetic and approved against influenza A virus for prophylactic and therapeutic treatment, but the appearance of drug-resistant virus strains is a serious issue that strikes at the core of influenza control. There is therefore an urgent need to develop new antiviral drugs. Many reports have shown that the development of novel bioactive plant extracts and microbial extracts has significant advantages in influenza treatment. This paper comprehensively reviews the development and effects of chemosynthetic drugs, plant extracts, and microbial extracts with influenza antiviral activity, hoping to provide some references for novel antiviral drug design and promising alternative candidates for further anti-influenza drug development.
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21
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Wang Q, Sun Z, Li J, Qin T, Ma H, Chen S, Peng D, Liu X. Identification of a universal antigen epitope of influenza A virus using peptide microarray. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:22. [PMID: 33413356 PMCID: PMC7792037 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02725-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hemagglutinin is a major surface protein in influenza A virus (IAV), and HA2 is relative conserved among different IAVs. It will be meaningful to identify broad-spectrum epitopes based on the HA2 protein. Results Overlapping peptides of the HA2 protein of the H5N1 IAV A/Mallard/Huadong/S/2005 were synthesized and loaded on modified silica gel film to form a microarray, and antisera against different subtypes of IAVs were used to screen universal epitopes. The selected epitope was further confirmed by western blotting using anti-peptide immune serum and viruses rescued with amino acid substitution. The results showed that 485-FYHKCDNECME-495 of the H5 14th peptide in HA2 had broad-spectrum binding activity with antisera against H1, H3, H4, H5, H6, H7, H8, H9, and H10 subtype IAV. Substitution of amino acids (K or D) in rescued viruses resulted in decreased serum binding, indicating that they were critical residues for serum binding activity. In Immune Epitope Database, some epitopes containing 14–4 peptide were confirmed as MHC-II-restricted CD4 T cell epitope and had effects on releasing IL-2 or IFN. Conclusion The identified epitope should be a novel universal target for detection and vaccine design and its ability to generate immune protection needs further exploration. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-020-02725-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxia Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihao Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingzhi Li
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Ma
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215000, People's Republic of China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture & Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture & Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture & Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China
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22
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Shultz PK, Crofts KF, Holbrook BC, Alexander-Miller MA. Neuraminidase-specific antibody responses are generated in naive and vaccinated newborn nonhuman primates following virus infection. JCI Insight 2020; 5:141655. [PMID: 33264104 PMCID: PMC7819742 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.141655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals younger than 6 months of age are at significant risk from influenza virus infection; however, there is currently no vaccine approved for this age group. Influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) has emerged as a potential additional target for vaccine strategies. In this study, we sought to understand the ability of newborns to mount an antibody response to NA. Here we employed a nonhuman primate model, given the similarities to humans in immune system and development. We measured antibody to NA following infection with an H1N1 virus or following vaccination and challenge. Administration of an inactivated virus vaccine was not capable of eliciting detectable NA-specific antibody, even in the presence of adjuvants previously shown to increase total virus-specific IgG. However, both naive and vaccinated newborns generated a NA-specific antibody response following virus infection. Interestingly, the presence of the vaccine-induced response did not prevent generation of systemic antibody to NA following challenge, although the respiratory response was reduced in a significant portion of newborns. These findings are the first, to our knowledge, to evaluate the newborn response to the influenza NA protein as well as the impact of previous vaccination on generation of these antibodies following virus infection.
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23
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Nie C, Parshad B, Bhatia S, Cheng C, Stadtmüller M, Oehrl A, Kerkhoff Y, Wolff T, Haag R. Topology-Matching Design of an Influenza-Neutralizing Spiky Nanoparticle-Based Inhibitor with a Dual Mode of Action. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15532-15536. [PMID: 32421225 PMCID: PMC7497169 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate the concept of "topology-matching design" for virus inhibitors. With the current knowledge of influenza A virus (IAV), we designed a nanoparticle-based inhibitor (nano-inhibitor) that has a matched nanotopology to IAV virions and shows heteromultivalent inhibitory effects on hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. The synthesized nano-inhibitor can neutralize the viral particle extracellularly and block its attachment and entry to the host cells. The virus replication was significantly reduced by 6 orders of magnitude in the presence of the reverse designed nano-inhibitors. Even when used 24 hours after the infection, more than 99.999 % inhibition is still achieved, which indicates such a nano-inhibitor might be a potent antiviral for the treatment of influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxiong Nie
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinTakustr. 314195BerlinGermany
- Unit 17Robert Koch InstitutSeestr. 1013353BerlinGermany
| | - Badri Parshad
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB3 0ASUK
| | - Sumati Bhatia
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinTakustr. 314195BerlinGermany
| | - Chong Cheng
- College of Polymer Science and EngineeringSichuan UniversityNo.24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road610065ChengduChina
| | | | - Alexander Oehrl
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinTakustr. 314195BerlinGermany
| | - Yannic Kerkhoff
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinTakustr. 314195BerlinGermany
| | | | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinTakustr. 314195BerlinGermany
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24
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Chang D, Hackett WE, Zhong L, Wan XF, Zaia J. Measuring Site-specific Glycosylation Similarity between Influenza a Virus Variants with Statistical Certainty. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:1533-1545. [PMID: 32601173 PMCID: PMC8143645 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra120.002031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) mutates rapidly, resulting in antigenic drift and poor year-to-year vaccine effectiveness. One challenge in designing effective vaccines is that genetic mutations frequently cause amino acid variations in IAV envelope protein hemagglutinin (HA) that create new N-glycosylation sequons; resulting N-glycans cause antigenic shielding, allowing viral escape from adaptive immune responses. Vaccine candidate strain selection currently involves correlating antigenicity with HA protein sequence among circulating strains, but quantitative comparison of site-specific glycosylation information may likely improve the ability to design vaccines with broader effectiveness against evolving strains. However, there is poor understanding of the influence of glycosylation on immunodominance, antigenicity, and immunogenicity of HA, and there are no well-tested methods for comparing glycosylation similarity among virus samples. Here, we present a method for statistically rigorous quantification of similarity between two related virus strains that considers the presence and abundance of glycopeptide glycoforms. We demonstrate the strength of our approach by determining that there was a quantifiable difference in glycosylation at the protein level between WT IAV HA from A/Switzerland/9715293/2013 (SWZ13) and a mutant strain of SWZ13, even though no N-glycosylation sequons were changed. We determined site-specifically that WT and mutant HA have varying similarity at the glycosylation sites of the head domain, reflecting competing pressures to evade host immune response while retaining viral fitness. To our knowledge, our results are the first to quantify changes in glycosylation state that occur in related proteins of considerable glycan heterogeneity. Our results provide a method for understanding how changes in glycosylation state are correlated with variations in protein sequence, which is necessary for improving IAV vaccine strain selection. Understanding glycosylation will be especially important as we find new expression vectors for vaccine production, as glycosylation state depends greatly on the host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - William E Hackett
- Boston University Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lei Zhong
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, USA
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi, USA; MU Center for Research on Influenza Systems Biology (CRISB), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA; Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA; MU Institute for Data Science & Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Joseph Zaia
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Biomedical Mass Spectrometry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Boston University Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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25
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Giurgea LT, Morens DM, Taubenberger JK, Memoli MJ. Influenza Neuraminidase: A Neglected Protein and Its Potential for a Better Influenza Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030409. [PMID: 32718039 PMCID: PMC7564061 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase (NA) is an influenza surface protein that helps to free viruses from mucin-associated decoy receptors and to facilitate budding from infected cells. Experiments have demonstrated that anti-NA antibodies protect animals against lethal influenza challenge by numerous strains, while decreasing pulmonary viral titers, symptoms, and lung lesions. Studies in humans during the influenza A/H3N2 pandemic and in healthy volunteers challenged with influenza A/H1N1 showed that anti-NA immunity reduced symptoms, nasopharyngeal viral shedding, and infection rates. Despite the benefits of anti-NA immunity, current vaccines focus on immunity against hemagglutinin and are not standardized to NA content leading to limited and variable NA immunogenicity. Purified NA has been shown to be safe and immunogenic in humans. Supplementing current vaccines with NA may be a simple strategy to improve suboptimal effectiveness. Immunity against NA is likely to be an important component of future universal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca T. Giurgea
- LID Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - David M. Morens
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Jeffery K. Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Matthew J. Memoli
- LID Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
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26
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Influenza-induced thrombocytopenia is dependent on the subtype and sialoglycan receptor and increases with virus pathogenicity. Blood Adv 2020; 4:2967-2978. [PMID: 32609845 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020001640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombocytopenia is a common complication of influenza virus infection, and its severity predicts the clinical outcome of critically ill patients. The underlying cause(s) remain incompletely understood. In this study, in patients with an influenza A/H1N1 virus infection, viral load and platelet count correlated inversely during the acute infection phase. We confirmed this finding in a ferret model of influenza virus infection. In these animals, platelet count decreased with the degree of virus pathogenicity varying from 0% in animals infected with the influenza A/H3N2 virus, to 22% in those with the pandemic influenza A/H1N1 virus, up to 62% in animals with a highly pathogenic A/H5N1 virus infection. This thrombocytopenia is associated with virus-containing platelets that circulate in the blood. Uptake of influenza virus particles by platelets requires binding to sialoglycans and results in the removal of sialic acids by the virus neuraminidase, a trigger for hepatic clearance of platelets. We propose the clearance of influenza virus by platelets as a paradigm. These insights clarify the pathophysiology of influenza virus infection and show how severe respiratory infections, including COVID-19, may propagate thrombocytopenia and/or thromboembolic complications.
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27
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Honarmand Ebrahimi K. SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein-binding proteins expressed by upper respiratory tract bacteria may prevent severe viral infection. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:1651-1660. [PMID: 32449939 PMCID: PMC7280584 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a major global challenge. The virus infects host cells using its spike glycoprotein (S-protein) and has significantly higher infectivity and mortality rates among the aged population. Here, based on bioinformatic analysis, I provide evidence that some members of the upper respiratory tract (URT) commensal bacteria express viral S-protein -binding proteins. Based on this analysis and available data showing a decline in the population of these bacteria in the elderly, I propose that some URT commensal bacteria hamper SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and that a decline in the population of these bacteria contributes to the severity of infection. Further studies should provide a better understanding of the interaction of URT bacteria and SARS-CoV-2, which may lead to new therapeutic approaches.
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28
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Nie C, Parshad B, Bhatia S, Cheng C, Stadtmüller M, Oehrl A, Kerkhoff Y, Wolff T, Haag R. Reverse design of an influenza neutralizing spiky nano-inhibitor with a dual mode of action. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 132:15662-15666. [PMID: 32836497 PMCID: PMC7276915 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate the concept of 'reverse design' for virus inhibitors. With the current knowledge of influenza A virus (IAV), we designed a nano-inhibitor that has a reverse shape to the viral particle and heteromultivalent inhibitory effects on hemagglutinin and neuraminidase. The synthesized nano-inhibitor can neutralize the viral particle extracellularly and block its attachment and entry to the host cells. The virus replication was significantly reduced by 6 orders of magnitude in the presence of the reverse designed nano-inhibitors. Even being used 24 hours after the infection, >99.999% inhibition is also achieved, which indicates such a nano-inhibitor might be a potent antiviral for the treatment of influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxiong Nie
- Freie Universitat Berlin Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie und Pharmazie Takustr. 3 GERMANY
| | - Badri Parshad
- Freie Universitat Berlin Fachbereich Biologie Chemie Pharmazie Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie und Pharmazie Takustr. 3 GERMANY
| | - Sumati Bhatia
- Freie Universitat Berlin Fachbereich Biologie Chemie Pharmazie Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie und Pharmazie GERMANY
| | - Chong Cheng
- Sichuan University College of Polymer Science and Engineering CHINA
| | | | - Alexander Oehrl
- Freie Universitat Berlin Fachbereich Biologie Chemie Pharmazie Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie und Pharmazie GERMANY
| | - Yannic Kerkhoff
- Freie Universitat Berlin Fachbereich Biologie Chemie Pharmazie Fachbereich für Biologie, Chemie und Pharmazie GERMANY
| | | | - Rainer Haag
- Freie Universitat Berlin Dept. of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy Takustr. 3 Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry 14195 Berlin GERMANY
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29
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Emergence and Selection of a Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H7N3 Virus. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01818-19. [PMID: 31969434 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01818-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) viruses of subtypes H5 and H7 have the ability to spontaneously mutate to highly pathogenic (HPAI) virus variants, causing high mortality in poultry. The highly pathogenic phenotype is caused by mutation of the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site, but additional mutations may play a role. Evidence from the field for the switch to high pathogenicity remains scarce. This study provides direct evidence for LPAI-to-HPAI virus mutation during H7N3 infection of a turkey farm in the Netherlands. No severe clinical symptoms were reported at the farm, but deep sequencing of isolates from the infected turkeys revealed a minority of HPAI virus sequences (0.06%) in the virus population. The HPAI virus contained a 12-nucleotide insertion in the HA cleavage site that was likely introduced by a single event as no intermediates with shorter inserts were identified. This suggests nonhomologous recombination as the mechanism of insertion. Analysis of different organs of the infected turkeys showed the largest amount of HPAI virus in the lung (4.4%). The HPAI virus was rapidly selected in experimentally infected chickens after both intravenous and intranasal/intratracheal inoculation with a mixed virus preparation. Full-genome sequencing revealed that both pathotypes contained a deletion in the stalk region of the neuraminidase protein. We identified additional mutations in HA and polymerase basic protein 1 (PB1) in the HPAI virus, which were already present as minority variants in the LPAI virus population. Our findings provide more insight into the molecular changes and mechanisms involved in the emergence and selection of HPAI viruses.IMPORTANCE Low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) viruses circulate in wild birds and can be transmitted to poultry. LPAI viruses can mutate to become highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses causing severe disease and death in poultry. Little is known about this switch to high pathogenicity. We isolated an LPAI H7N3 virus from an infected turkey farm and showed that this contains small amounts of HPAI virus. The HPAI virus rapidly outcompeted the LPAI virus in chickens that were experimentally infected with this mixture of viruses. We analyzed the genome sequences of the LPAI and HPAI viruses and identified several changes that may be important for a virus to become highly pathogenic. This knowledge may be used for timely identification of LPAI viruses that pose a risk of becoming highly pathogenic in the field.
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30
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LeMessurier KS, Tiwary M, Morin NP, Samarasinghe AE. Respiratory Barrier as a Safeguard and Regulator of Defense Against Influenza A Virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Front Immunol 2020; 11:3. [PMID: 32117216 PMCID: PMC7011736 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary function of the respiratory system of gas exchange renders it vulnerable to environmental pathogens that circulate in the air. Physical and cellular barriers of the respiratory tract mucosal surface utilize a variety of strategies to obstruct microbe entry. Physical barrier defenses including the surface fluid replete with antimicrobials, neutralizing immunoglobulins, mucus, and the epithelial cell layer with rapidly beating cilia form a near impenetrable wall that separates the external environment from the internal soft tissue of the host. Resident leukocytes, primarily of the innate immune branch, also maintain airway integrity by constant surveillance and the maintenance of homeostasis through the release of cytokines and growth factors. Unfortunately, pathogens such as influenza virus and Streptococcus pneumoniae require hosts for their replication and dissemination, and prey on the respiratory tract as an ideal environment causing severe damage to the host during their invasion. In this review, we outline the host-pathogen interactions during influenza and post-influenza bacterial pneumonia with a focus on inter- and intra-cellular crosstalk important in pulmonary immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim S LeMessurier
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Division of Pulmonology, Allergy-Immunology, and Sleep, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Children's Foundation Research Institute, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Meenakshi Tiwary
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Division of Pulmonology, Allergy-Immunology, and Sleep, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Children's Foundation Research Institute, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Nicholas P Morin
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Division of Critical Care Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Amali E Samarasinghe
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Division of Pulmonology, Allergy-Immunology, and Sleep, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States.,Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, Children's Foundation Research Institute, Memphis, TN, United States
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31
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Comprehensive Interactome Analysis Reveals that STT3B Is Required for N-Glycosylation of Lassa Virus Glycoprotein. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01443-19. [PMID: 31511384 PMCID: PMC6854512 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01443-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoproteins play vital roles in the arenavirus life cycle by facilitating virus entry and participating in the virus budding process. N-glycosylation of GPs is responsible for their proper functioning; however, little is known about the host factors on which the virus depends for this process. In this study, a comprehensive LASV GP interactome was characterized, and further study revealed that STT3B-dependent N-glycosylation was preferentially required by arenavirus GPs and critical for virus infectivity. The two specific thioredoxin subunits of STT3B-OST MAGT1 and TUSC3 were found to be essential for the N-glycosylation of viral GP. NGI-1, a small-molecule inhibitor of OST, also showed a robust inhibitory effect on arenavirus. Our study provides new insights into LASV GP-host interactions and extends the potential targets for the development of novel therapeutics against Lassa fever in the future. Lassa virus (LASV) is the causative agent of a fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans. The glycoprotein (GP) of LASV mediates viral entry into host cells, and correct processing and modification of GP by host factors is a prerequisite for virus replication. Here, using an affinity purification-coupled mass spectrometry (AP-MS) strategy, 591 host proteins were identified as interactors of LASV GP. Gene ontology analysis was performed to functionally annotate these proteins, and the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST) complex was highly enriched. Functional studies conducted by using CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockouts showed that STT3A and STT3B, the two catalytically active isoforms of the OST complex, are essential for the propagation of the recombinant arenavirus rLCMV/LASV glycoprotein precursor, mainly via affecting virus infectivity. Knockout of STT3B, but not STT3A, caused hypoglycosylation of LASV GP, indicating a preferential requirement of LASV for the STT3B-OST isoform. Furthermore, double knockout of magnesium transporter 1 (MAGT1) and tumor suppressor candidate 3 (TUSC3), two specific subunits of STT3B-OST, also caused hypoglycosylation of LASV GP and affected virus propagation. Site-directed mutagenesis analysis revealed that the oxidoreductase CXXC active-site motif of MAGT1 or TUSC3 is essential for the glycosylation of LASV GP. NGI-1, a small-molecule OST inhibitor, can effectively reduce virus infectivity without affecting cell viability. The STT3B-dependent N-glycosylation of GP is conserved among other arenaviruses, including both the Old World and New World groups. Our study provided a systematic view of LASV GP-host interactions and revealed the preferential requirement of STT3B for LASV GP N-glycosylation. IMPORTANCE Glycoproteins play vital roles in the arenavirus life cycle by facilitating virus entry and participating in the virus budding process. N-glycosylation of GPs is responsible for their proper functioning; however, little is known about the host factors on which the virus depends for this process. In this study, a comprehensive LASV GP interactome was characterized, and further study revealed that STT3B-dependent N-glycosylation was preferentially required by arenavirus GPs and critical for virus infectivity. The two specific thioredoxin subunits of STT3B-OST MAGT1 and TUSC3 were found to be essential for the N-glycosylation of viral GP. NGI-1, a small-molecule inhibitor of OST, also showed a robust inhibitory effect on arenavirus. Our study provides new insights into LASV GP-host interactions and extends the potential targets for the development of novel therapeutics against Lassa fever in the future.
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32
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Yao L, Chen Y, Wang X, Bi Z, Xiao Q, Lei J, Yan Y, Zhou J, Yan L. Identification of antigenic epitopes in the haemagglutinin protein of H7 avian influenza virus. Avian Pathol 2019; 49:62-73. [PMID: 31508993 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2019.1666971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The H7 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) has been reported to infect not only poultry but also humans. The haemagglutinin (HA) protein is the major surface antigen of AIV and plays an important role in viral infection. In this study, five monoclonal antibodies (mAbs, 2F8, 3F6, 5C11, 5E2 and 5C12) against the HA protein of H7 virus were produced and characterized. Epitope mapping indicated that 103RESGSS107 was the minimal linear epitope recognized by the mAbs 2F8/3F6/5C11, and mAbs 5E2/5C12 recognized the epitope 103-145aa. The protein sequence alignment of HA indicated that the two epitopes were not found in other subtypes of AIV, and none of the five mAbs cross-reacted with other subtypes, suggesting these mAbs are specific to H7 virus. The epitope 103RESGSS107 was highly conserved among Eurasian lineage strains of H7 AIV, whereas three amino acid substitutions (E104R, E104K and E104G) in the epitope occurred in 98.44% of North-American lineage strains. Any of these single mutations prevented the mutated epitope from being recognized by mAbs 2F8/3F6/5C11; thus, these mAbs can distinguish between Eurasian and North-American lineages of H7 strains. Furthermore, the mAbs 2F8, 3F6 and 5C11 could be highly blocked with H7-positive serum in blocking assays, revealing that 103RESGSS107 may be a dominant epitope stimulating the production of antibodies during viral infection. These results may facilitate future investigations into the structure and function of HA protein, as well as surveillance and detection of H7 virus.RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTSFive mAbs against HA protein of H7 AIV were generated and characterized.Two novel epitopes 103RESGSS107 and 103-145aa were identified.The epitope 103RESGSS107 differs between Eurasian and North-American lineages.The mAbs 2F8, 3F6 and 5C11 could distinguish two lineages of H7 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Detection Center of Terrestrial Wildlife Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Chen
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Detection Center of Terrestrial Wildlife Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenwei Bi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Detection Center of Terrestrial Wildlife Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Xiao
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Detection Center of Terrestrial Wildlife Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Lei
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Detection Center of Terrestrial Wildlife Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiyong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Virology, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Institute of Immunology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Detection Center of Terrestrial Wildlife Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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33
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Liu JH, Chang CC, Chen CW, Wong LT, Chu YW. Conservation region finding for influenza A viruses by machine learning methods of N-linked glycosylation sites and B-cell epitopes. Math Biosci 2019; 315:108217. [PMID: 31220511 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2019.108217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Influenza type A, a serious infectious disease of the human respiratory tract, poses an enormous threat to human health worldwide. It leads to high mortality rates in poultry, pigs, and humans. The primary target identity regions for the human immune system are hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), two surface proteins of the influenza A virus. Research and development of vaccines is highly complex because the influenza A virus evolves rapidly. This study focused on three genetic features of viral surface proteins: ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequence conservation, linear B-cell epitopes, and N-linked glycosylation. On the basis of these three properties, we analyzed 12,832 HA and 9487 NA protein sequences, which we retrieved from the influenza virus database. We classified the viral surface protein sequences into the 18 HA and 11 NA subtypes that have been identified thus far. Using available analytic tools, we searched for the representative strain of each virus subtype. Furthermore, using machine learning methods, we looked for conservation regions with sequences showing linear B-cell epitopes and N-linked glycosylation. Compared to the prediction of the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) antibody neutralization response (i.e., screening of antibody sequence regions), in this study, the virus sequence coverage was large and accurate and contained N-linked glycosylation sites. The results of this study proved that we can use the machine learning-based prediction method to solve the problem of vaccine invalidation that occurred during the rapid evolution of the influenza A virus and also as a prevaccine assessment. In addition, the screening fragments can be used as a universal influenza vaccine design reference in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jone-Han Liu
- Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chi-Chang Chang
- School of Medical Informatics, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC; IT Office, Chung-Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chi-Wei Chen
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, 250, Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Ting Wong
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, 250, Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yen-Wei Chu
- Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung Hsing University, 250, Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC; Biotechnology Center, Agricultural Biotechnology Center, Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan, ROC.
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34
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Trucchi C, Paganino C, Amicizia D, Orsi A, Tisa V, Piazza MF, Icardi G, Ansaldi F. Universal influenza virus vaccines: what needs to happen next? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2019; 19:671-683. [PMID: 30957589 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2019.1604671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Influenza occurs worldwide and causes significant disease burden in terms of morbidity, associated complications, hospitalizations, and deaths. Vaccination constitutes the primary approach for controlling influenza. Current influenza vaccines elicit a strain-specific response yet occasionally exhibit suboptimal effectiveness. This review describes the limits of available immunization tools and the future prospects and potentiality of universal influenza vaccines. AREAS COVERED New 'universal' vaccines, which are presently under development, are expected to overcome the problems related to the high variability of influenza viruses, such as the need for seasonal vaccine updates and re-vaccination. Here, we explore vaccines based on the highly conserved epitopes of the HA, NA, or extracellular domain of the influenza M2 protein, along with those based on the internal proteins such as NP and M1. EXPERT OPINION The development of a universal influenza vaccine that confers protection against homologous, drifted, and shifted influenza virus strains could obviate the need for annual reformulation and mitigate disease burden. The scientific community has long been awaiting the advent of universal influenza vaccines; these are currently under development in laboratories worldwide. If such vaccines are immunogenic, efficacious, and able to confer long-lasting immunity, they might be integrated with or supplant traditional influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Trucchi
- a Health Planning Unit , Liguria Health Authority (A.Li.Sa) , Genoa , Italy.,b Hygiene Unit , Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS teaching hospital , Genoa , Italy
| | - Chiara Paganino
- a Health Planning Unit , Liguria Health Authority (A.Li.Sa) , Genoa , Italy
| | - Daniela Amicizia
- a Health Planning Unit , Liguria Health Authority (A.Li.Sa) , Genoa , Italy.,b Hygiene Unit , Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS teaching hospital , Genoa , Italy.,c Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Andrea Orsi
- b Hygiene Unit , Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS teaching hospital , Genoa , Italy.,c Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Valentino Tisa
- c Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Maria Francesca Piazza
- a Health Planning Unit , Liguria Health Authority (A.Li.Sa) , Genoa , Italy.,c Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Giancarlo Icardi
- b Hygiene Unit , Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS teaching hospital , Genoa , Italy.,c Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
| | - Filippo Ansaldi
- a Health Planning Unit , Liguria Health Authority (A.Li.Sa) , Genoa , Italy.,b Hygiene Unit , Ospedale Policlinico San Martino IRCCS teaching hospital , Genoa , Italy.,c Department of Health Sciences , University of Genoa , Genoa , Italy
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35
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Influenza a virus-triggered autophagy decreases the pluripotency of human-induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:337. [PMID: 31000695 PMCID: PMC6472374 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1567-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Maternal influenza infection during pregnancy was reported multiple times as the possible cause of many defects and congenital anomalies. Apart from several cases of influenza-related miscarriage during various trimesters of pregnancy, some epidemiological data suggest a link between maternal influenza infection and genetic abnormalities in offspring. However, there are no reports yet describing how maternal influenza alters cellular pathways at early stages of development to result in congenital defects in the fetus. In the present study, using proteomic approaches, we utilized human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) for modeling intrablastocyst infection with influenza virus to not only investigate the vulnerability and responses of pluripotent stem cells to this virus but also to determine the possible impacts of influenza on pluripotency and signaling pathways controlling differentiation and embryogenesis. Our data indicated viral protein production in influenza A virus (IAV)-infected hiPSCs. However, viral replication was restricted in these cells, but cell viability and pluripotency were negatively affected. These events occurred simultaneously with an excessive level of IAV-induced autophagy as well as cytopathic effects. Quantitative SOMAscan screening also indicated that changes in the proteome of hiPSCs corresponded to abnormal differentiation in these cells. Taken together, our results showed that IAV-modulated reduction in hiPSC pluripotency is associated with significant activation of autophagy. Further investigations are required to explore the role of IAV-induced autophagy in leading pluripotent stem cells toward abnormal differentiation and impaired development in early stages of embryogenesis.
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36
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Di Iorio D, Verheijden ML, van der Vries E, Jonkheijm P, Huskens J. Weak Multivalent Binding of Influenza Hemagglutinin Nanoparticles at a Sialoglycan-Functionalized Supported Lipid Bilayer. ACS NANO 2019; 13:3413-3423. [PMID: 30844236 PMCID: PMC6439437 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b09410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of the multivalent interactions of influenza viruses binding at interfaces may provide ways to tackle key biological questions regarding influenza virulence and zoonoses. Yet, the deconvolution of the contributions of molecular and interfacial parameters, such as valency, interaction area, and receptor density, to the binding of whole viruses is hindered by difficulties in the direct determination of these parameters. We report here a chemical platform technology to study the binding of multivalent recombinant hemagglutinin (rHA) nanoparticles at artificial sialoglycan cell receptor-presenting interfaces in which all these parameters can be derived, thus allowing the desired full and quantitative binding analysis. SiO2 substrates were functionalized with supported lipid bilayers containing a targeted and tunable fraction of a biotinylated lipid, followed by the adsorption of streptavidin and biotinylated polyvalent 2,3- or 2,6-sialyl lactosamine (SLN). rHA nanoparticles were used as a virus mimic to provide a good prediction of the number of interactions involved in binding. Low nanomolar affinities and selectivities for binding at the 2,6-SLN platforms were observed for rHA particles from three different virus variants. When fitting the data to a multivalency model, the nanomolar overall affinity appears to be achieved by 6-9 HA-sugar molecular interaction pairs, which individually present a rapid association/dissociation behavior. This dynamic behavior may be an essential biological attribute in the functioning of the influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Di Iorio
- Molecular
Nanofabrication Group, MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty
of Science and Technology, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mark L. Verheijden
- Molecular
Nanofabrication Group, MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty
of Science and Technology, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Erhard van der Vries
- Virology
Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty
of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Jonkheijm
- Molecular
Nanofabrication Group, MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty
of Science and Technology, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Molecular
Nanofabrication Group, MESA + Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty
of Science and Technology, University of
Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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37
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Enhanced cross-lineage protection induced by recombinant H9N2 avian influenza virus inactivated vaccine. Vaccine 2019; 37:1736-1742. [PMID: 30797637 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antigenic drift of H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (AIV) may result in vaccination failure in the poultry industry and thus a cross-protective vaccine against H9N2 AIV is highly desirable. METHODS A series of H9N2 recombinant viruses with the internal genes of A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1, PR8) were generated, based on the compatibility between HA and NA, the effect of HA deglycosylation, and protective antigenic epitopes in HA. After evaluation of their biological and immunological characteristics, three recombinant AIVs with the internal genes of the Y280-like strain SN were selected for protective efficacy studies. RESULTS The recombinant viruses rHASNNA3, rHASN-△200, rHASN-△287, and rHASN-R92G-E93K displayed good cross reactivity and induced higher neutralization antibody titers against both SN and the F98-like strain YZ4. Furthermore, those recombinant viruses had a higher EID50 in chicken embryos after the replacement of internal-gene backbone from PR8 to SN. The rSNHA-△200 induced better protection in immunized chickens against challenge of homologous and heterologous H9N2 avian influenza viruses when compared with the wild type strain. CONCLUSION The recombinant virus rSNHA-△200 can be used as a potential broad-spectrum vaccine against H9N2 avian influenza.
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38
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Influenza virus N-linked glycosylation and innate immunity. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20171505. [PMID: 30552137 PMCID: PMC6328934 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause seasonal epidemics and sporadic pandemics in humans. The virus’s ability to change its antigenic nature through mutation and recombination, and the difficulty in developing highly effective universal vaccines against it, make it a serious global public health challenge. Influenza virus’s surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, are all modified by the host cell’s N-linked glycosylation pathways. Host innate immune responses are the first line of defense against infection, and glycosylation of these major antigens plays an important role in the generation of host innate responses toward the virus. Here, we review the principal findings in the analytical techniques used to study influenza N-linked glycosylation, the evolutionary dynamics of N-linked glycosylation in seasonal versus pandemic and zoonotic strains, its role in host innate immune responses, and the prospects for lectin-based therapies. As the efficiency of innate immune responses is a critical determinant of disease severity and adaptive immunity, the study of influenza glycobiology is of clinical as well as research interest.
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39
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Ortega V, Stone JA, Contreras EM, Iorio RM, Aguilar HC. Addicted to sugar: roles of glycans in the order Mononegavirales. Glycobiology 2019; 29:2-21. [PMID: 29878112 PMCID: PMC6291800 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwy053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a biologically important protein modification process by which a carbohydrate chain is enzymatically added to a protein at a specific amino acid residue. This process plays roles in many cellular functions, including intracellular trafficking, cell-cell signaling, protein folding and receptor binding. While glycosylation is a common host cell process, it is utilized by many pathogens as well. Protein glycosylation is widely employed by viruses for both host invasion and evasion of host immune responses. Thus better understanding of viral glycosylation functions has potential applications for improved antiviral therapeutic and vaccine development. Here, we summarize our current knowledge on the broad biological functions of glycans for the Mononegavirales, an order of enveloped negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses of high medical importance that includes Ebola, rabies, measles and Nipah viruses. We discuss glycobiological findings by genera in alphabetical order within each of eight Mononegavirales families, namely, the bornaviruses, filoviruses, mymonaviruses, nyamiviruses, paramyxoviruses, pneumoviruses, rhabdoviruses and sunviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Ortega
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jacquelyn A Stone
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Erik M Contreras
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ronald M Iorio
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Immunology and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Hector C Aguilar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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40
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Amaro RE, Ieong PU, Huber G, Dommer A, Steven AC, Bush RM, Durrant JD, Votapka LW. A Computational Assay that Explores the Hemagglutinin/Neuraminidase Functional Balance Reveals the Neuraminidase Secondary Site as a Novel Anti-Influenza Target. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:1570-1577. [PMID: 30555910 PMCID: PMC6276040 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Studies of pathogen-host specificity, virulence, and transmissibility are critical for basic research as well as for assessing the pandemic potential of emerging infectious diseases. This is especially true for viruses such as influenza, which continue to affect millions of people annually through both seasonal and occasional pandemic events. Although the influenza virus has been fairly well studied for decades, our understanding of host-cell binding and its relation to viral transmissibility and infection is still incomplete. Assessing the binding mechanisms of complex biological systems with atomic-scale detail is challenging given current experimental limitations. Much remains to be learned, for example, about how the terminal residue of influenza-binding host-cell receptors (sialic acid) interacts with the viral surface. Here, we present an integrative structural-modeling and physics-based computational assay that reveals the sialic acid association rate constants (k on) to three influenza sites: the hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA) active, and NA secondary binding sites. We developed a series of highly detailed (atomic-resolution) structural models of fully intact influenza viral envelopes. Brownian dynamics simulations of these systems showed how structural properties, such as stalk height and secondary-site binding, affect sialic acid k on values. Comparing the k on values of the three sialic acid binding sites across different viral strains suggests a detailed model of encounter-complex formation and indicates that the secondary NA binding site may play a compensatory role in host-cell receptor binding. Our method elucidates the competition among these sites, all present on the same virion, and provides a new technology for directly studying the functional balance between HA and NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rommie E. Amaro
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
- E-mail: . (R.E.A.)
| | - Pek U Ieong
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Gary Huber
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Abigail Dommer
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Alasdair C. Steven
- Structural
Biology Laboratory, National Institutes
of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Robin M. Bush
- Department
of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University
of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Jacob D. Durrant
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
- E-mail: . (J.D.D.)
| | - Lane W. Votapka
- Department
of Chemistry, Point Loma Nazarene University, San Diego, California, United States
- E-mail: . (L.W.V.)
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41
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Loughran ST, Power PA, Maguire PT, McQuaid SL, Buchanan PJ, Jonsdottir I, Newman RW, Harvey R, Johnson PA. Influenza infection directly alters innate IL-23 and IL-12p70 and subsequent IL-17A and IFN-γ responses to pneumococcus in vitro in human monocytes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203521. [PMID: 30192848 PMCID: PMC6128554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Influenza virus is highly contagious and poses substantial public health problems due to its strong association with morbidity and mortality. Approximately 250,000-500,000 deaths are caused by seasonal influenza virus annually, and this figure increases during periods of pandemic infections. Most of these deaths are due to secondary bacterial pneumonia. Influenza-bacterial superinfection can result in hospitalisation and/or death of both patients with pre-existing lung disease or previously healthy individuals. The importance of our research is in determining that influenza and its component haemagglutinin has a direct effect on the classic pneumococcus induced pathways to IL-17A in our human ex vivo model. Our understanding of the mechanism which leaves people exposed to influenza infection during superinfection remain unresolved. This paper demonstrates that early infection of monocytes inhibits an arm of immunity crucial to bacterial clearance. Understanding this mechanism may provide alternative interventions in the case of superinfection with antimicrobial resistant strains of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinead T. Loughran
- Viral Immunology Laboratory, School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrick A. Power
- Viral Immunology Laboratory, School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paula T. Maguire
- Viral Immunology Laboratory, School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Samantha L. McQuaid
- Viral Immunology Laboratory, School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul J. Buchanan
- Translational Cancer Physiology Laboratory, School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ingileif Jonsdottir
- Department of Immunology, Landspitali, The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Robert W. Newman
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls, Potters Bar, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth Harvey
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls, Potters Bar, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia A. Johnson
- Viral Immunology Laboratory, School of Nursing and Human Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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42
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Lee CY, An SH, Choi JG, Lee YJ, Kim JH, Kwon HJ. Acquisition of Innate Inhibitor Resistance and Mammalian Pathogenicity During Egg Adaptation by the H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1939. [PMID: 30186261 PMCID: PMC6110911 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An H9N2 avian influenza A virus (AIV), A/chicken/Korea/01310/2001 (01310-CE20), was established after 20 passages of influenza A/chicken/Korea/01310/2001 (01310-CE2) virus through embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs). As a result of this process, the virus developed highly replicative and pathogenic traits within the ECEs through adaptive mutations in hemagglutinin (HA: T133N, V216G, and E439D) and neuraminidase (NA: 18-amino acid deletion and E54D). Here, we also established that 01310-CE20 acquired resistance to innate inhibitors present in the egg white during these passages. To investigate the role of egg-adapted mutations in resistance to innate inhibitors, we generated four PR8-derived recombinant viruses using various gene combinations of HA and NA from 01310-CE2 and 01310-CE20 (rH2N2, rH2N20, rH20N2, and rH20N20). As expected, rH20N20 showed significantly higher replication efficiency in MDCK cells and mouse lungs, and demonstrated greater pathogenicity in mice. In addition, rH20N20 showed higher resistance to innate inhibitors than the other viruses. By using a loss-of-function mutant and receptor-binding assay, we demonstrated that a T133N site directed mutation created an additional N-glycosite at position 133 in rH20N20. Further, this mutation played a crucial role in viral replication and resistance to innate inhibitors by modulating the binding affinities to avian-like and mammalian-like receptors on the host cells and inhibitors. Thus, egg-adapted HA and NA may exacerbate the mammalian pathogenicity of AIVs by defying host innate inhibitors as well as by increasing replication efficiency in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Young Lee
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Se-Hee An
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun-Gu Choi
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Youn-Jeong Lee
- Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyuk-Joon Kwon
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Farm Animal Clinical Training and Research Center, Institutes of Green-bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Gangwon-do, South Korea
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43
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Leemans A, Boeren M, Van der Gucht W, Pintelon I, Roose K, Schepens B, Saelens X, Bailey D, Martinet W, Caljon G, Maes L, Cos P, Delputte P. Removal of the N-Glycosylation Sequon at Position N116 Located in p27 of the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fusion Protein Elicits Enhanced Antibody Responses after DNA Immunization. Viruses 2018; 10:E426. [PMID: 30110893 PMCID: PMC6115940 DOI: 10.3390/v10080426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prevention of severe lower respiratory tract infections in infants caused by the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) remains a major public health priority. Currently, the major focus of vaccine development relies on the RSV fusion (F) protein since it is the main target protein for neutralizing antibodies induced by natural infection. The protein conserves 5 N-glycosylation sites, two of which are located in the F2 subunit (N27 and N70), one in the F1 subunit (N500) and two in the p27 peptide (N116 and N126). To study the influence of the loss of one or more N-glycosylation sites on RSV F immunogenicity, BALB/c mice were immunized with plasmids encoding RSV F glycomutants. In comparison with F WT DNA immunized mice, higher neutralizing titres were observed following immunization with F N116Q. Moreover, RSV A2-K-line19F challenge of mice that had been immunized with mutant F N116Q DNA was associated with lower RSV RNA levels compared with those in challenged WT F DNA immunized animals. Since p27 is assumed to be post-translationally released after cleavage and thus not present on the mature RSV F protein, it remains to be elucidated how deletion of this glycan can contribute to enhanced antibody responses and protection upon challenge. These findings provide new insights to improve the immunogenicity of RSV F in potential vaccine candidates.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Female
- Glycosylation
- Humans
- Hydrolysis
- Immunization
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Models, Molecular
- Mutation
- Plasmids/administration & dosage
- Plasmids/genetics
- Plasmids/immunology
- Protein Engineering
- Protein Subunits/administration & dosage
- Protein Subunits/genetics
- Protein Subunits/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/prevention & control
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/virology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/drug effects
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/genetics
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Viral Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Viral Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Viral Load/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Leemans
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Marlies Boeren
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Winke Van der Gucht
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Isabel Pintelon
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Kenny Roose
- Medical Biotechnology Centre, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Bert Schepens
- Medical Biotechnology Centre, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Xavier Saelens
- Medical Biotechnology Centre, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium.
| | | | - Wim Martinet
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Peter Delputte
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene, University of Antwerp, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Guo H, Rabouw H, Slomp A, Dai M, van der Vegt F, van Lent JWM, McBride R, Paulson JC, de Groot RJ, van Kuppeveld FJM, de Vries E, de Haan CAM. Kinetic analysis of the influenza A virus HA/NA balance reveals contribution of NA to virus-receptor binding and NA-dependent rolling on receptor-containing surfaces. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007233. [PMID: 30102740 PMCID: PMC6107293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions of influenza A virus (IAV) with sialic acid (SIA) receptors determine viral fitness and host tropism. Binding to mucus decoy receptors and receptors on epithelial host cells is determined by a receptor-binding hemagglutinin (HA), a receptor-destroying neuraminidase (NA) and a complex in vivo receptor-repertoire. The crucial but poorly understood dynamics of these multivalent virus-receptor interactions cannot be properly analyzed using equilibrium binding models and endpoint binding assays. In this study, the use of biolayer interferometric analysis revealed the virtually irreversible nature of IAV binding to surfaces coated with synthetic sialosides or engineered sialoglycoproteins in the absence of NA activity. In addition to HA, NA was shown to be able to contribute to the initial binding rate while catalytically active. Virus-receptor binding in turn contributed to receptor cleavage by NA. Multiple low-affinity HA-SIA interactions resulted in overall extremely high avidity but also permitted a dynamic binding mode, in which NA activity was driving rolling of virus particles over the receptor-surface. Virus dissociation only took place after receptor density of the complete receptor-surface was sufficiently decreased due to NA activity of rolling IAV particles. The results indicate that in vivo IAV particles, after landing on the mucus layer, reside continuously in a receptor-bound state while rolling through the mucus layer and over epithelial cell surfaces driven by the HA-NA-receptor balance. Quantitative BLI analysis enabled functional examination of this balance which governs this dynamic and motile interaction that is expected to be crucial for penetration of the mucus layer and subsequent infection of cells by IAV but likely also by other enveloped viruses carrying a receptor-destroying enzyme in addition to a receptor-binding protein. Influenza A virus (IAV) tropism is largely determined by the interaction of virus particles with the sialic acid receptor repertoire of the host. IAVs encounter a diverse range of sialic acid receptors that can function as decoys (e.g. in the mucus that covers epithelial cells) or as entry receptors. We studied the dynamics of IAV-receptor interactions in real-time using biolayer interferometry (BLI) in combination with synthetic glycans and recombinant sialoglycoproteins mimicking in vivo receptors. Thereby we could show that IAVs do not continuously associate and dissociate with receptor-coated surfaces but actually were rolling over the surface with which they remained permanently associated until the receptors were sufficiently cleared. This required the concerted action of the receptor-binding hemagglutinin (HA) and the receptor-destroying neuraminidase (NA) on the receptor surface. We could quantify the precise HA-NA-receptor balance that determined the speed of rolling and eventual elution from the surface by BLI and propose a model in which IAV is permanently, but dynamically, associated with receptors on mucus or host cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Guo
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Huib Rabouw
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Slomp
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Meiling Dai
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Floor van der Vegt
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan W. M. van Lent
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ryan McBride
- Departments of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chemical Physiology, and Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - James C. Paulson
- Departments of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chemical Physiology, and Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Raoul J. de Groot
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Erik de Vries
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail: (EDV); (CAMDH)
| | - Cornelis A. M. de Haan
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail: (EDV); (CAMDH)
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45
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Qin T, Zhu J, Ma R, Yin Y, Chen S, Peng D, Liu X. Compatibility between haemagglutinin and neuraminidase drives the recent emergence of novel clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx avian influenza viruses in China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1757-1769. [PMID: 29999588 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genetic reassortments between highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 subtype viruses with different neuraminidase (NA) subtypes have increased in prevalence since 2010 in wild birds and poultry from China. The HA gene slightly evolved from clade 2.3.4 to clade 2.3.4.4, raising the question of whether novel clade 2.3.4.4 HA broke the balance with N1 but is matched well with NAx to drive viral epidemics. To clarify the role of compatibility between HA and NA on the prevalence of H5Nx subtypes, we constructed 10 recombinant viruses in which the clade 2.3.4 or clade 2.3.4.4 HA genes were matched with different NA (N1, N2 and N8) genes and evaluated viral characteristics and pathogenicity. Combinations between clade 2.3.4 HA and N1 or between clade 2.3.4.4 HA and NAx, but not between clade 2.3.4.4 HA and N1, or between clade 2.3.4 HA and NAx, promoted viral growth, NA activity, thermostability, low-pH stability and pathogenicity in chicken and mice. These findings suggest that both clade 2.3.4 HA/N1 and clade 2.3.4.4 HA/NAx displayed a better match, which could promote the increased prevalence of clade 2.3.4 H5N1 AIV (prior to 2010) and clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx AIV (since 2010) in China, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture & Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture & Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ruonan Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture & Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuncong Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture & Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture & Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture & Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, China.,Joint Laboratory Safety of International Cooperation of Agriculture & Agricultural-Products, Yangzhou, China
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46
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Wang X, Zeng Z, Zhang Z, Zheng Y, Li B, Su G, Li H, Huang L, Qi W, Liao M. The Appropriate Combination of Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase Prompts the Predominant H5N6 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus in Birds. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1088. [PMID: 29896169 PMCID: PMC5987672 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are two vital surface glycoproteins of influenza virus. The HA of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus is divided into Major/H5 and Minor/H5, and its NA consists of short stalk NA and full-length stalk NA. The strain combined with Major/H5 and short stalk NA account for 76.8% of all strains, and the proportion was 23.0% matched by Minor/H5 and full-length stalk NA. Our objective was to investigate the influence of HA-NA matching on the biological characteristics and the effects of the epidemic trend of H5N6 on mice and chickens. Four different strains combined with two HAs and two NAs of the represented H5N6 viruses with the fixed six internal segments were rescued and analyzed. Plaque formation, NA activity of infectious particles, and virus growth curve assays, as well as a saliva acid receptor experiment, with mice and chickens were performed. We found that all the strains can replicate well on Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells and chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) cells, simultaneously, mice and infection group chickens were complete lethal. However, the strain combined with Major/H5 and short stalk N6 formed smaller plaque on MDCK, showed a moderate replication ability in both MDCK and CEF, and exhibited a higher survival rate among the contact group of chickens. Conversely, strains with opposite biological characters which combined with Minor/H5 and short stalk N6 seldom exist in nature. Hence, we drew the conclusion that the appropriate combination of Major/H5 and short stalk N6 occur widely in nature with appropriate biological characteristics for the proliferation and transmission, whereas other combinations of HA and NA had a low proportion and even have not yet been detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhui Wang
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyong Zeng
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zaoyue Zhang
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Li
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanming Su
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanan Li
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Huang
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wenbao Qi
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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47
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Yin Y, Zhang X, Qiao Y, Wang X, Su Y, Chen S, Qin T, Peng D, Liu X. Glycosylation at 11Asn on hemagglutinin of H5N1 influenza virus contributes to its biological characteristics. Vet Res 2017; 48:81. [PMID: 29162128 PMCID: PMC5698926 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-017-0484-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A stem glycosylation site of hemagglutinin (HA) is important to the stability of the HA trimmer. A previous study shows that the stem 10/11 overlap glycosylation site of the H5 subtype avian influenza virus may influence the cleavage of HA, whereas the exact site and its effect on virulence remain unclear. In this study, site-directed mutagenesis was used to generate single or double mutant rSY-Δ10(10NNAT), rSY-Δ11(10NNSA), and rSY-Δ10/11(10NNAA) of the overlapping glycosylation site (10NNST) on the HA of A/Mallard/Huadong/S/2005(SY). By using Western blot analysis, we show that both rSY-Δ11 and rSY-Δ10/11 mutant viruses had significant delay on HA cleavage and a reduced HA molecular mass compared to the wild-type virus rSY, while the rSY-Δ10 mutant virus exhibited a similar HA molecular mass to that of the wild-type virus rSY. Interestingly, both rSY-Δ11 and rSY-Δ10/11 mutant viruses reverted their glycosylation sites at 11N after passage, indicating that 11N is a true and critical glycosylation site. Compared to the wild-type virus rSY, rSY-Δ11 and rSY-Δ10/11 mutant viruses had decreased growth rates, reduced thermo- and pH-stability, decreased pathogenicity, and limited systemic spread. Therefore, our study suggests that the 11N glycosylation site plays a key role in HA cleavage, structural stability and pathogenicity in H5 subtype avian influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuncong Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiyi Qiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yangyang Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Prevention and Control of Poultry Disease, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, China
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Krol E, Wandzik I, Krejmer-Rabalska M, Szewczyk B. Biological Evaluation of Uridine Derivatives of 2-Deoxy Sugars as Potential Antiviral Compounds against Influenza A Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081700. [PMID: 28777309 PMCID: PMC5578090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Due to the limited ability of currently available treatments, there is an urgent need for new anti-influenza drugs with broad spectrum protection. We have previously shown that two 2-deoxy sugar derivatives of uridine (designated IW3 and IW7) targeting the glycan processing steps during maturation of viral glycoproteins show good anti-influenza virus activity and may be a promising alternative approach for the development of new anti-influenza therapy. In this study, a number of IW3 and IW7 analogues with different structural modifications in 2-deoxy sugar or uridine parts were synthesized and evaluated for their ability to inhibit influenza A virus infection in vitro. Using the cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibition assay and viral plaque reduction assay in vitro, we showed that compounds 2, 3, and 4 exerted the most inhibitory effect on influenza virus A/ostrich/Denmark/725/96 (H5N2) infection in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for virus growth ranging from 82 to 100 (μM) without significant toxicity for the cells. The most active compound (2) showed activity of 82 μM with a selectivity index value of 5.27 against type A (H5N2) virus. Additionally, compound 2 reduced the formation of HA glycoprotein in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, an analysis of physicochemical properties of studied compounds demonstrated a significant linear correlation between lipophilicity and antiviral activity. Therefore, inhibition of influenza A virus infection by conjugates of uridine and 2-deoxy sugars is a new promising approach for the development of new derivatives with anti-influenza activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Krol
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Ilona Wandzik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Martyna Krejmer-Rabalska
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Boguslaw Szewczyk
- Department of Recombinant Vaccines, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology of University of Gdansk and Medical University of Gdansk, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland.
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49
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The Interplay between the Host Receptor and Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071541. [PMID: 28714909 PMCID: PMC5536029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins of influenza A virus are responsible for the surface interactions of the virion with the host. Entry of the virus is mediated by functions of the HA: binding to cellular receptors and facilitating fusion of the virion membrane with the endosomal membrane. The HA structure contains receptor binding sites in the globular membrane distal head domains of the trimer, and the fusion machinery resides in the stem region. These sites have specific characteristics associated with subtype and host, and the differences often define species barriers. For example, avian viruses preferentially recognize α2,3-Sialic acid terminating glycans as receptors and mammalian viruses recognize α2,6-Sialic acid. The neuraminidase, or the receptor-destroying protein, cleaves the sialic acid from cellular membrane constituents and viral glycoproteins allowing for egress of nascent virions. A functional balance of activity has been demonstrated between the two glycoproteins, resulting in an optimum level of HA affinity and NA enzymatic cleavage to allow for productive infection. As more is understood about both HA and NA, the relevance for functional balance between HA and NA continues to expand, with potential implications for interspecies transmission, host adaptation, and pathogenicity.
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50
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Abstract
We have shown that glycosylation of influenza A virus (IAV) hemagglutinin (HA), especially at position N-27, is crucial for HA folding and virus survival. However, it is not known whether the glycosylation of HA and the other two major IAV surface glycoproteins, neuraminidase (NA) and M2 ion channel, is essential for the replication of IAV. Here, we show that glycosylation of HA at N-142 modulates virus infectivity and host immune response. Glycosylation of NA in the stalk region affects its structure, activity, and specificity, thereby modulating virus release and virulence, and glycosylation at the catalytic domain affects its thermostability; however, glycosylation of M2 had no effect on its function. In addition, using IAV without the stalk and catalytic domains of NA as a live attenuated vaccine was shown to confer a strong IAV-specific CD8+ T-cell response and a strong cross-strain as well as cross-subtype protection against various virus strains.
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