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Zhang Y, Na D, Zhang W, Liu X, Miao S, Tan WS, Zhao L. Development of stable HEK293T cell pools expressing CSFV E2 protein: A potential antigen expression platform. Vaccine 2023; 41:1573-1583. [PMID: 36725430 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Large quantities of antigens are required since protective antigens, such as classical swine fever virus (CSFV) E2 protein, are widely used in diagnostic reagents and subunit vaccines. Compared to clonal cell lines and transient gene expression, stable cell pools provide a potential alternative platform to rapidly produce large amounts of antigens. In this work, firstly, Human embryonic kidney 293 T (HEK293T) cell pools expressing E2 protein were developed by transduction of lentiviral vectors. On the one hand, the SP7 was selected from 7 well-performing signal peptides to remarkably increase the production of E2 protein. On the other hand, it was found that high MOI could improve the expression of E2 protein by increasing gene copy numbers. Moreover, the HEK293T cell pools were evaluated for stability by passages and batch cultures, demonstrating that the cell pools were stable for at least 90 days. And then, the performance of the cell pools in batch, fed-batch, and semi-perfusion was studied. Among them, the titer of E2 protein was up to 2 g/L in semi-perfusion, which is currently the highest to the authors' knowledge. Finally, the aggregations and immunogenicity of the E2 protein were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and immunization of mice, respectively. There was no significant difference in aggregations and antibody titers of E2 protein in three culture methods. These results suggest that stable HEK293T cell pools are a promising and robust platform for rapid and efficient production of recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Daoyuan Na
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Weijian Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xuping Liu
- Shanghai Bioengine Sci-Tech Co Ltd, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shiwei Miao
- Hangzhou Sumgen Biotech Co Ltd, Zhejiang 310056, China
| | - Wen-Song Tan
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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A Simple and Efficient Genetic Immunization Protocol for the Production of Highly Specific Polyclonal and Monoclonal Antibodies against the Native Form of Mammalian Proteins. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197074. [PMID: 32992862 PMCID: PMC7582275 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have generated polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies by genetic immunization over the last two decades. In this paper, we present our most successful methodology acquired over these years and present the animals in which we obtained the highest rates of success. The technique presented is convenient, easy, affordable, and generates antibodies against mammalian proteins in their native form. This protocol requires neither expensive equipment, such as a gene gun, nor sophisticated techniques such as the conjugation of gold microspheres, electroporation, or surgery to inject in lymph nodes. The protocol presented uses simply the purified plasmid expressing the protein of interest under a strong promoter, which is injected at intramuscular and intradermal sites. This technique was tested in five species. Guinea pigs were the animals of choice for the production of polyclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies could be generated in mice by giving, as a last injection, a suspension of transfected cells. The antibodies detected their antigens in their native forms. They were highly specific with very low non-specific background levels, as assessed by immune-blots, immunocytochemistry, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. We present herein a detailed and simple procedure to successfully raise specific antibodies against native proteins.
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Rezaei T, Khalili S, Baradaran B, Mosafer J, Rezaei S, Mokhtarzadeh A, de la Guardia M. Recent advances on HIV DNA vaccines development: Stepwise improvements to clinical trials. J Control Release 2019; 316:116-137. [PMID: 31669566 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
According to WHO (World Health Organization) reports, more than 770,000 people died from HIV and almost 1.7 million people becoming newly infected in the worldwide in 2018. Therefore, many attempts should be done to produce a forceful vaccine to control the AIDS. DNA-based vaccines have been investigated for HIV vaccination by researches during the recent 20 years. The DNA vaccines are novel approach for induction of both type of immune responses (cellular and humoral) in the host cells and have many advantages including high stability, fast and easy of fabrication and absence of severe side effects when compared with other vaccination methods. Recent studies have been focused on vaccine design, immune responses and on the use of adjuvants as a promising strategy for increased level of responses, delivery approaches by viral and non-viral methods and vector design for different antigens of HIV virus. In this review, we outlined the aforementioned advances on HIV DNA vaccines. Then we described the future trends in clinical trials as a strong strategy even in healthy volunteers and the potential developments in control and prevention of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tayebeh Rezaei
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Khalili
- Department of Biology Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Rajee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Mosafer
- Research Center of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Sarah Rezaei
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Miguel de la Guardia
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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Enhanced expression of lipase I from Galactomyces geotrichum by codon optimisation in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 138:34-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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5
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Yu TW, Chueh HY, Tsai CC, Lin CT, Qiu JT. Novel GM-CSF-based vaccines: One small step in GM-CSF gene optimization, one giant leap for human vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:3020-3028. [PMID: 27560197 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1221551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a potent immunomodulatory cytokine that is known to facilitate vaccine efficacy by promoting the development and prolongation of both humoral and cellular immunity. In the past years we have generated a novel codon-optimized GM-CSF gene as an adjuvant. The codon-optimized GM-CSF gene significantly increased protein expression levels in all cells tested and helped in generating a strong immune responses against HIV-1 Gag and HPV-associated cancer. Here, we review the literature dealing with the adjuvant activity of GM-CSF both in animal models and clinical trials. We anticipate that the codon-optimized GM-CSF gene offers a practical molecular strategy for potentiating immune responses to tumor cell-based vaccinations as well as other immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Wei Yu
- a School of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan , ROC.,b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taoyuan , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Ho-Yen Chueh
- a School of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan , ROC.,b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taoyuan , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Ching-Chou Tsai
- a School of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan , ROC.,c Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine , Kaohsiung , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Cheng-Tao Lin
- a School of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan , ROC.,b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taoyuan , Taiwan , ROC
| | - Jiantai Timothy Qiu
- a School of Medicine , Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan , ROC.,b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Chang Gung Memorial Hospital , Taoyuan , Taiwan , ROC.,d Department of Biomedical Sciences , School of Medicine, Chang Gung University , Taoyuan , Taiwan , ROC
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6
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Enhanced Immune Response to DNA Vaccine Encoding Bacillus anthracis PA-D4 Protects Mice against Anthrax Spore Challenge. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139671. [PMID: 26430894 PMCID: PMC4591996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthrax has long been considered the most probable bioweapon-induced disease. The protective antigen (PA) of Bacillus anthracis plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of anthrax. In the current study, we evaluated the efficiency of a genetic vaccination with the fourth domain (D4) of PA, which is responsible for initial binding of the anthrax toxin to the cellular receptor. The eukaryotic expression vector was designed with the immunoglobulin M (IgM) signal sequence encoding for PA-D4, which contains codon-optimized genes. The expression and secretion of recombinant protein was confirmed in vitro in 293T cells transfected with plasmid and detected by western blotting, confocal microscopy, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results revealed that PA-D4 protein can be efficiently expressed and secreted at high levels into the culture medium. When plasmid DNA was given intramuscularly to mice, a significant PA-D4-specific antibody response was induced. Importantly, high titers of antibodies were maintained for nearly 1 year. Furthermore, incorporation of the SV40 enhancer in the plasmid DNA resulted in approximately a 15-fold increase in serum antibody levels in comparison with the plasmid without enhancer. The antibodies produced were predominantly the immunoglobulin G2 (IgG2) type, indicating the predominance of the Th1 response. In addition, splenocytes collected from immunized mice produced PA-D4-specific interferon gamma (IFN-γ). The biodistribution study showed that plasmid DNA was detected in most organs and it rapidly cleared from the injection site. Finally, DNA vaccination with electroporation induced a significant increase in immunogenicity and successfully protected the mice against anthrax spore challenge. Our approach to enhancing the immune response contributes to the development of DNA vaccines against anthrax and other biothreats.
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Chandramouli S, Ciferri C, Nikitin PA, Caló S, Gerrein R, Balabanis K, Monroe J, Hebner C, Lilja AE, Settembre EC, Carfi A. Structure of HCMV glycoprotein B in the postfusion conformation bound to a neutralizing human antibody. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8176. [PMID: 26365435 PMCID: PMC4579600 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) poses a significant threat to immunocompromised individuals and neonates infected in utero. Glycoprotein B (gB), the herpesvirus fusion protein, is a target for neutralizing antibodies and a vaccine candidate due to its indispensable role in infection. Here we show the crystal structure of the HCMV gB ectodomain bound to the Fab fragment of 1G2, a neutralizing human monoclonal antibody isolated from a seropositive subject. The gB/1G2 interaction is dominated by aromatic residues in the 1G2 heavy chain CDR3 protruding into a hydrophobic cleft in the gB antigenic domain 5 (AD-5). Structural analysis and comparison with HSV gB suggest the location of additional neutralizing antibody binding sites on HCMV gB. Finally, immunoprecipitation experiments reveal that 1G2 can bind to HCMV virion gB suggesting that its epitope is exposed and accessible on the virus surface. Our data will support the development of vaccines and therapeutic antibodies against HCMV infection. Cytomegalovirus is a danger to individuals with compromised immune systems and neonates infected in utero. Here the authors show the structure of a neutralizing antibody-bound viral fusion protein glycoprotein B, supporting the development of therapeutic antibodies and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudio Ciferri
- GSK Vaccines, 45 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Pavel A Nikitin
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, USA
| | - Stefano Caló
- GSK Vaccines, Via Fiorentina 1, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Rachel Gerrein
- GSK Vaccines, 45 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Kara Balabanis
- GSK Vaccines, 45 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - James Monroe
- GSK Vaccines, 45 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Christy Hebner
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Emeryville, California 94608, USA
| | - Anders E Lilja
- GSK Vaccines, 45 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ethan C Settembre
- Novartis Influenza Vaccines, 45 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Andrea Carfi
- GSK Vaccines, 45 Sidney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Ramirez LA, Arango T, Boyer J. Therapeutic and prophylactic DNA vaccines for HIV-1. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 13:563-73. [PMID: 23477730 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2013.758709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION DNA vaccines have moved into clinical trials in several fields and their success will be important for licensure of this vaccine modality. An effective vaccine for HIV-1 remains elusive and the development of one is troubled by safety and efficacy issues. Additionally, the ability for an HIV-1 vaccine to induce both the cellular and humoral arms of the immune system is needed. DNA vaccines not only offer a safe approach for the development of an HIV-1 vaccine but they have also been shown to elicit both arms of the immune system. AREAS COVERED This review explores how DNA vaccine design including the regimen, genetic adjuvants used, targeting, and mode of delivery continues to undergo improvements, thereby providing a potential option for an immunogenic vaccine for HIV-1. EXPERT OPINION Continued improvements in delivery technology, in particular electroporation, and the use of prime-boost vaccine strategies will aid in boosting the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines. Basic immunology research will also help discover new potential adjuvant targets that can be combined with DNA vaccination, such as inhibitors of inhibitory receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Antonio Ramirez
- University of Pennsylvania, Pathology, Stellar Chance Labs, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Hirozane Y, Motoyaji T, Maru T, Okada K, Tarui N. Generating thermostabilized agonist-bound GPR40/FFAR1 using virus-like particles and a label-free binding assay. Mol Membr Biol 2015; 31:168-75. [PMID: 25068810 DOI: 10.3109/09687688.2014.923588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the detailed mechanism of activation of membrane protein receptors and their ligand binding is essential for structure-based drug design. Membrane protein crystal structure analysis successfully aids in understanding these fundamental molecular interactions. However, protein crystal structure analysis of the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) remains challenging, even for the class of GPCRs which have been included in the majority of structure analysis reports among membrane proteins, due to the substantial instability of these receptors when extracted from lipid bilayer membranes. It is known that increased thermostability tends to decrease conformational flexibility, which contributes to the generation of diffraction quality crystals. However, this is still not straightforward, and significant effort is required to identify thermostabilized mutants that are optimal for crystallography. To address this issue, a versatile screening platform based on a label-free ligand binding assay combined with transient overexpression in virus-like particles was developed. This platform was used to generate thermostabilized GPR40 [also known as free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1)] for fasiglifam (TAK-875). This demonstrated that the thermostabilized mutant GPR40 (L42A/F88A/G103A/Y202F) was successfully used for crystal structure analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Hirozane
- Biomolecular Research Laboratories, Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Ltd , Fujisawa, Kanagawa , Japan
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10
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Hua RH, Li YN, Chen ZS, Liu LK, Huo H, Wang XL, Guo LP, Shen N, Wang JF, Bu ZG. Generation and characterization of a new mammalian cell line continuously expressing virus-like particles of Japanese encephalitis virus for a subunit vaccine candidate. BMC Biotechnol 2014; 14:62. [PMID: 25011456 PMCID: PMC4094896 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-14-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is the most important cause of epidemic encephalitis in most Asian regions. There is no specific treatment available for Japanese encephalitis, and vaccination is the only effective way to prevent JEV infection in humans and domestic animals. The purpose of this study is to establish a new mammalian cell line stably and efficiently expressing virus-like particle of JEV for potential use of JEV subunit vaccine. Results We generated a new cell clone (BJ-ME cells) that stably produces a secreted form of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) virus-like particle (VLP). The BJ-ME cells were engineered by transfecting BHK-21 cells with a code-optimized cDNA encoding JEV prM and E protein expression plasmid. Cell line BJ-ME can stably produces a secreted form of Japanese encephalitis virus virus-like particle (JEV-VLP) which contains the JEV envelope glycoprotein (E) and membrane protein (M). The amount of JEV-VLP antigen released into the culture fluid of BJ-ME cells was as high as 15–20 μg/ml. JEV-VLP production was stable after multiple cell passages and 100% cell expression was maintained without detectable cell fusion or apoptosis. Cell culture fluid containing the JEV-VLP antigen could be harvested five to seven times continuously at intervals of 4–6 days while maintaining the culture. Mice immunized with the JEV-VLP antigen with or without adjuvant developed high titers of neutralizing antibodies and 100% protection against lethal JEV challenge. Conclusion These results suggest that the recombinant JEV-VLP antigen produced by the BJ-ME cell line is an effective, safe and affordable subunit Japanese encephalitis vaccine candidate, especially for domestic animals such as pig and horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Hong Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, PR China.
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11
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Stergachis AB, Haugen E, Shafer A, Fu W, Vernot B, Reynolds A, Raubitschek A, Ziegler S, LeProust EM, Akey JM, Stamatoyannopoulos JA. Exonic transcription factor binding directs codon choice and affects protein evolution. Science 2013; 342:1367-72. [PMID: 24337295 DOI: 10.1126/science.1243490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Genomes contain both a genetic code specifying amino acids and a regulatory code specifying transcription factor (TF) recognition sequences. We used genomic deoxyribonuclease I footprinting to map nucleotide resolution TF occupancy across the human exome in 81 diverse cell types. We found that ~15% of human codons are dual-use codons ("duons") that simultaneously specify both amino acids and TF recognition sites. Duons are highly conserved and have shaped protein evolution, and TF-imposed constraint appears to be a major driver of codon usage bias. Conversely, the regulatory code has been selectively depleted of TFs that recognize stop codons. More than 17% of single-nucleotide variants within duons directly alter TF binding. Pervasive dual encoding of amino acid and regulatory information appears to be a fundamental feature of genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B Stergachis
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Lawrence TM, Wanjalla CN, Gomme EA, Wirblich C, Gatt A, Carnero E, García-Sastre A, Lyles DS, McGettigan JP, Schnell MJ. Comparison of Heterologous Prime-Boost Strategies against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Gag Using Negative Stranded RNA Viruses. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67123. [PMID: 23840600 PMCID: PMC3694142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study analyzed a heterologous prime-boost vaccine approach against HIV-1 using three different antigenically unrelated negative-stranded viruses (NSV) expressing HIV-1 Gag as vaccine vectors: rabies virus (RABV), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV). We hypothesized that this approach would result in more robust cellular immune responses than those achieved with the use of any of the vaccines alone in a homologous prime-boost regimen. To this end, we primed BALB/c mice with each of the NSV-based vectors. Primed mice were rested for thirty-five days after which we administered a second immunization with the same or heterologous NSV-Gag viruses. The magnitude and quality of the Gag-specific CD8+ T cells in response to these vectors post boost were measured. In addition, we performed challenge experiments using vaccinia virus expressing HIV-1 Gag (VV-Gag) thirty-three days after the boost inoculation. Our results showed that the choice of the vaccine used for priming was important for the detected Gag-specific CD8+ T cell recall responses post boost and that NDV-Gag appeared to result in a more robust recall of CD8+ T cell responses independent of the prime vaccine used. However, the different prime-boost strategies were not distinct for the parameters studied in the challenge experiments using VV-Gag but did indicate some benefits compared to single immunizations. Taken together, our data show that NSV vectors can individually stimulate HIV-Gag specific CD8+ T cells that are effectively recalled by other NSV vectors in a heterologous prime-boost approach. These results provide evidence that RABV, VSV and NDV can be used in combination to develop vaccines needing prime-boost regimens to stimulate effective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa M. Lawrence
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Celestine N. Wanjalla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Emily A. Gomme
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Christoph Wirblich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anthony Gatt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elena Carnero
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Douglas S. Lyles
- Department of Biochemistry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - James P. McGettigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthias J. Schnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Jefferson Vaccine Center, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhu R, Huang W, Wang W, Liu Q, Nie J, Meng S, Yu Y, Wang Y. Comparison on virulence and immunogenicity of two recombinant vaccinia vaccines, Tian Tan and Guang9 strains, expressing the HIV-1 envelope gene. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48343. [PMID: 23139778 PMCID: PMC3491055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vaccinia virus Guang9 strain (VG9), derived from the vaccinia virus Tian Tan strain (VTT) has been found to be less virulent than VTT. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To investigate whether VG9 could be a potential replicating virus vector, the TK genes in VG9 and VTT were replaced with the HIV-1 envelope gene via homologous recombination, resulting in the recombinant viruses, VG9-E and VTT-E. The biology, virulence, humoral and cellular immunological responses of VG9-E and VTT-E were evaluated. Our results indicated no obvious difference in range of host cells and diffusion between two recombinant viruses. Neurovirulence for VG9-E in weanling and suckling mice, and skin virulence in rabbits, were lower than that of VTT-E. The humoral immune responses, including binding antibody and neutralizing antibody responses, induced by VG9-E were not significantly different from those for VTT-E whilst IFN-γ response which represented cellular immune response induced by VG9-E was significantly higher than that did by VTT-E. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our results indicated that VG9-E was less virulent, yet induced higher cellular immune response than VTT-E. Therefore, it could be an ideal replicating vaccinia vector for HIV vaccine research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhu
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products, Wuhan, China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhui Nie
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Shufang Meng
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxin Yu
- The First Department of Viral Vaccine, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Health for Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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14
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Tipping the Proteome with Gene-Based Vaccines: Weighing in on the Role of Nanomaterials. JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1155/2012/843170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first generation of DNA vaccines was introduced in 1988, remarkable improvements have been made to improve their efficacy and immunogenicity. Although human clinical trials have shown that delivery of DNA vaccines is well tolerated and safe, the potency of these vaccines in humans is somewhat less than optimal. The development of a gene-based vaccine that was effective enough to be approved for clinical use in humans would be one of, if not the most important, advance in vaccines to date. This paper highlights the literature relating to gene-based vaccines, specifically DNA vaccines, and suggests possible approaches to boost their performance. In addition, we explore the idea that combining RNA and nanomaterials may hold the key to successful gene-based vaccines for prevention and treatment of disease.
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Zhao KN, Chen J. Codon usage roles in human papillomavirus. Rev Med Virol 2011; 21:397-411. [PMID: 22025363 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) genomes, similar to other virus genomes, frequently have a G + C content significantly different from their host species. The HPV genomes show a strong codon usage bias to 18 codons, with 14 showing T at the third position amongst degenerately encoded amino acids. The codon usage pattern in HPV genome plays an important role, which regulates low or non-translational expression of the viral capsid genes and results in very weak protein expression of oncogenes in a wide range of mammalian cells. Codon modification has been proved to be a powerful technology to overcome the translational blockage and weak expression of both HPV capsid genes and oncogenes in different expression systems. Furthermore, keratinocytes are the host cells of HPV infection; the codon usage in HPV capsid genes matches available aminoacyl-tRNAs in differentiated keratinocytes to modulate their protein expression. HPV DNA vaccines with codon optimization have been shown to have higher immunogenicity and induce both strong cellular and humoral responses in animal models, which may be a promising form of therapeutic HPV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kong-Nan Zhao
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Improved expression of secretory and trimeric proteins in mammalian cells via the introduction of a new trimer motif and a mutant of the tPA signal sequence. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 91:731-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Jha NK, Latinovic O, Martin E, Novitskiy G, Marin M, Miyauchi K, Naughton J, Young JAT, Melikyan GB. Imaging single retrovirus entry through alternative receptor isoforms and intermediates of virus-endosome fusion. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1001260. [PMID: 21283788 PMCID: PMC3024281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A large group of viruses rely on low pH to activate their fusion proteins that merge the viral envelope with an endosomal membrane, releasing the viral nucleocapsid. A critical barrier to understanding these events has been the lack of approaches to study virus-cell membrane fusion within acidic endosomes, the natural sites of virus nucleocapsid capsid entry into the cytosol. Here we have investigated these events using the highly tractable subgroup A avian sarcoma and leukosis virus envelope glycoprotein (EnvA)-TVA receptor system. Through labeling EnvA pseudotyped viruses with a pH-sensitive fluorescent marker, we imaged their entry into mildly acidic compartments. We found that cells expressing the transmembrane receptor (TVA950) internalized the virus much faster than those expressing the GPI-anchored receptor isoform (TVA800). Surprisingly, TVA800 did not accelerate virus uptake compared to cells lacking the receptor. Subsequent steps of virus entry were visualized by incorporating a small viral content marker that was released into the cytosol as a result of fusion. EnvA-dependent fusion with TVA800-expressing cells occurred shortly after endocytosis and delivery into acidic endosomes, whereas fusion of viruses internalized through TVA950 was delayed. In the latter case, a relatively stable hemifusion-like intermediate preceded the fusion pore opening. The apparent size and stability of nascent fusion pores depended on the TVA isoforms and their expression levels, with TVA950 supporting more robust pores and a higher efficiency of infection compared to TVA800. These results demonstrate that surface receptor density and the intracellular trafficking pathway used are important determinants of efficient EnvA-mediated membrane fusion, and suggest that early fusion intermediates play a critical role in establishing low pH-dependent virus entry from within acidic endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen K. Jha
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Olga Latinovic
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Erik Martin
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gennadiy Novitskiy
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mariana Marin
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kosuke Miyauchi
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John Naughton
- Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - John A. T. Young
- Nomis Center for Immunobiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gregory B. Melikyan
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nájera JL, Gómez CE, García-Arriaza J, Sorzano CO, Esteban M. Insertion of vaccinia virus C7L host range gene into NYVAC-B genome potentiates immune responses against HIV-1 antigens. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11406. [PMID: 20613977 PMCID: PMC2894869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The highly attenuated vaccinia virus strain NYVAC expressing HIV-1 components has been evaluated as a vaccine candidate in preclinical and clinical trials with encouraging results. We have previously described that the presence of C7L in the NYVAC genome prevents the induction of apoptosis and renders the vector capable of replication in human and murine cell lines while maintaining an attenuated phenotype in mice. Methodology/Principal Findings In an effort to improve the immunogenicity of NYVAC, we have developed a novel poxvirus vector by inserting the VACV host-range C7L gene into the genome of NYVAC-B, a recombinant virus that expresses four HIV-1 antigens from clade B (Env, Gag, Pol and Nef) (referred as NYVAC-B-C7L). In the present study, we have compared the in vitro and in vivo behavior of NYVAC-B and NYVAC-B-C7L. In cultured cells, NYVAC-B-C7L expresses higher levels of heterologous antigen than NYVAC-B as determined by Western blot and fluorescent-activated cell sorting to score Gag expressing cells. In a DNA prime/poxvirus boost approach with BALB/c mice, both recombinants elicited robust, broad and multifunctional antigen-specific T-cell responses to the HIV-1 immunogens expressed from the vectors. However, the use of NYVAC-B-C7L as booster significantly enhanced the magnitude of the T cell responses, and induced a more balanced cellular immune response to the HIV-1 antigens in comparison to that elicited in animals boosted with NYVAC-B. Conclusions/Significance These findings demonstrate the possibility to enhance the immunogenicity of the highly attenuated NYVAC vector by the insertion of the host-range gene C7L and suggest the use of this modified vector as an improved vaccine candidate against HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Nájera
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Ciudad Universitaria Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Elena Gómez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Ciudad Universitaria Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan García-Arriaza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Ciudad Universitaria Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Oscar Sorzano
- Biocomputing Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Ciudad Universitaria Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariano Esteban
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Ciudad Universitaria Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Cao Y, Sun P, Fu Y, Bai X, Tian F, Liu X, Lu Z, Liu Z. Formation of virus-like particles from O-type foot-and-mouth disease virus in insect cells using codon-optimized synthetic genes. Biotechnol Lett 2010; 32:1223-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-010-0295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Blish CA, Sather DN, Sellhorn G, Stamatatos L, Sun Y, Srivastava I, Barnett SW, Cleveland B, Overbaugh J, Hu SL. Comparative immunogenicity of subtype a Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 envelope exhibiting differential exposure of conserved neutralization epitopes. J Virol 2010; 84:2573-84. [PMID: 20015987 PMCID: PMC2820908 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01687-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) remains a major goal of HIV-1 vaccine development, but most candidate envelope immunogens have had limited ability to cross-neutralize heterologous strains. To evaluate the immunogenicity of subtype A variants of HIV-1, rabbits were immunized with pairs of closely related subtype A envelopes from the same individual. In each immunogen pair, one variant was readily neutralized by a variety of monoclonal antibodies and plasma antibodies, while the other was neutralization resistant, suggesting differences in the exposures of key epitopes. The breadth of the antibody response was evaluated against subtype A, B, C, and D variants of HIV-1. The specificity of the immunogen-derived neutralizing antibody response was also compared to that of the infected individuals from whom these variants were cloned. None of the immunogens produced broad neutralizing antibodies in immunized animals, and most of the neutralizing antibodies were directed to the variable loops, particularly the V3 loop. No detectable antibodies to either of the potentially exposed conserved epitopes, the membrane proximal external region, or the CD4 binding site were found with immunized rabbits. In contrast, relatively little of the neutralizing activity within the plasma samples of the infected individuals was directed to linear epitopes within the variable loops. These data indicate that immunogens designed to expose conserved regions did not enhance generation of broadly neutralizing antibodies in comparison with the immunogens that failed to expose those regions using this immunization approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Blish
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024, USA.
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Wild J, Bieler K, Köstler J, Frachette MJ, Jeffs S, Vieira S, Esteban M, Liljeström P, Pantaleo G, Wolf H, Wagner R. Preclinical evaluation of the immunogenicity of C-type HIV-1-based DNA and NYVAC vaccines in the Balb/C mouse model. Viral Immunol 2009; 22:309-19. [PMID: 19811088 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2009.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of a European initiative (EuroVacc), we report the design, construction, and immunogenicity of two HIV-1 vaccine candidates based on a clade C virus strain (CN54) representing the current major epidemic in Asia and parts of Africa. Open reading frames encoding an artificial 160-kDa GagPolNef (GPN) polyprotein and the external glycoprotein gp120 were fully RNA and codon optimized. A DNA vaccine (DNA-GPN and DNA-gp120, referred to as DNA-C), and a replication-deficient vaccinia virus encoding both reading frames (NYVAC-C), were assessed regarding immunogenicity in Balb/C mice. The intramuscular administration of both plasmid DNA constructs, followed by two booster DNA immunizations, induced substantial T-cell responses against both antigens as well as Env-specific antibodies. Whereas low doses of NYVAC-C failed to induce specific CTL or antibodies, high doses generated cellular as well as humoral immune responses, but these did not reach the levels seen following DNA vaccination. The most potent immune responses were detectable using prime:boost protocols, regardless of whether DNA-C or NYVAC-C was used as the priming or boosting agent. These preclinical findings revealed the immunogenic response triggered by DNA-C and its enhancement by combining it with NYVAC-C, thus complementing the macaque preclinical and human phase I clinical studies of EuroVacc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Wild
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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22
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Promkhatkaew D, Pinyosukhee N, Thongdeejaroen W, Teeka J, Wutthinantiwong P, Leangaramgul P, Sawanpanyalert P, Warachit P. Prime-Boost Immunization of Codon Optimized HIV-1 CRF01_AE Gag in BCG with Recombinant Vaccinia Virus Elicits MHC Class I and II Immune Responses in Mice. Immunol Invest 2009; 38:762-79. [PMID: 19860587 PMCID: PMC9491105 DOI: 10.3109/08820130903070544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 CRF01_AE gag gene was modified by codon restriction for Mycobacterium spp. and transformed into BCG; and it was designated as rBCG/codon optimized gagE. This produced 11 fold higher HIV-1 gag protein expression than the recombinant native gene rBCG/HIV-1gagE. In mice, CTL activity could be induced either by a single immunization of the codon optimized construct or by using it as a priming antigen in the prime-boost modality with recombinant Vaccinia virus expressing native HIV-1 gag. Specific secreted cytokine responses were also investigated. Only when rBCG gag was codon optimized did the prime-boost immunization produce significantly enhanced IFN-γ and IL-2 secretion indicating recognition via CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and these responses seemed to be codon optimized immunogen dose-responsive. On contrary, the prime-boost vaccination using an equal amount of native rBCG/HIV-1gagE instead, or a single rBCG/codon optimized gagE immunization, had no similar effect on the cytokine secretion. These findings suggest that the use of recombinant codon BCG construct with recombinant Vaccinia virus encoding CRF01_AE gag as the prime-boost HIV vaccine candidate, will induce CD4+ Th1 and CD8+ T cell cytokine secretions in addition to enhancing CD8+ CTL response.
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Vaine M, Lu S, Wang S. Progress on the induction of neutralizing antibodies against HIV type 1 (HIV-1). BioDrugs 2009; 23:137-53. [PMID: 19627166 DOI: 10.2165/00063030-200923030-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Infection with HIV type 1 (HIV-1), the causative agent of AIDS, is one of the most catastrophic pandemics to affect human healthcare in the latter 20th century. The best hope of controlling this pandemic is the development of a successful prophylactic vaccine. However, to date, this goal has proven to be exceptionally elusive. The recent failure of an experimental vaccine in a phase IIb study, named the STEP trial, intended solely to elicit cell-mediated immune responses against HIV-1, has highlighted the need for a balanced immune response consisting of not only cellular immunity but also a broad and potent humoral antibody response that can prevent infection with HIV-1. This article reviews the efforts made up to this point to elicit such antibody responses, especially with regard to the use of a DNA prime-protein boost regimen, which has been proven to be a highly effective platform for the induction of neutralizing antibodies in both animal and early-phase human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vaine
- Laboratory of Nucleic Acid Vaccines, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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24
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Lentiviral vector-based prime/boost vaccination against AIDS: pilot study shows protection against Simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac251 challenge in macaques. J Virol 2009; 83:10963-74. [PMID: 19706700 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01284-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIDS vaccination has a pressing need for more potent vaccination vectors capable of eliciting strong, diversified, and long-lasting cellular immune responses against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Lentiviral vectors have demonstrated efficiency not only as gene delivery vehicles for gene therapy applications but also as vaccination tools. This is likely due to their ability to transduce nondividing cells, including dendritic cells, enabling sustained endogenous antigen presentation and thus the induction of high proportions of specific cytotoxic T cells and long-lasting memory T cells. We show in a first proof-of-concept pilot study that a prime/boost vaccination strategy using lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with a glycoprotein G from two non-cross-reactive vesicular stomatitis virus serotypes elicited robust and broad cellular immune responses against the vector-encoded antigen, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) GAG, in cynomolgus macaques. Vaccination conferred strong protection against a massive intrarectal challenge with SIVmac251, as evidenced both by the reduction of viremia at the peak of acute infection (a mean of over 2 log(10) fold reduction) and by the full preservation of the CD28(+) CD95(+) memory CD4(+) T cells during the acute phase, a strong correlate of protection against pathogenesis. Although vaccinees continued to display lower viremia than control macaques during the early chronic phase, these differences were not statistically significant by day 50 postchallenge. A not-optimized SIV GAG antigen was chosen to show the strong potential of the lentiviral vector system for vaccination. Given that a stronger protection can be anticipated from a modern HIV-1 antigen design, gene transfer vectors derived from HIV-1 appear as promising candidates for vaccination against HIV-1 infection.
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25
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Dobaño C, Sedegah M, Rogers WO, Kumar S, Zheng H, Hoffman SL, Doolan DL. Plasmodium: Mammalian codon optimization of malaria plasmid DNA vaccines enhances antibody responses but not T cell responses nor protective immunity. Exp Parasitol 2009; 122:112-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Revised: 12/27/2008] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Japanese encephalitis virus-based replicon RNAs/particles as an expression system for HIV-1 Pr55 Gag that is capable of producing virus-like particles. Virus Res 2009; 144:298-305. [PMID: 19406175 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2008] [Revised: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ectopic expression of the structural protein Pr55(Gag) of HIV-1 has been limited by the presence of inhibitory sequences in the gag coding region that must normally be counteracted by HIV-1 Rev and RRE. Here, we describe a cytoplasmic RNA replicon based on the RNA genome of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) that is capable of expressing HIV-1 gag without requiring Rev/RRE. This replicon system was constructed by deleting all three JEV structural protein-coding regions (C, prM, and E) from the 5'-proximal region of the genome and simultaneously inserting an HIV-1 gag expression cassette driven by the internal ribosome entry site of encephalomyocarditis virus into the 3'-proximal noncoding region of the genome. Transfection of this JEV replicon RNA led to expression of Pr55(Gag) in the absence of Rev/RRE in the cytoplasm of hamster BHK-21, human HeLa, and mouse NIH/3T3 cells. Production of the Pr55(Gag) derived from this JEV replicon RNA appeared to be increased by approximately 3-fold when compared to that based on an alphavirus replicon RNA. Biochemical and morphological analyses demonstrated that the Pr55(Gag) proteins were released into the culture medium in the form of virus-like particles. We also observed that the JEV replicon RNAs expressing the Pr55(Gag) could be encapsidated into single-round infectious JEV replicon particles when transfected into a stable packaging cell line that provided the three JEV structural proteins in trans. This ectopic expression of the HIV-1 Pr55(Gag) by JEV-based replicon RNAs/particles in diverse cell types may represent a useful molecular platform for various biological applications in medicine and industry.
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Abstract
This unit details some of the key methods for setting up and testing DNA vaccines in animal models. The basic procedures are discussed, as well as alternative methods that have been developed over the past several years. The Basic Protocol gives step-by-step instructions for administering the DNA vaccine via intramuscular injection of the quadriceps muscle, while an alternate procedure details injection of the anterior tibialis.
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Feng X, Yu SQ, Shu T, Matano T, Hasegawa M, Wang XL, Ma HT, Li HX, Zeng Y. Immunogenicity of DNA and recombinant Sendai virus vaccines expressing the HIV-1 gag gene. Virol Sin 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s12250-008-2946-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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29
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Ververken C, Geysen D, Loots K, Janssens ME, Guisez Y, Goddeeris BM. Orientation of bovine CTL responses towards PIM, an antibody-inducing surface molecule of Theileria parva, by DNA subunit immunization. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 124:253-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Revised: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Schoenly KA, Weiner DB. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccine development: recent advances in the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte platform "spotty business". J Virol 2008; 82:3166-80. [PMID: 17989174 PMCID: PMC2268479 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01634-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Schoenly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Design, Construction, and Characterization of a Dual-Promoter Multigenic DNA Vaccine Directed Against an HIV-1 Subtype C/B′ Recombinant. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008; 47:403-11. [DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3181651b9d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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32
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Comparative evaluation of trimeric envelope glycoproteins derived from subtype C and B HIV-1 R5 isolates. Virology 2007; 372:273-90. [PMID: 18061231 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Revised: 07/19/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that an envelope (Env) glycoprotein immunogen (o-gp140DeltaV2SF162) containing a partial deletion in the second variable loop (V2) derived from the R5-tropic HIV-1 isolate SF162 partially protected vaccinated rhesus macaques against pathogenic SHIV(SF162P4) virus. Extending our studies to subtype C isolate TV1, we have purified o-gp140DeltaV2TV1 (subtype C DeltaV2 trimer) to homogeneity, performed glycosylation analysis, and determined its ability to bind CD4, as well as a panel of well-characterized neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAb). In general, critical epitopes are preserved on the subtype C DeltaV2 trimer; however, we did not observe significant binding for the b12 mAb. The molecular mass of subtype C DeltaV2 trimer was found to be 450 kDa, and the hydrodynamic radius was found to be 10.87 nm. Our data suggest that subtype C DeltaV2 trimer binds to CD4 with an affinity comparable to o-gp140DeltaV2SF162 (subtype B DeltaV2 trimer). Using isothermal titration calorimetric (ITC) analysis, we demonstrated that all three CD4 binding sites (CD4-BS) in both subtype C and B trimers are exposed and accessible. However, compared to subtype B trimer, the three CD4-BS in subtype C trimer have different affinities for CD4, suggesting a cooperativity of CD4 binding in subtype C trimer but not in subtype B trimer. Negative staining electron microscopy of the subtype C DeltaV2 trimer has demonstrated that it is in fact a trimer. These results highlight the importance of studying subtype C Env, and also of developing appropriate subtype C-specific reagents that may be used for better immunological characterization of subtype C Env for developing an AIDS vaccine.
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Correlation of immunogenicities and in vitro expression levels of recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara HIV vaccines. Vaccine 2007; 26:486-93. [PMID: 18155813 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2007] [Revised: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to correlate the in vitro level of HIV Env expression by recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA) with immunogenicity in mice. A 5-fold difference in Env synthesis was achieved at the translational level by the presence or absence of an out-of-frame initiation codon upstream of the env gene. This perturbation had no effect on the size or processing of Env. In contrast to the variation in Env synthesis, the rMVAs produced similar amounts of HIV Gag, which were expressed from identical cassettes. Mice immunized with the higher Env expressing rMVAs had about 15-fold higher titers of Env antibodies and several fold higher frequencies of Env-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells than mice immunized with the low expresser. The greater immune response achieved by high expression was maintained over a 100-fold dose range. Importantly, enhanced Env immune responses did not come at the expense of lower Gag T cell responses. These data suggest that for high immunogenicity, rMVAs should be engineered to produce the most recombinant protein that can be achieved without compromising the growth and stability of the rMVA.
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Henriques AM, Fevereiro M, Prazeres DMF, Monteiro GA. Development of a candidate DNA vaccine against Maedi-Visna virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 119:222-32. [PMID: 17624445 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Revised: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccine candidates against Maedi-Visna virus (MVV) infection in ovines were developed as an alternative to conventional vaccines. Candidates were constructed by cloning genes encoding the MVV gag polyprotein and gag proteins p16 and p25 fused to a beta-galactosidase reporter in a plasmid backbone. Transfection of different ovine cells showed a higher protein expression with plasmid lacZp16, which was hence further optimised by (i) removing a putative inhibitory sequence via reduction of the AU-content in the p16 gene or by (ii) introducing a secretory signal (Sc) to promote antigen secretion and increase its presentation to APCs. Unexpectedly, plasmids constructed on the basis of the first strategy by mutagenesis of lacZp16 (lacZp16mut(24)), led to a reduction in the expression of the antigen/reporter fusion in cultured ovine cells. This indicates that the high AU content in MVV does not inhibit protein expression. However, mice primed with lacZp16mut(24) and boosted with MVV protein displayed higher humoral response when compared with control lacZp16. The addition of the Sc signal (Sc-p16) led to lower amounts of intracellular antigen/reporter fusion in transfected ovine cells, thus confirming secretion. These findings correlate with in vivo experiments, which showed that mice primed with Sc-p16 and boosted with MVV exhibited stronger antibody responses when compared with control mice primed with lacZp16 and boosted with MVV. Stronger humoral responses were recorded by immunising mice with (i) Sc-p16 and lacZp16mut(24) plasmids together or with (ii) one plasmid containing both the mutations and the Sc signal.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Female
- Genes, Viral
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Pneumonia, Progressive Interstitial, of Sheep/immunology
- Pneumonia, Progressive Interstitial, of Sheep/prevention & control
- Sheep/immunology
- Sheep/virology
- Time Factors
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
- Visna-maedi virus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Henriques
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Lisboa, Portugal
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35
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Kumar SR, Parameswaran V, Ahmed VPI, Musthaq SS, Hameed ASS. Protective efficiency of DNA vaccination in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) against Vibrio anguillarum. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 23:316-26. [PMID: 17337208 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2006.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2006] [Revised: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Vibriosis is one of the most prevalent fish diseases caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Vibrio. Vibriosis caused by Vibrio anguillarum produces a 38-kDa major outer membrane porin protein (OMP) for biofilm formation and bile resistant activity. The gene encoding the porin was used to construct DNA vaccine. The protective efficiency of such vaccine against V. anguillarum causing acute vibrio haemorrhagic septicaemia was evaluated in Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer Bloch), a common species of the Indian coast and a potential resource for the aquaculture industry. In vitro protein expression of porin gene was determined by fluorescent microscopy after transfection of seabass kidney cell line (SISK). Fish immunized with a single intramuscular injection of 20 microg of the OMP38 DNA vaccine showed significant serum antibody levels in 5th and 7th weeks after vaccination, compared to fish vaccinated with the control eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1. Asian seabass vaccinated with the OMP38 DNA vaccine was challenged with pathogenic V. anguillarum by intramuscular injection. A relative percent survival (RPS) rate of 55.6% was recorded. Bacterial agglutination and serum complement activity was analysed by using DNA vaccinated seabass serum above 80% of analysed strain was killed at the highest agglutination titre. Histopathological signs of V. anguillarum challenged fish were observed in around 45% of pVAOMP38, 90% of PBS and 87% of pcDNA3.1-vaccinated control fish. The results indicate that L. calcarifer vaccinated with a single dose of DNA plasmid encoding the major outer membrane protein shows moderate protection against acute haemorrhagic septicaemia and mortality by V. anguillarum experimental infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajesh Kumar
- Aquaculture Biotechnology Division, Department of Zoology, C. Abdul Hakeem College, Melvisharam 632 509, Vellore Dt., Tamil Nadu, India
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36
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Gu W, Ding J, Wang X, de Kluyver RL, Saunders NA, Frazer IH, Zhao KN. Generalized substitution of isoencoding codons shortens the duration of papillomavirus L1 protein expression in transiently gene-transfected keratinocytes due to cell differentiation. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:4820-32. [PMID: 17621583 PMCID: PMC1950544 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently we reported that gene codon composition determines differentiation-dependent expression of the PV L1 genes in mouse primary keratinocytes (KCs) in vitro and in vivo (Zhao et al. 2005, Mol. Cell Biol. 25:8643–8655). Here, we investigated whether generalized substitution of isoencoding codons affects the duration of expression of PV L1 genes in mouse and human KCs in day 1 culture transiently transfected with native (Nat) and codon modified (Mod) L1 genes. Following transient transfection, KC continuously transcribed both Nat and Mod PV L1 genes for at least 12 days, with the levels of L1 mRNAs from the Mod L1 genes significantly higher than those from the Nat L1 genes. However, continuous L1 protein expression at day 9 post-transfection was observed for both mouse and human KCs transfected with the Nat L1 genes only. Further, aa-tRNAs prepared from D8 KC cultures enhanced translation of two PV Nat L1 DNAs in RRL lysate and PV Nat L1 mRNAs in D0 cell-free lysate, whereas aa-tRNAs from D0 KCs enhanced translation of PV Mod L1 mRNAs in D8 cell-free lysate. It appears that aa-tRNAs in less-differentiated and differentiated KCs differentially match the PV Nat and Mod L1 mRNAs to regulate their translations in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kong-Nan Zhao
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed.+61 07 3240 5282+61 07 3240 5946
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37
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Rolland M, Jensen MA, Nickle DC, Yan J, Learn GH, Heath L, Weiner D, Mullins JI. Reconstruction and function of ancestral center-of-tree human immunodeficiency virus type 1 proteins. J Virol 2007; 81:8507-14. [PMID: 17537854 PMCID: PMC1951385 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02683-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The extensive diversity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and its capacity to mutate and escape host immune responses are major challenges for AIDS vaccine development. Ancestral sequences, which minimize the genetic distance to circulating strains, provide an opportunity to design immunogens with the potential to elicit broad recognition of HIV epitopes. We developed a phylogenetics-informed algorithm to reconstruct ancestral HIV sequences, called Center of Tree (COT). COT sequences have potentially significant benefits over isolate-based strategies, as they minimize the evolutionary distances to circulating strains. COT sequences are designed to surmount the potential pitfalls stemming from sampling bias with the consensus method and outlier bias with the most-recent-common-ancestor approach. We computationally derived COT sequences from circulating HIV-1 subtype B sequences for the genes encoding the major viral structural protein (Gag) and two regulatory proteins, Tat and Nef. COT genes were synthesized de novo and expressed in mammalian cells, and the proteins were characterized. COT Gag was shown to generate virus-like particles, while COT Tat transactivated gene expression from the HIV-1 long terminal repeat and COT Nef mediated downregulation of cell surface major histocompatibility complex class I. Thus, retrodicted ancestral COT proteins can retain the biological functions of extant HIV-1 proteins. Additionally, COT proteins were immunogenic, as they elicited antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in mice. These data support the utility of the COT approach to create novel and biologically active ancestral proteins as a starting point for studies of the structure, function, and biological fitness of highly variable genes, as well as for the rational design of globally relevant vaccine candidates.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Algorithms
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/classification
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Directed Molecular Evolution/methods
- Epitopes/genetics
- Epitopes/immunology
- Female
- Gene Products, gag/classification
- Gene Products, gag/genetics
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- Gene Products, nef/classification
- Gene Products, nef/genetics
- Gene Products, nef/immunology
- Gene Products, tat/classification
- Gene Products, tat/genetics
- Gene Products, tat/immunology
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Rolland
- Department of Microbiology SC-42, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-8070, USA
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38
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Kamrud KI, Custer M, Dudek JM, Owens G, Alterson KD, Lee JS, Groebner JL, Smith JF. Alphavirus replicon approach to promoterless analysis of IRES elements. Virology 2007; 360:376-87. [PMID: 17156813 PMCID: PMC1885372 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2006] [Revised: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Here we describe a system for promoterless analysis of putative internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements using an alphavirus (family Togaviridae) replicon vector. The system uses the alphavirus subgenomic promoter to produce transcripts that, when modified to contain a spacer region upstream of an IRES element, allow analysis of cap-independent translation of genes of interest (GOI). If the IRES element is removed, translation of the subgenomic transcript can be reduced >95% compared to the same transcript containing a functional IRES element. Alphavirus replicons, used in this manner, offer an alternative to standard dicistronic DNA vectors or in vitro translation systems currently used to analyze putative IRES elements. In addition, protein expression levels varied depending on the spacer element located upstream of each IRES. The ability to modulate the level of expression from alphavirus vectors should extend the utility of these vectors in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K I Kamrud
- AlphaVax, Inc., 2 Triangle Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-0307, USA.
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39
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Abstract
Vaccination with DNA is one of the most promising novel immunization techniques against a variety of pathogens and tumors, for which conventional vaccination regimens have failed. DNA vaccines are able to stimulate both arms of the immune system simultaneously, without carrying the safety risks associated with live vaccines, therefore representing not only an alternative to conventional vaccines but also significant progress in the prevention and treatment of fatal diseases and infections. However, translation of the excellent results achieved in small animals to similar success in primates or large animals has so far proved to be a major hurdle. Moreover, biosafety issues, such as the removal of antibiotic resistance genes present in plasmid DNA used for vaccination, remain to be addressed adequately. This review describes strategies to improve the design and production of conventional plasmid DNA, including an overview of safety and regulatory issues. It further focuses on novel systems for the optimization of plasmid DNA and the development of diverse plasmid DNA delivery systems for vaccination purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Jechlinger
- Institute of Bacteriology, Mycology and Hygiene, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, A- 1210, Vienna, Austria.
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40
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Greenland JR, Letvin NL. Chemical adjuvants for plasmid DNA vaccines. Vaccine 2007; 25:3731-41. [PMID: 17350735 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.01.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2006] [Revised: 01/28/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Plasmid DNA vaccines are a promising modality for immunization against a variety of human pathogens. Immunization via multiple routes with plasmid DNA can elicit potent cellular immune responses, and these immunogens can be administered repeatedly without inducing anti-vector immunity. Nonetheless, the immunogenicity of plasmid DNA vaccines has been limited by problems associated with delivery. A number of adjuvants have been designed to improve plasmid DNA immunogenicity, either by directly stimulating the immune system or by enhancing plasmid DNA expression. Chemical adjuvants for enhancing plasmid DNA expression include liposomes, polymers, and microparticles, all of which have shown promise for enhancing the expression and immunogenicity of plasmid DNA vaccines in animal models. Micro- and nanoparticles have not been shown to enhance immune responses to plasmid DNA vaccines. However, formulation of plasmid DNA with some non-particulate polymeric adjuvants has led to a statistically significant enhancement of immune responses. Further development of these technologies will significantly improve the utility of plasmid DNA vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Greenland
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Research East 113, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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41
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Bower JF, Ross TM. A minimum CR2 binding domain of C3d enhances immunity following vaccination. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 586:249-64. [PMID: 16893077 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-34134-x_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The degradation product of the third (C3) complement component, C3d, links innate and adaptive immunity, and the covalent attachment of C3d to an antigen enhances antigen-specific immune responses. C3d has been hypothesized to enhance immunity by direct interaction with complement receptor 2 (CR2/CD21) on immune cells. However, the domains on C3d important for CR2 binding have been controversial, with various studies reaching contradictory conclusions. In addition, the concept of B-cell activation via CR2 by C3d has been questioned, since mice lacking CR2 still elicit C3d-enhanced immunity following vaccination. Therefore, the goal of this study was to determine if a peptide representing one of the proposed CR2 binding domains of C3d could substitute for the entire protein and enhance antigen-specific immunity. Mice (BALB/c) were vaccinated with the HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein (Env(gp120)) alone or fused to multiple copies of the murine C3d or a twenty-eight amino-acid peptide (P28) containing a minimum CR2 binding domain. Each immunogen was expressed from DNA plasmid in vivo or injected as purified recombinant protein. The fusion of the P28 peptide to Env(gp120) enhanced both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses with similar efficiency as Env(gp120) conjugated to C3d. The fusion of C3d or P28 to Env(gp120) elicited higher-titer anti-Env specific antibody, enhanced avidity maturation of the elicited antibody, and elicited higher numbers of IFN-gamma and IL-4 secreting cells compared to Env(gp120) immunizations. This CR2-binding domain specific 28 amino acid peptide can substitute for the entire C3d molecule and enhance immunity. These results indicate that the adjuvant properties of C3d are associated with CR2 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph F Bower
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
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42
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Döşkaya M, Kalantari-Dehaghi M, Walsh CM, Hiszczyńska-Sawicka E, Davies DH, Felgner PL, Larsen LSZ, Lathrop RH, Hatfield GW, Schulz JR, Gürüz Y, Jurnak F. GRA1 protein vaccine confers better immune response compared to codon-optimized GRA1 DNA vaccine. Vaccine 2007; 25:1824-37. [PMID: 17234306 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Revised: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluates immunogenicity and protection potency of a codon-optimized GRA1 DNA vaccine, wild type GRA1 DNA vaccine and an adjuvanted recombinant GRA1 protein vaccine candidate in BALB/c mice against lethal toxoplasmosis. Of the three GRA1 vaccines tested, the recombinant GRA1 protein vaccine results reveal significant increase in immune response and prolonged survival against acute toxoplasmosis compared to DNA vaccinations. Immune response and protection conferred by codon-optimized GRA1 DNA vaccine was slightly better than wild type GRA1 DNA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mert Döşkaya
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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43
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Capone S, Zampaglione I, Vitelli A, Pezzanera M, Kierstead L, Burns J, Ruggeri L, Arcuri M, Cappelletti M, Meola A, Ercole BB, Tafi R, Santini C, Luzzago A, Fu TM, Colloca S, Ciliberto G, Cortese R, Nicosia A, Fattori E, Folgori A. Modulation of the immune response induced by gene electrotransfer of a hepatitis C virus DNA vaccine in nonhuman primates. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:7462-71. [PMID: 17082666 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.7462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Induction of multispecific, functional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells is the immunological hallmark of acute self-limiting hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in humans. In the present study, we showed that gene electrotransfer (GET) of a novel candidate DNA vaccine encoding an optimized version of the nonstructural region of HCV (from NS3 to NS5B) induced substantially more potent, broad, and long-lasting CD4+ and CD8+ cellular immunity than naked DNA injection in mice and in rhesus macaques as measured by a combination of assays, including IFN-gamma ELISPOT, intracellular cytokine staining, and cytotoxic T cell assays. A protocol based on three injections of DNA with GET induced a substantially higher CD4+ T cell response than an adenovirus 6-based viral vector encoding the same Ag. To better evaluate the immunological potency and probability of success of this vaccine, we have immunized two chimpanzees and have compared vaccine-induced cell-mediated immunity to that measured in acute self-limiting infection in humans. GET of the candidate HCV vaccine led to vigorous, multispecific IFN-gamma+CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocyte responses in chimpanzees, which were comparable to those measured in five individuals that cleared spontaneously HCV infection. These data support the hypothesis that T cell responses elicited by the present strategy could be beneficial in prophylactic vaccine approaches against HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Capone
- Istituto di Ricerche di Biologia Molecolare, P. Angeletti, Rome, Italy
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44
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Qiu JT, Chang TC, Lin CT, Chen YM, Li FQ, Soong YK, Lai CH. Novel codon-optimized GM-CSF gene as an adjuvant to enhance the immunity of a DNA vaccine against HIV-1 Gag. Vaccine 2007; 25:253-63. [PMID: 16971027 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Revised: 07/17/2006] [Accepted: 07/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a potent immunomodulatory cytokine. Here we generated a novel codon-optimized murine GM-CSF gene as an adjuvant. The codon-optimized GM-CSF gene significantly increased protein expression levels in all cells tested. Although injection of the wild-type GM-CSF plasmids adjuvanted HIV-1 Gag DNA vaccine induced detectable immune responses, co-administration of plasmids encoding the codon-optimized GM-CSF sequence with the DNA vaccine resulted in a strong antibody and CTL responses and a protective immune response against infection with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing HIV-1 Gag. This novel codon-optimized GM-CSF gene offers a practical molecular strategy for potentiating immune responses to vaccines as well as other immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Tai Qiu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Department of Life Science, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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45
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Singh M, Fang JH, Kazzaz J, Ugozzoli M, Chesko J, Malyala P, Dhaliwal R, Wei R, Hora M, O'Hagan D. A modified process for preparing cationic polylactide-co-glycolide microparticles with adsorbed DNA. Int J Pharm 2006; 327:1-5. [PMID: 16962267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2006.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Revised: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that cationic polylactide-co-glycolide (PLG) microparticles can be effectively used to adsorb DNA and generate potent immune responses in vivo. We now describe a modified and easier process containing a single lyophilization step to prepare these cationic PLG microparticles with adsorbed DNA. Cationic PLG microparticle formulations with adsorbed DNA were prepared using a modified solvent evaporation technique. Formulations with a fixed CTAB content and DNA load were prepared. The loading efficiency and 24h DNA release was evaluated for each formulation and compared to the earlier method of preparation. Select formulations were tested in vivo. The modified cationic PLG microparticle preparation method with a single lyophilization step, showed comparable physico-chemical behaviour to the two lyophilization steps process and induced comparable immune. The modified process with a single lyophilization step is a more practical process and can be utlized to prepare cationic PLG microparticles with adsorbed DNA on a large scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manmohan Singh
- Novartis Vaccines, 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
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46
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Hokey DA, Weiner DB. DNA vaccines for HIV: challenges and opportunities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 28:267-79. [PMID: 17031649 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-006-0046-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In December 2005, the UNAIDS and WHO reported that the global epidemic known as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has claimed the lives of more than 25 million adults and children over the past 26 years. These figures included an estimated 3.1 million AIDS-related deaths in 2005. Despite enormous efforts to control the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) new infection rates are on the rise. An estimated 40.3 million people are now living with HIV, including 4.9 million new infections this past year. Nearly half of new HIV infections are in young people between the ages of 15 and 24. While drug therapies have helped sustain the lives of infected individuals in wealthy regions, they are relatively unavailable to the poorest global regions. This includes sub-Saharan Africa which has approximately 25.8 million infected individuals, more than triple the number of infections of any other region in the world. It is widely believed that the greatest hope for controlling this devastating pandemic is a vaccine. In this review, we will discuss the current state of DNA-based vaccines and how they compare to other vaccination methods currently under investigation. We will also discuss innovative ideas for enhancing DNA vaccine efficacy and the progress being made toward developing an effective vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Hokey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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47
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Jain S, Moore RA, Anderson DM, Gough GW, Stanley MA. Cell-mediated immune responses to COPV early proteins. Virology 2006; 356:23-34. [PMID: 16949120 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Revised: 04/13/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell-mediated immunity plays a key role in the regression of papillomavirus-induced warts and intra-epithelial lesions but the target antigens that induce this response are not clear. Canine oral papillomavirus (COPV) infection of the oral cavity in dogs is a well-characterized model of mucosal papillomavirus infection that permits analysis of the immune events during the infectious cycle. In this study we show that during the COPV infectious cycle, systemic T cell responses to peptides of several early proteins particularly the E2 protein, as assayed by delayed type hypersensitivity, lymphoproliferation and IFN-gamma ELISPOT, can be detected. The maximal response occurs in a narrow time window that coincides with maximal viral DNA replication and wart regression: thereafter, systemic T cell responses to early proteins decline quite rapidly. Vaccination using particle-mediated immunotherapeutic delivery (PMID) of codon-modified COPV E2 and E1 genes induces strong antigen-specific cell-mediated immune responses in the vaccinated animals. These data show that therapeutic immunization by PMID with codon-modified E2 is completely effective, that to E1 is partially protective, that this correlates with the intensity of antigen-specific cell-mediated immune responses and, further, they emphasize the importance of these responses and the route of immunization in the generation of protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchitra Jain
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
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48
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Salucci V, Mennuni C, Calvaruso F, Cerino R, Neuner P, Ciliberto G, La Monica N, Scarselli E. CD8+ T-cell tolerance can be broken by an adenoviral vaccine while CD4+ T-cell tolerance is broken by additional co-administration of a Toll-like receptor ligand. Scand J Immunol 2006; 63:35-41. [PMID: 16398699 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2006.01706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
T-cell tolerance to tumor antigens is a considerable challenge to cancer immunotherapy. The existence of a murine model transgenic for human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) allows CEA vaccination efficacy to be studied in a physiologically tolerant context. Immunization of CEA-transgenic mice with an adenoviral vector coding for CEA induced a significant CD8+ T-cell response specific to CEA but failed to induce CEA-specific CD4+ T cells and antibodies. To overcome CD4+ T-cell tolerance, we explored the effect of adjuvants inducing in vivo dendritic cell maturation. Two different Toll-like receptor ligands, monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and CpG motif-containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN), were tested. CD4+-mediated IFN-gamma production was induced in the CEA-transgenic mice only when the genetic immunization was performed in the presence of these adjuvants. Moreover, CpG-ODN had a greater effect than MPL in inducing CD4+ T-cell response and enabling anti-CEA antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Salucci
- Istituto di Ricerca di Biologia Molecolare, Pomezia, Italy
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49
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Hegde R, Liu Z, Mackay G, Smith M, Chebloune Y, Narayan O, Singh DK. Antigen expression kinetics and immune responses of mice immunized with noninfectious simian-human immunodeficiency virus DNA. J Virol 2006; 79:14688-97. [PMID: 16282469 PMCID: PMC1287564 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.23.14688-14697.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous report we demonstrated that three injections of an rt-deleted noninfectious genome of the simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIV(KU2) induced protection against AIDS in macaques (D. K. Singh, Z. Liu, D. Sheffer, G. A. Mackay, M. Smith, S. Dhillon, R. Hegde, F. Jia, I. Adany, and O. Narayan, J. Virol 79:3419-3428, 2005). To make this DNA safer, we deleted two more genes, the integrase gene and vif, along with the 3' long terminal repeat. We also replaced the gag, pro, and nef genes (SIVmac239 origin) with those of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 strain SF2. The resultant construct, designated delta4SHIV(KU2) DNA, was used in this study to evaluate gene expression and immunogenicity in BALB/c mice. DNA-transfected human embryonic kidney epithelial cells (HEK 293) produced all of the major viral proteins and released p24 in the supernatant for 12 days. Inoculation of the vaccine DNA into the gastrocnemius muscles resulted in intense mononuclear cell infiltration at the inoculated sites and the production of viral p24 in myocytes, in infiltrating mononuclear cells, and in cells in the spleen and draining lymph nodes between 3 and 10 days postinoculation. Expression of p24 in the muscle cells peaked at day 7 and became undetectable after day 12. The same 12-day period of expression of p24 was observed in mice that were given a second injection 4 weeks after the first. Evaluation of immune responses in BALB/c mice revealed that the DNA induced enzyme-linked immunospot and antigen-specific proliferative cell-mediated immunity responses. The responses were stronger in mice that were coinjected with a second plasmid expressing granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Since new waves of viral antigen production could be induced with each boosting injection of the vaccine DNA, this DNA could be a safe and efficient agent to induce long-term protection against HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramakrishna Hegde
- Marion Merrell Dow Laboratory of Viral Pathogenesis, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City 66160, USA
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McGettigan JP, Koser ML, McKenna PM, Smith ME, Marvin JM, Eisenlohr LC, Dietzschold B, Schnell MJ. Enhanced humoral HIV-1-specific immune responses generated from recombinant rhabdoviral-based vaccine vectors co-expressing HIV-1 proteins and IL-2. Virology 2005; 344:363-77. [PMID: 16226782 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2005] [Revised: 08/10/2005] [Accepted: 09/06/2005] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant rabies virus (RV) vaccine strain-based vectors expressing HIV-1 antigens have been shown to induce strong and long-lasting cellular but modest humoral responses against the expressed antigens in mice. However, an effective vaccine against HIV-1 may require stronger responses, and the development of such an immune response may depend on the presence of certain cytokines at the time of the inoculation. Here, we describe several new RV-based vaccine vehicles expressing HIV-1 Gag or envelope (Env) and murine IL-2 or IL-4. Cells infected with recombinant RVs expressed high levels of functional IL-2 or IL-4 in culture supernatants in addition to HIV-1 proteins. The recombinant RV expressing IL-4 was highly attenuated in a cytokine-independent manner, indicating that the insertion of two foreign genes into the RV genome is mainly responsible for the attenuation observed. The expression of IL-4 resulted in a decrease in the cellular immune response against HIV-1 Gag and Env when compared with the parental virus not expressing IL-4 and only 2 of 20 mice seroconverted to HIV-1 Env after two inoculations. The IL-2-expressing RV was completely apathogenic after direct intracranial inoculation of mice. In addition, mice immunized with IL-2 maintained strong anti-HIV-1 Gag and Env cellular responses and consistently induced seroconversion against HIV-1 Env after two inoculations. This suggests the potential use of IL-2 in RV-based HIV-1 vaccine strategies, which may require the induction of both arms of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P McGettigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 233 South 10th Street, BLSB 330, Philadelphia, PA 19107-6799, USA.
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