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Wallace R, Bliss CM, Parker AL. The Immune System-A Double-Edged Sword for Adenovirus-Based Therapies. Viruses 2024; 16:973. [PMID: 38932265 PMCID: PMC11209478 DOI: 10.3390/v16060973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic adenovirus (Ad) infections are widespread but typically mild and transient, except in the immunocompromised. As vectors for gene therapy, vaccine, and oncology applications, Ad-based platforms offer advantages, including ease of genetic manipulation, scale of production, and well-established safety profiles, making them attractive tools for therapeutic development. However, the immune system often poses a significant challenge that must be overcome for adenovirus-based therapies to be truly efficacious. Both pre-existing anti-Ad immunity in the population as well as the rapid development of an immune response against engineered adenoviral vectors can have detrimental effects on the downstream impact of an adenovirus-based therapeutic. This review focuses on the different challenges posed, including pre-existing natural immunity and anti-vector immunity induced by a therapeutic, in the context of innate and adaptive immune responses. We summarise different approaches developed with the aim of tackling these problems, as well as their outcomes and potential future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Wallace
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (R.W.); (C.M.B.)
| | - Carly M. Bliss
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (R.W.); (C.M.B.)
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Alan L. Parker
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (R.W.); (C.M.B.)
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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2
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Mendonça SA, Lorincz R, Boucher P, Curiel DT. Adenoviral vector vaccine platforms in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:97. [PMID: 34354082 PMCID: PMC8342436 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00356-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral vectors have been explored as vaccine agents for a range of infectious diseases, and their ability to induce a potent and balanced immune response made them logical candidates to apply to the COVID-19 pandemic. The unique molecular characteristics of these vectors enabled the rapid development of vaccines with advanced designs capable of overcoming the biological challenges faced by early adenoviral vector systems. These successes and the urgency of the COVID-19 situation have resulted in a flurry of candidate adenoviral vector vaccines for COVID-19 from both academia and industry. These vaccines represent some of the lead candidates currently supported by Operation Warp Speed and other government agencies for rapid translational development. This review details adenoviral vector COVID-19 vaccines currently in human clinical trials and provides an overview of the new technologies employed in their design. As these vaccines have formed a cornerstone of the COVID-19 global vaccination campaign, this review provides a full consideration of the impact and development of this emerging platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Andrade Mendonça
- Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Radiation Oncology Department. 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Reka Lorincz
- Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Radiation Oncology Department. 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paul Boucher
- Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Radiation Oncology Department. 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David T Curiel
- Washington University in Saint Louis, School of Medicine, Biologic Therapeutics Center, Radiation Oncology Department. 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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3
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Höttler A, März L, Lübke M, Rammensee HG, Stevanović S. Broad and Efficient Activation of Memory CD4 + T Cells by Novel HAdV- and HCMV-Derived Peptide Pools. Front Immunol 2021; 12:700438. [PMID: 34322126 PMCID: PMC8312486 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.700438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Human Adenovirus (HAdV) in immunocompromised patients following stem cell transplantation (SCT) or solid organ transplantation (SOT) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. The adoptive transfer of virus-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells has been shown to re-establish the antiviral T-cell response and improve clinical outcome. The viral load in immunocompromised patients can efficiently be reduced solely by the infusion of virus-specific CD4+ T cells. The identification of CD4+ T-cell epitopes has mainly focused on a limited number of viral proteins that were characterized as immunodominant. Here, we used in silico prediction to determine promiscuous CD4+ T-cell epitopes from the entire proteomes of HCMV and HAdV. Immunogenicity testing with enzyme-linked immuno spot (ELISpot) assays and intracellular cytokine staining (ICS) revealed numerous novel CD4+ T-cell epitopes derived from a broad spectrum of viral antigens. We identified 17 novel HCMV-derived and seven novel HAdV-derived CD4+ T-cell epitopes that were recognized by > 50% of the assessed peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) samples. The newly identified epitopes were pooled with previously published, retested epitopes to stimulate virus-specific memory T cells in PBMCs from numerous randomly selected blood donors. Our peptide pools induced strong IFNγ secretion in 46 out of 48 (HCMV) and 31 out of 31 (HAdV) PBMC cultures. In conclusion, we applied an efficient method to screen large viral proteomes for promiscuous CD4+ T-cell epitopes to improve the detection and isolation of virus-specific T cells in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Höttler
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Léo März
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maren Lübke
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Rammensee
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) 'Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies', University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Stevanović
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) 'Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies', University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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4
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Daussy CF, Pied N, Wodrich H. Understanding Post Entry Sorting of Adenovirus Capsids; A Chance to Change Vaccine Vector Properties. Viruses 2021; 13:1221. [PMID: 34202573 PMCID: PMC8310329 DOI: 10.3390/v13071221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus vector-based genetic vaccines have emerged as a powerful strategy against the SARS-CoV-2 health crisis. This success is not unexpected because adenoviruses combine many desirable features of a genetic vaccine. They are highly immunogenic and have a low and well characterized pathogenic profile paired with technological approachability. Ongoing efforts to improve adenovirus-vaccine vectors include the use of rare serotypes and non-human adenoviruses. In this review, we focus on the viral capsid and how the choice of genotypes influences the uptake and subsequent subcellular sorting. We describe how understanding capsid properties, such as stability during the entry process, can change the fate of the entering particles and how this translates into differences in immunity outcomes. We discuss in detail how mutating the membrane lytic capsid protein VI affects species C viruses' post-entry sorting and briefly discuss if such approaches could have a wider implication in vaccine and/or vector development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Harald Wodrich
- Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, MFP CNRS UMR 5234, University of Bordeaux, 146 rue Leo Saignat, CEDEX, 33076 Bordeaux, France; (C.F.D.); (N.P.)
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5
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Ricobaraza A, Gonzalez-Aparicio M, Mora-Jimenez L, Lumbreras S, Hernandez-Alcoceba R. High-Capacity Adenoviral Vectors: Expanding the Scope of Gene Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3643. [PMID: 32455640 PMCID: PMC7279171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptation of adenoviruses as gene delivery tools has resulted in the development of high-capacity adenoviral vectors (HC-AdVs), also known, helper-dependent or "gutless". Compared with earlier generations (E1/E3-deleted vectors), HC-AdVs retain relevant features such as genetic stability, remarkable efficacy of in vivo transduction, and production at high titers. More importantly, the lack of viral coding sequences in the genomes of HC-AdVs extends the cloning capacity up to 37 Kb, and allows long-term episomal persistence of transgenes in non-dividing cells. These properties open a wide repertoire of therapeutic opportunities in the fields of gene supplementation and gene correction, which have been explored at the preclinical level over the past two decades. During this time, production methods have been optimized to obtain the yield, purity, and reliability required for clinical implementation. Better understanding of inflammatory responses and the implementation of methods to control them have increased the safety of these vectors. We will review the most significant achievements that are turning an interesting research tool into a sound vector platform, which could contribute to overcome current limitations in the gene therapy field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ruben Hernandez-Alcoceba
- Gene Therapy Program. University of Navarra-CIMA. Navarra Institute of Health Research, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (A.R.); (M.G.-A.); (L.M.-J.); (S.L.)
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6
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The Effects of Pre-Existing Antibodies on Live-Attenuated Viral Vaccines. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050520. [PMID: 32397218 PMCID: PMC7290594 DOI: 10.3390/v12050520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Live-attenuated vaccines (LAVs) have achieved remarkable successes in controlling virus spread, as well as for other applications such as cancer immunotherapy. However, with rapid increases in international travel, globalization, geographic spread of viral vectors, and widespread use of vaccines, there is an increasing need to consider how pre-exposure to viruses which share similar antigenic regions can impact vaccine efficacy. Pre-existing antibodies, derived from either from maternal–fetal transmission, or by previous infection or vaccination, have been demonstrated to interfere with vaccine immunogenicity of measles, adenovirus, and influenza LAVs. Immune interference of LAVs can be caused by the formation of virus–antibody complexes that neutralize virus infection in antigen-presenting cells, or by the cross-linking of the B-cell receptor with the inhibitory receptor, FcγRIIB. On the other hand, pre-existing antibodies can augment flaviviral LAV efficacy such as that of dengue and yellow fever virus, especially when pre-existing antibodies are present at sub-neutralizing levels. The increased vaccine immunogenicity can be facilitated by antibody-dependent enhancement of virus infection, enhancing virus uptake in antigen-presenting cells, and robust induction of innate immune responses that promote vaccine immunogenicity. This review examines the literature on this topic and examines the circumstances where pre-existing antibodies can inhibit or enhance LAV efficacy. A better knowledge of the underlying mechanisms involved could allow us to better manage immunization in seropositive individuals and even identify possibilities that could allow us to exploit pre-existing antibodies to boost vaccine-induced responses for improved vaccine efficacy.
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7
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Replication deficient human adenovirus vector serotype 19a/64: Immunogenicity in mice and female cynomolgus macaques. Vaccine 2018; 36:6212-6222. [PMID: 30190120 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The human adenovirus type 19a/64 (hAd19a) is a rare serotype in the human population that transduces human dendritic cells (DCs) and human muscle cells more efficiently than the well-characterized human adenovirus type 5 (hAd5). To further characterize the potential of this vector as a vaccine we designed replication deficient hAd19a, hAd5 and MVA vectors expressing a papillomavirus (PV) antigen fused to the human MHC class II associated invariant chain T cell adjuvant (hIi) and investigated their immunogenicity in vivo in mice and cynomolgus macaques. We initially showed that the hIi encoded in the hAd5 enhanced PV specific CD8+ T cell responses in mice. The T cell responses induced after hAd19a vaccination was similar to those induced by hAd5 vaccination. The hAd19a induced responses were not reduced in presence of preexisting Ad5 immunity in mice. In macaques both vaccines were equally potent at inducing CD8+ T cells after MVA boost, while the level of CD4+ T cell responses were found to be broader in hAd19a primed animals. These data demonstrate the potential of hAd19a as an alternative vector to hAd5 to elicit potent T cell responses to PV.
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Adenovirus Coding for Interleukin-2 and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Replaces Lymphodepleting Chemotherapy in Adoptive T Cell Therapy. Mol Ther 2018; 26:2243-2254. [PMID: 30017877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphodepleting preconditioning with high-dose chemotherapy is commonly used to increase the clinical efficacy of adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) strategies, however, with severe toxicity for patients. Conversely, oncolytic adenoviruses are safe and, when engineered to express interleukin-2 (IL-2) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), they can achieve antitumor immunomodulatory effects similar to lymphodepletion. Therefore, we compare the safety and efficacy of such adenoviruses with a cyclophosphamide- and fludarabine-containing lymphodepleting regimen in the setting of ACT. Human adenovirus (Ad5/3-E2F-D24-hTNF-α-IRES-hIL-2; TILT-123) replication was studied using a Syrian hamster pancreatic tumor model (HapT1) infused with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs). Using the oncolytic virus instead of lymphodepletion resulted in superior efficacy and survival. Immune cells responsive to TNF-α IL-2 were studied using an immunocompetent mouse melanoma model (B16.OVA) infused with ovalbumin-specific T (OT-I) cells. Here, the adenovirus approach improved tumor control together with increased intratumoral Th1 cytokine levels and infiltration of CD8+ T cells and CD86+ dendritic cells. Similar to humans, lymphodepleting preconditioning caused severe cytopenias, systemic inflammation, and damage to vital organs. Toxicity was minimal in adenovirus- and OT-I-treated mice. These findings demonstrate that ACT can be effectively facilitated by cytokine-coding adenovirus without requiring lymphodepletion, a rationale being clinically investigated.
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9
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Immunogenicity and Cross-Reactivity of Rhesus Adenoviral Vectors. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00159-18. [PMID: 29563285 PMCID: PMC5952169 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00159-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus (Ad) vectors are being investigated as vaccine candidates, but baseline antivector immunity exists in human populations to both human Ad (HuAd) and chimpanzee Ad (ChAd) vectors. In this study, we investigated the immunogenicity and cross-reactivity of a panel of recently described rhesus adenoviral (RhAd) vectors. RhAd vectors elicited T cells with low exhaustion markers and robust anamnestic potential. Moreover, RhAd vector immunogenicity was unaffected by high levels of preexisting anti-HuAd immunity. Both HuAd/RhAd and RhAd/RhAd prime-boost vaccine regimens were highly immunogenic, despite a degree of cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) between phylogenetically related RhAd vectors. We observed extensive vector-specific cross-reactive CD4 T cell responses and more limited CD8 T cell responses between RhAd and HuAd vectors, but the impact of vector-specific cellular responses was far less than that of vector-specific NAbs. These data suggest the potential utility of RhAd vectors and define novel heterologous prime-boost strategies for vaccine development. IMPORTANCE To date, most adenoviral vectors developed for vaccination have been HuAds from species B, C, D, and E, and human populations display moderate to high levels of preexisting immunity. There is a clinical need for new adenoviral vectors that are not hindered by preexisting immunity. Moreover, the development of RhAd vector vaccines expands our ability to vaccinate against multiple pathogens in a population that may have received other HuAd or ChAd vectors. We evaluated the immunogenicity and cross-reactivity of RhAd vectors, which belong to the poorly described adenovirus species G. These vectors induced robust cellular and humoral immune responses and were not hampered by preexisting anti-HuAd vector immunity. Such properties make RhAd vectors attractive as potential vaccine vectors.
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10
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Molloy CT, Andonian JS, Seltzer HM, Procario MC, Watson ME, Weinberg JB. Contributions of CD8 T cells to the pathogenesis of mouse adenovirus type 1 respiratory infection. Virology 2017; 507:64-74. [PMID: 28410483 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
CD8 T cells are key components of the immune response to viruses, but their roles in the pathogenesis of adenovirus respiratory infection have not been characterized. We used mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1) to define CD8 T cell contributions to the pathogenesis of adenovirus respiratory infection. CD8 T cell deficiency in β2m-/- mice had no effect on peak viral replication in lungs, but clearance of virus was delayed in β2m-/- mice. Virus-induced weight loss and increases in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid total protein, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, CCL2, and CCL5 concentrations were less in β2m-/- mice than in controls. CD8 T cell depletion had similar effects on virus clearance, weight loss, and inflammation. Deficiency of IFN-γ or perforin had no effect on viral replication or inflammation, but perforin-deficient mice were partially protected from weight loss. CD8 T cells promote MAV-1-induced pulmonary inflammation via a mechanism that is independent of direct antiviral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlyn T Molloy
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Harrison M Seltzer
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Megan C Procario
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael E Watson
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jason B Weinberg
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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11
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Li M, Jiang Y, Gong T, Zhang Z, Sun X. Intranasal Vaccination against HIV-1 with Adenoviral Vector-Based Nanocomplex Using Synthetic TLR-4 Agonist Peptide as Adjuvant. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:885-94. [PMID: 26824411 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant type 5 adenovirus (rAd5) vaccines hold the promise to prevent HIV-1 infections. Intranasal vaccination not only stimulates systemic immunity but also elicits mucosal immunity that provides first defense for mucosally transmitted diseases like HIV-1. Adjuvants such as TLR agonists are usually codelivered with antigens to enhance the immunogenicity of vaccines. Here, we present a rAd5 vaccine delivery system using DEG-PEI as the carrier. Adenovirus encoding HIV gag was used as antigen, and was complexed with DEG-PEI polymer via electrostatic interaction. A novel synthetic TLR-4 agonist, RS09, was either chemically linked with DEG-PEI (DP-RS09) or physically mixed with it(DP/RS09) to enhance the immunogenticity of rAd5 vaccine. After intranasal immunization, the systemic antigen-specific immune responses and cytotoxicity T lymphocytes responses induced by DP-RS09-rAd5 and DP/RS09-rAd5 were analyzed. The mucosal secretory IgA level was detected in both nasal and vaginal washes to determine the mucosal immunity. Furthermore, cytokine productions on RAW264.7 cells were tested after preincubation with TLR-4 pathway inhibitors. The results indicated that DEG-PEI could facilitate the intranasal delivery of rAd5 vaccine. Both chemically linked (DP-RS09) and physically mixed RS09 (DP/RS09) could further enhance the mucosal immunity of rAd5 vaccine via TLR-4 pathway. This RS09 adjuvanted DEG-PEI polymer represents a potential intranasal vaccine delivery system and may have a wider application for other viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University , Chengdu, 610041, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Many nonhuman adenoviruses (AdVs) of simian, bovine, porcine, canine, ovine, murine, and fowl origin are being developed as gene delivery systems for recombinant vaccines and gene therapy applications. In addition to circumventing preexisting human AdV (HAdV) immunity, nonhuman AdV vectors utilize coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor or other receptors for vector internalization, thereby expanding the range of cell types that can be targeted. Nonhuman AdV vectors also provide excellent platforms for veterinary vaccines. A specific nonhuman AdV vector when used in its species of origin could provide an excellent animal model for evaluating the vector efficacy and pathogenesis. These vectors are useful in prime–boost approaches with other AdV vectors or with other gene delivery systems including DNA immunization and viral or bacterial vectors. When multiple vector inoculations are required, nonhuman AdV vectors could supplement HAdV or other viral vectors.
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13
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Development of Novel Adenoviral Vectors to Overcome Challenges Observed With HAdV-5-based Constructs. Mol Ther 2015; 24:6-16. [PMID: 26478249 PMCID: PMC4754553 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant vectors based on human adenovirus serotype 5 (HAdV-5) have been extensively studied in preclinical models and clinical trials over the past two decades. However, the thorough understanding of the HAdV-5 interaction with human subjects has uncovered major concerns about its product applicability. High vector-associated toxicity and widespread preexisting immunity have been shown to significantly impede the effectiveness of HAdV-5–mediated gene transfer. It is therefore that the in-depth knowledge attained working on HAdV-5 is currently being used to develop alternative vectors. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of data obtained in recent years disqualifying the HAdV-5 vector for systemic gene delivery as well as novel strategies being pursued to overcome the limitations observed with particular emphasis on the ongoing vectorization efforts to obtain vectors based on alternative serotypes.
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Prostaglandin E2 Production and T Cell Function in Mouse Adenovirus Type 1 Infection following Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139235. [PMID: 26407316 PMCID: PMC4583312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus infections are important complications of bone marrow transplantation (BMT). We demonstrate delayed clearance of mouse adenovirus type 1 (MAV-1) from lungs of mice following allogeneic BMT. Virus-induced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production was greater in BMT mice than in untransplanted controls, but BMT using PGE2-deficient donors or recipients failed to improve viral clearance, and treatment of untransplanted mice with the PGE2 analog misoprostol did not affect virus clearance. Lymphocyte recruitment to the lungs was not significantly affected by BMT. Intracellular cytokine staining of lung lymphocytes demonstrated impaired production of INF-γ and granzyme B by cells from BMT mice, and production of IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-17 following ex vivo stimulation was impaired in lymphocytes obtained from lungs of BMT mice. Viral clearance was not delayed in untransplanted INF-γ-deficient mice, suggesting that delayed viral clearance in BMT mice was not a direct consequence of impaired IFN-γ production. However, lung viral loads were higher in untransplanted CD8-deficient mice than in controls, suggesting that delayed MAV-1 clearance in BMT mice is due to defective CD8 T cell function. We did not detect significant induction of IFN-β expression in lungs of BMT mice or untransplanted controls, and viral clearance was not delayed in untransplanted type I IFN-unresponsive mice. We conclude that PGE2 overproduction in BMT mice is not directly responsible for delayed viral clearance. PGE2-independent effects on CD8 T cell function likely contribute to the inability of BMT mice to clear MAV-1 from the lungs.
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Fausther-Bovendo H, Kobinger GP. Pre-existing immunity against Ad vectors: humoral, cellular, and innate response, what's important? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:2875-84. [PMID: 25483662 PMCID: PMC5443060 DOI: 10.4161/hv.29594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-existing immunity against human adenovirus (HAd) serotype 5 derived vector in the human population is widespread, thus hampering its clinical use. Various components of the immune system, including neutralizing antibodies (nAbs), Ad specific T cells and type I IFN activated NK cells, contribute to dampening the efficacy of Ad vectors in individuals with pre-existing Ad immunity. In order to circumvent pre-existing immunity to adenovirus, numerous strategies, such as developing alternative Ad serotypes, varying immunization routes and utilizing prime-boost regimens, are under pre-clinical or clinical phases of development. However, these strategies mainly focus on one arm of pre-existing immunity. Selection of alternative serotypes has been largely driven by the absence in the human population of nAbs against them with little attention paid to cross-reactive Ad specific T cells. Conversely, varying the route of immunization appears to mainly rely on avoiding Ad specific tissue-resident T cells. Finally, prime-boost regimens do not actually circumvent pre-existing immunity but instead generate immune responses of sufficient magnitude to confer protection despite pre-existing immunity. Combining the above strategies and thus taking into account all components regulating pre-existing Ad immunity will help further improve the development of Ad vectors for animal and human use.
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Synthetic Biology--Toward Therapeutic Solutions. J Mol Biol 2015; 428:945-62. [PMID: 26334368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Higher multicellular organisms have evolved sophisticated intracellular and intercellular biological networks that enable cell growth and survival to fulfill an organism's needs. Although such networks allow the assembly of complex tissues and even provide healing and protective capabilities, malfunctioning cells can have severe consequences for an organism's survival. In humans, such events can result in severe disorders and diseases, including metabolic and immunological disorders, as well as cancer. Dominating the therapeutic frontier for these potentially lethal disorders, cell and gene therapies aim to relieve or eliminate patient suffering by restoring the function of damaged, diseased, and aging cells and tissues via the introduction of healthy cells or alternative genes. However, despite recent success, these efforts have yet to achieve sufficient therapeutic effects, and further work is needed to ensure the safe and precise control of transgene expression and cellular processes. In this review, we describe the biological tools and devices that are at the forefront of synthetic biology and discuss their potential to advance the specificity, efficiency, and safety of the current generation of cell and gene therapies, including how they can be used to confer curative effects that far surpass those of conventional therapeutics. We also highlight the current therapeutic delivery tools and the current limitations that hamper their use in human applications.
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Abstract
Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) are an important cause of infections in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals, and they continue to provide clinical challenges pertaining to diagnostics and treatment. The growing number of HAdV types identified by genomic analysis, as well as the improved understanding of the sites of viral persistence and reactivation, requires continuous adaptions of diagnostic approaches to facilitate timely detection and monitoring of HAdV infections. In view of the clinical relevance of life-threatening HAdV diseases in the immunocompromised setting, there is an urgent need for highly effective treatment modalities lacking major side effects. The present review summarizes the recent progress in the understanding and management of HAdV infections.
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Fauci AS, Marovich MA, Dieffenbach CW, Hunter E, Buchbinder SP. Immunology. Immune activation with HIV vaccines. Science 2014; 344:49-51. [PMID: 24700849 DOI: 10.1126/science.1250672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S Fauci
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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19
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Management of adenovirus in children after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Adv Hematol 2013; 2013:176418. [PMID: 24288536 PMCID: PMC3830830 DOI: 10.1155/2013/176418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus (ADV) can cause significant morbidity and mortality in children following haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), with an incidence of up to 27% and notable associated morbidity and mortality. T-cell depleted grafts and severe lymphopenia are major risk factors for the development of adenovirus disease after HSCT. Current antiviral treatments are at best virostatic and may have significant side effects. Adoptive transfer of donor-derived virus-specific T cells has been shown to be an effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of ADV infection after HSCT. Here we review progress in the field and present a pathway for the management of adenovirus in the posttransplant setting.
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Abstract
Adenoviruses have attracted much attention as probes to study biological processes such as DNA replication, transcription, splicing, and cellular transformation. More recently these viruses have been used as gene-transfer vectors and oncolytic agents. On the other hand, adenoviruses are notorious pathogens in people with compromised immune functions. This article will briefly summarize the basic replication strategy of adenoviruses and the key proteins involved and will deal with the new developments since 2006. In addition, we will cover the development of antivirals that interfere with human adenovirus (HAdV) replication and the impact of HAdV on human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob C Hoeben
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2333 ZC Leiden, The Netherlands.
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21
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Haveman LM, Bierings M, Klein MR, Beekman JM, de Jager W, Kuis W, Albani S, Prakken BJ. Selection of perforin expressing CD4+ adenovirus-specific T-cells with artificial antigen presenting cells. Clin Immunol 2013; 146:228-39. [PMID: 23416239 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Revised: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviruses (HAdV) can cause life threatening infections, especially in paediatric patients after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Yet, no effective antiviral medication is available. One treatment option is adoptive transfer of HAdV-specific T-cells from the graft donor into the patient. Especially CD4+ T-cells are critical to control HAdV infection. To allow for applicability of CD4+ T-cells in adoptive therapy, sufficient numbers of HAdV-specific T-cells with low levels of residual alloreactive T-cells are required. In this study, we explored the possibility to selectively expand and isolate functional HAdV-specific T-cells from PBMCs in response to 15-mer peptides using artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPCs), composed of liposomes harbouring HAdV-peptide/HLA-Class-II complexes. HAdV-specific T-cells generated using this method produce mainly pro-inflammatory cytokines, express perforin and granzyme B, kill HAdV-infected cells effectively and are not alloreactive. Thus, the generation and isolation of HAdV-specific CD4+ T-cells seem a critical step towards specific adoptive therapy for HAdV infections after allogeneic SCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne M Haveman
- Department of Paediatric Immunology and Haematology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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22
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Taniguchi K, Yoshihara S, Tamaki H, Fujimoto T, Ikegame K, Kaida K, Nakata J, Inoue T, Kato R, Fujioka T, Okada M, Soma T, Ogawa H. Incidence and treatment strategy for disseminated adenovirus disease after haploidentical stem cell transplantation. Ann Hematol 2012; 91:1305-12. [PMID: 22476883 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-012-1440-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus (AdV) infection is an emerging complication in patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) and is closely associated with delayed immune reconstitution. In particular, disseminated AdV disease accompanies a high mortality. We retrospectively examined the incidence of AdV infection in patients undergoing unmanipulated haploidentical SCT. Following 121 transplantations in 110 patients, three had asymptomatic AdV viremia, three had localized AdV disease (hemorrhagic cystitis, HC), and seven had disseminated AdV disease (HC + viremia). The median time from transplantation to the onset of AdV-associated HC was 15 days (range 4-39), and the median time to the onset of disseminated AdV disease was 23 days (range 7-38). The cumulative incidence of AdV-associated HC was 8.3 %, and that of disseminated AdV disease was 5.8 %. AdV group B (type 11, type 34, or type 35) was detected in plasma samples from all the patients with disseminated AdV disease. Among them, three patients who received either cidofovir or donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) alone progressed to pneumonia and died. The remaining four patients were treated with the combination of cidofovir and low-dose unmanipulated DLI, and all survived. We showed that disseminated AdV disease is a significant complication after haplo-SCT and that the combination of cidofovir and DLI is a promising treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Taniguchi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1, Mukogawa-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
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23
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Pahl JHW, Verhoeven DHJ, Kwappenberg KMC, Vellinga J, Lankester AC, van Tol MJD, Schilham MW. Adenovirus type 35, but not type 5, stimulates NK cell activation via plasmacytoid dendritic cells and TLR9 signaling. Mol Immunol 2012; 51:91-100. [PMID: 22424784 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.02.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients, disseminated adenoviral infections during the first two months after HSCT can lead to severe complications and fatal outcome. Since NK cells are usually the first lymphocytes to reconstitute after HSCT and have been implicated in the clearance of adenovirus-infected cells, it was investigated whether NK cells are activated by adenovirus in vitro. Exposure of PBMC to human adenovirus type 5 (HAdV5) or HAdV35 resulted in the up-regulation of the activation marker CD69 on NK cells and enhanced the cytolytic activity of NK cells. HAdV5-induced NK cell activation relied on the contribution of T cells as the depletion of T cells from PBMC abolished NK cell activation. In contrast, NK cell activation in response to HAdV35 occurred in the absence of T cells. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) were necessary and sufficient to mediate NK cell activation. HAdV35 induced significantly more interferon-α (IFN-α) production by pDC than HAdV5. The increased IFN-α production and NK cell activation correlated with a higher infection efficiency of viruses with the type 35 fiber. The IFN-α response of pDC was enhanced by the presence of NK cells, suggesting a reciprocal interaction between pDC and NK cells. Incubation with a TLR9 antagonist impaired the IFN-α production by pDC as well as NK cell activation, implying that TLR9 signaling is critically involved in the IFN-α response of pDC and NK cell activation after HAdV35 exposure. In conclusion, two human adenovirus serotypes from two different species differ considerably in their capacity to stimulate pDC and NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens H W Pahl
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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24
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Cho SK, Kwon YJ. Simultaneous gene transduction and silencing using stimuli-responsive viral/nonviral chimeric nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2012; 33:3316-23. [PMID: 22281425 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite viral vectors' predominant use in clinical trials, due to higher gene delivery efficiency than nonviral counterparts, intrinsic immunogenicity and limited tunability for multi-modal effects are major concerns for their usage in gene therapy. An adeno-associated viral (AAV) particle was shielded with acid-degradable, siRNA-encapsulating polyketal (PK) shell, resulting in core-shell viral/nonviral chimeric nanoparticles (ChNPs). The AAV core of a ChNP is protected from immune responses by the PK shell which also facilitates the intracellular trafficking of the AAV core and efficiently releases the encapsulated siRNA into the cytoplasm. ChNPs led to significantly enhanced gene transduction, compared to unmodified free AAVs, and simultaneous silencing of a target gene, while avoiding inactivation by recognition from the immune system. Furthermore, conjugation of sialic acid (SA) on the surface of ChNPs enabled receptor-mediated targeted gene delivery to CD22-expressing cells. The ChNPs developed in this study combine the advantages of both viral and nonviral vectors and are a promising platform for targeted co-delivery of DNA and siRNA in inducing synergistic therapeutic effects by simultaneous expression and silencing of multiple genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Kyung Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
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25
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Aldhamen YA, Seregin SS, Amalfitano A. Immune recognition of gene transfer vectors: focus on adenovirus as a paradigm. Front Immunol 2011; 2:40. [PMID: 22566830 PMCID: PMC3342374 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant Adenovirus (Ad) based vectors have been utilized extensively as a gene transfer platform in multiple pre-clinical and clinical applications. These applications are numerous, and inclusive of both gene therapy and vaccine based approaches to human or animal diseases. The widespread utilization of these vectors in both animal models, as well as numerous human clinical trials (Ad-based vectors surpass all other gene transfer vectors relative to numbers of patients treated, as well as number of clinical trials overall), has shed light on how this virus vector interacts with both the innate and adaptive immune systems. The ability to generate and administer large amounts of this vector likely contributes not only to their ability to allow for highly efficient gene transfer, but also their elicitation of host immune responses to the vector and/or the transgene the vector expresses in vivo. These facts, coupled with utilization of several models that allow for full detection of these responses has predicted several observations made in human trials, an important point as lack of similar capabilities by other vector systems may prevent detection of such responses until only after human trials are initiated. Finally, induction of innate or adaptive immune responses by Ad vectors may be detrimental in one setting (i.e., gene therapy) and be entirely beneficial in another (i.e., prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine based applications). Herein, we review the current understanding of innate and adaptive immune responses to Ad vectors, as well some recent advances that attempt to capitalize on this understanding so as to further broaden the safe and efficient use of Ad-based gene transfer therapies in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Ali Aldhamen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA
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26
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de Vrij J, van den Hengel SK, Uil TG, Koppers-Lalic D, Dautzenberg IJC, Stassen OMJA, Bárcena M, Yamamoto M, de Ridder CMA, Kraaij R, Kwappenberg KM, Schilham MW, Hoeben RC. Enhanced transduction of CAR-negative cells by protein IX-gene deleted adenovirus 5 vectors. Virology 2010; 410:192-200. [PMID: 21130482 PMCID: PMC7111976 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In human adenoviruses (HAdV), 240 copies of the 14.3-kDa minor capsid protein IX stabilize the capsid. Three N-terminal domains of protein IX form triskelions between hexon capsomers. The C-terminal domains of four protein IX monomers associate near the facet periphery. The precise biological role of protein IX remains enigmatic. Here we show that deletion of the protein IX gene from a HAdV-5 vector enhanced the reporter gene delivery 5 to 25-fold, specifically to Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor (CAR)-negative cell lines. Deletion of the protein IX gene also resulted in enhanced activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The mechanism for the enhanced transduction is obscure. No differences in fiber loading, integrin-dependency of transduction, or factor-X binding could be established between protein IX-containing and protein IX-deficient particles. Our data suggest that protein IX can affect the cell tropism of HAdV-5, and may function to dampen the innate immune responses against HAdV particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen de Vrij
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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27
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Infektionen und Immuntherapie. Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00112-009-2142-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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28
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Evaluation of cross-reactive cell-mediated immune responses among human, bovine and porcine adenoviruses. Gene Ther 2010; 17:634-42. [PMID: 20164856 PMCID: PMC2869393 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2010.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The absence of preexisting immunity against porcine adenovirus (Ad) serotype 3 (PAd3) and bovine Ad serotype 3 (BAd3) in humans makes them attractive alternatives to human Ad serotype 5 (HAd5) vectors. To determine whether there is significant cross-reactivity among HAd5, BAd3, and PAd3 at the level of cell-mediated immune responses, BALB/c mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with wild type (WT) or replication-defective (RD) HAd5, BAd3, or PAd3. Thirty-five days after the first inoculation, cross-reactive CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, as well as CD4+ Th1- and Th2-helper T cells, in the spleen were analyzed by ELISPOT, flow cytometry and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) assays. Virus neutralization assays were used to evaluate humoral cross-reactivity. CD8+ or CD4+ T cells primed with WT or RD HAd5, PAd3, or BAd3 demonstrated significant (P <0.005) reactivity with homologous Ad antigens, whereas, only minimal cross-reactivity was observed upon stimulation with heterologous Ad antigens. Ad-neutralizing antibodies were found to be homologous Ad-specific. Overall, these results suggest that there is no significant immunological cross-reactivity among HAd5, BAd3, and PAd3, thereby supporting the rationale for the use of BAd3 and PAd3 as alternative HAd vectors to circumvent anti-HAd immunity in humans.
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29
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Zhu F, Xu H, Tsao A, Margolis DA, Keever-Taylor CA. Generation of cytotoxic T-cell lines using overlapping pentadecapeptides derived from conserved regions of the adenovirus hexon protein. J Gen Virol 2010; 91:1577-89. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.019471-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Adenoviruses are emerging as important viral pathogens in solid organ transplant recipients, impacting morbidity, graft survival and even mortality. This review will discuss the current understanding of the epidemiology, diagnosis and therapy of adenovirus infection in transplant recipients. RECENT FINDINGS Advances in the field include the use of polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of adenoviral infection, a better understanding of the epidemiology, immune response and potential new therapies, including preemptive and adoptive immunotherapy strategies. Adenoviral infections appear to be common, especially in pediatric solid organ transplant. Generally well tolerated, some high-risk patients may develop disseminated disease causing graft failure, which may lead to retransplant and/or death. Antiviral therapy and immunotherapy may play a role in these patients, although prospective controlled data are not available at this time. SUMMARY Although new tools and a better understanding of the epidemiology, risk factors and therapies for adenovirus are beginning to materialize, prospective, controlled trials, using careful definitions, and standardized methodologies need to be performed to more fully clarify these issues in solid organ transplant recipients.
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Asefa B, Korokhov N, Lemiale F. Heterologous HIV-based lentiviral/adenoviral vectors immunizations result in enhanced HIV-specific immunity. Vaccine 2010; 28:3617-24. [PMID: 20051277 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2009] [Revised: 12/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Viral vectors are considered as one of the major means for the induction of strong immune responses against recombinant antigens by genetic immunization. Among these, lentiviral vectors are particularly attractive vehicles, as they can infect a wide variety of cells and can transduce replicating as well as non-replicating cells. We have engineered VRX1023, an HIV-1-based lentiviral vector (LV) vaccine candidate, to deliver HIV-1 Gag, Pol and Rev antigens under control of the native LTR promoter. While VRX1023 has been shown to elicit strong cell-mediated and humoral immunity as a stand-alone vaccine, we report here its combination in a heterologous prime-boost approach. Its combination with an adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5)-based vector in the mouse model increased the frequency and polyfunctionality of HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Homologous prime-boost regimens induced high levels of anti-vector neutralizing antibodies in Ad5-immunized mice, whereas the VSV-G-pseudotyped VRX1023 LV elicited low levels of anti-lentiviral vector neutralization. In addition, the heterologous prime-boost strategy resulted in a 5-fold reduction in Ad5-specific vector neutralization as compared to Ad5 homologous immunization. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that LV and Ad5 vector candidates can be combined in a heterologous immunization regimen, yielding dramatically improved immunogenicity while overcoming anti-vector immunity. These findings may have implications for the development of HIV vaccine regimens in populations with elevated Ad5 seroprevalence or when repeated vector administrations are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benyam Asefa
- VIRxSYS Corporation, 200 Perry Parkway, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
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32
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Onion D, Patel P, Pineda RG, James N, Mautner V. Antivector and Tumor Immune Responses Following Adenovirus-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer. Hum Gene Ther 2009; 20:1249-58. [DOI: 10.1089/hum.2009.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Onion
- Cancer Research UK Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT United Kingdom
| | - Prashant Patel
- Cancer Research UK Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT United Kingdom
| | - Robert G. Pineda
- Cancer Research UK Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas James
- Cancer Research UK Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT United Kingdom
| | - Vivien Mautner
- Cancer Research UK Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT United Kingdom
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33
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Lenaerts L, De Clercq E, Naesens L. Clinical features and treatment of adenovirus infections. Rev Med Virol 2008; 18:357-74. [PMID: 18655013 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviruses (Ads) are common opportunistic pathogens that are rarely associated with severe clinical symptoms in healthy individuals. In contrast, in patients with compromised immunity, Ad infections often result in disseminated and potentially life-threatening disease. Among these are AIDS patients, individuals with hereditary immunodeficiencies and recipients of solid organ or haematopoietic stem cell transplants (HSCT) who receive immunosuppressive therapy. The latter account for the largest number of severe Ad infections. There is currently no formally approved antiviral therapy for the treatment of severe Ad keratoconjunctivitis and life-threatening Ad infections in immunocompromised patients. Here we update current knowledge on Ad biology, the clinical features observed in different patient groups and specific immune responses towards Ad infections. In addition, we review current and future treatment options, including: (i) the antiviral drugs cidofovir, ribavirin and new investigational compounds, as evaluated in the clinic or in relevant animal models, as well as (ii) novel immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Lenaerts
- Division of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
SUMMARY The number of patients with acquired immunodeficiency has grown steadily as a result of both a larger number of patients receiving solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplants and their longer survival times. The use of newer, more potent immunosuppressive regimens has increased the frequency of severe adenovirus infections. Human adenoviruses are a large group of viruses, represented by at least 52 serotypes with various genotypes divided into genomic clusters, and these may cause a broad variety of clinical manifestations. The development of molecular methods has increased the sensitivity and rapidity of adenovirus infection diagnosis. The implementation of PCR assays has significantly contributed to the identification of patients with disseminated adenovirus disease. More recently, the development of real-time PCR assays has permitted virus quantification and patient follow-up. There is no treatment for adenovirus with demonstrated efficacy, although cidofovir is widely used. Sensitive diagnostic tests for adenovirus can contribute to the early diagnosis and successful treatment of life-threatening adenovirus infections, especially in complex immunocompromised patients. The development of improved adenovirus therapy still remains a challenge. Adenovirus genetic diversity should be considered for diagnosis, typing, and therapeutic interventions.
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35
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T-cell lines specific for peptides of adenovirus hexon protein and devoid of alloreactivity against recipient cells can be obtained from HLA-haploidentical donors. J Immunother 2008; 31:529-36. [PMID: 18528302 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e31817b9c6b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Human adenovirus (HAdV) infection may cause life-threatening complications in recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), the highest risk being observed in children given T-cell depleted haploidentical allografts. The effectiveness of pharmacologic therapy for HAdV infection is suboptimal. Recently, cell therapy was demonstrated to offer a unique opportunity to restore antiviral immune surveillance, leading to clearance of infection and prevention/treatment of disease. However, infusion of insufficiently selected HAdV-specific T cells in haplo-HSCT may increase the risk of graft-versus-host disease. We conducted scale-up experiments to validate a method of in vitro culture to expand T cells specific for HAdV from donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), based on stimulation with a pool of five 30-mer peptides derived from HAdV5 hexon protein, for use in recipients of haplo-HSCT. A total of 21 T-cell lines that included a majority of CD4 T lymphocytes, were generated. Nineteen of the 21 T-cell lines proliferated specifically against HAdV. The 2 nonspecific, and 3 T-cell lines with lower specific activity, included a median of 48% CD8 T cells. The 19 HAdV-specific T-cell lines showed a median 357-fold decrease in alloreactivity, compared with proliferation of noncultured donor PBMC in response to recipient PBMC, only 4/19 T-cell lines showing residual alloreactivity. Our data indicate that HAdV-specific CD4 T-cell lines with efficient in vitro antiviral response and low/undetectable alloreactivity against recipient targets may be expanded from PBMC of most human leukocyte antigen-haploidentical HSCT donors after stimulation with HAdV hexon protein-derived peptides. These T cells may be safely employed for adoptive treatment of HAdV complications.
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36
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Onion D, Crompton LJ, Milligan DW, Moss PAH, Lee SP, Mautner V. The CD4+ T-cell response to adenovirus is focused against conserved residues within the hexon protein. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:2417-2425. [PMID: 17698650 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82867-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenovirus is a significant pathogen in immunocompromised patients and is widely utilized as a gene delivery vector, so a detailed understanding of the human immune response to adenovirus infection is critical. This study characterized the adenovirus-specific CD4+ T-cell response of healthy donors by incubation with whole virus or with individual hexon and fiber proteins. Adenovirus-specific CD4+ T cells averaged 0.26 % of the CD4+ T-cell pool and were detectable in all donors. T cells recognizing the highly conserved hexon protein accounted for 0.09 %, whereas no response was observed against the fiber protein. A panel of hexon-specific CD4+ T-cell clones was generated and shown to lyse targets infected with adenovirus from different serotypes and species. Three CD4 T-cell epitopes are described, which map to highly conserved regions of the hexon protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Onion
- CRUK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Laura J Crompton
- CRUK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Donald W Milligan
- Department of Haematology, Heartlands Hospital, Birmingham B9 5SS, UK
| | - Paul A H Moss
- CRUK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Steven P Lee
- CRUK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Vivien Mautner
- CRUK Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Feuchtinger T, Lang P, Handgretinger R. Adenovirus infection after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Leuk Lymphoma 2007; 48:244-55. [PMID: 17325884 DOI: 10.1080/10428190600881157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Adenovirus infection after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is an emerging pathogen causing relevant morbidity and mortality, with preponderance in children. During the last years, basic research on the biology of the virus and host immune response ameliorated the diagnostic, surveillance, and therapeutic strategies. Risk factors for infection commonly have an impact on T-cell reconstitution, such as T-cell depleted graft, unrelated or HLA-mismatched donor transplantation, and GvHD. Weekly surveillance by PCR in stool and blood till day 100 or longer post-HSCT and pre-emptive therapy with cidofovir are the mainstay of the current approach to adenoviral infections post-HSCT. Since a sufficient host T-cell response is essential to clear the virus, diagnostic procedures for detection of virus-specific T-cells have recently been developed to assess the risk of the infection. Furthermore, adoptive immunotherapy is a new treatment option for patients with absent specific T-cell response and present systemic adenoviral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Feuchtinger
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University. Tuebingen, Germany.
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38
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Heemskerk B, van Vreeswijk T, Veltrop-Duits LA, Sombroek CC, Franken K, Verhoosel RM, Hiemstra PS, van Leeuwen D, Ressing ME, Toes REM, van Tol MJD, Schilham MW. Adenovirus-specific CD4+ T cell clones recognizing endogenous antigen inhibit viral replication in vitro through cognate interaction. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:8851-9. [PMID: 17142788 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.12.8851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human adenovirus (HAdV) infection is a frequent and potentially severe complication following allogeneic stem cell transplantation in children. Because treatment with antiviral drugs is often ineffective, adoptive transfer of donor-derived HAdV-specific T cells able to control viral replication of HAdV of multiple serotypes may be an option for therapy. In healthy donors, predominantly HAdV-specific T cells expressing CD4 are detected. In this study, a preclinical in vitro model was used to measure the antiviral effect of HAdV-specific CD4+ T cells. CD4+ HAdV-specific T cell clones restricted by HLA class II molecules were generated and most of these clones recognized conserved peptides derived from the hexon protein. These cross-reactive T cell clones were able to control viral replication of multiple serotypes of HAdV in EBV-transformed B cells (B-LCL), melanoma cells (MJS) and primary bronchial epithelial cells through cognate interaction. The HAdV-specific CD4+ T cell clones were able to specifically lyse infected target cells using a perforin-dependent mechanism. Antigenic peptides were also presented to the CD4+ T cell clones when derived from endogenously produced hexon protein. Together, these results show that cross-reactive HAdV-specific CD4+ T cells can control replication of HAdV in vitro and provide a rationale for the use of HAdV-specific T cells in adoptive immunotherapy protocols for control of life-threatening HAdV-infections in immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Heemskerk
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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39
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Chatziandreou I, Gilmour KC, McNicol AM, Costabile M, Sinclair J, Cubitt D, Campbell JDM, Kinnon C, Qasim W, Gaspar HB. Capture and generation of adenovirus specific T cells for adoptive immunotherapy. Br J Haematol 2007; 136:117-26. [PMID: 17092305 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adenoviral infections represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality following haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Current anti-viral agents are virostatic and it is evident that elimination of adenovirus (ADV) infection is only achieved by recovery of cellular immunity. Using an interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion and capture assay to isolate ADV-specific T cells, followed by a 2 week expansion and restimulation protocol, we generated ADV T cells that may be used for cellular immunotherapy. In contrast to virus-specific T cells for cytomegalovirus or Epstein-Barr virus, the ADV response was dominated by CD4(+) T cells and the majority of captured cells exhibited an effector/memory immunophenotype. Highly specific antigen responses were demonstrated by intracellular IFN-gamma expression and cytotoxicity assays when the expanded cells underwent restimulation with ADV-pulsed target cells. Although T cells were initially generated in response to ADV species C, the expanded populations also showed strong activity against ADV species B, suggesting cross-reactivity across ADV species; a finding that has important clinical consequences in the paediatric setting, where the majority of infections are caused by ADV type B and C. The protocols can be readily translated to generate ADV-specific T cells suitable for clinical use and offer an effective immunotherapeutic strategy to control ADV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Chatziandreou
- Molecular Immunology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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40
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Veltrop-Duits LA, Heemskerk B, Sombroek CC, van Vreeswijk T, Gubbels S, Toes REM, Melief CJM, Franken KLMC, Havenga M, van Tol MJD, Schilham MW. Human CD4+ T cells stimulated by conserved adenovirus 5 hexon peptides recognize cells infected with different species of human adenovirus. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:2410-23. [PMID: 16933360 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200535786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The immune response against human adenovirus (HAdV) has gained interest because of the application of HAdV-based vectors in gene therapy and the high incidence of infections in pediatric recipients of allogeneic stem cell grafts. Because antiviral medication is frequently ineffective, the option of adoptive transfer of HAdV-specific donor-derived T cells in these immunocompromised patients is investigated. To generate good manufacturing practice-compatible reagents, a panel of 63 long, overlapping, peptides of the hexon protein was screened for recognition by T cells. Five conserved peptides of 30 amino acids were identified that were recognized by the majority of adult donors. CD4+ T cells from long-term cultures of PBMC, stimulated with this set of five peptides, recognized cells infected with HAdV serotypes belonging to different species. These data demonstrate that adult human T cells preferentially recognize conserved sequences of amino acid residues from a structural protein of HAdV. In the context of gene therapy, this observation may limit the beneficial effect of switching to HAdV-based vectors derived from less common serotypes of HAdV in an attempt to circumvent pre-existing immunity. However, this cross-reactivity benefits the application of HAdV-specific T cells for adoptive immunotherapy in immunocompromised transplant recipients.
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41
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Leen AM, Myers GD, Sili U, Huls MH, Weiss H, Leung KS, Carrum G, Krance RA, Chang CC, Molldrem JJ, Gee AP, Brenner MK, Heslop HE, Rooney CM, Bollard CM. Monoculture-derived T lymphocytes specific for multiple viruses expand and produce clinically relevant effects in immunocompromised individuals. Nat Med 2006; 12:1160-6. [PMID: 16998485 DOI: 10.1038/nm1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 438] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunocompromised individuals are at high risk for life-threatening diseases, especially those caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and adenovirus. Conventional therapeutics are primarily active only against CMV, and resistance is frequent. Adoptive transfer of polyclonal cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) specific for CMV or EBV seems promising, but it is unclear whether this strategy can be extended to adenovirus, which comprises many serotypes. In addition, the preparation of a specific CTL line for each virus in every eligible individual would be impractical. Here we describe genetic modification of antigen-presenting cell lines to facilitate the production of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes specific for CMV, EBV and several serotypes of adenovirus from a single cell culture. When administered to immunocompromised individuals, the single T lymphocyte line expands into multiple discrete virus-specific populations that supply clinically measurable antiviral activity. Monoculture-derived multispecific CTL infusion could provide a safe and efficient means to restore virus-specific immunity in the immunocompromised host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Leen
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, The Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Feuchtinger T, Matthes-Martin S, Richard C, Lion T, Fuhrer M, Hamprecht K, Handgretinger R, Peters C, Schuster FR, Beck R, Schumm M, Lotfi R, Jahn G, Lang P. Safe adoptive transfer of virus-specific T-cell immunity for the treatment of systemic adenovirus infection after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Br J Haematol 2006; 134:64-76. [PMID: 16803570 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2006.06108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
During periods of immunosuppression, such as postallogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT), patients are at significant risk for severe viral infections. Human adenovirus (HAdV) infection is a serious complication post-SCT, especially in children. Virus-specific T cells are essential for the clearance of HAdV, as antiviral chemotherapy has revealed limited success. We present feasibility data for a new treatment option using virus-specific donor T cells for adoptive transfer of immunity to patients with HAdV-infection/reactivation. Virus-specific donor T cells were isolated and infused into nine children with systemic HAdV infection after SCT. Isolation was based on gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma) secretion after short in vitro stimulation with viral antigen, resulting in a combination of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. 1.2-50 x 10(3)/kg T cells were infused for adoptive transfer. Isolated cells showed high specificity and markedly reduced alloreactivity in vitro. Adoptive transfer of HAdV-specific immunity was successful in five of six evaluable patients, documented by a dose-independent and sustained in vivo expansion of HAdV-specific T cells, associated with a durable clearance/decrease of viral copies. T-cell infusion was well tolerated in all nine patients, except one case with graft-versus-host disease II of the skin. In conclusion, induction of a specific T-cell response through adoptive transfer was feasible and effective. When performed early in the course of infection, adoptive T-cell transfer may protect from HAdV-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Feuchtinger
- Department of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, University Children's Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University, Tuebingen, Germany.
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43
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Verhaagh S, de Jong E, Goudsmit J, Lecollinet S, Gillissen G, de Vries M, van Leuven K, Que I, Ouwehand K, Mintardjo R, Weverling GJ, Radošević K, Richardson J, Eloit M, Lowik C, Quax P, Havenga M. Human CD46-transgenic mice in studies involving replication-incompetent adenoviral type 35 vectors. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:255-265. [PMID: 16432010 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81293-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild-type strains of mice do not express CD46, a high-affinity receptor for human group B adenoviruses including type 35. Therefore, studies performed to date in mice using replication-incompetent Ad35 (rAd35) vaccine carriers may underestimate potency or result in altered vector distribution. Here, it is reported that CD46 transgenic mice (MYII-strain) express CD46 in all major organs and that it functions as a receptor for rAd35 vectors. Similar to monkeys and humans, MYII mice highly express CD46 in their lungs and kidneys and demonstrate low expression in muscle. Upon intravenous administration, rAd35 vector genomes as well as expression are detected in lungs of MYII mice, in contrast to wild-type littermates. Expression was predominantly detected in lung epithelial cells. Upon intramuscular administration, the initial level of luciferase expression is higher in MYII mice as compared with wild-type littermates, in spite of the fact that CD46 expression is low in muscle of MYII mice. The higher level of expression in muscle of MYII mice results in prolonged gene expression as assessed by CCD camera imaging for luciferase activity. Finally, a significant dose-sparing effect in MYII mice as compared with wild-type littermates on anti-SIVgag CD8+ T-cell induction following intramuscular vaccination with an rA35.SIVgag vaccine was observed. This dose-sparing effect was also observed when reinfusing dendritic cells derived from MYII mice after exposure to rAd35.SIVgag vaccine as compared with rAd35.SIVgag exposed dendritic cells from wild-type littermates. It was concluded that MYII mice represent an interesting preclinical model to evaluate potency and safety of rAd35 vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Verhaagh
- Crucell Holland BV, Archimedesweg 4, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Esmeralda de Jong
- Crucell Holland BV, Archimedesweg 4, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap Goudsmit
- Crucell Holland BV, Archimedesweg 4, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gert Gillissen
- Crucell Holland BV, Archimedesweg 4, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ivo Que
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Krista Ouwehand
- Crucell Holland BV, Archimedesweg 4, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ratna Mintardjo
- Crucell Holland BV, Archimedesweg 4, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Marc Eloit
- Ecole National Veterinaire d'Alfort, Alfort, France
| | - Clemens Lowik
- Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Quax
- Gaubius Laboratory, TNO Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Menzo Havenga
- Crucell Holland BV, Archimedesweg 4, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Vaccine development has traditionally been an empirical discipline. Classical vaccine strategies include the development of attenuated organisms, whole killed organisms, and protein subunits, followed by empirical optimization and iterative improvements. While these strategies have been remarkably successful for a wide variety of viruses and bacteria, these approaches have proven more limited for pathogens that require cellular immune responses for their control. In this review, current strategies to develop and optimize gene-based vaccines are described, with an emphasis on novel approaches to improve plasmid DNA vaccines and recombinant adenovirus vector-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan H Barouch
- Research East Room 113, Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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45
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Leen AM, Bollard CM, Myers GD, Rooney CM. Adenoviral Infections in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2006; 12:243-51. [PMID: 16503493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2005.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/24/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Adenoviruses are lytic DNA viruses that are ubiquitous in human communities. In total, 51 different serotypes with varying tissue tropisms have been identified. Adenovirus infections, although frequent, are rarely fatal in immunocompetent individuals who have potent innate and adaptive immunity. But in immunosuppressed individuals, adenoviruses are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, with limited treatment options. In particular, pediatric recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation frequently develop infections early in the posttransplantation period. Because the endogenous recovery of adenovirus-specific T cells has proven important in controlling infection, we explore the potential of adoptive T-cell immunotherapy as a therapeutic strategy. We discuss the advantages and limitations of T-cell therapy for the prophylaxis and treatment of adenovirus infection posttransplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Leen
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, and the Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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46
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DiPaolo N, Ni S, Gaggar A, Strauss R, Tuve S, Li Z, Stone D, Shayakhmetov D, Kiviat N, Touré P, Sow S, Horvat B, Lieber A. Evaluation of adenovirus vectors containing serotype 35 fibers for vaccination. Mol Ther 2006; 13:756-65. [PMID: 16461009 PMCID: PMC1424671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2005.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Revised: 12/27/2005] [Accepted: 12/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to commonly used serotype 5-based adenovirus (Ad) vectors, Ad's containing fibers derived from B-group serotype 35 (Ad5/35) efficiently transduce human DCs ex vivo and appear to target antigen-presenting cells after intravenous injection into baboons. Based on this, Ad5/35 vectors could be valuable tools for immunotherapy and vaccination. On the other hand, a number of studies indicate that signaling through the B-group Ad receptor, CD46, can cause tolerance or immunosuppression. Since mice do not express CD46 in a human-like pattern, we studied the in vivo properties of Ad5/35 in transgenic mice that express CD46 in a pattern and at a level similar to those of humans. Hypersensitivity assays and analyses of frequencies of regulatory T cells and T cell responses did not indicate that Ad5/35 injection exerts detrimental effects on the host's immune system. An Ad5/35 vector expressing a model antigen was able to trigger a strong T cell response against the test antigen after intramuscular injection. Overall, compared to Ad5 vectors, Ad5/35 vectors had a better safety profile, reflected by lower serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson DiPaolo
- University of Washington, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine
| | - Shaoheng Ni
- University of Washington, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine
| | - Anuj Gaggar
- University of Washington, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine
| | - Robert Strauss
- University of Washington, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine
| | - Sebastian Tuve
- University of Washington, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine
| | - ZongYi Li
- University of Washington, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine
| | - Daniel Stone
- University of Washington, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine
| | - Dmitry Shayakhmetov
- University of Washington, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine
| | - Nancy Kiviat
- University of Washington, Department of Pathology, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Pap Touré
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Dakar, Senegal
| | - Salif Sow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Dakar, Senegal
| | | | - André Lieber
- University of Washington, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine
- University of Washington, Department of Pathology, Seattle, WA 98195
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47
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Abstract
Adenoviral disease in pediatric SOT recipients is emerging as an important viral pathogen, with serious consequences impacting morbidity, mortality and graft survival. The optimal diagnostic techniques, as well as therapy have yet to be established. This article reviews the current epidemiology of AdV in orthotopic liver, intestinal, cardiothoracic and renal transplant recipients. Issues related to diagnosis, notably the use of newer non-culture based viral detection methods and therapy, including anti-adenoviral agents and adoptive immunotherapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill A Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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48
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Perreau M, Kremer EJ. Frequency, proliferation, and activation of human memory T cells induced by a nonhuman adenovirus. J Virol 2006; 79:14595-605. [PMID: 16282459 PMCID: PMC1287557 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.23.14595-14605.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple human adenovirus (HAd) infections during childhood generate a memory T-cell (T(M)) response, which is the primary defense against HAd-induced morbidity. This cellular memory creates a conundrum for the potential clinical use of HAd-derived vectors: vector-mediated gene transfer is efficient in immunologically naïve mammals but will be compromised by memory immunity when using vectors derived from ubiquitous human pathogens. The potential lack of cellular and humoral memory is one reason we developed vectors from canine adenovirus serotype 2 (CAV-2). Here, we assayed human peripheral blood mononuclear cells for a T(M) response that could be stimulated by CAV-2 virion and individual capsid proteins. We found that less than half of the donors harbored a proliferating T(M) response directed against the CAV-2 virion (versus >85% against HAd5) in spite of a conserved antigenic Adenoviridae epitope in the CAV-2 hexon. When CAV-2 induced proliferation, it was 2.3- to >10-fold lower than HAd5 depending on the assay. The primary proliferating cells appeared to be memory (CD45RO+) CD4+ lymphocytes, differentiated into Th1 gamma interferon-producing cells, with a frequency that was up to 66-fold lower than that obtained for HAd5. We also compared CAV-2 to prototype HAd from five of the six human species and found that CAV-2-induced cellular proliferation was similar to that found with rare HAd serotypes. Individual CAV-2 capsid proteins also induced less proliferation than their HAd5 homologues. Our data suggest that CAV-2 vectors may be safer (i.e., less immunogenic) for gene transfer but are not without a theoretical risk in a subset of potential patients.
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49
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Sospedra M, Zhao Y, zur Hausen H, Muraro PA, Hamashin C, de Villiers EM, Pinilla C, Martin R. Recognition of conserved amino acid motifs of common viruses and its role in autoimmunity. PLoS Pathog 2005; 1:e41. [PMID: 16362076 PMCID: PMC1315278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The triggers of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) remain elusive. Epidemiological studies suggest that common pathogens can exacerbate and also induce MS, but it has been difficult to pinpoint individual organisms. Here we demonstrate that in vivo clonally expanded CD4+ T cells isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a MS patient during disease exacerbation respond to a poly-arginine motif of the nonpathogenic and ubiquitous Torque Teno virus. These T cell clones also can be stimulated by arginine-enriched protein domains from other common viruses and recognize multiple autoantigens. Our data suggest that repeated infections with common pathogenic and even nonpathogenic viruses could expand T cells specific for conserved protein domains that are able to cross-react with tissue-derived and ubiquitous autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Sospedra
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yingdong Zhao
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Computational and System Biology Group, Biometric Research Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Harald zur Hausen
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Division for the Characterization of Tumorviruses, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (German Cancer Research Center), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paolo A Muraro
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christa Hamashin
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Mixture Sciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Ethel-Michele de Villiers
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Division for the Characterization of Tumorviruses, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (German Cancer Research Center), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clemencia Pinilla
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- Mixture Sciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies and Mixture Sciences, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Roland Martin
- Cellular Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: ,
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50
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Leen AM, Myers GD, Bollard CM, Huls MH, Sili U, Gee AP, Heslop HE, Rooney CM. T-Cell Immunotherapy for Adenoviral Infections of Stem-Cell Transplant Recipients. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2005; 1062:104-15. [PMID: 16461793 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1358.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses are ubiquitous lytic DNA viruses that can be divided into 51 different serotypes, grouped from A to F on the basis of genome size, composition, homology, and organization. Adenovirus infections, although frequent, are rarely fatal in immunocompetent individuals, due to potent innate and adaptive immune responses. By contrast, adenoviruses are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in immunosuppressed individuals, for whom there are limited treatment options. Since antiviral drugs have variable efficacy in the treatment of severe adenovirus disease, iatrogenic reconstitution with in vitro expanded virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is an attractive option for prophylaxis and treatment, particularly because the endogenous recovery of adenovirus-specific T cells has proved important in controlling infection in vivo. Thus, we have characterized human T-cell responses to adenovirus in vitro and explored the potential of adoptive T-cell immunotherapy as a prophylactic or therapeutic strategy for adenovirus infections posttransplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Leen
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Pediatrics-Hem/Onc, Baylor College of Medicine, 6621 Fannin St., MC3-3320 Houston, TX 77030, USA
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