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Obregon-Perko V, Mannino A, Ladner JT, Hodara V, Ebrahimi D, Parodi L, Callery J, Palacios G, Giavedoni LD. Adaptation of SIVmac to baboon primary cells results in complete absence of in vivo baboon infectivity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1408245. [PMID: 39006742 PMCID: PMC11239360 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1408245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
While simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection is non-pathogenic in naturally infected African nonhuman primate hosts, experimental or accidental infection in rhesus macaques often leads to AIDS. Baboons, widely distributed throughout Africa, do not naturally harbor SIV, and experimental infection of baboons with SIVmac results in transient low-level viral replication. Elucidation of mechanisms of natural immunity in baboons could uncover new targets of antiviral intervention. We tested the hypothesis that an SIVmac adapted to replicate in baboon primary cells will gain the capacity to establish chronic infections in vivo. Here, we generated SIVmac variants in baboon cells through serial passage in PBMC from different donors (SIVbn-PBMC s1), in PBMC from the same donors (SIVbn-PBMC s2), or in isolated CD4 cells from the same donors used for series 2 (SIVbn-CD4). While SIVbn-PBMC s1 and SIVbn-CD4 demonstrated increased replication capacity, SIVbn-PBMC s2 did not. Pharmacological blockade of CCR5 revealed SIVbn-PBMC s1 could more efficiently use available CCR5 than SIVmac, a trait we hypothesize arose to circumvent receptor occupation by chemokines. Sequencing analysis showed that all three viruses accumulated different types of mutations, and that more non-synonymous mutations became fixed in SIVbn-PBMC s1 than SIVbn-PBMC s2 and SIVbn-CD4, supporting the notion of stronger fitness pressure in PBMC from different genetic backgrounds. Testing the individual contribution of several newly fixed SIV mutations suggested that is the additive effect of these mutations in SIVbn-PBMC s1 that contributed to its enhanced fitness, as recombinant single mutant viruses showed no difference in replication capacity over the parental SIVmac239 strain. The replicative capacity of SIVbn-PBMC passage 4 (P4) s1 was tested in vivo by infecting baboons intravenously with SIVbn-PBMC P4 s1 or SIVmac251. While animals infected with SIVmac251 showed the known pattern of transient low-level viremia, animals infected with SIVbn-PBMC P4 s1 had undetectable viremia or viral DNA in lymphoid tissue. These studies suggest that adaptation of SIV to grow in baboon primary cells results in mutations that confer increased replicative capacity in the artificial environment of cell culture but make the virus unable to avoid the restrictive factors generated by a complex multicellular organism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda Mannino
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Jason T. Ladner
- The Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Vida Hodara
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Diako Ebrahimi
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Laura Parodi
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Jessica Callery
- Department of Biology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Luis D. Giavedoni
- Department of Biology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, United States
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Jacques LC, Green AE, Barton TE, Baltazar M, Aleksandrowicz J, Xu R, Trochu E, Kadioglu A, Neill DR. Influence of Streptococcus pneumoniae Within-Strain Population Diversity on Virulence and Pathogenesis. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0310322. [PMID: 36507681 PMCID: PMC9927508 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03103-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The short generation time of many bacterial pathogens allows the accumulation of de novo mutations during routine culture procedures used for the preparation and propagation of bacterial stocks. Taking the major human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae as an example, we sought to determine the influence of standard laboratory handling of microbes on within-strain genetic diversity and explore how these changes influence virulence characteristics and experimental outcomes. A single culture of S. pneumoniae D39 grown overnight resulted in the enrichment of previously rare genotypes present in bacterial freezer stocks and the introduction of new variation to the bacterial population through the acquisition of mutations. A comparison of D39 stocks from different laboratories demonstrated how changes in bacterial population structure taking place during individual culture events can cumulatively lead to fixed, divergent change that profoundly alters virulence characteristics. The passage of D39 through mouse models of infection, a process used to standardize virulence, resulted in the enrichment of high-fitness genotypes that were originally rare (<2% frequency) in D39 culture collection stocks and the loss of previously dominant genotypes. In the most striking example, the selection of a <2%-frequency genotype carrying a mutation in sdhB, a gene thought to be essential for the establishment of lung infection, was associated with enhanced systemic virulence. Three separately passaged D39 cultures originating from the same frozen stocks showed considerable genetic divergence despite comparable virulence. IMPORTANCE Laboratory bacteriology involves the use of high-density cultures that we often assume to be clonal but that in reality are populations consisting of multiple genotypes at various abundances. We have demonstrated that the genetic structure of a single population of a widely used Streptococcus pneumoniae strain can be substantially altered by even short-term laboratory handling and culture and that, over time, this can lead to changes in virulence characteristics. Our findings suggest that caution should be applied when comparing data generated in different laboratories using the same strain but also when comparing data within laboratories over time. Given the dramatic reductions in the cost of next-generation sequencing technology in recent years, we advocate for the frequent sampling and sequencing of bacterial isolate collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C. Jacques
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Angharad E. Green
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas E. Barton
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Murielle Baltazar
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Aleksandrowicz
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Erwan Trochu
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Aras Kadioglu
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel R. Neill
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Mohamed-Romai-Noor NA, Sam SS, Teoh BT, Hamim ZR, AbuBakar S. Genomic and In Vitro Phenotypic Comparisons of Epidemic and Non-Epidemic Getah Virus Strains. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050942. [PMID: 35632684 PMCID: PMC9145621 DOI: 10.3390/v14050942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Getah virus is an emerging mosquito-borne animal pathogen. Four phylogenetic groups of GETV, Group I (GI), GII, GIII and GIV, were identified. However, only the GETV GIII was associated with disease epidemics suggesting possible virulence difference in this virus group. Here, we compared the genetic and in vitro phenotypic characteristics between the epidemic and non-epidemic GETV. Our complete coding genome sequence analyses revealed several amino acid substitutions unique to the GETV GIII and GIV groups, which were found mainly in the hypervariable domain of nsP3 and E2 proteins. Replication kinetics of the epidemic (GIII MI-110 and GIII 14-I-605) and non-epidemic GETV strains (prototype GI MM2021 and GIV B254) were compared in mammalian Vero cells and mosquito C6/36 and U4.4 cells. In all cells used, both epidemic GETV GIII MI-110 and GIII 14-I-605 strains showed replication rates and mean maximum titers at least 2.7-fold and 2.3-fold higher than those of GIV B254, respectively (Bonferroni posttest, p < 0.01). In Vero cells, the epidemic GETV strains caused more pronounced cytopathic effects in comparison to the GIV B254. Our findings suggest that higher virus replication competency that produces higher virus titers during infection may be the main determinant of virulence and epidemic potential of GETV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor-Adila Mohamed-Romai-Noor
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (N.-A.M.-R.-N.); (B.-T.T.); (Z.-R.H.)
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Sing-Sin Sam
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (N.-A.M.-R.-N.); (B.-T.T.); (Z.-R.H.)
- Correspondence: (S.-S.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Boon-Teong Teoh
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (N.-A.M.-R.-N.); (B.-T.T.); (Z.-R.H.)
| | - Zur-Raiha Hamim
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (N.-A.M.-R.-N.); (B.-T.T.); (Z.-R.H.)
- Institute for Advanced Studies, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Sazaly AbuBakar
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research and Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (N.-A.M.-R.-N.); (B.-T.T.); (Z.-R.H.)
- Correspondence: (S.-S.S.); (S.A.)
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4
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Mask E, Hodara VL, Callery JE, Parodi LM, Obregon-Perko V, Yagi S, Glenn J, Frost P, Clemmons E, Patterson JL, Cox LA, Giavedoni LD. Molecular Approaches for the Validation of the Baboon as a Nonhuman Primate Model for the Study of Zika Virus Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:880860. [PMID: 35493734 PMCID: PMC9046911 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.880860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primates (NHP) are particularly important for modeling infections with viruses that do not naturally replicate in rodent cells. Zika virus (ZIKV) has been responsible for sporadic epidemics, but in 2015 a disseminated outbreak of ZIKV resulted in the World Health Organization declaring it a global health emergency. Since the advent of this last epidemic, several NHP species, including the baboon, have been utilized for modeling and understanding the complications of ZIKV infection in humans; several health issues related to the outcome of infection have not been resolved yet and require further investigation. This study was designed to validate, in baboons, the molecular signatures that have previously been identified in ZIKV-infected humans and macaque models. We performed a comprehensive molecular analysis of baboons during acute ZIKV infection, including flow cytometry, cytokine, immunological, and transcriptomic analyses. We show here that, similar to most human cases, ZIKV infection of male baboons tends to be subclinical, but is associated with a rapid and transient antiviral interferon-based response signature that induces a detectable humoral and cell-mediated immune response. This immunity against the virus protects animals from challenge with a divergent ZIKV strain, as evidenced by undetectable viremia but clear anamnestic responses. These results provide additional support for the use of baboons as an alternative animal model to macaques and validate omic techniques that could help identify the molecular basis of complications associated with ZIKV infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Mask
- Department of Biology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Vida L. Hodara
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, United States,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Jessica E. Callery
- Department of Biology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Laura M. Parodi
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, United States,Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | | | - Shigeo Yagi
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, United States
| | - Jeremy Glenn
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Patrice Frost
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Elizabeth Clemmons
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | | | - Laura A. Cox
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, United States,Center for Precision Medicine, Wake Forest Health Sciences University, Winston Salem, NC, United States
| | - Luis D. Giavedoni
- Department of Biology, Trinity University, San Antonio, TX, United States,Southwest National Primate Research Center, San Antonio, TX, United States,*Correspondence: Luis D. Giavedoni,
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5
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Yañez O, Piot N, Dalmon A, de Miranda JR, Chantawannakul P, Panziera D, Amiri E, Smagghe G, Schroeder D, Chejanovsky N. Bee Viruses: Routes of Infection in Hymenoptera. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:943. [PMID: 32547504 PMCID: PMC7270585 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have recently reported on the discovery of bee viruses in different arthropod species and their possible transmission routes, vastly increasing our understanding of these viruses and their distribution. Here, we review the current literature on the recent advances in understanding the transmission of viruses, both on the presence of bee viruses in Apis and non-Apis bee species and on the discovery of previously unknown bee viruses. The natural transmission of bee viruses will be discussed among different bee species and other insects. Finally, the research potential of in vivo (host organisms) and in vitro (cell lines) serial passages of bee viruses is discussed, from the perspective of the host-virus landscape changes and potential transmission routes for emerging bee virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Yañez
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Niels Piot
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anne Dalmon
- INRAE, Unité de Recherche Abeilles et Environnement, Avignon, France
| | | | - Panuwan Chantawannakul
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Delphine Panziera
- General Zoology, Institute for Biology, Martin-Luther-University of Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Halle-Jena-Leipzig, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Esmaeil Amiri
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Declan Schroeder
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Nor Chejanovsky
- Entomology Department, Institute of Plant Protection, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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6
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Esbjörnsson J, Jansson M, Jespersen S, Månsson F, Hønge BL, Lindman J, Medina C, da Silva ZJ, Norrgren H, Medstrand P, Rowland-Jones SL, Wejse C. HIV-2 as a model to identify a functional HIV cure. AIDS Res Ther 2019; 16:24. [PMID: 31484562 PMCID: PMC6727498 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-019-0239-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two HIV virus types exist: HIV-1 is pandemic and aggressive, whereas HIV-2 is confined mainly to West Africa and less pathogenic. Despite the fact that it has been almost 40 years since the discovery of AIDS, there is still no cure or vaccine against HIV. Consequently, the concepts of functional vaccines and cures that aim to limit HIV disease progression and spread by persistent control of viral replication without life-long treatment have been suggested as more feasible options to control the HIV pandemic. To identify virus-host mechanisms that could be targeted for functional cure development, researchers have focused on a small fraction of HIV-1 infected individuals that control their infection spontaneously, so-called elite controllers. However, these efforts have not been able to unravel the key mechanisms of the infection control. This is partly due to lack in statistical power since only 0.15% of HIV-1 infected individuals are natural elite controllers. The proportion of long-term viral control is larger in HIV-2 infection compared with HIV-1 infection. We therefore present the idea of using HIV-2 as a model for finding a functional cure against HIV. Understanding the key differences between HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections, and the cross-reactive effects in HIV-1/HIV-2 dual-infection could provide novel insights in developing functional HIV cures and vaccines.
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7
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Obregon-Perko V, Hodara VL, Parodi LM, Giavedoni LD. Baboon CD8 T cells suppress SIVmac infection in CD4 T cells through contact-dependent production of MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and RANTES. Cytokine 2018; 111:408-419. [PMID: 29807688 PMCID: PMC6261791 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection in rhesus macaques is often characterized by high viremia and CD4 T cell depletion. By contrast, SIV infection in African nonhuman primate natural hosts is typically nonpathogenic despite active viral replication. Baboons are abundant in Africa and have a geographical distribution that overlaps with natural hosts, but they do not harbor SIVs. Previous work has demonstrated baboons are resistant to chronic SIV infection and/or disease in vivo but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Using in vitro SIVmac infections, we sought to identify SIV restriction factors in baboons by comparing observations to the pathogenic rhesus macaque model. SIVmac replicated in baboon PBMC but had delayed kinetics compared to rhesus PBMC. However, SIVmac replication in baboon and rhesus isolated CD4 cells were similar to the kinetics seen for rhesus PBMC, demonstrating intracellular restriction factors do not play a strong role in baboon inhibition of SIVmac replication. Here, we show CD8 T cells contribute to the innate SIV-suppressive activity seen in naïve baboon PBMC. As one mechanism of restriction, we identified higher production of MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and RANTES by baboon PBMC. Contact between CD4 and CD8 T cells resulted in maximum production of these chemokines and suppression of viral replication, whereas neutralization of CCR5-binding chemokines in baboon PBMC increased viral loads. Our studies indicate baboon natural restriction of SIVmac replication is largely dependent on CD4-extrinsinc mechanisms mediated, in part, by CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Obregon-Perko
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health, Long School of Medicine, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 7620 NW Loop 410, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA.
| | - Vida L Hodara
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 7620 NW Loop 410, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 7620 NW Loop 410, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA.
| | - Laura M Parodi
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 7620 NW Loop 410, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA.
| | - Luis D Giavedoni
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 7620 NW Loop 410, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA; Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 7620 NW Loop 410, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA.
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8
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The well-tempered SIV infection: Pathogenesis of SIV infection in natural hosts in the wild, with emphasis on virus transmission and early events post-infection that may contribute to protection from disease progression. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 46:308-323. [PMID: 27394696 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
African NHPs are infected by over 40 different simian immunodeficiency viruses. These viruses have coevolved with their hosts for long periods of time and, unlike HIV in humans, infection does not generally lead to disease progression. Chronic viral replication is maintained for the natural lifespan of the host, without loss of overall immune function. Lack of disease progression is not correlated with transmission, as SIV infection is highly prevalent in many African NHP species in the wild. The exact mechanisms by which these natural hosts of SIV avoid disease progression are still unclear, but a number of factors might play a role, including: (i) avoidance of microbial translocation from the gut lumen by preventing or repairing damage to the gut epithelium; (ii) control of immune activation and apoptosis following infection; (iii) establishment of an anti-inflammatory response that resolves chronic inflammation; (iv) maintenance of homeostasis of various immune cell populations, including NK cells, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells, Tregs, Th17 T-cells, and γδ T-cells; (v) restriction of CCR5 availability at mucosal sites; (vi) preservation of T-cell function associated with down-regulation of CD4 receptor. Some of these mechanisms might also be involved in protection of natural hosts from mother-to-infant SIV transmission during breastfeeding. The difficulty of performing invasive studies in the wild has prohibited investigation of the exact events surrounding transmission in natural hosts. Increased understanding of the mechanisms of SIV transmission in natural hosts, and of the early events post-transmission which may contribute to avoidance of disease progression, along with better comprehension of the factors involved in protection from SIV breastfeeding transmission in the natural hosts, could prove invaluable for the development of new prevention strategies for HIV.
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Abstract
HIV type 1 (HIV-1) has a very narrow host range that is limited to humans and chimpanzees. HIV-1 cannot replicate well in Old World monkey cells such as rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys. Tripartite motif (TRIM)5α is a key molecule that confers potent resistance against HIV-1 infection and is composed of really interesting new gene, B-box2, coiled-coil and PRYSPRY domains. Interaction between TRIM5α PRYSPRY domains and HIV-1 capsid core triggers the anti-HIV-1 activity of TRIM5α. Analysis of natural HIV variants and extensive mutational experiments has revealed the presence of critical amino acid residues in both the PRYSPRY domain and HIV capsid for potent HIV suppression by TRIM5α. Genetic manipulation of the human TRIM5 gene could establish human cells totally resistant to HIV-1, which may lead to a cure for HIV-1 infection in the future.
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Baroncelli S, Negri DRM, Michelini Z, Cara A. Macaca mulatta,fascicularisandnemestrinain AIDS vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 7:1419-34. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.9.1419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Bozek K, Nakayama EE, Kono K, Shioda T. Electrostatic potential of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and rhesus macaque simian immunodeficiency virus capsid proteins. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:206. [PMID: 22679444 PMCID: PMC3367459 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) and simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from a macaque monkey (SIVmac) are assumed to have originated from simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from sooty mangabey (SIVsm). Despite their close similarity in genome structure, HIV-2 and SIVmac show different sensitivities to TRIM5α, a host restriction factor against retroviruses. The replication of HIV-2 strains is potently restricted by rhesus (Rh) monkey TRIM5α, while that of SIVmac strain 239 (SIVmac239) is not. Viral capsid protein is the determinant of this differential sensitivity to TRIM5α, as the HIV-2 mutant carrying SIVmac239 capsid protein evaded Rh TRIM5α-mediated restriction. However, the molecular determinants of this restriction mechanism are unknown. Electrostatic potential on the protein-binding site is one of the properties regulating protein-protein interactions. In this study, we investigated the electrostatic potential on the interaction surface of capsid protein of HIV-2 strain GH123 and SIVmac239. Although HIV-2 GH123 and SIVmac239 capsid proteins share more than 87% amino acid identity, we observed a large difference between the two molecules with the HIV-2 GH123 molecule having predominantly positive and SIVmac239 predominantly negative electrostatic potential on the surface of the loop between α-helices 4 and 5 (L4/5). As L4/5 is one of the major determinants of Rh TRIM5α sensitivity of these viruses, the present results suggest that the binding site of the Rh TRIM5α may show complementarity to the HIV-2 GH123 capsid surface charge distribution.
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12
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Exploiting adaptive laboratory evolution of Streptomyces clavuligerus for antibiotic discovery and overproduction. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33727. [PMID: 22470465 PMCID: PMC3312335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation is normally viewed as the enemy of the antibiotic discovery and development process because adaptation among pathogens to antibiotic exposure leads to resistance. We present a method here that, in contrast, exploits the power of adaptation among antibiotic producers to accelerate the discovery of antibiotics. A competition-based adaptive laboratory evolution scheme is presented whereby an antibiotic-producing microorganism is competed against a target pathogen and serially passed over time until the producer evolves the ability to synthesize a chemical entity that inhibits growth of the pathogen. When multiple Streptomyces clavuligerus replicates were adaptively evolved against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus N315 in this manner, a strain emerged that acquired the ability to constitutively produce holomycin. In contrast, no holomycin could be detected from the unevolved wild-type strain. Moreover, genome re-sequencing revealed that the evolved strain had lost pSCL4, a large 1.8 Mbp plasmid, and acquired several single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes that have been shown to affect secondary metabolite biosynthesis. These results demonstrate that competition-based adaptive laboratory evolution can constitute a platform to create mutants that overproduce known antibiotics and possibly to discover new compounds as well.
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13
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Nakayama EE, Shioda T. Role of Human TRIM5α in Intrinsic Immunity. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:97. [PMID: 22435067 PMCID: PMC3304089 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has a very narrow host range. HIV type 1 (HIV-1) does not infect Old World monkeys, such as the rhesus monkey (Rh). Rh TRIM5α was identified as a factor that confers resistance, intrinsic immunity, to HIV-1 infection. Unfortunately, human TRIM5α is almost powerless to restrict HIV-1. However, human TRIM5α potently restricts N-tropic murine leukemia viruses (MLV) but not B-tropic MLV, indicating that human TRIM5α represents the restriction factor previously designated as Ref1. African green monkey TRIM5α represents another restriction factor previously designated as Lv1, which restricts both HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from macaque (SIVmac) infection. TRIM5 is a member of the tripartite motif family containing RING, B-box2, and coiled-coil domains. The RING domain is frequently found in E3 ubiquitin ligase, and TRIM5α is thought to degrade viral core via ubiquitin–proteasome-dependent and -independent pathways. The alpha isoform of TRIM5 has an additional C-terminal PRYSPRY domain, which is a determinant of species-specific retrovirus restriction by TRIM5α. On the other hand, the target regions of viral capsid protein (CA) are scattered on the surface of core. A single amino acid difference in the surface-exposed loop between α-helices 6 and 7 (L6/7) of HIV type 2 (HIV-2) CA affects viral sensitivity to human TRIM5α and was also shown to be associated with viral load in West African HIV-2 patients, indicating that human TRIM5α is a critical modulator of HIV-2 replication in vivo. Interestingly, L6/7 of CA corresponds to the MLV determinant of sensitivity to mouse factor Fv1, which potently restricts N-tropic MLV. In addition, human genetic polymorphisms also affect antiviral activity of human TRIM5α. Recently, human TRIM5α was shown to activate signaling pathways that lead to activation of NF-κB and AP-1 by interacting with TAK1 complex. TRIM5α is thus involved in control of viral infection in multiple ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi E Nakayama
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Nakayama EE, Shioda T. TRIM5α and Species Tropism of HIV/SIV. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:13. [PMID: 22291694 PMCID: PMC3264904 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infects humans and chimpanzees but not old world monkeys (OWMs) such as the rhesus monkey (Rh) and cynomolgus monkey (CM). HIV-1 efficiently enters cells of OWMs but encounters a block before reverse transcription. This narrow host range is attributed to a barrier in the host cell. In 2004, the screening of a Rh cDNA library identified tripartite motif 5α (TRIM5α) as a cellular antiviral factor. TRIM5α is one of splicing variants produced by TRIM5 gene and TRIM5 proteins are members of the TRIM family containing RING, B-box 2, and coiled-coil domains. The RING domain is frequently found in E3 ubiquitin ligase and TRIM5α is degraded via the ubiquitin–proteasome-dependent pathway. Among TRIM5 splicing variants, TRIM5α alone has an additional C-terminal PRYSPRY (B30.2) domain. Previous studies have shown that sequence variation in variable regions of the PRYSPRY domain among different monkey species affects species-specific retrovirus infection, while amino acid sequence differences in the viral capsid protein determine viral sensitivity to restriction. TRIM5α recognizes the multimerized capsid proteins (viral core) of an incoming virus by its PRYSPRY domain and is thus believed to control retroviral infection. There are significant intraspecies variations in the Rh-TRIM5 gene. It has also been reported that some Rh and CM individuals have retrotransposed cyclophilin A open reading frame in the TRIM5 gene, which produces TRIM5–cyclophilin A fusion protein (TRIMCyp). TRIMCyp, which was originally identified as an anti-HIV-1 factor of New World owl monkeys, is an interesting example of the gain of a new function by retrotransposition. As different TRIM5 genotypes of Rh showed different levels of simian immunodeficiency virus replication in vivo, the TRIM5 genotyping is thought to be important in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome monkey models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi E Nakayama
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Kono K, Song H, Yokoyama M, Sato H, Shioda T, Nakayama EE. Multiple sites in the N-terminal half of simian immunodeficiency virus capsid protein contribute to evasion from rhesus monkey TRIM5α-mediated restriction. Retrovirology 2010; 7:72. [PMID: 20825647 PMCID: PMC2944288 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that cynomolgus monkey (CM) TRIM5α could restrict human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) strains carrying a proline at the 120th position of the capsid protein (CA), but it failed to restrict those with a glutamine or an alanine. In contrast, rhesus monkey (Rh) TRIM5α could restrict all HIV-2 strains tested but not simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from macaque (SIVmac), despite its genetic similarity to HIV-2. RESULTS We attempted to identify the viral determinant of SIVmac evasion from Rh TRIM5α-mediated restriction using chimeric viruses formed between SIVmac239 and HIV-2 GH123 strains. Consistent with a previous study, chimeric viruses carrying the loop between α-helices 4 and 5 (L4/5) (from the 82nd to 99th amino acid residues) of HIV-2 CA were efficiently restricted by Rh TRIM5α. However, the corresponding loop of SIVmac239 CA alone (from the 81st to 97th amino acid residues) was not sufficient to evade Rh TRIM5α restriction in the HIV-2 background. A single glutamine-to-proline substitution at the 118th amino acid of SIVmac239 CA, corresponding to the 120th amino acid of HIV-2 GH123, also increased susceptibility to Rh TRIM5α, indicating that glutamine at the 118th of SIVmac239 CA is necessary to evade Rh TRIM5α. In addition, the N-terminal portion (from the 5th to 12th amino acid residues) and the 107th and 109th amino acid residues in α-helix 6 of SIVmac CA are necessary for complete evasion from Rh TRIM5α-mediated restriction. A three-dimensional model of hexameric GH123 CA showed that these multiple regions are located on the CA surface, suggesting their direct interaction with TRIM5α. CONCLUSION We found that multiple regions of the SIVmac CA are necessary for complete evasion from Rh TRIM5α restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kono
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) shows a very narrow host range limited to humans and chimpanzees. Experimentally, HIV-1 does not infect Old World monkeys, such as rhesus (Rh) and cynomolgus (CM) monkeys, and fails to replicate in activated CD4 positive T lymphocytes obtained from these monkeys. In contrast, simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from a macaque monkey (SIVmac) can replicate well in both Rh and CM. In 2004, tripartite motif 5 alpha (TRIM5 alpha) was identified as a host factor which plays an important role in the restricted host range of HIV-1. Rh and CM TRIM5 alpha restrict HIV-1 infection but not SIVmac, while in comparison, anti-viral activity of human TRIM5 alpha against those viruses is very weak. TRIM5 alpha consists of the RING, B-box 2, coiled-coil and SPRY (B30.2) domains. The RING domain is frequently found in E3 ubiquitin ligase and TRIM5 alpha is degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway during HIV-1 restriction. TRIM5 alpha recognises the multimerised capsid (viral core) of an incoming virus by its alpha-isoform specific SPRY domain and is believed to be involved in innate immunity to control retroviral infection. Differences in amino acid sequences in the SPRY domain of TRIM5 alpha of different monkey species were found to affect species-specific restriction of retrovirus infection, while differences in amino acid sequences in the viral capsid protein determine viral sensitivity to restriction. Accurate structural analysis of the binding surface between the viral capsid protein and TRIM5 alpha SPRY is thus required for the development of new antiretroviral drugs that enhance anti-HIV-1 activity of human TRIM5 alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi E Nakayama
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Disease, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Song H, Nakayama EE, Yokoyama M, Sato H, Levy JA, Shioda T. A single amino acid of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 capsid affects its replication in the presence of cynomolgus monkey and human TRIM5alphas. J Virol 2007; 81:7280-5. [PMID: 17475650 PMCID: PMC1933286 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00406-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) strains vary widely in their abilities to grow in Old World monkey (OWM) cells such as those of cynomolgus monkeys (CM). We evaluated eight HIV-2 isolates for their sensitivities to CM TRIM5alpha, an anti-HIV factor in OWM cells. We found that different HIV-2 isolates showed differences in their sensitivities to CM TRIM5alpha. Sequence analysis showed that TRIM5alpha-sensitive viruses had proline at the 120th position of the capsid protein (CA), whereas TRIM5alpha-resistant viruses had either alanine or glutamine. Mutagenesis studies indicated that the single amino acid at the 120th position indeed affected the sensitivity of the virus to CM TRIM5alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihan Song
- Department of Viral Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Parris GE. Mechanism and history of evolution of symbiotic HIV strains into lethal pandemic strains: the key event may have been a 1927 trial of pamaquine in Leopoldville (Kinshasa), Congo. Med Hypotheses 2007; 69:838-48. [PMID: 17368749 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In previous papers, I have rejected both the zoonosis and the serial transfer hypotheses of the origin and evolution of the current lethal pandemic strains of HIV. The hypothesis that fits the critical observations is that all the human and nonhuman primate species in central Africa (an area of hyper-endemic malaria) have shared (through inter-species transfers) a "primate T-cell retrovirus" (PTRV), which has adapted to each host species. This retrovirus is believed to assist primate T-cells attack the liver stage of the malaria infection. Each geographic region has a dominant primate host and a characteristic virus. Starting in 1955 and continuing into the late 1970s, chloroquine was provided by the WHO and used for prophylaxis against malaria. Chloroquine has a number of biochemical activities but two of the most important are blocking transcription of cellular genes and proviruses activated by NF-kappaB and blocking the glycosylation of surface proteins on viruses and cells. Concurrent with the development of resistance of the malaria parasite to chloroquine, HIV strains were quickly selected, which have enhanced transcription rates (by inclusion of multiple kappaB binding sites in their long terminal repeats by recombination) and enhanced infectivity (fusogenicity) (most likely by mutations in multiple viral genes that regulate glycosylation of Env). There also may have been mutations that enhanced activation of NF-kappaB in the host cell. These changes in the retrovirus genome were not manifest in effects of the HIV strains as long as the hosts were under the influence of chloroquine. But, when the virus infects people who are not protected by chloroquine, the virus multiplies more rapidly and is more communicable. Fortunately, most of these strains (i.e., HIV-2 groups, and HIV-1 O and HIV-1 N) self-regulate (i.e., infected cells kill infected cells) well enough that viral loads remain subdued and bystander cells of the immune system are not excessively attrited. In the case of HIV-1 group M, however, there is more going on. Following the work of Korber et al. on the phylogenetics of HIV-1 groups M, I reach the conclusion that the major subgroups giving rise to the worldwide pandemic, were founded in a 1927 clinical trial of pamaquine (plasmoquine) in Leopoldville (Kinshasa). This drug is much more toxic that chloroquine and appears to have strongly selected for resistance to apoptosis in infected cells, which allows these subgroups to attrite bystander cells leading to AIDS.
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VandeWoude S, Apetrei C. Going wild: lessons from naturally occurring T-lymphotropic lentiviruses. Clin Microbiol Rev 2006; 19:728-62. [PMID: 17041142 PMCID: PMC1592692 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00009-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 40 nonhuman primate (NHP) species harbor species-specific simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs). Similarly, more than 20 species of nondomestic felids and African hyenids demonstrate seroreactivity against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) antigens. While it has been challenging to study the biological implications of nonfatal infections in natural populations, epidemiologic and clinical studies performed thus far have only rarely detected increased morbidity or impaired fecundity/survival of naturally infected SIV- or FIV-seropositive versus -seronegative animals. Cross-species transmissions of these agents are rare in nature but have been used to develop experimental systems to evaluate mechanisms of pathogenicity and to develop animal models of HIV/AIDS. Given that felids and primates are substantially evolutionarily removed yet demonstrate the same pattern of apparently nonpathogenic lentiviral infections, comparison of the biological behaviors of these viruses can yield important implications for host-lentiviral adaptation which are relevant to human HIV/AIDS infection. This review therefore evaluates similarities in epidemiology, lentiviral genotyping, pathogenicity, host immune responses, and cross-species transmission of FIVs and factors associated with the establishment of lentiviral infections in new species. This comparison of consistent patterns in lentivirus biology will expose new directions for scientific inquiry for understanding the basis for virulence versus avirulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80538-1619, USA
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Pandrea I, Apetrei C, Gordon S, Barbercheck J, Dufour J, Bohm R, Sumpter B, Roques P, Marx PA, Hirsch VM, Kaur A, Lackner AA, Veazey RS, Silvestri G. Paucity of CD4+CCR5+ T cells is a typical feature of natural SIV hosts. Blood 2006; 109:1069-76. [PMID: 17003371 PMCID: PMC1785133 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-05-024364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to lentiviral infections of humans and macaques, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of natural hosts is nonpathogenic despite high levels of viral replication. However, the mechanisms underlying this absence of disease are unknown. Here we report that natural hosts for SIV infection express remarkably low levels of CCR5 on CD4+ T cells isolated from blood, lymph nodes, and mucosal tissues. Given that this immunologic feature is found in 5 different species of natural SIV hosts (sooty mangabeys, African green monkeys, mandrills, sun-tailed monkeys, and chimpanzees) but is absent in 5 nonnatural/recent hosts (humans, rhesus, pigtail, cynomolgus macaques, and baboons), it may represent a key feature of the coevolution between the virus and its natural hosts that led to a nonpathogenic infection. Beneficial effects of low CCR5 expression on CD4+ T cells may include the reduction of target cells for viral replication and a decreased homing of activated CD4+ T cells to inflamed tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Pandrea
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA.
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Abstract
Human herpesvirus (HHV)-6 and HHV-7 establish life-long latency, a hallmark of herpesviruses, reactivate frequently, and are shed in saliva. To investigate the viral reactivation, we have identified the latency-associated transcripts of HHV-6, and have revealed the partial mechanism of HHV-6 reactivation. HHV-6 established latency in the macrophage, kept a fairly stable intermediate stage between latency and reactivation, and the viral reactivation was induced by two or more factors. To identify the factor (s) of HHV-6 reactivation, we studied the association between HHV-6 reactivation and the work-induced fatigue in healthy adults. Reactivation of HHV-6 was examined for viral DNA by semi-quantitative PCR method. As a result, 88% of healthy adults shed the reactivated HHV-6 in the saliva during the fatigue, and 23% shed HHV-6 after holidays (approximately 1 week). The copy number of HHV-6 DNA was also reduced after holidays. In HHV-7, 52% of healthy adults shed the reactivated HHV-7 in the saliva during the fatigue, and 30% shed HHV-7 after holidays; however, there were no significant differences in their positive ratio and in the amount of viral DNA. These findings suggest that HHV-6 is reactivated during the work-induced fatigue, and HHV-6 reactivation can be an objective biomarker for fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Kondo
- Department of Microbiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Apetrei C, Gormus B, Pandrea I, Metzger M, ten Haaft P, Martin LN, Bohm R, Alvarez X, Koopman G, Murphey-Corb M, Veazey RS, Lackner AA, Baskin G, Heeney J, Marx PA. Direct inoculation of simian immunodeficiency virus from sooty mangabeys in black mangabeys (Lophocebus aterrimus): first evidence of AIDS in a heterologous African species and different pathologic outcomes of experimental infection. J Virol 2004; 78:11506-18. [PMID: 15479792 PMCID: PMC523258 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.21.11506-11518.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique opportunity for the study of the role of serial passage and cross-species transmission was offered by a series of experiments carried out at the Tulane National Primate Research Center in 1990. To develop an animal model for leprosy, three black mangabeys (BkMs) (Lophocebus aterrimus) were inoculated with lepromatous tissue that had been serially passaged in four sooty mangabeys (SMs) (Cercocebus atys). All three BkMs became infected with simian immunodeficiency virus from SMs (SIVsm) by day 30 postinoculation (p.i.) with lepromatous tissue. One (BkMG140) died 2 years p.i. from causes unrelated to SIV, one (BkMG139) survived for 10 years, whereas the third (BkMG138) was euthanized with AIDS after 5 years. Histopathology revealed a high number of giant cells in tissues from BkMG138, but no SIV-related lesions were found in the remaining two BkMs. Four-color immunofluorescence revealed high levels of SIVsm associated with both giant cells and T lymphocytes in BkMG138 and no detectable SIV in the remaining two. Serum viral load (VL) showed a significant increase (>1 log) during the late stage of the disease in BkMG138, as opposed to a continuous decline in VL in the remaining two BkMs. With the progression to AIDS, neopterin levels increased in BkMG138. This study took on new significance when phylogenetic analysis unexpectedly showed that all four serially inoculated SMs were infected with different SIVsm lineages prior to the beginning of the experiment. Furthermore, the strain infecting the BkMs originated from the last SM in the series. Therefore, the virus infecting BkMs has not been serially passaged. In conclusion, we present the first compelling evidence that direct cross-species transmission of SIV may induce AIDS in heterologous African nonhuman primate (NHP) species. The results showed that cross-species-transmitted SIVsm was well controlled in two of three BkMs for 2 and 10 years, respectively. Finally, this case of AIDS in an African monkey suggests that the dogma of SIV nonpathogenicity in African NHP hosts should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Rd., Covington, LA 70433, USA.
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Jayashankar L, Brasky KM, Ward JA, Attanasio R. Lymphocyte modulation in a baboon model of immunosenescence. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 10:870-5. [PMID: 12965919 PMCID: PMC193891 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.10.5.870-875.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The age-related modulation of lymphocyte number and function was assessed in a nonhuman primate model consisting of healthy olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis) of ages encompassing the entire life span of this species. The objectives of this study were to characterize an animal model of immunosenescence and to assess whether or not age should be considered when designing studies for the evaluation of vaccine candidates in baboons. Specifically the following parameters were assessed in baboons from 6 months to 26 years of age: relative numbers of B lymphocytes, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, and T lymphocytes expressing CD28, CD25, and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated lymphoproliferative activity; and concentrations of total immunoglobulin, soluble interleukin-2 receptor alpha, and soluble CD30 in serum. There was a statistically significant effect of age on lymphocyte numbers. As age increased, relative B-cell numbers (ranging from 6 to 50%) decreased (P < 0.001) and relative T-cell numbers (ranging from 28 to 80%) increased (P < 0.001). The increase in T-cell numbers involved both the CD4+ and CD8+ subsets. In addition, there was a significant negative correlation of age with levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor alpha in serum. Modulation of lymphocyte numbers appears to occur gradually during the entire baboon life span, thus suggesting the presence of an age-related developmentally regulated process. These findings indicate that baboons represent a potentially useful model to study selected phenomena related to immunosenescence. These findings also indicate that, when using the baboon model for vaccine or other experimental protocols requiring the assessment of immune responses, it would be appropriate to take into account the age of the animals in the study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Jayashankar
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303-3088, USA
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Abstract
Susceptibility to retroviral infection is determined, in part, by host genes with antiviral activity. The Fv1 gene, which inhibits murine leukemia virus infection in mice, encodes one such resistance factor, and was long thought to be unique in that it restricts post-entry, pre-integration steps of retroviral replication. However, recent findings suggest the existence of similar restriction factors in primates, including humans. These factors, termed Lv1 and Ref1, can inhibit a range of retroviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and its relatives. Fv1, Lv1 and Ref1 target capsid determinants to block infection but can be saturated by incoming virions. Primate- and murine-retrovirus restriction factors have diverse and overlapping specificities, and some variants of Lv1, as well as Ref1, apparently recognize and inhibit infection by widely divergent retroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Bieniasz
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, 455 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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