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Condrat CE, Cretoiu D, Radoi VE, Mihele DM, Tovaru M, Bordea CI, Voinea SC, Suciu N. Unraveling Immunological Dynamics: HPV Infection in Women-Insights from Pregnancy. Viruses 2023; 15:2011. [PMID: 37896788 PMCID: PMC10611104 DOI: 10.3390/v15102011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, hormonal and immune adaptations are vital for supporting the genetically distinct fetus during elevated infection risks. The global prevalence of HPV necessitates its consideration during pregnancy. Despite a seemingly mild immune response, historical gestational viral infections underscore its significance. Acknowledging the established HPV infection risks during pregnancy, our review explores the unfolding immunological changes in pregnant women with HPV. Our analysis aims to uncover strategies for safely modulating the immune system, mitigating adverse pregnancy consequences, and enhancing maternal and child health. This comprehensive narrative review delves into the existing knowledge and studies on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Elena Condrat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Polizu Clinical Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (C.E.C.)
| | - Dragos Cretoiu
- Department of Genetics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (D.C.); (V.E.R.)
- Fetal Medicine Excellence Research Center, Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, 020395 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Viorica Elena Radoi
- Department of Genetics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (D.C.); (V.E.R.)
- Fetal Medicine Excellence Research Center, Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, 020395 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dana Mihaela Mihele
- Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Dermatology Department, Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, 030303 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Tovaru
- Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Dermatology Department, Victor Babes Clinical Hospital of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, 030303 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Ioan Bordea
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu Oncology Institute, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 252 Fundeni Rd., 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Silviu Cristian Voinea
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Prof. Dr. Alexandru Trestioreanu Oncology Institute, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 252 Fundeni Rd., 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicolae Suciu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Polizu Clinical Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroii Sanitari Blvd., 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (C.E.C.)
- Fetal Medicine Excellence Research Center, Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, 020395 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Polizu Clinical Hospital, Alessandrescu-Rusescu National Institute for Mother and Child Health, 020395 Bucharest, Romania
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2
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Roos N, Breiner B, Preuss L, Lilie H, Hipp K, Herrmann H, Horn T, Biener R, Iftner T, Simon C. Optimized production strategy of the major capsid protein HPV 16L1 non-assembly variant in E. coli. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 175:105690. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2020.105690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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3
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Garcea RL, Meinerz NM, Dong M, Funke H, Ghazvini S, Randolph TW. Single-administration, thermostable human papillomavirus vaccines prepared with atomic layer deposition technology. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:45. [PMID: 32528733 PMCID: PMC7265342 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-0195-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold-chain requirements affect worldwide distribution of many vaccines. In addition, vaccines requiring multiple doses impose logistical and financial burdens, as well as patient compliance barriers. To address such limitations, we have developed new technologies to prepare thermostable, single-shot, prime-boost microparticle vaccines. Antigen/adjuvant formulations containing glass-forming polymers and trehalose first are spray-dried to form glassy microparticles that confer thermostability. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) reactions conducted in fluidized beds are then used to coat the microparticles with defined numbers of molecular layers of alumina that modulate the timed release of the internalized antigen and act as adjuvants. We have used a model HPV16 L1 capsomere antigen to evaluate the properties of these technologies. Thermostabilized powders containing HPV16 L1 capsomeres were prepared by spray-drying, coated by ALD with up to 500 molecular layers of alumina, and injected into mice. Antigen distribution was assessed by live-animal IR dye tracking of injected labeled antigen. Antibody responses were measured weekly by ELISA, and neutralizing antibodies were measured by pseudovirus neutralization assays at selected time points. Thermostability was evaluated by measuring antibody responses after incubating ALD-coated antigen powders for one month at 50 °C. Single doses of the ALD-coated vaccine formulations elicited a prime-boost immune response, and produced neutralizing responses and antibody titers that were equivalent or superior to conventional prime-boost doses of liquid formulations. Antibody titers were unaffected by month-long incubation of the formulations at 50 °C. Single-dose, thermostable antigen preparations may overcome current limitations in HPV vaccine delivery as well as being widely applicable to other antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Garcea
- The BioFrontiers Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Natalie M. Meinerz
- The BioFrontiers Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Miao Dong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Hans Funke
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Saba Ghazvini
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Theodore W. Randolph
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
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4
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Yazdani Z, Rafiei A, Valadan R, Ashrafi H, Pasandi M, Kardan M. Designing a potent L1 protein-based HPV peptide vaccine: A bioinformatics approach. Comput Biol Chem 2020; 85:107209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2020.107209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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5
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Levinson M, Kirby A, Richman A, Hall M. Severe persistent canine oral papillomatosis a multimodal approach including interferon alpha‐2B, CPV‐1 autologous vaccine, CO
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laser ablation and aggressive cryotherapy. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2018-000774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Allison Kirby
- Animal Dermatology ClinicMarina Del ReyCaliforniaUSA
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6
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Regalado Ibarra AM, Legendre L, Munday JS. Malignant Transformation of a Canine Papillomavirus Type 1-Induced Persistent Oral Papilloma in a 3-Year-Old Dog. J Vet Dent 2019; 35:79-95. [PMID: 29865982 DOI: 10.1177/0898756418774575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This case report describes a rare case of a persistent canine papillomavirus type 1 (CPV-1)-induced oral papilloma that underwent malignant transformation into an oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in a 3-year-old Labrador retriever cross. Initially, the patient had multiple and multifocal verrucous lesions populating the oral cavity exclusively. The papillomas persisted despite multiple surgical ablations, azithromycin, interferon α-2b, alternative medicines, and off-label drug use of an immunostimulant. After 1 year and 6 months, an aggressive lesion developed at the level of the left mandibular first molar (309) and progressed to a well-differentiated invasive OSCC. The presence of CPV-1 DNA in the OSCC, and the known oncogenic abilities of CPV-1, suggests that this virus might have played a significant role in the emergence of the OSCC that ultimately led to the patient's euthanasia due to poor quality of life. This is the first well-documented case where OSCC has developed from an oral papilloma caused by CPV-1 in which the presence of coinfection by another papillomavirus was excluded by multiple polymerase chain reaction tests using various primers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Loïc Legendre
- 1 West Coast Veterinary Dental Services, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - John S Munday
- 2 Veterinary Pathology, Institute of Veterinary, Animal & Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, New Zealand
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7
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Jia C, Yang T, Liu Y, Zhu A, Yin F, Wang Y, Xu L, Wang Y, Yan M, Cai Q, Liang X, Ju R, Chen J, Wang L. A Novel Human Papillomavirus 16 L1 Pentamer-Loaded Hybrid Particles Vaccine System: Influence of Size on Immune Responses. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:35745-35759. [PMID: 30360122 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer remains the second-most prevalent female malignancy around the world, leading to a great majority of cancer-related mortality that occurs mainly in developing countries. Developing an effective and low-cost vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, especially in medically underfunded areas, is urgent. Compared with vaccines based on HPV L1 viruslike particles (VLPs) in the market, recombinant HPV L1 pentamer expressed in Escherichia coli represents a promising and potentially cost-effective vaccine for preventing HPV infection. Hybrid particles comprising a polymer core and lipid shell have shown great potential compared to conventional aluminum salts adjuvant and is urgently needed for HPV L1 pentamer vaccines. It is well-reported that particle sizes are crucial in regulating immune responses. Nevertheless, reports on the relationship between the particulate size and the resultant immune response have been in conflict, and there is no answer to how the size of particles regulates specific immune response for HPV L1 pentamer-based candidate vaccines. Here, we fabricated HPV 16 L1 pentamer-loaded poly(d,l-lactide- co-glycolide) (PLGA)/lecithin hybrid particles with uniform sizes (0.3, 1, and 3 μm) and investigated the particle size effects on antigen release, activation of lymphocytes, dendritic cells (DCs) activation and maturation, follicular helper CD4+ T (TFH) cells differentiation, and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Compared with the other particle sizes, 1 μm particles induced more powerful antibody protection and yielded more persistent antibody responses, as well as more heightened anamnestic responses upon repeat vaccination. The superior immune responses might be attributed to sustainable antigen release and robust antigen uptake and transport and then further promoted a series of cascade reactions, including enhanced DCs maturation, increased lymphocytes activation, and augmented TFH cells differentiation in draining lymph nodes (DLNs). Here, a powerful and economical platform for HPV vaccine and a comprehensive understanding of particle size effect on immune responses for HPV L1 pentamer-based candidate vaccines are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering , Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- Beijing Health Guard Biotechnology Co., LTD , Beijing 100176 , P.R. China
| | - Tingyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering , Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Yongjiang Liu
- Beijing Health Guard Biotechnology Co., LTD , Beijing 100176 , P.R. China
| | - Ali Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering , Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Fei Yin
- Beijing Health Guard Biotechnology Co., LTD , Beijing 100176 , P.R. China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Beijing Health Guard Biotechnology Co., LTD , Beijing 100176 , P.R. China
| | - Lan Xu
- Beijing Health Guard Biotechnology Co., LTD , Beijing 100176 , P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Beijing Health Guard Biotechnology Co., LTD , Beijing 100176 , P.R. China
| | - Mei Yan
- Beijing Health Guard Biotechnology Co., LTD , Beijing 100176 , P.R. China
| | - Qingman Cai
- Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology , Beijing 102617 , P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxu Liang
- Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology , Beijing 102617 , P.R. China
| | - Ruijun Ju
- Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology , Beijing 102617 , P.R. China
| | - Jianping Chen
- Beijing Health Guard Biotechnology Co., LTD , Beijing 100176 , P.R. China
| | - Lianyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering , Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
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8
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Wei M, Wang D, Li Z, Song S, Kong X, Mo X, Yang Y, He M, Li Z, Huang B, Lin Z, Pan H, Zheng Q, Yu H, Gu Y, Zhang J, Li S, Xia N. N-terminal truncations on L1 proteins of human papillomaviruses promote their soluble expression in Escherichia coli and self-assembly in vitro. Emerg Microbes Infect 2018; 7:160. [PMID: 30254257 PMCID: PMC6156512 DOI: 10.1038/s41426-018-0158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the causative agent in genital warts and nearly all cervical, anogenital, and oropharyngeal cancers. Nine HPV types (6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58) are associated with about 90% of cervical cancers and 90% of genital warts. HPV neutralization by vaccine-elicited neutralizing antibodies can block viral infection and prevent HPV-associated diseases. However, there is only one commercially available HPV vaccine, Gardasil 9, produced from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that covers all nine types, raising the need for microbial production of broad-spectrum HPV vaccines. Here, we investigated whether N-terminal truncations of the major HPV capsid proteins L1, improve their soluble expression in Escherichia coli. We found that N-terminal truncations promoted the soluble expression of HPV 33 (truncated by 10 amino acids [aa]), 52 (15 aa), and 58 (10 aa). The resultant HPV L1 proteins were purified in pentamer form and extensively characterized with biochemical, biophysical, and immunochemical methods. The pentamers self-assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs) in vitro, and 3D cryo-EM reconstructions revealed that all formed T = 7 icosahedral particles having 50–60-nm diameters. Moreover, we formulated a nine-valent HPV vaccine candidate with aluminum adjuvant and L1 VLPs from four genotypes used in this study and five from previous work. Immunogenicity assays in mice and non-human primates indicated that this HPV nine-valent vaccine candidate elicits neutralizing antibody titers comparable to those induced by Gardasil 9. Our study provides a method for producing a nine-valent HPV vaccine in E. coli and may inform strategies for the soluble expression of other vaccine candidates. • N-terminal truncations promote the soluble expression of HPV L1 proteins in E. coli and their self-assembly of T = 7 icosahedral particle in vitro • An HPV 9-valent vaccine candidate was formulated with E. coli-derived HPV 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58 VLPs, and conferred comparable immunogenicity with Gardasil 9
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China
| | - Daning Wang
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhihai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China
| | - Shuo Song
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China
| | - Xianglin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaobing Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China
| | - Yurou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China
| | - Maozhou He
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhongyi Li
- Xiamen Innovax Biotech Company, Ltd, 361022, Xiamen, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Xiamen Innovax Biotech Company, Ltd, 361022, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhijie Lin
- Xiamen Innovax Biotech Company, Ltd, 361022, Xiamen, China
| | - Huirong Pan
- Xiamen Innovax Biotech Company, Ltd, 361022, Xiamen, China
| | - Qingbing Zheng
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China
| | - Hai Yu
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China
| | - Ying Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China.,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China
| | - Shaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China. .,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China. .,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, 361102, Xiamen, China.
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9
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Doorbar J. Host control of human papillomavirus infection and disease. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2017; 47:27-41. [PMID: 28919159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Most human papillomaviruses cause inapparent infections, subtly affecting epithelial homeostasis, to ensure genome persistence in the epithelial basal layer. As with conspicuous papillomas, these self-limiting lesions shed viral particles to ensure population level maintenance and depend on a balance between viral gene expression, immune cell stimulation and immune surveillance for persistence. The complex immune evasion strategies, characteristic of high-risk HPV types, also allow the deregulated viral gene expression that underlies neoplasia. Neoplasia occurs at particular epithelial sites where vulnerable cells such as the reserve or cuboidal cells of the cervical transformation zone are found. Beta papillomavirus infection can also predispose an individual with immune deficiencies to the development of cancers. The host control of HPV infections thus involves local interactions between keratinocytes and the adaptive immune response. Effective immune detection and surveillance limits overt disease, leading to HPV persistence as productive microlesions or in a true latent state.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Doorbar
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, United Kingdom.
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10
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Módolo DG, Araldi RP, Mazzuchelli-de-Souza J, Pereira A, Pimenta DC, Zanphorlin LM, Beçak W, Menossi M, de Cassia Stocco R, de Carvalho RF. Integrated analysis of recombinant BPV-1 L1 protein for the production of a bovine papillomavirus VLP vaccine. Vaccine 2017; 35:1590-1593. [PMID: 28222997 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine papillomatosis is an infectious disease that is caused by bovine papillomavirus (BPV), which results in important economic losses. However, no BPV vaccines or effective treatment methods are commercially available to date. Moreover, the absence of papillomavirus replication in vitro makes the use of recombinant protein a promising candidate for vaccine formulations. Hence, we developed an integrated study on the L1 capsid protein of BPV-1, obtained from a bacterial expression system, regarding its purification, biosafety, thermostability and immunogenicity. The results indicated an absence of genotoxicity of the purified recombinant L1 protein, β-sheet prevalence of secondary structure folding, protein stability under high temperatures as well as the presence of capsomeres and VLPs. In addition, preliminary experimental vaccination of calves showed the production of specific antibodies against BPV-1 L1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo Pinheiro Araldi
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline Mazzuchelli-de-Souza
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação Interunidades em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas (ICB), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Letícia Maria Zanphorlin
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Willy Beçak
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Menossi
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Genética, Evolução e Bioagentes, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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11
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Devaraj K, Gillison ML, Wu TC. Development of HPV Vaccines for HPV-associated Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 14:345-62. [PMID: 14530303 DOI: 10.1177/154411130301400505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
High-risk genotypes of the human papillomavirus (HPV), particularly HPV type 16, are found in a distinct subset of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC). Thus, these HPV-associated HNSCC may be prevented or treated by vaccines designed to induce appropriate HPV virus-specific immune responses. Infection by HPV may be prevented by neutralizing antibodies specific for the viral capsid proteins. In clinical trials, vaccines comprised of HPV virus-like particles (VLPs) have shown great promise as prophylactic HPV vaccines. However, given that capsid proteins are not expressed at detectable levels by infected basal keratinocytes, vaccines with therapeutic potential must target other non-structural viral antigens. Two HPV oncogenic proteins, E6 and E7, are important in the induction and maintenance of cellular transformation and are co-expressed in the majority of HPV-containing carcinomas. Therefore, therapeutic vaccines targeting these proteins may have potential to control HPV-associated malignancies. Various candidate therapeutic HPV vaccines are currently being tested whereby E6 and/or E7 is administered in live vectors, in peptides or protein, in nucleic acid form, as components of chimeric VLPs, or in cell-based vaccines. Encouraging results from experimental vaccination systems in animal models have led to several prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine clinical trials. Should they fulfill their promise, these vaccines may prevent HPV infection or control its potentially life-threatening consequences in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Devaraj
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 720 Rutland Avenue, Ross Building 512, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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12
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Tekewe A, Connors NK, Middelberg APJ, Lua LHL. Design strategies to address the effect of hydrophobic epitope on stability and in vitro assembly of modular virus-like particle. Protein Sci 2016; 25:1507-16. [PMID: 27222486 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) and capsomere subunits have shown promising potential as safe and effective vaccine candidates. They can serve as platforms for the display of foreign epitopes on their surfaces in a modular architecture. Depending on the physicochemical properties of the antigenic modules, modularization may affect the expression, solubility and stability of capsomeres, and VLP assembly. In this study, three module designs of a rotavirus hydrophobic peptide (RV10) were synthesized using synthetic biology. Among the three synthetic modules, modularization of the murine polyomavirus VP1 with a single copy of RV10 flanked by long linkers and charged residues resulted in the expression of stable modular capsomeres. Further employing the approach of module titration of RV10 modules on each capsomere via Escherichia coli co-expression of unmodified VP1 and modular VP1-RV10 successfully translated purified modular capomeres into modular VLPs when assembled in vitro. Our results demonstrate that tailoring the physicochemical properties of modules to enhance modular capsomeres stability is achievable through synthetic biology designs. Combined with module titration strategy to avoid steric hindrance to intercapsomere interactions, this allows bioprocessing of bacterially produced in vitro assembled modular VLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alemu Tekewe
- The University of Queensland, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Centre for Biomolecular Engineering, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Natalie K Connors
- The University of Queensland, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Centre for Biomolecular Engineering, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Anton P J Middelberg
- The University of Queensland, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Centre for Biomolecular Engineering, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Linda H L Lua
- The University of Queensland, UQ Protein Expression Facility, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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13
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Zhao L, Mahony D, Cavallaro AS, Zhang B, Zhang J, Deringer JR, Zhao CX, Brown WC, Yu C, Mitter N, Middelberg APJ. Immunogenicity of Outer Membrane Proteins VirB9-1 and VirB9-2, a Novel Nanovaccine against Anaplasma marginale. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154295. [PMID: 27115492 PMCID: PMC4846087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaplasma marginale is the most prevalent tick-borne livestock pathogen and poses a significant threat to cattle industry. In contrast to currently available live blood-derived vaccines against A. marginale, alternative safer and better-defined subunit vaccines will be of great significance. Two proteins (VirB9-1 and VirB9-2) from the Type IV secretion system of A. marginale have been shown to induce humoral and cellular immunity. In this study, Escherichia coli were used to express VirB9-1 and VirB9-2 proteins. Silica vesicles having a thin wall of 6 nm and pore size of 5.8 nm were used as the carrier and adjuvant to deliver these two antigens both as individual or mixed nano-formulations. High loading capacity was achieved for both proteins, and the mouse immunisation trial with individual as well as mixed nano-formulations showed high levels of antibody titres over 107 and strong T-cell responses. The mixed nano-formulation also stimulated high-level recall responses in bovine T-cell proliferation assays. These results open a promising path towards the development of efficient A. marginale vaccines and provide better understanding on the role of silica vesicles to deliver multivalent vaccines as mixed nano-formulations able to activate both B-cell and T-cell immunity, for improved animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Donna Mahony
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Antonino S. Cavallaro
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Bing Zhang
- Animal Science, Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jun Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - James R. Deringer
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 647040, Pullman, WA, 99164–7040, United States of America
| | - Chun-Xia Zhao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Wendy C. Brown
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 647040, Pullman, WA, 99164–7040, United States of America
| | - Chengzhong Yu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Neena Mitter
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- * E-mail: (NM); (APJM)
| | - Anton P. J. Middelberg
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
- * E-mail: (NM); (APJM)
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14
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López-Toledo G, Schädlich L, Alonso-Castro ÁJ, Monroy-García A, García-Rocha R, Guido MC, Gissmann L, García-Carrancá A. Immunization with Human Papillomavirus 16 L1+E2 Chimeric Capsomers Elicits Cellular Immune Response and Antitumor Activity in a Mouse Model. Viral Immunol 2016; 29:276-87. [PMID: 27058179 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of cervical cancer is associated with persistent infections by high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV). Although current HPV L1-based prophylactic vaccines prevent infection, they do not help to eliminate prevalent infections or lesions. Our aims were (i) to generate a vaccine combining prophylactic and therapeutic properties by producing chimeric capsomers after fusion of the L1 protein to different fragments of E2 from HPV 16, and (ii) to evaluate their capacity to generate an antitumoral cellular response, while conserving L1 neutralizing epitopes. Chimeric proteins were produced in Escherichia coli and purified by glutathione S-transferase (GST)-affinity chromatography. Their structure was characterized using size exclusion chromatography, sucrose gradient centrifugation, electron microscopy, and anti-L1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All chimeric proteins form capsomers and heterogeneous aggregates. One, containing part of the carboxy-terminal domain of E2 and its hinge region (L1Δ+E2H/NC, aa 206-307), conserved the neutralizing epitope H16.V5. We then evaluated the capacity of this chimeric protein to induce a cytotoxic T-cell response against HPV 16 E2. In (51)Cr release cytotoxicity assays, splenocytes from C57BL/6 immunized mice recognized and lysed TC-1/E2 cells, which express and present endogenously processed E2 peptides. Moreover, this E2-specific cytotoxic response inhibited the growth of tumors of TC-1/E2 cells in mice. Finally, we identified an epitope (aa 292-301) of E2 involved in this cytotoxic response. We conclude that the L1Δ+E2H/NC chimeric protein produced in bacteria can be an effective and economically interesting candidate for a combined prophylactic and therapeutic vaccine that could help eliminating HPV16-positive low-grade cervical lesions and persistent viral infections, thus preventing the development of lesions and, at the same time, the establishment of new infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela López-Toledo
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City, Mexico .,2 Laboratory of Virus and Cancer, Division of Basic Research, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-SS , Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lysann Schädlich
- 3 Division of Genome Modifications and Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ángel Josabad Alonso-Castro
- 2 Laboratory of Virus and Cancer, Division of Basic Research, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-SS , Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alberto Monroy-García
- 4 Laboratory of Immunobiology, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza , Unidad de Investigación en Diferenciación Celular y Cáncer, UMIEZ, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico .,5 Laboratory of Immunology and Cancer, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas , CMN SXXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosario García-Rocha
- 5 Laboratory of Immunology and Cancer, Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Oncológicas , CMN SXXI, IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico .,6 Department of Immunology, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas , IPN, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miriam C Guido
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City, Mexico .,2 Laboratory of Virus and Cancer, Division of Basic Research, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-SS , Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lutz Gissmann
- 3 Division of Genome Modifications and Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alejandro García-Carrancá
- 1 Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Mexico City, Mexico .,2 Laboratory of Virus and Cancer, Division of Basic Research, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-SS , Mexico City, Mexico
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15
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Hassett KJ, Meinerz NM, Semmelmann F, Cousins MC, Garcea RL, Randolph TW. Development of a highly thermostable, adjuvanted human papillomavirus vaccine. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 94:220-8. [PMID: 25998700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A major impediment to economical, worldwide vaccine distribution is the requirement for a "cold chain" to preserve antigenicity. We addressed this problem using a model human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine stabilized by immobilizing HPV16 L1 capsomeres, i.e., pentameric subunits of the virus capsid, within organic glasses formed by lyophilization. Lyophilized glass and liquid vaccine formulations were incubated at 50°C for 12weeks, and then analyzed for retention of capsomere conformational integrity and the ability to elicit neutralizing antibody responses after immunization of BALB/c mice. Capsomeres in glassy-state vaccines retained tertiary and quaternary structure, and critical conformational epitopes. Moreover, glassy formulations adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide or aluminum hydroxide and glycopyranoside lipid A were not only as immunogenic as the commercially available HPV vaccine Cervarix®, but also retained complete neutralizing immunogenicity after high-temperature storage. The thermal stability of such adjuvanted vaccine powder preparations may thus eliminate the need for the cold chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Hassett
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Natalie M Meinerz
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States; The Bio Frontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Florian Semmelmann
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Megan C Cousins
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Robert L Garcea
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States; The Bio Frontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Theodore W Randolph
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.
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16
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Wahiduzzaman M, Sharma C, Dey B, Bhatla N, Singh N. Development of chimeric candidate vaccine against HPV18: a proof of concept. Immunol Res 2015; 62:189-97. [PMID: 25929429 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8650-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are prerequisite for the development of cervical cancer, with HPV16 and HPV18 being the most prevalent. Despite the fact that two prophylactic vaccines against HPVs are in the market, wide-scale application of the vaccine in developing countries is a major problem as far as cost of the vaccine and lack of therapeutic efficacy are concerned. Hence, the aim of our study was to develop HPV18 L1E7 chimeric virus-like particles (CVLPs) vaccine candidate possessing both, prophylactic and therapeutic potential against HPV18-associated cervical cancer. In this study, we have developed a potential candidate vaccine against HPV18 involving HPV18 L1E7 CVLPs, which was expressed in E. coli and assembled in vitro. These CVLPs were able to induce a neutralizing antibody response as well as a cell-mediated immune response in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Wahiduzzaman
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Room No. 3027A, New Delhi, 110029, India,
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17
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Abstract
Papillomaviruses, of the family Papillomaviridae, are epitheliotropic, nonenveloped, circular, double-stranded DNA viruses that contribute to benign and malignant tumors in humans and animals. We report here the whole-genome sequence of canine papillomavirus type 12, found at a pigmented plaque located on the skin of a mixed-breed bloodhound.
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18
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Bissa M, Zanotto C, Pacchioni S, Volonté L, Venuti A, Lembo D, De Giuli Morghen C, Radaelli A. The L1 protein of human papilloma virus 16 expressed by a fowlpox virus recombinant can assemble into virus-like particles in mammalian cell lines but elicits a non-neutralising humoral response. Antiviral Res 2015; 116:67-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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19
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Hassan SW, Waheed MT, Müller M, Clarke JL, Shinwari ZK, Lössl AG. Expression of HPV-16 L1 capsomeres with glutathione-S-transferase as a fusion protein in tobacco plastids: an approach for a capsomere-based HPV vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2014; 10:2975-82. [PMID: 25483463 PMCID: PMC5443053 DOI: 10.4161/21645515.2014.970973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is the main cause of cervical cancer, which is the second most severe cancer of women worldwide, particularly in developing countries. Although vaccines against HPV infection are commercially available, they are neither affordable nor accessible to women in low income countries e.g. Africa. Thus, alternative cost-effective vaccine production approaches need to be developed. This study uses tobacco plants to express pentameric capsomeres of HPV that have been reported to generate elevated immune responses against HPV. A modified HPV-16 L1 (L1_2xCysM) protein has been expressed as a fusion protein with glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in tobacco chloroplasts following biolistic transformation. In total 7 transplastomic lines with healthy phenotypes were generated. Site specific integration of the GST-L1_2xCysM and aadA genes was confirmed by PCR. Southern blot analysis verified homogenous transformation of all transplastomic lines. Antigen capture ELISA with the conformation-specific antibody Ritti01, showed protein expression as well as the retention of immunogenic epitopes of L1 protein. In their morphology, GST-L1 expressing tobacco plants were identical to wild type plants and yielded fertile flowers. Taken together, these data enrich knowledge for future development of cost-effective plant-made vaccines against HPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Waqas Hassan
- Department of Biotechnology; Quaid-i-Azam University; Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Martin Müller
- Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum; Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jihong Liu Clarke
- Bioforsk-Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research; Aas, Norway
| | | | - Andreas Günter Lössl
- Department of Crop Sciences; University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences; Tulln an der Donau, Austria
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20
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Tan M, Jiang X. Subviral particle as vaccine and vaccine platform. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 6:24-33. [PMID: 24662314 PMCID: PMC4072748 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant subvirual particles retain similar antigenic features of their authentic viral capsids and thus have been applied as nonreplicating subunit vaccines against viral infection and illness. Additionally, the self-assembled, polyvalent subviral particles are excellent platforms to display foreign antigens for immune enhancement for vaccine development. These subviral particle-based vaccines are noninfectious and thus safer than the conventional live attenuated and inactivated vaccines. While several VLP vaccines are available in the markets, numerous others, including dual vaccines against more than one pathogen, are under clinical or preclinical development. This article provides an update of these efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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21
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Abstract
Papillomaviruses with the features of epitheliotropic, nonenveloped, circular, and double-stranded DNA belong to the family Papillomaviridae, which contributes to benign and malignant tumors in humans and animals. We report the whole-genome sequence of canine papillomavirus type 11 found at a pigmented plaque located on the skin of a mixed-breed bloodhound.
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22
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V Barnabas R, Kulasingam SL. Economic evaluations of human papillomavirus vaccines. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2014; 7:251-67. [DOI: 10.1586/14737167.7.3.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Lua LHL, Connors NK, Sainsbury F, Chuan YP, Wibowo N, Middelberg APJ. Bioengineering virus-like particles as vaccines. Biotechnol Bioeng 2013; 111:425-40. [PMID: 24347238 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particle (VLP) technology seeks to harness the optimally tuned immunostimulatory properties of natural viruses while omitting the infectious trait. VLPs that assemble from a single protein have been shown to be safe and highly efficacious in humans, and highly profitable. VLPs emerging from basic research possess varying levels of complexity and comprise single or multiple proteins, with or without a lipid membrane. Complex VLP assembly is traditionally orchestrated within cells using black-box approaches, which are appropriate when knowledge and control over assembly are limited. Recovery challenges including those of adherent and intracellular contaminants must then be addressed. Recent commercial VLPs variously incorporate steps that include VLP in vitro assembly to address these problems robustly, but at the expense of process complexity. Increasing research activity and translation opportunity necessitate bioengineering advances and new bioprocessing modalities for efficient and cost-effective production of VLPs. Emerging approaches are necessarily multi-scale and multi-disciplinary, encompassing diverse fields from computational design of molecules to new macro-scale purification materials. In this review, we highlight historical and emerging VLP vaccine approaches. We overview approaches that seek to specifically engineer a desirable immune response through modular VLP design, and those that seek to improve bioprocess efficiency through inhibition of intracellular assembly to allow optimal use of existing purification technologies prior to cell-free VLP assembly. Greater understanding of VLP assembly and increased interdisciplinary activity will see enormous progress in VLP technology over the coming decade, driven by clear translational opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda H L Lua
- Protein Expression Facility, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia.
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24
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Xu D, Wang D, Yang X, Cao M, Yu J, Wang Y. Fusion of HPV L1 into Shigella surface IcsA: a new approach in developing live attenuated Shigella-HPV vaccine. Antiviral Res 2013; 102:61-9. [PMID: 24333518 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the success of L1 virus-like particles (VLPs) vaccines in prevention of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cervical cancer, extraordinary high cost for the complete vaccination has impeded widespread use of the vaccine in resource-poor countries, where cervical cancers impose greater challenge. Presentation of HPV L1 protein by attenuated pathogenic bacteria through natural infection provides a promising low-cost and convenient alternative. Here, we describe the construction and characterization of attenuated L1-expressing Shigella vaccine candidate, by fusion of L1 into the autotransporter of Shigella sonnei, IcsA, an essential virulence factor responsible for actin-based motility. The functional α domain of IcsA was replaced by codon-optimized L1 gene with independent open reading frames (ORFs) facilitated by suicide vector pJCB12. The L1 gene was stabilized in the genome of recombinant S. sonnei with protein expression and assembly of VLPs in the bacterial cytoplasm. Through conjunctival route vaccination in guinea pigs, L1-containing S. sonnei was able to elicit specific immune response to HPV16 L1 VLP as well as bacterial antigens. The results demonstrated the feasibility of the novel stratagem to develop prophylactic Shigella-HPV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Institute of Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China; Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Depu Wang
- Institute of Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Meng Cao
- Institute of Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Yili Wang
- Institute of Cancer Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
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25
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26
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Pineo CB, Hitzeroth II, Rybicki EP. Immunogenic assessment of plant-produced human papillomavirus type 16 L1/L2 chimaeras. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2013; 11:964-75. [PMID: 23924054 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is caused by infection with human papillomaviruses (HPV) and is a global concern, particularly in developing countries, which have ~80% of the burden. HPV L1 virus-like particle (VLP) type-restricted vaccines prevent new infections and associated disease. However, their high cost has limited their application, and cytological screening programmes are still required to detect malignant lesions associated with the nonvaccine types. Thus, there is an urgent need for cheap second-generation HPV vaccines that protect against multiple types. The objective of this study was to express novel HPV-16 L1-based chimaeras, containing cross-protective epitopes from the L2 minor capsid protein, in tobacco plants. These L1/L2 chimaeras contained epitope sequences derived from HPV-16 L2 amino acid 108-120, 56-81 or 17-36 substituted into the C-terminal helix 4 (h4) region of L1 from amino acid 414. All chimaeras were expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana via an Agrobacterium-mediated transient system and targeted to chloroplasts. The chimaeras were highly expressed with yields of ~1.2 g/kg plant tissue; however, they assembled differently, indicating that the length and nature of the L2 epitope affect VLP assembly. The chimaera containing L2 amino acids 108-120 was the most successful candidate vaccine. It assembled into small VLPs and elicited anti-L1 and anti-L2 responses in mice, and antisera neutralized homologous HPV-16 and heterologous HPV-52 pseudovirions. The other chimaeras predominantly assembled into capsomeres and other aggregates and elicited weaker humoral immune responses, demonstrating the importance of VLP assembly for the immunogenicity of candidate vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine B Pineo
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa
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27
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McGrath M, de Villiers GK, Shephard E, Hitzeroth II, Rybicki EP. Development of human papillomavirus chimaeric L1/L2 candidate vaccines. Arch Virol 2013; 158:2079-88. [PMID: 23636405 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1713-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant human papillomavirus (HPV) virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines based on the L1 capsid protein have been shown to be efficient prophylactic vaccines, albeit type-specific. As a first step to investigate the feasibility of extending protection against non-vaccine types, HPV-16 L1 chimaeras were generated. The region downstream of L1 amino acid (aa) 413 was replaced with selected cross-neutralising epitopes (aa 108-120; 56-81 and 17-36) derived from the HPV-16 L2 protein, generating proteins designated SAF, L2.56 and L2.17, respectively. The chimaera L1BPV containing BPV-1 L2 peptide aa 1-88 was similarly constructed. The chimaeras were evaluated for expression in insect cells; their ability to form particles was studied by electron microscopy, and their immunogenicity was evaluated in mice. SAF, L2.56 and L2.17 proteins were expressed to high concentrations in insect cells and elicited HPV-16 pseudovirus-neutralising anti-L1 antibodies. L2.56 and L2.17 also elicited anti-L2 antibodies. L1BPV was a poor vaccine candidate due to low levels of expression with concomitant lack of immunogenicity. All chimaeras assembled into tertiary structures. The results indicate that chimaeric L1 vaccines incorporating cross-neutralising L2 peptides could be promising second-generation prophylactic HPV vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieta McGrath
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa,
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28
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Nyitray AG, Lu B, Kreimer AR, Anic G, Stanberry LR, Giuliano AR. The Epidemiology and Control of Human Papillomavirus Infection and Clinical Disease. Sex Transm Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-391059-2.00013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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29
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Abstract
Papillomaviruses are epitheliotropic, nonenveloped, circular, double-stranded DNA viruses within the family Papillomaviridae that are associated with benign and malignant tumors in humans and animals. We report the complete genome sequence of canine papillomavirus type 10 identified from a pigmented plaque located on the head of a mixed-breed bloodhound.
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30
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Schiller JT, Castellsagué X, Garland SM. A review of clinical trials of human papillomavirus prophylactic vaccines. Vaccine 2012; 30 Suppl 5:F123-38. [PMID: 23199956 PMCID: PMC4636904 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.04.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 534] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
End of study analyses of the phase III trials of prophylactic human papillomavirus (HPV) virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines in young women are now largely completed. Two distinct vaccines were evaluated, Gardasil(®) (Merck & Co., Whitehouse Station, NJ USA) a quadrivalent vaccine containing VLPs of types 6, 11, 16 and 18 and Cervarix(®) (GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium), a bivalent vaccine containing VLPs of types 16 and 18. Both vaccines exhibited excellent safety and immunogenicity profiles. The vaccines also demonstrated remarkably high and similar efficacy against the vaccine-targeted types for a range of cervical endpoints from persistent infection to cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN3) in women naïve to the corresponding type at the time of vaccination. However, protection from incident infection or disease from non-vaccine types was restricted, and the vaccines had no effect on prevalent infection or disease. Gardasil(®) also demonstrated strong protection against genital warts and vulvar/vaginal neoplasia associated with the vaccine types. In other trials, Gardasil(®) protected mid-adult women from incident infection and CIN caused by the vaccine types and protected men for incident infection, genital warts and anal intraepithelial neoplasia by the vaccine types. Cervarix(®) protected against vaccine-targeted anal infections in women in an end of study evaluation. For practical reasons, efficacy studies have not been conducted in the primary target populations of current vaccination programs, adolescent girls and boys. However, immunogenicity bridging studies demonstrating excellent safety and strong immune responses in adolescence, coupled with the documentation of durable antibody responses and protection in young adults, leads to an optimistic projection of the effectiveness of the vaccines in adolescent vaccination programs. Taken together, the excellent clinical trial results strongly support the potential of the vaccines as high value public health interventions and justify their widespread implementation to prevent anogenital HPV infections and their associated neoplasia. This article forms part of a special supplement entitled "Comprehensive Control of HPV Infections and Related Diseases" Vaccine Volume 30, Supplement 5, 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Schiller
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Zhao Q, Allen MJ, Wang Y, Wang B, Wang N, Shi L, Sitrin RD. Disassembly and reassembly improves morphology and thermal stability of human papillomavirus type 16 virus-like particles. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 8:1182-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2012.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Wiggans KT, Hoover CE, Ehrhart EJ, Wobeser BK, Cohen LB, Gionfriddo JR. Malignant transformation of a putative eyelid papilloma to squamous cell carcinoma in a dog. Vet Ophthalmol 2012; 16 Suppl 1:105-12. [PMID: 22882469 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2012.01062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A 6-year-old female spayed Chihuahua was presented for the evaluation of generalized pigmented cutaneous masses, one of which was present on the lower right eyelid. The dog was not on immunosuppressive medications and did not have historical or laboratory evidence of underlying endocrine disease, including hypothyroidism and hyperadrenocorticism. Histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and polymerase chain reaction of a cutaneous biopsy from the left antebrachium containing representative lesions confirmed viral papillomatosis. Additionally, histopathology of the antebrachial mass revealed regions of epithelial dysplasia suggestive of possible early transformation to malignancy. Over the course of 5 months, the mass on the right lower eyelid progressed to encompass and efface the majority of the eyelid margin. Additionally, the eyelid tumor had changed from an ovoid, brown pigmented mass to an irregular, flesh-colored mass. At the dog's last recheck examination, a corneal ulcer had developed beneath the irregular dorsal margin of the tumor. Histopathology of the eyelid mass was consistent with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and was positive for the presence of papillomavirus using polymerase chain reaction. This report describes the transformation of a putative viral eyelid papilloma into a malignant SCC in an adult dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tomo Wiggans
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Abstract
Papillomaviruses are nonenveloped, double-stranded DNA viruses that are associated with both benign and malignant tumors in animals and humans. We report the complete genome sequence of canine papillomavirus type 9 isolated from a solitary pigmented plaque on a mixed-breed bloodhound.
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Liu HB, Chaturvedi PK, Battogtokh G, Bang HJ, Kim IW, Kim YW, Park KS, Ahn WS. Development of Bead-based Immunoassay to Quantify Neutralizing Antibody for Human Papillomavirus 16 and 18. Mol Biotechnol 2012; 54:361-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s12033-012-9571-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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35
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Gersch ED, Gissmann L, Garcea RL. New approaches to prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines for cervical cancer prevention. Antivir Ther 2011; 17:425-34. [PMID: 22293302 DOI: 10.3851/imp1941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The currently licensed human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are safe and highly effective at preventing HPV infection for a select number of papillomavirus types, thus decreasing the incidence of precursors to cervical cancer. It is expected that vaccination will also ultimately reduce the incidence of this cancer. The licensed HPV vaccines are, however, type restricted and expensive, and also require refrigeration, multiple doses and intramuscular injection. Second-generation vaccines are currently being developed to address these shortcomings. New expression systems, viral and bacterial vectors for HPV L1 capsid protein delivery, and use of the HPV L2 capsid protein will hopefully aid in decreasing cost and increasing ease of use and breadth of protection. These second-generation vaccines could also allow affordable immunization of women in developing countries, where the incidence of cervical cancer is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Gersch
- Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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Wu WH, Gersch E, Kwak K, Jagu S, Karanam B, Huh WK, Garcea RL, Roden RBS. Capsomer vaccines protect mice from vaginal challenge with human papillomavirus. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27141. [PMID: 22069498 PMCID: PMC3206079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsomers were produced in bacteria as glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion proteins with human papillomavirus type 16 L1 lacking the first nine and final 29 residues (GST-HPV16L1Δ) alone or linked with residues 13-47 of HPV18, HPV31 and HPV45 L2 in tandem (GST-HPV16L1Δ-L2x3). Subcutaneous immunization of mice with GST-HPV16L1Δ or GST-HPV16L1Δ-L2x3 in alum and monophosphoryl lipid A induced similarly high titers of HPV16 neutralizing antibodies. GST-HPV16L1Δ-L2x3 also elicited moderate L2-specific antibody titers. Intravaginal challenge studies showed that immunization of mice with GST-HPV16 L1Δ or GST-HPV16L1Δ-L2x3 capsomers, like Cervarix®, provided complete protection against HPV16. Conversely, vaccination with GST-HPV16 L1Δ capsomers failed to protect against HPV18 challenge, whereas mice immunized with either GST-HPV16L1Δ-L2x3 capsomers or Cervarix® were each completely protected. Thus, while the L2-specific response was moderate, it did not interfere with immunity to L1 in the context of GST-HPV16L1Δ-L2x3 and is sufficient to mediate L2-dependent protection against an experimental vaginal challenge with HPV18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Hong Wu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Gersch
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kihyuck Kwak
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Subhashini Jagu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Balasubramanyam Karanam
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Warner K. Huh
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Garcea
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Richard B. S. Roden
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Waheed MT, Thönes N, Müller M, Hassan SW, Gottschamel J, Lössl E, Kaul HP, Lössl AG. Plastid expression of a double-pentameric vaccine candidate containing human papillomavirus-16 L1 antigen fused with LTB as adjuvant: transplastomic plants show pleiotropic phenotypes. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2011; 9:651-60. [PMID: 21447051 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00612.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes cervical cancer in women worldwide, which is currently prevented by vaccines based on virus-like particles (VLPs). However, these vaccines have certain limitations in their availability to developing countries, largely due to elevated costs. Concerning the highest burden of disease in resource-poor countries, development of an improved mucosal and cost-effective vaccine is a necessity. As an alternative to VLPs, capsomeres have been shown to be highly immunogenic and can be used as vaccine candidate. Furthermore, coupling of an adjuvant like Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin subunit B (LTB) to an antigen can increase its immunogenicity and reduce the costs related to separate co-administration of adjuvants. Our study demonstrates the expression of two pentameric proteins: the modified HPV-16 L1 (L1_2xCysM) and LTB as a fusion protein in tobacco chloroplasts. Homoplasmy of the transplastomic plants was confirmed by Southern blotting. Western blot analysis showed that the LTB-L1 fusion protein was properly expressed in the plastids and the recombinant protein was estimated to accumulate up to 2% of total soluble protein. Proper folding and display of conformational epitopes for both LTB and L1 in the fusion protein was confirmed by GM1-ganglioside binding assay and antigen capture ELISA, respectively. However, all transplastomic lines showed chlorosis, male sterility and growth retardation, which persisted in the ensuing four generations studied. Nevertheless, plants reached maturity and produced seeds by pollination with wild-type plants. Taken together, these results pave the way for the possible development of a low-cost adjuvant-coupled vaccine with potentially improved immunogenicity against cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad T Waheed
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences and Plant Biotechnology (DAPP), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
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Middelberg APJ, Rivera-Hernandez T, Wibowo N, Lua LHL, Fan Y, Magor G, Chang C, Chuan YP, Good MF, Batzloff MR. A microbial platform for rapid and low-cost virus-like particle and capsomere vaccines. Vaccine 2011; 29:7154-62. [PMID: 21651936 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Studies on a platform technology able to deliver low-cost viral capsomeres and virus-like particles are described. The technology involves expression of the VP1 structural protein from murine polyomavirus (MuPyV) in Escherichia coli, followed by purification using scaleable units and optional cell-free VLP assembly. Two insertion sites on the surface of MuPyV VP1 are exploited for the presentation of the M2e antigen from influenza and the J8 peptide from Group A Streptococcus (GAS). Results from testing on mice following subcutaneous administration demonstrate that VLPs are self adjuvating, that adding adjuvant to VLPs provides no significant benefit in terms of antibody titre, and that adjuvanted capsomeres induce an antibody titre comparable to VLPs but superior to unadjuvanted capsomere formulations. Antibodies raised against GAS J8 peptide following immunization with chimeric J8-VP1 VLPs are bactericidal against a GAS reference strain. E. coli is easily and widely cultivated, and well understood, and delivers unparalleled volumetric productivity in industrial bioreactors. Indeed, recent results demonstrate that MuPyV VP1 can be produced in bioreactors at multi-gram-per-litre levels. The platform technology described here therefore has the potential to deliver safe and efficacious vaccine, quickly and cost effectively, at distributed manufacturing sites including those in less developed countries. Additionally, the unique advantages of VLPs including their stability on freeze drying, and the potential for intradermal and intranasal administration, suggest this technology may be suited to numerous diseases where adequate response requires large-scale and low-cost vaccine manufacture, in a way that is rapidly adaptable to temporal or geographical variation in pathogen molecular composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton P J Middelberg
- The University of Queensland, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Lössl AG, Waheed MT. Chloroplast-derived vaccines against human diseases: achievements, challenges and scopes. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2011; 9:527-39. [PMID: 21447052 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2011.00615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases represent a continuously growing menace that has severe impact on health of the people worldwide, particularly in the developing countries. Therefore, novel prevention and treatment strategies are urgently needed to reduce the rate of these diseases in humans. For this reason, different options can be considered for the production of affordable vaccines. Plants have been proved as an alternative expression system for various compounds of biological importance. Particularly, plastid genetic engineering can be potentially used as a tool for cost-effective vaccine production. Antigenic proteins from different viruses and bacteria have been expressed in plastids. Initial immunological studies of chloroplast-derived vaccines have yielded promising results in animal models. However, because of certain limitations, these vaccines face many challenges on production and application level. Adaptations to the novel approaches are needed, which comprise codon usage and choice of proven expression cassettes for the optimal yield of expressed proteins, use of inducible systems, marker gene removal, selection of specific antigens with high immunogenicity and development of tissue culture systems for edible crops to prove the concept of low-cost edible vaccines. As various aspects of plant-based vaccines have been discussed in recent reviews, here we will focus on certain aspects of chloroplast transformation related to vaccine production against human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas G Lössl
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences and Plant Biotechnology (DAPP), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria.
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40
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Waheed MT, Thönes N, Müller M, Hassan SW, Razavi NM, Lössl E, Kaul HP, Lössl AG. Transplastomic expression of a modified human papillomavirus L1 protein leading to the assembly of capsomeres in tobacco: a step towards cost-effective second-generation vaccines. Transgenic Res 2011; 20:271-82. [PMID: 20563641 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-010-9415-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Certain types of human papillomaviruses (HPV) are causatively associated with cervical carcinoma, the second most common cancer in women worldwide. Due to limitations in the availability of currently used virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccines against HPV to women of developing countries, where most cases of cervical cancer occur, the development of a cost-effective second-generation vaccine is a necessity. Capsomeres have recently been demonstrated to be highly immunogenic and to have a number of advantages as a potential cost-effective alternative to VLP-based HPV vaccines. We have expressed a mutated HPV-16 L1 (L1_2xCysM) gene that retained the ability to assemble L1 protein to capsomeres in tobacco chloroplasts. The recombinant protein yielded up to 1.5% of total soluble protein. The assembly of capsomeres was examined and verified by cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation and sucrose sedimentation analysis. An antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed the formation of capsomeres by using a conformation-specific monoclonal antibody which recognized the conformational epitopes. Transplastomic tobacco plants exhibited normal growth and morphology, but all such lines showed male sterility in the T₀, T₁ and T₂ generations. Taken together, these results indicate the possibility of producing a low-cost capsomere-based vaccine by plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Tahir Waheed
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences and Plant Biotechnology (DAPP), University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences (BOKU), Gregor-Mendel-Strasse 33, 1180, Vienna, Austria
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Kwak K, Yemelyanova A, Roden RBS. Prevention of cancer by prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines. Curr Opin Immunol 2010; 23:244-51. [PMID: 21185706 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Oncogenic human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are exclusively mucosal pathogens that are noncytopathic and the basal epithelial cells harboring and maintaining an infection do not produce either capsid antigen or virus. The efficacy of the licensed L1 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines has encouraged development of several second generation vaccines aimed at expanding the coverage to all oncogenic HPV types and reducing barriers to global implementation. Currently there is no defined immune correlate of protection that can be used to determine if an individual patient is protected and for the evaluation of these second generation vaccines. Surprisingly, passive transfer of neutralizing serum antibody is protective in animal models. Recent studies suggest how neutralizing antibody mediates immunity against mucosal HPV and the possible impact of memory B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihyuck Kwak
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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42
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Mariani L, Venuti A. HPV vaccine: an overview of immune response, clinical protection, and new approaches for the future. J Transl Med 2010; 8:105. [PMID: 20979636 PMCID: PMC2988719 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-8-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although long-term protection is a key-point in evaluating HPV-vaccine over time, there is currently inadequate information on the duration of HPV vaccine-induced immunity and on the mechanisms related to the activation of immune-memory. Longer-term surveillance in a vaccinated population is needed to identify waning immunity, evaluating any requirements for booster immunizations to assess vaccine efficacy against HPV-diseases. Current prophylactic vaccines have the primary end-points to protect against HPV-16 and 18, the genotypes more associated to cervical cancer worldwide. Nevertheless, data from many countries demonstrate the presence, at significant levels, of HPVs that are not included in the currently available vaccine preparations, indicating that these vaccines could be less effective in a particular area of the world. The development of vaccines covering a larger number of HPVs presents the most complex challenge for the future. Therefore, long term immunization and cross-protection of HPV vaccines will be discussed in light of new approaches for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Mariani
- Dept. Gynaecologic Oncology, National Cancer Institute Regina Elena of Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Venuti
- Lab. Virology, National Cancer Institute Regina Elena of Rome, Italy
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43
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Corbett HJ, Fernando GJP, Chen X, Frazer IH, Kendall MAF. Skin vaccination against cervical cancer associated human papillomavirus with a novel micro-projection array in a mouse model. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13460. [PMID: 20976136 PMCID: PMC2956639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Better delivery systems are needed for routinely used vaccines, to improve vaccine uptake. Many vaccines contain alum or alum based adjuvants. Here we investigate a novel dry-coated densely-packed micro-projection array skin patch (Nanopatch™) as an alternate delivery system to intramuscular injection for delivering an alum adjuvanted human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine (Gardasil®) commonly used as a prophylactic vaccine against cervical cancer. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Micro-projection arrays dry-coated with vaccine material (Gardasil®) delivered to C57BL/6 mouse ear skin released vaccine within 5 minutes. To assess vaccine immunogenicity, doses of corresponding to HPV-16 component of the vaccine between 0.43 ± 0.084 ng and 300 ± 120 ng (mean ± SD) were administered to mice at day 0 and day 14. A dose of 55 ± 6.0 ng delivered intracutaneously by micro-projection array was sufficient to produce a maximal virus neutralizing serum antibody response at day 28 post vaccination. Neutralizing antibody titres were sustained out to 16 weeks post vaccination, and, for comparable doses of vaccine, somewhat higher titres were observed with intracutaneous patch delivery than with intramuscular delivery with the needle and syringe at this time point. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Use of dry micro-projection arrays (Nanopatch™) has the potential to overcome the need for a vaccine cold chain for common vaccines currently delivered by needle and syringe, and to reduce risk of needle-stick injury and vaccine avoidance due to the fear of the needle especially among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly J. Corbett
- Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Germain J. P. Fernando
- Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Xianfeng Chen
- Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian H. Frazer
- Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark A. F. Kendall
- Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Diamantina Institute, Princess Alexandra Hospital, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
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Wang J, Zhou D, Prabhu A, Schlegel R, Yuan H. The canine papillomavirus and gamma HPV E7 proteins use an alternative domain to bind and destabilize the retinoblastoma protein. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001089. [PMID: 20824099 PMCID: PMC2932728 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The high-risk HPV E6 and E7 proteins cooperate to immortalize primary human cervical cells and the E7 protein can independently transform fibroblasts in vitro, primarily due to its ability to associate with and degrade the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein, pRb. The binding of E7 to pRb is mediated by a conserved Leu-X-Cys-X-Glu (LXCXE) motif in the conserved region 2 (CR2) of E7 and this domain is both necessary and sufficient for E7/pRb association. In the current study, we report that the E7 protein of the malignancy-associated canine papillomavirus type 2 encodes an E7 protein that has serine substituted for cysteine in the LXCXE motif. In HPV, this substitution in E7 abrogates pRb binding and degradation. However, despite variation at this critical site, the canine papillomavirus E7 protein still bound and degraded pRb. Even complete deletion of the LXSXE domain of canine E7 failed to interfere with binding to pRb in vitro and in vivo. Rather, the dominant binding site for pRb mapped to the C-terminal domain of canine E7. Finally, while the CR1 and CR2 domains of HPV E7 are sufficient for degradation of pRb, the C-terminal region of canine E7 was also required for pRb degradation. Screening of HPV genome sequences revealed that the LXSXE motif of the canine E7 protein was also present in the gamma HPVs and we demonstrate that the gamma HPV-4 E7 protein also binds pRb in a similar way. It appears, therefore, that the type 2 canine PV and gamma-type HPVs not only share similar properties with respect to tissue specificity and association with immunosuppression, but also the mechanism by which their E7 proteins interact with pRb. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are estimated to cause the most common sexually transmitted infection in the world, and these infections are recognized as the major cause of cervical cancer. One of the papillomavirus oncoproteins, E7, plays a major role in both the viral life cycle and progression to cancer. In cells E7 associates and inactivates pRb, a tumor suppressor protein. For the vast majority of papillomaviruses, E7 binds to pRb using a small amino acid sequence, LXCXE. However, we have now identified a papillomavirus E7 protein that lacks the LXCXE domain yet still binds and degrades pRb. This E7 protein, derived from a carcinogenic canine virus, uses its C-terminal domain to bind pRb. In addition, we discovered that a family of papillomaviruses, the gamma type HPVs, also lacks the LXCXE domain and binds pRb using a similar mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Dan Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Anjali Prabhu
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Richard Schlegel
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hang Yuan
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical School, Washington, D.C., United States of America
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45
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Durzyńska J, Błażejewska P, Szydłowski J, Goździcka-Józefiak A. Detection of Anti-HPV11-L1 Antibodies in Immune Sera from Patients Suffering from Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis Using ELISA. Viral Immunol 2010; 23:415-23. [DOI: 10.1089/vim.2010.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Durzyńska
- Department of Molecular Virology, Faculty of Biology, University of A. Mickiewicz, Poznan, Poznan
| | - Paulina Błażejewska
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jarosław Szydłowski
- Department of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Institute of Pediatrics, University of Medical Sciences, Poland
| | - Anna Goździcka-Józefiak
- Department of Molecular Virology, Faculty of Biology, University of A. Mickiewicz, Poznan, Poznan
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46
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Jagu S, Kwak K, Garcea RL, Roden RBS. Vaccination with multimeric L2 fusion protein and L1 VLP or capsomeres to broaden protection against HPV infection. Vaccine 2010; 28:4478-86. [PMID: 20434552 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2009] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunization with L1 as pentavalent capsomeres or virus-like particles (VLPs) generates high and long-lived titers of neutralizing antibodies and protection primarily against the human papillomavirus (HPV) type from which the vaccine was derived. Conversely, vaccination with L2 minor capsid protein derived from multiple HPV types induces lower titer, but more broadly neutralizing and protective antibody responses. We combined the advantages of each protective antigen by immunization with titrated doses of multi-type L2 with either L1 capsomeres or VLP. We observed no significant interference between the L1 and L2 antibody response upon co-administration of L1 vaccines with multi-type L2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhashini Jagu
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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47
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48
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Senger T, Schädlich L, Textor S, Klein C, Michael KM, Buck CB, Gissmann L. Virus-like particles and capsomeres are potent vaccines against cutaneous alpha HPVs. Vaccine 2009; 28:1583-93. [PMID: 20003923 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The potential as prophylactic vaccines of L1-based particles from cutaneous genus alpha human papillomavirus (HPV) types has not been assessed so far. However, there is a high medical need for such vaccines since HPV-induced skin warts represent a major burden for children and for immunocompromised adults, such as organ transplant recipients. In this study, we have examined the immunogenicity of capsomeres and virus-like particles (VLPs) from HPV types 2, 27, and 57, the most frequent causative agents of skin warts. Immunization of mice induced immune responses resembling those observed upon vaccination with HPV 16 L1-based antigens. The antibody responses were cross-reactive but type-restricted in their neutralizing capacities. Application of adjuvant led to an enhanced potential to neutralize the respective immunogen type but did not improve cross-neutralization. Vaccination with capsomeres and VLPs from all four analyzed HPV types induced robust IFNgamma-associated T-cell activation. Immunization with mixed VLPs from HPV types 2, 27, and 57 triggered an antibody response similar to that after single-type immunization and capable of efficiently neutralizing all three types. Our results imply that vaccination with combinations of VLPs from cutaneous HPV types constitutes a promising strategy to prevent HPV-induced skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilo Senger
- Department of Genome Modifications and Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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49
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Abstract
Vaccines against the human papillomaviruses (HPVs) most frequently associated with cancer of the cervix are now available. These prophylactic vaccines, based on virus-like particles (VLPs), are extremely effective, providing protection from infection in almost 100% of cases. However, the vaccines present some limitations: they are effective primarily against the HPV type present in the vaccine, are expensive to produce, and need a cold chain. Vaccines based on the minor capsid protein L2 have been very successful in animal models and have been shown to provide a good level of protection against different papillomavirus types. The potential of L2-based vaccines to protect against many types of HPVs is discussed.
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50
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Abstract
The recently discovered Canis familiaris papillomavirus (PV) type 2 (CfPV2) provides a unique opportunity to study PV gene functions in vitro and in vivo. Unlike the previously characterized canine oral PV, CfPV2 contains an E5 open reading frame and is associated with progression to squamous cell carcinoma. In the current study, we have expressed and characterized the CfPV2-encoded E5 protein, a small, hydrophobic, 41-amino-acid polypeptide. We demonstrate that, similar to the E5 protein from high-risk human PV type 16, the CfPV2 E5 protein is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and that its expression decreases keratinocyte proliferation and cell life span. E5 expression also increases the percentage of cells in the G(1) phase of the cell cycle, with a concomitant decrease in the percentage of cells in S phase. To identify a potential mechanism for E5-mediated growth inhibition from the ER, we developed a real-time PCR method to quantify the splicing of XBP1 mRNA as a measure of ER stress. We found that the CfPV2 E5 protein induced ER stress and that this, as well as the observed growth inhibition, is tempered significantly by coexpression of the CfPV2 E6 and E7 genes. It is possible that the spatial/temporal regulation of E6/E7 gene expression during keratinocyte differentiation might therefore modulate E5 activity and ER stress.
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