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Konishi K, Kusakabe S, Kawaguchi N, Shishido T, Ito N, Harada M, Inoue S, Maeda K, Hall WW, Orba Y, Sawa H, Sasaki M, Sato A. β-d-N 4-hydroxycytidine, a metabolite of molnupiravir, exhibits in vitro antiviral activity against rabies virus. Antiviral Res 2024; 229:105977. [PMID: 39089332 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal neurological disorder caused by rabies virus (RABV) infection. Approximately 60,000 patients die from rabies annually, and there are no effective treatments for this disease. Nucleoside analogs are employed as antiviral drugs based on their broad antiviral spectrum, and certain nucleoside analogs have been reported to exhibit anti-RABV activity. The nucleoside analog β-d-N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC) has antiviral effects against a range of RNA viruses. Molnupiravir (MPV), a prodrug of NHC, is clinically used as an oral antiviral drug for coronavirus infections. Despite its broad-spectrum activity, the antiviral activity of NHC against RABV remains unclear. In this study, we reveal that NHC exhibits comparable in vitro anti-RABV activity as ribavirin and favipiravir (also known as T-705) with a 90% effective concentration of 6 μM in mouse neuroblastoma cells. NHC reduced viral loads in neuronal and nonneuronal cells in a dose-dependent manner. Both laboratory and field RABVs (fixed and street strains, respectively) were susceptible to NHC. However, no increase in survival or reduction in viral titers in the brain was observed in RABV-infected mice treated prophylactically with MPV. These findings highlight the potential and challenges of NHC in the treatment of RABV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Konishi
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery & Disease Research, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Division of Anti-Virus Drug Research, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shinji Kusakabe
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery & Disease Research, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Division of Anti-Virus Drug Research, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nijiho Kawaguchi
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takao Shishido
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery & Disease Research, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Naoto Ito
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Michiko Harada
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Science, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo, Japan
| | - William W Hall
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; National Virus Reference Laboratory, School of Medicine, University College of Dublin, Ireland; Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuko Orba
- Division of Anti-Virus Drug Research, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Division of Anti-Virus Drug Research, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, USA; Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Michihito Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Sato
- Laboratory for Drug Discovery & Disease Research, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Division of Anti-Virus Drug Research, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Menezes KMF, Dábilla N, Souza M, Damasceno AD, Torres BBJ. Identification of a new polymorphism on the wild-type canine distemper virus genome: could this contribute to vaccine failures? Braz J Microbiol 2023; 54:665-678. [PMID: 37140816 PMCID: PMC10235312 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00971-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The canine distemper virus (CDV) is responsible for a multisystem infectious disease with high prevalence in dogs and wild carnivores and has vaccination as the main control measure. However, recent studies show an increase in cases including vaccinated dogs in different parts of the world. There are several reasons for vaccine failures, including differences between vaccine strains and wild-type strains. In this study, a phylogenetic analysis of CDV strains from samples of naturally infected, vaccinated, and symptomatic dogs in Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil was performed with partial sequencing of the hemagglutinin (H) gene of CDV. Different sites of amino acid substitutions were found, and one strain had the Y549H mutation, typically present in samples from wild animals. Substitutions in epitopes (residues 367, 376, 379, 381, 386, and 388) that may interfere with the vaccine's ability to provide adequate protection against infection for CDV were observed. The identified strains were grouped in the South America 1/Europe lineage, with a significant difference from other lineages and vaccine strains. Twelve subgenotypes were characterized, considering a nucleotide identity of at least 98% among the strains. These findings highlight the relevance of canine distemper infection and support the need better monitoring of the circulating strains that contribute to elucidate if there is a need for vaccine update.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathânia Dábilla
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical E Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Menira Souza
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical E Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Adilson Donizeti Damasceno
- Escola de Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Campus II CEP 74690900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Bruno Benetti Junta Torres
- Escola de Veterinária E Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás - UFG, Campus II CEP 74690900, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CANINE DISTEMPER VIRUSES CIRCULATING IN WILDLIFE IN THE UNITED STATES. J Zoo Wildl Med 2020; 50:790-797. [PMID: 31926508 DOI: 10.1638/2019-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly contagious disease of wild and domestic mammals. Maintenance of CDV among wildlife plays an important role in the disease epidemiology. Wild animals, including raccoons (Procyon lotor) and gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), serve as reservoirs of CDV and hamper the control of the disease. Recently, we discovered that at least three different CDV lineages (America-3 [Edomex], America-4, and America-5] that are genetically different from the available vaccine strains are circulating in domestic dogs in the United States. Because wildlife serve as a reservoir for the virus, it is important to determine if wildlife play a role in the maintenance and spread of these lineages. To determine the genetic characteristics of circulating strains of CDV in wildlife in various geographic regions in the United States, we studied the nucleotide sequences of the hemagglutinin (H) gene of 25 CDV strains detected in nondomestic species. The species included were free-ranging wildlife: three fishers (Martes pennanti), six foxes, one skunk (Mephitis mephitis), 10 raccoons, two wolves (Canis lupus), and one mink (Neovison vison). Strains from two species in managed care, one sloth (Choloepus didactylus) and one red panda (Ailurus fulgens), were also evaluated. Phylogenetic analysis of the H genes indicated that in addition to America-3, America-4, and America-5 lineages, there are at least two other lineages circulating in US wildlife. One of these includes CDV nucleotide sequences that grouped with that of a single CDV isolate previously detected in a raccoon from Rhode Island in 2012. The other lineage is independent and genetically distinct from other CDV strains included in the analysis. Additional genetically variable strains were detected, mainly in raccoons, suggesting that this species may be the host responsible for the genetic variability of newly detected strains in the domestic dog population.
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Phylogenetic evidence of the intercontinental circulation of a Canine distemper virus lineage in the Americas. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15747. [PMID: 31673120 PMCID: PMC6823503 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is the cause of a multisystem disease in domestic dogs and wild animals, infecting more than 20 carnivore and non-carnivore families and even infecting human cell lines in in vitro conditions. Phylogenetic classification based on the hemagglutinin gene shows 17 lineages with a phylogeographic distribution pattern. In Medellín (Colombia), the lineage South America-3 is considered endemic. Phylogenetic studies conducted in Ecuador using fragment coding for the fusion protein signal peptide (Fsp) characterized a new strain belonging to a different lineage. For understanding the distribution of the South America-3 lineage in the north of the South American continent, we characterized CDV from three Colombian cities (Medellín, Bucaramanga, and Bogotá). Using phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin gene and the Fsp region, we confirmed the circulation of CDV South America-3 in different areas of Colombia. We also described, for the first time to our knowledge, the circulation of a new lineage in Medellín that presents a group monophyletic with strains previously characterized in dogs in Ecuador and in wildlife and domestic dogs in the United States, for which we propose the name “South America/North America-4” due its intercontinental distribution. In conclusion, our results indicated that there are at least four different CDV lineages circulating in domestic dogs in South America: the Europe/South America-1 lineage circulating in Brazil, Uruguay, and Argentina; the South America-2 lineage restricted to Argentina; the South America-3 lineage, which has only been reported in Colombia; and lastly an intercontinental lineage present in Colombia, Ecuador, and the United States, referred to here as the “South America/North America-4” lineage.
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Anis E, Newell TK, Dyer N, Wilkes RP. Phylogenetic analysis of the wild-type strains of canine distemper virus circulating in the United States. Virol J 2018; 15:118. [PMID: 30068352 PMCID: PMC6090796 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Canine distemper (CD) is a highly contagious, systemic, viral disease of dogs seen worldwide. Despite intensive vaccination in developed countries, recent reports suggest both the re-emergence and increased activity of Canine distemper virus (CDV) worldwide, including the United States. CDV is an RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus within the family Paramyxoviridae. Viral genomic RNA encodes six structural proteins. Of the six structural proteins, the hemagglutinin (H) gene has the greatest genetic variation and is therefore a suitable target for molecular epidemiological studies. The majority of neutralizing epitopes are found on the H protein, making this gene also important for evaluation of changes over time that may result in antigenic differences among strains. The aim of this study was to determine the phylogenetic relationship of CDV strains circulating in the US. Methods Fifty-nine positive canine distemper virus samples collected from dogs from different regions and states from 2014 to 2017 were sequenced with a targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) method. The sequences of the H, F, and P genes and the matrix-fusion (M-F) intergenic region of the amplified CDVs were analyzed individually. Results Sequence analysis of the H gene revealed that there are at least 3 different lineages of CDV currently circulating in the US. These lineages include America-3 (Edomex), America-4, and a clade that was previously reported in association with an outbreak in Wyoming, which was linked to a domestic dog-breeding facility in Kansas in 2010. These lineages differ from the historically identified lineages in the US, including America-1, which contains the majority of the vaccine strains. Genetic differences may result in significant changes to the neutralizing epitopes that consequently may lead to vaccine failure. Phylogenetic analyses of the nucleotide sequences obtained in this study of the F and P genes and the M-F intergenic region with sequences from the GenBank database produced similar findings to the H gene analysis. Conclusions The CDV lineages currently circulating in the US differ from the historically identified lineages America-1. Continuous surveillance is required for monitoring circulating CDV strains in the US, to prevent potential vaccine breakthrough events. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-018-1027-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Anis
- Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, PO Box 1389, 43 Brighton Rd, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA.,The Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat, Sadat City, Egypt
| | - Teresa K Newell
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services Department, North Dakota State University, Dept. 7691, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, North, Dakota, 58105, USA
| | - Neil Dyer
- Veterinary Diagnostic Services Department, North Dakota State University, Dept. 7691, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, North, Dakota, 58105, USA
| | - Rebecca P Wilkes
- Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, PO Box 1389, 43 Brighton Rd, Tifton, GA, 31793, USA.
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Development and validation of an epitope-blocking ELISA using an anti-haemagglutinin monoclonal antibody for specific detection of antibodies in sheep and goat sera directed against peste des petits ruminants virus. Arch Virol 2018. [PMID: 29520689 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3782-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a contagious and economically important disease affecting production of small ruminants (i.e., sheep and goats). Taking into consideration the lessons learnt from the Global Rinderpest Eradication Programme (GREP), PPR is now targeted by the international veterinary community as the next animal disease to be eradicated. To support the African continental programme for the control of PPR, the Pan African Veterinary Vaccine Centre of the African Union (AU-PANVAC) is developing diagnostics tools. Here, we describe the development of a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (bELISA) that allows testing of a large number of samples for specific detection of antibodies directed against PPR virus in sheep and goat sera. The PPR bELISA uses an anti-haemagglutinin (H) monoclonal antibody (MAb) as a competitor antibody, and tests results are interpreted using the percentage of inhibition (PI) of MAb binding generated by the serum sample. PI values below or equal to 18% (PI ≤ 18%) are negative, PI values greater than or equal to 25% (PI ≥ 25%) are positive, and PI values greater than 18% and below 25% are doubtful. The diagnostic specificity (DSp) and diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) were found to be 100% and 93.74%, respectively. The H-based PPR-bELISA showed good correlation with the virus neutralization test (VNT), the gold standard test, with a kappa value of 0.947. The H-based PPR-bELISA is more specific than the commercial kit ID Screen® PPR Competition (N-based PPR-cELISA) from IDvet (France), but the commercial kit is slightly more sensitive than the H-based PPR-bELISA. The validation process also indicated good repeatability and reproducibility of the H-based PPR-bELISA, making this new test a suitable tool for the surveillance and sero-monitoring of the vaccination campaign.
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Liu F, Wu X, Liu W, Li L, Wang Z. Current perspectives on conventional and novel vaccines against peste des petits ruminants. Vet Res Commun 2014; 38:307-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-014-9618-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
With few exceptions, vaccination aims to control rather than eliminate or eradicate disease. The eradication of smallpox in the 1970s led to two other human diseases, polio and measles, being targeted for eradication by the World Health Organization. In general, animal diseases are ignored by the public, however, recent targeting of the rinderpest virus, the agent of cattle plague, has put this virus on the verge of global extinction. For centuries, this virus was responsible for major cattle plagues in Europe, Asia and Africa. The success of the Global Rinderpest Eradication Program is an illustration of the power of vaccines to alter people's lives economically and socially when used in an internationally coordinated way. In this review, the history of the development of rinderpest vaccines and the new research being undertaken to produce marker vaccines, using recombinant DNA technology and reverse genetics, are described. In addition, the valuable contribution that marker vaccines can make in the final stages of the rinderpest eradication program is outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Barrett
- Pirbright Laboratory, Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey, GU24 ONF, UK.
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A novel approach to generating morbillivirus vaccines: Negatively marking the rinderpest vaccine. Vaccine 2012; 30:1927-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Yeh JY, Kwoen CH, Jeong W, Jeoung HY, Lee HS, An DJ. Genetic characterization of the Korean LATC06 rinderpest vaccine strain. Virus Genes 2010; 42:71-5. [PMID: 21053063 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-010-0543-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We sequenced the genome of LATC06 generated by in vitro passage in Vero cells of the lapinized-avianized (LA) strain and compared its sequence to those of other rinderpest viruses. The LATC06 genome consists of 15882 nucleotides. Its transcriptional regulatory control sequences (TRSs) at gene boundaries are identical to those of the Kabete O strain. Cleavage sites for generating F1/F2 proteins were identified in the same amino acid position (aa 108) as F proteins in LATC06, L13, RBT1, Kabete O, and RBOK strains. There are three predicted N-glycosylation sites of H proteins in LA (Japan) and LATC06 strains. The six epitopes of H protein in the LA (Japan) strain that elicit immunodominant humoral responses are also found in the LATC06 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yong Yeh
- Division of Veterinary Biotechnology, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Kyunggi-do, Anyang, Korea
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Vani J, Chatterjee J, Shaila MS, Nayak R, Chandra NR. Structural basis for the function of anti-idiotypic antibody in immune memory. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:1250-5. [PMID: 19157554 PMCID: PMC7126318 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 11/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We had earlier proposed a hypothesis to explain the mechanism of perpetuation of immunological memory based on the operation of idiotypic network in the complete absence of antigen. Experimental evidences were provided for memory maintenance through anti-idiotypic antibody (Ab(2)) carrying the internal image of the antigen. In the present work, we describe a structural basis for such memory perpetuation by molecular modeling and structural analysis studies. A three-dimensional model of Ab(2) was generated and the structure of the antigenic site on the hemagglutinin protein H of Rinderpest virus was modeled using the structural template of hemagglutinin protein of Measles virus. Our results show that a large portion of heavy chain containing the CDR regions of Ab(2) resembles the domain of the hemagglutinin housing the epitope regions. The similarity demonstrates that an internal image of the H antigen is formed in Ab(2), which provides a structural basis for functional mimicry demonstrated earlier. This work brings out the importance of the structural similarity between a domain of hemagglutinin protein to that of its corresponding Ab(2). It provides evidence that Ab(2) is indeed capable of functioning as surrogate antigen and provides support to earlier proposed relay hypothesis which has provided a mechanism for the maintenance of immunological memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell biology, Indian Institute of Science, C.V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore 560 012, Karnataka, India
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Khamehchian S, Madani R, Rasaee MJ, Golchinfar F, Kargar R. Development of 2 types of competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting antibodies to the rinderpest virus using a monoclonal antibody for a specific region of the hemagglutinin protein. Can J Microbiol 2007; 53:720-6. [PMID: 17668032 DOI: 10.1139/w07-035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (C-ELISA) has been developed and standardized for the detection of antibodies to the rinderpest virus (RPV) in sera from cattle, sheep, and goats. The test is specific for rinderpest because it does not detect antibodies to peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV). The test depends on the ability of the monoclonal antibody (MAb) directed against the hemagglutinin (H) protein of RPV to compete with the binding of RPV antibodies in the positive serum to the H protein of this virus. This MAb recognized a region from amino acids 575 to 583 on the H protein of RPV that is unique to the RPV H protein and is not present on the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein of PPRV. Another C-ELISA (peptide C-ELISA) was set up using this specific region as an antigen. A threshold value of 64.4% inhibition was established for the RPV C-ELISA, with 90 known RPV-negative and 30 RPV-positive serum samples. Using common serum samples, a cutoff value of 43.0% inhibition for the peptide C-ELISA was established. Based on statistical analysis, the overall sensitivity and specificity of the RPV C-ELISA, relative to those of a commercial kit, were found to be 90.00% and 103.33%, respectively. However, the sensitivity and specificity of the peptide C-ELISA were found to be 180.00% and 73.33%, respectively. Although a common MAb in 2 new C-ELISA systems was used, variation in their percent inhibition, due to the use of different antigens, was observed. Taking into consideration the difference in percent inhibition of the 2 described assays and the commercial kit (50%), it was found that the RPV C-ELISA and the peptide C-ELISA are more specific and sensitive tools than the commercial kit for assessing herd immune status and for epidemiologic surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Khamehchian
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, P.O. Box 14115/331, Tehran, Iran
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White JR, Boyd V, Crameri GS, Duch CJ, van Laar RK, Wang LF, Eaton BT. Location of, immunogenicity of and relationships between neutralization epitopes on the attachment protein (G) of Hendra virus. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:2839-2848. [PMID: 16186240 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81218-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epitopes involved in a protective immune response to Hendra virus (HeV) (Henipavirus, Paramxyoviridae) were investigated by generating five neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the virus attachment protein (G) of HeV (HeV G) and sequencing of the G gene of groups of neutralization-escape variants selected with each mAb. Amino acid substitutions occurred at eight distinct sites on HeV G. Relationships between these sites were investigated in binding and neutralization assays using heterologous combinations of variants and mAbs. The sites were also mapped to a proposed structural model for the attachment proteins of Paramyxoviridae. Their specific locations and the nature of their interactions with the mAb panel provided the first functional evidence that HeV G in fact resembled the proposed structure. Four sites (aa 183-185, 417, 447 and 570) contributed to a major discontinuous epitope, on the base of the globular head, that was similar to immunodominant virus neutralization sites found in other paramyxoviruses. Amino acid similarity between HeV and Nipah virus was relatively highly conserved at these sites but decreased significantly at the other sites identified in this study. These included another discontinuous epitope on the base of the head region defined by sites aa 289 and 324 and well separated epitopes on the top of the head at sites aa 191-195 and 385-356. The latter epitope corresponded to immunodominant neutralization sites found in Rinderpest virus and Measles virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R White
- CSIRO Division of Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Victoria Boyd
- CSIRO Division of Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Gary S Crameri
- CSIRO Division of Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Christine J Duch
- CSIRO Division of Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Ryan K van Laar
- CSIRO Division of Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- CSIRO Division of Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Bryan T Eaton
- CSIRO Division of Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
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Borgan MA, Mori Y, Ito N, Sugiyama M, Minamoto N. Antigenic analysis of nonstructural protein (NSP) 4 of group A avian rotavirus strain PO-13. Microbiol Immunol 2003; 47:661-8. [PMID: 14584613 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2003.tb03429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to analyze the antigenic structure of nonstructural protein (NSP) 4 of group A avian rotavirus strain PO-13, 25 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against NSP4 expressed in Escherichia coli were produced. All MAbs reacted with NSP4 on Western blotting, indicating that they recognized sequential epitopes. To determine the antigenic sites (ASs) recognized by the produced MAbs, seven truncated NSP4s were expressed in E. coli. Western blotting analysis showed that there are at least four major ASs on PO-13 NSP4, designated as AS I located in amino acids (aa) 151 to 169, AS II (aa 136 to 150), AS III (aa 112 to 133) and AS IV (aa 1 to 24). Two MAbs reacted exclusively with AS III encompassing the region that has been reported to be an enterotoxin domain. MAbs against ASs II, III and IV reacted with all avian rotaviruses tested by indirect immunofluorescent antibody assays. MAbs against AS I reacted with turkey strains, Ty-1 and Ty-3, but not with a chicken strain, Ch-1. Nine of 11 MAbs against AS II cross-reacted with NSP4 of mammalian rotavirus strains with different NSP4 genotypes. These results suggest that AS II on NSP4 is widely conserved among a variety of rotaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ali Borgan
- Laboratory of Zoonotic Diseases, Division of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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Renukaradhya GJ, Sinnathamby G, Seth S, Rajasekhar M, Shaila MS. Mapping of B-cell epitopic sites and delineation of functional domains on the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein of peste des petits ruminants virus. Virus Res 2002; 90:171-85. [PMID: 12457972 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(02)00151-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A recombinant baculovirus expressing membrane bound form of hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) was employed to generate monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against PPRV-HN protein. Four different mAbs were employed for mapping of regions on HN carrying B-cell epitopes using deletion mutants of PPRV-HN and RPV-H proteins expressed in Escherichia coli as well as PPRV-HN deletion proteins expressed transiently in mammalian cells. The immuno-reactivity pattern indicated that all mAbs bind to two discontinuous regions of amino acid sequence 263-368 and 538-609 and hence the epitopes identified are conformation-dependent. The binding regions for three mAbs were shown to be immunodominant employing competitive ELISA with vaccinated sheep sera. Delineation of functional domains on PPRV-HN was carried out by assessing the ability of these mAbs to inhibit neuramindase activity and hemagglutination activity. Two mAbs inhibited NA activity by more than 63% with substrate N-acetyl neuraminolactose, while with Fetuin one mAb showed inhibition of NA activity (95%). Of the three antigenic sites identified based on competitive inhibition assay, site 2 could be antigenically separated into 2a and 2b based on inhibition properties. All the four mAbs are virus neutralizing and recognized PPRV-HN in immunofluorescence assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Renukaradhya
- Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD-ADMAS), Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, India
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Massé N, Barrett T, Muller CP, Wild TF, Buckland R. Identification of a second major site for CD46 binding in the hemagglutinin protein from a laboratory strain of measles virus (MV): potential consequences for wild-type MV infection. J Virol 2002; 76:13034-8. [PMID: 12438629 PMCID: PMC136712 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.24.13034-13038.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural or wild-type (wt) measles virus (MV) infection in vivo which is restricted to humans and certain monkeys represents an enigma in terms of receptor usage. Although wt MV is known to use the protein SLAM (CD150) as a cell receptor, many human tissues, including respiratory epithelium in which the infection initiates, are SLAM negative. These tissues are CD46 positive, but wt MV strains, unlike vaccinal and laboratory MV strains, are not thought to use CD46 as a receptor. We have identified a novel CD46 binding site at residues S548 and F549, in the hemagglutinin (H) protein from a laboratory MV strain, which is also present in wt H proteins. Our results suggest that although wt MV interacts with SLAM with high affinity, it also possesses the capacity to interact with CD46 with low affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Massé
- Inserm U404, Immunité et vaccination, CERVI, IFR 74, 21 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69365 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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Renukaradhya GJ, Mitra-Kaushik S, Sinnathamby G, Rajasekhar M, Shaila MS. Mapping of B-cell epitopes of hemagglutinin protein of rinderpest virus. Virology 2002; 298:214-23. [PMID: 12127784 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2002.1465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against secreted hemagglutinin (H) protein of rinderpest virus (RPV) expressed by a recombinant baculovirus were generated to characterize the antigenic sites on H protein and regions of functional significance. Three of the mAbs displayed hemagglutination inhibition activity and these mAbs were unable to neutralize virus infectivity. Western immunoblot analysis of overlapping deletion mutants indicated that three mAbs recognize antigenic regions at the extreme carboxy terminus (between amino acids 569 and 609) and the fourth mAb between amino acids 512 and 568. Using synthetic peptides, aa 569-577 and 575-583 were identified as the epitopes for E2G4 and D2F4, respectively. The epitopic domains of A12A9 and E2B6 mAbs were mapped to regions encompassing aa 527-554 and 588-609. Two epitopes spanning the extreme carboxy terminal region of aa 573 to 587 and 588 to 609 were shown to be immunodominant employing a competitive ELISA with polyclonal sera form vaccinated cattle. The D2F4 mAb which recognizes a unique epitope on RPV-H is not present on the closely related peste des petits ruminant virus HN protein and this mAb could serve as a tool in the seromonitoring program after rinderpest vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Renukaradhya
- Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance, Hebbal, Bangalore- 560 024, India
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