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Göbel S, Kazemi O, Ma J, Jordan I, Sandig V, Paulissen J, Kerstens W, Thibaut HJ, Reichl U, Dallmeier K, Genzel Y. Parallel Multifactorial Process Optimization and Intensification for High-Yield Production of Live YF17D-Vectored Zika Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:755. [PMID: 39066393 PMCID: PMC11281342 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12070755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The live-attenuated yellow fever 17D strain is a potent vaccine and viral vector. Its manufacture is based on embryonated chicken eggs or adherent Vero cells. Both processes are unsuitable for rapid and scalable supply. Here, we introduce a high-throughput workflow to identify suspension cells that are fit for the high-yield production of live YF17D-based vaccines in an intensified upstream process. The use of an automated parallel ambr15 microbioreactor system for screening and process optimization has led to the identification of two promising cell lines (AGE1.CR.pIX and HEKDyn) and the establishment of optimized production conditions, which have resulted in a >100-fold increase in virus titers compared to the current state of the art using adherent Vero cells. The process can readily be scaled up from the microbioreactor scale (15 mL) to 1 L stirred tank bioreactors. The viruses produced are genetically stable and maintain their favorable safety and immunogenicity profile, as demonstrated by the absence of neurovirulence in suckling BALB/c mice and consistent seroprotection in AG129 mice. In conclusion, the presented workflow allows for the rapid establishment of a robust, scalable, and high-yield process for the production of live-attenuated orthoflavivirus vaccines, which outperforms current standards. The approach described here can serve as a model for the development of scalable processes and the optimization of yields for other virus-based vaccines that face challenges in meeting growing demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Göbel
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.G.)
| | - Ozeir Kazemi
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Transplantation, Rega Institute, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery (MVVD), 3000 Leuven, Belgium (K.D.)
| | - Ji Ma
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Transplantation, Rega Institute, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery (MVVD), 3000 Leuven, Belgium (K.D.)
| | | | | | - Jasmine Paulissen
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Transplantation, Rega Institute, Translational Platform Virology and Chemotherapy (TPVC), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Winnie Kerstens
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Transplantation, Rega Institute, Translational Platform Virology and Chemotherapy (TPVC), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hendrik Jan Thibaut
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Transplantation, Rega Institute, Translational Platform Virology and Chemotherapy (TPVC), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Udo Reichl
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.G.)
- Bioprocess Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kai Dallmeier
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Transplantation, Rega Institute, Molecular Vaccinology and Vaccine Discovery (MVVD), 3000 Leuven, Belgium (K.D.)
| | - Yvonne Genzel
- Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr. 1, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (S.G.)
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Dong HL, Chen ZL, He MJ, Cui JZ, Cheng H, Wang QY, Xiong XH, Liu G, Chen HP. The Chimeric Chaoyang-Zika Vaccine Candidate Is Safe and Protective in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:215. [PMID: 38400198 PMCID: PMC10893063 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging flavivirus that causes congenital syndromes including microcephaly and fetal demise in pregnant women. No commercial vaccines against ZIKV are currently available. We previously generated a chimeric ZIKV (ChinZIKV) based on the Chaoyang virus (CYV) by replacing the prME protein of CYV with that of a contemporary ZIKV strain GZ01. Herein, we evaluated this vaccine candidate in a mouse model and showed that ChinZIKV was totally safe in both adult and suckling immunodeficient mice. No viral RNA was detected in the serum of mice inoculated with ChinZIKV. All of the mice inoculated with ChinZIKV survived, while mice inoculated with ZIKV succumbed to infection in 8 days. A single dose of ChinZIKV partially protected mice against lethal ZIKV challenge. In contrast, all the control PBS-immunized mice succumbed to infection after ZIKV challenge. Our results warrant further development of ChinZIKV as a vaccine candidate in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gang Liu
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Hui-Peng Chen
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
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3
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Dong HL, He MJ, Wang QY, Cui JZ, Chen ZL, Xiong XH, Zhang LC, Cheng H, Xiong GQ, Hu A, Lu YY, Cheng CL, Meng ZX, Zhu C, Zhao G, Liu G, Chen HP. Rapid Generation of Recombinant Flaviviruses Using Circular Polymerase Extension Reaction. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1250. [PMID: 37515065 PMCID: PMC10383701 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Flavivirus is a group of arthropod-borne single-stranded RNA viruses, which includes important human and animal pathogens such as Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Zika virus (ZIKV), Dengue virus (DENV), yellow fever virus (YFV), West Nile virus (WNV), and Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). Reverse genetics has been a useful tool for understanding biological properties and the pathogenesis of flaviviruses. However, the conventional construction of full-length infectious clones for flavivirus is time-consuming and difficult due to the toxicity of the flavivirus genome to E. coli. Herein, we applied a simple, rapid, and bacterium-free circular polymerase extension reaction (CPER) method to synthesize recombinant flaviviruses in vertebrate cells as well as insect cells. We started with the de novo synthesis of the JEV vaccine strain SA-14-14-2 in Vero cells using CPER, and then modified the CPER method to recover insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs) in mosquito C6/36 cells. Chimeric Zika virus (ChinZIKV) based on the Chaoyang virus (CYV) backbone and the Culex flavivirus reporter virus expressing green fluorescent protein (CxFV-GFP) were subsequently rescued in C6/36 cells. CPER is a simple method for the rapid generation of flaviviruses and other potential RNA viruses. A CPER-based recovery system for flaviviruses of different host ranges was established, which would facilitate the development of countermeasures against flavivirus outbreaks in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Long Dong
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Mei-Juan He
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Qing-Yang Wang
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Jia-Zhen Cui
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Zhi-Li Chen
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | | | | | - Hao Cheng
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Guo-Qing Xiong
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Ao Hu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Lu
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Chun-Lin Cheng
- School of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Meng
- School of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Chen Zhu
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Guang Zhao
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Hui-Peng Chen
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100071, China
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Opara NU, Nwagbara UI, Hlongwana KW. The COVID-19 Impact on the Trends in Yellow Fever and Lassa Fever Infections in Nigeria. Infect Dis Rep 2022; 14:932-941. [PMID: 36412749 PMCID: PMC9680345 DOI: 10.3390/idr14060091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa fever (LF) and yellow fever (YF) belong to a group of viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs). These viruses have common features and damages the organs and blood vessels; they also impair the body's homeostasis. Some VHFs cause mild disease, while some cause severe disease and death such as in the case of Ebola or Marburg. LF virus and YF virus are two of the most recent emerging viruses in Africa, resulting in severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. Lassa fever virus is continuously on the rise both in Nigeria and neighboring countries in West Africa, with an estimate of over 500,000 cases of LF, and 5000 deaths, annually. YF virus is endemic in temperate climate regions of Africa, Central America (Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador), and South America (such as Brazil, Argentina, Peru, and Chile) with an annual estimated cases of 200,000 and 30,000 deaths globally. This review examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the trend in epidemiology of these two VHFs to delineate responses that are associated with protective or pathogenic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nnennaya U. Opara
- Institute for Academic Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Charleston Area Medical Center, Charleston, WV 25304, USA
- Department of Health Administration, University of Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85040, USA
- Correspondence: or
| | - Ugochinyere I. Nwagbara
- Department of Public Health Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard Campus, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Khumbulani W. Hlongwana
- Cancer and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research Unit (CIDERU), College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
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Wahaab A, Mustafa BE, Hameed M, Stevenson NJ, Anwar MN, Liu K, Wei J, Qiu Y, Ma Z. Potential Role of Flavivirus NS2B-NS3 Proteases in Viral Pathogenesis and Anti-flavivirus Drug Discovery Employing Animal Cells and Models: A Review. Viruses 2021; 14:44. [PMID: 35062249 PMCID: PMC8781031 DOI: 10.3390/v14010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses are known to cause a variety of diseases in humans in different parts of the world. There are very limited numbers of antivirals to combat flavivirus infection, and therefore new drug targets must be explored. The flavivirus NS2B-NS3 proteases are responsible for the cleavage of the flavivirus polyprotein, which is necessary for productive viral infection and for causing clinical infections; therefore, they are a promising drug target for devising novel drugs against different flaviviruses. This review highlights the structural details of the NS2B-NS3 proteases of different flaviviruses, and also describes potential antiviral drugs that can interfere with the viral protease activity, as determined by various studies. Moreover, optimized in vitro reaction conditions for studying the NS2B-NS3 proteases of different flaviviruses may vary and have been incorporated in this review. The increasing availability of the in silico and crystallographic/structural details of flavivirus NS2B-NS3 proteases in free and drug-bound states can pave the path for the development of promising antiflavivirus drugs to be used in clinics. However, there is a paucity of information available on using animal cells and models for studying flavivirus NS2B-NS3 proteases, as well as on the testing of the antiviral drug efficacy against NS2B-NS3 proteases. Therefore, on the basis of recent studies, an effort has also been made to propose potential cellular and animal models for the study of flavivirus NS2B-NS3 proteases for the purposes of exploring flavivirus pathogenesis and for testing the efficacy of possible drugs targets, in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Wahaab
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (M.H.); (M.N.A.); (K.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Bahar E Mustafa
- Sub Campus Toba Tek Singh, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 36050, Pakistan;
| | - Muddassar Hameed
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (M.H.); (M.N.A.); (K.L.); (J.W.)
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, State University, Fralin Life Sciences Building, 360 W Campus Blacksburg, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Nigel J. Stevenson
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Medical University of Bahrain, Busaiteen, Adliya 15503, Bahrain;
- Viral Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Muhammad Naveed Anwar
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (M.H.); (M.N.A.); (K.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (M.H.); (M.N.A.); (K.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (M.H.); (M.N.A.); (K.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (M.H.); (M.N.A.); (K.L.); (J.W.)
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Shanghai 200241, China; (A.W.); (M.H.); (M.N.A.); (K.L.); (J.W.)
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6
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Dong HL, Wang HJ, Liu ZY, Ye Q, Qin XL, Li D, Deng YQ, Jiang T, Li XF, Qin CF. Visualization of yellow fever virus infection in mice using a bioluminescent reporter virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1739-1750. [PMID: 34379047 PMCID: PMC8425728 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1967705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) is a re-emerging flavivirus, which can lead to severe clinical manifestations and high mortality, with no specific antiviral therapies available. The live-attenuated yellow fever vaccine 17D (YF17D) has been widely used for over eighty years. However, the emergence of yellow fever vaccine-associated viscerotropic disease (YFL-AVD) and yellow fever vaccine-associated neurotropic disease (YFL-AND) raised non-negligible concerns. Additionally, the attenuation mechanism of YF17D is still unclear. Thus, the development of convenient models is crucial to understand the mechanisms behind YF17D attenuation and its adverse effects. In this work, we generated a reporter YF17D expressing nano-luciferase (NLuc). In vitro and in vivo characterization demonstrated that the NLuc-YF17D shared similar biological properties with its parental strain and the NLuc activity can reflect viral infectivity reliably. Combined with in vivo bioluminescence imaging, a series of mice models of YF17D infection was established, which will be useful for the evaluation of antiviral medicines and novel vaccine candidates. Especially, we demonstrated that intraperitoneally (i.p.) infection of NLuc-YF17D in type I interferon receptor-deficient mice A129 resulted in outcomes resembling YEL-AVD and YEL-AND, evidenced by viral replication in multiple organs and invasion of the central neuronal system. Finally, in vitro and in vivo assays based on this reporter virus were established to evaluate the antiviral activities of validated antiviral agents. In conclusion, the bioluminescent reporter virus described herein provides a powerful platform to study YF17D attenuation and vaccine-associated diseases as well as to develop novel countermeasures against YFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Long Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Jiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Comprehensive Basic Experiment, The Chinese People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,The Center for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ling Qin
- Research Unit of Discovery and Tracing of Natural Focus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Medicine and Health, Guangxi Vocational and Technical Institute of industry, Nanning, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- The Center for Infection and Immunity Studies, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Qiang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pharmacology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Research Unit of Discovery and Tracing of Natural Focus Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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7
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Bovay A, Fuertes Marraco SA, Speiser DE. Yellow fever virus vaccination: an emblematic model to elucidate robust human immune responses. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:2471-2481. [PMID: 33909542 PMCID: PMC8475614 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1891752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
By preventing infectious diseases, vaccines contribute substantially to public health. Besides, they offer great opportunities to investigate human immune responses. This is particularly true for live-attenuated virus vaccines which cause resolving acute infections and induce robust immunity. The fact that one can precisely schedule the time-point of vaccination enables complete characterization of the immune response over time, short-term and over many years. The live-attenuated Yellow Fever virus vaccine strain YF-17D was developed in the 1930's and gave rise to the 17D-204 and 17DD vaccine sub-strains, administered to over 600 million individuals worldwide. YF vaccination causes a systemic viral infection, which induces neutralizing antibodies that last for a lifetime. It also induces a strong T cell response resembling the ones of acute infections, in contrast to most other vaccines. In spite of its use since 1937, learning how YF vaccination stimulates such strong and persistent immune responses has gained substantial knowledge only in the last decades. Here we summarize the current state of knowledge on the immune response to YF vaccination, and discuss its contribution as a human model to address complex questions on optimal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Bovay
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Silvia A Fuertes Marraco
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Basic Amino Acid Substitution at Residue 367 of the Envelope Protein of Tembusu Virus Plays a Critical Role in Pathogenesis. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.02011-19. [PMID: 32024774 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02011-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tembusu virus (TMUV) is a flavivirus responsible for panzootic outbreaks of severe egg-drop and fatal encephalitis of domestic waterfowl in China. Although TMUV can be attenuated by in vitro passaging, experimental evidence supporting the role of specific genetic changes in virulence attenuation is currently lacking. Here, we performed site-directed mutagenesis on five envelope (E) protein amino acid residues in accordance with the attenuated TMUV generated in our recent study. Our results showed that the Thr-to-Lys mutation of residue 367 in E protein (E367) plays a predominant role in viral cell adaptation and virulence attenuation in ducks compared with mutations in other residues. We further demonstrated that the positively charged basic amino acid substitution at E367 enhanced the viral binding affinity for glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and reduced viremia levels and the efficiency of replication in major target organs in subcutaneously inoculated ducks. Interestingly, the T367K mutation increased viral neutralization sensitivity to the early immune sera. Together, our findings provide the first evidence that a basic amino acid substitution at E367 strongly impacts the in vitro and in vivo infection of TMUV.IMPORTANCE Outbreaks of Tembusu virus (TMUV) infection have caused huge economic losses in the production of domestic waterfowl since the virus was first recognized in China in 2010. To control TMUV infection, a live-attenuated vaccine candidate of TMUV was developed in our previous study, but the mechanisms of virulence attenuation are not fully understood. Here, we found that the Thr-to-Lys substitution at E367 is a crucial determinant of TMUV virulence attenuation in ducks. We demonstrated that the T367K mutation attenuates TMUV through reducing viral replication in the blood, brain, heart (ducklings), and ovaries. These data provide new insights into understanding the pathogenesis of TMUV and the rational development of novel TMUV vaccines.
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Animal Models for Dengue and Zika Vaccine Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1062:215-239. [PMID: 29845536 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-8727-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The current status of animal models in the study of dengue and Zika are covered in this review. Mouse models deficient in IFN signaling are used to overcome the natural resistance of mice to non-encephalitic flaviviruses. Conditional IFNAR mice and non-human primates (NHP) are useful immuno-competent models. Sterile immunity after dengue vaccination is not observed in NHPs. Placental and fetal development in NHPs is similar to humans, facilitating studies on infection-mediated fetal impairment.
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10
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Lin HH, Lee HC, Li XF, Tsai MJ, Hsiao HJ, Peng JG, Sue SC, Qin CF, Wu SC. Dengue type four viruses with E-Glu345Lys adaptive mutation from MRC-5 cells induce low viremia but elicit potent neutralizing antibodies in rhesus monkeys. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100130. [PMID: 24959738 PMCID: PMC4069063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of virulence and immunogenicity is important for development of live-attenuated dengue vaccines. We previously reported that an infectious clone-derived dengue type 4 virus (DENV-4) passaged in MRC-5 cells acquired a Glu345Lys (E-E345K) substitution in the E protein domain III (E-DIII). The same cloned DENV-4 was found to yield a single E-Glu327Gly (E-E327G) mutation after passage in FRhL cells and cause the loss of immunogenicity in rhesus monkeys. Here, we used site-directed mutagenesis to generate the E-E345K and E-E327G mutants from DENV-4 and DENV-4Δ30 infectious clones and propagated in Vero or MRC-5 cells. The E-E345K mutations were consistently presented in viruses recovered from MRC-5 cells, but not Vero cells. Recombinant E-DIII proteins of E345K and E327G increased heparin binding correlated with the reduced infectivity by heparin treatment in cell cultures. Different from the E-E327G mutant viruses to lose the immunogencity in rhesus monkeys, the E-E345K mutant viruses were able to induce neutralizing antibodies in rhesus monkeys with an almost a 10-fold lower level of viremia as compared to the wild type virus. Monkeys immunized with the E-E345K mutant virus were completely protected with no detectable viremia after live virus challenges with the wild type DENV-4. These results suggest that the E-E345K mutant virus propagated in MRC-5 cells may have potential for the use in live-attenuated DENV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Han Lin
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Chi Lee
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Xiao-Feng Li
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Ju Tsai
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Ju Hsiao
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Guan Peng
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Che Sue
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Feng Qin
- Department of Virology, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SCW); (CFQ)
| | - Suh-Chin Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (SCW); (CFQ)
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11
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St John AL, Abraham SN, Gubler DJ. Barriers to preclinical investigations of anti-dengue immunity and dengue pathogenesis. Nat Rev Microbiol 2013; 11:420-6. [PMID: 23652323 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro3030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a human pathogen that causes severe and potentially fatal disease in millions of individuals each year. Immune-mediated pathology is thought to underlie many of the complications of DENV infection in humans, but the notable limitations of the available animal models have impeded our knowledge of the interactions between DENV and the immune system. In this Opinion article, we discuss some of the controversies in the field of dengue research relating to the interaction between DENV and the mammalian host. We highlight key barriers hindering our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of DENV and offer suggestions for the most effective ways in which the role of the immune system in the protection from, and pathology of, DENV infection can be addressed experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L St John
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Graduate Medical School, Duke-National University of Singapore, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
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12
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Molecular identification of the first local dengue fever outbreak in Shenzhen city, China: a potential imported vertical transmission from Southeast Asia? Epidemiol Infect 2013; 142:225-33. [PMID: 23587429 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268813000897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A suspected dengue fever outbreak occurred in 2010 at a solitary construction site in Shenzhen city, China. To investigate this epidemic, we used serological, molecular biological, and bioinformatics techniques. Of nine serum samples from suspected patients, we detected seven positive for dengue virus (DENV) antibodies, eight for DENV-1 RNA, and three containing live viruses. The isolated virus, SZ1029 strain, was sequenced and confirmed as DENV-1, showing the highest E-gene homology to D1/Malaysia/36000/05 and SG(EHI)DED142808 strains recently reported in Southeast Asia. Further phylogenetic tree analysis confirmed their close relationship. At the epidemic site, we also detected 14 asymptomatic co-workers (out of 291) positive for DENV antibody, and DENV-1-positive mosquitoes. Thus, we concluded that DENV-1 caused the first local dengue fever outbreak in Shenzhen. Because no imported case was identified, the molecular fingerprints of the SZ1029 strain suggest this outbreak may be due to vertical transmission imported from Southeast Asia.
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13
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Genetic stability of a dengue vaccine based on chimeric yellow fever/dengue viruses. Vaccine 2011; 29:6629-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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Evolution of attenuating mutations in dengue-2 strain S16803 PDK50 vaccine and comparison of growth kinetics with parent virus. Virus Genes 2011; 43:18-26. [PMID: 21461924 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-011-0602-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A live-attenuated dengue-2 virus strain S16803 vaccine candidate that is immunogenic and safe in humans was derived by 50 passages in primary dog kidney (PDK) cells. To identify mutations associated with attenuation of the dengue-2 PDK50 vaccine strain, we determined the nucleotide changes that arose during PDK passage of the dengue-2 virus. Thirteen mutations distinguished the PDK50 virus from low-passage parent resulting in amino acid substitutions in the premembrane (E89G), envelope (E202K, N203D), nonstructural proteins NS1 (A43T), NS2A (L181F), NS2B (I26V), and NS4B (I/T108T, L112F). In addition, the PDK50 virus contained a C to T change of nucleotide 57 in the 5' non-coding region and four silent mutations of nucleotides 591, 987, 6471, and 8907. An infectious PDK50 cDNA clone virus was produced and characterized for growth kinetics in monkey (LLC-MK(2), Vero) and mosquito (C6/36) cells. Identification of mutations in the vaccine strain and availability of an infectious clone will permit systematic analysis of the importance of individual or collective mutations on attenuation of dengue virus.
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15
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Appaiahgari MB, Vrati S. IMOJEV(®): a Yellow fever virus-based novel Japanese encephalitis vaccine. Expert Rev Vaccines 2011; 9:1371-84. [PMID: 21105774 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a disease of the CNS caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). The disease appears in the form of frequent outbreaks in most south- and southeast Asian countries and the virus has become endemic in several areas. There is no licensed therapy available and disease control by vaccination is considered to be most effective. Mouse brain-derived inactivated JE vaccines, although immunogenic, have several limitations in terms of safety, availability and requirement for multiple doses. Owing to these drawbacks, the WHO called for the development of novel, safe and more efficacious JE vaccines. Several candidate vaccines have been developed and at least three of them that demonstrated strong immunogenicity after one or two doses of the vaccine in animal models were subsequently tested in various clinical trials. One of these vaccines, IMOJEV(®) (JE-CV and previously known as ChimeriVax™-JE), is a novel recombinant chimeric virus vaccine, developed using the Yellow fever virus (YFV) vaccine vector YFV17D, by replacing the cDNA encoding the envelope proteins of YFV with that of an attenuated JEV strain SA14-14-2. IMOJEV was found to be safe, highly immunogenic and capable of inducing long-lasting immunity in both preclinical and clinical trials. Moreover, a single dose of IMOJEV was sufficient to induce protective immunity, which was similar to that induced in adults by three doses of JE-VAX(®), a mouse brain-derived inactivated JE vaccine. Recently, Phase III trials evaluating the immunogenicity and safety of the chimeric virus vaccine have been successfully completed in some JE-endemic countries and the vaccine manufacturers have filed an application for vaccine registration. IMOJEV may thus be licensed for use in humans as an improved alternative to the currently licensed JE vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohan Babu Appaiahgari
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Gurgaon 122 016, India
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16
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Excler JL, Parks CL, Ackland J, Rees H, Gust ID, Koff WC. Replicating viral vectors as HIV vaccines: summary report from the IAVI-sponsored satellite symposium at the AIDS vaccine 2009 conference. Biologicals 2011; 38:511-21. [PMID: 20537552 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In October 2009, The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) convened a satellite symposium entitled 'Replicating Viral Vectors for use in AIDS Vaccines' at the AIDS Vaccine 2009 Conference in Paris. The purpose of the symposium was to gather together researchers, representatives from regulatory agencies, and vaccine developers to discuss issues related to advancement of replication-competent viral vector- based HIV vaccines into clinical trials. The meeting introduced the rationale for accelerating the development of replicating viral vectors for use as AIDS vaccines. It noted that the EMEA recently published draft guidelines that are an important first step in providing guidance for advancing live viral vectors into clinical development. Presentations included case studies and development challenges for viral vector-based vaccine candidates. These product development challenges included cell substrates used for vaccine manufacturing, the testing needed to assess vaccine safety, conducting clinical trials with live vectors, and assessment of vaccination risk versus benefit. More in depth discussion of risk and benefit highlighted the fact that AIDS vaccine efficacy trials must be conducted in the developing world where HIV incidence is greatest and how inequities in global health dramatically influence the political and social environment in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Excler
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, 110 William Street, 27th Floor, New York, NY 10038-3901, USA
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17
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Kelly EP, Puri B, Sun W, Falgout B. Identification of mutations in a candidate dengue 4 vaccine strain 341750 PDK20 and construction of a full-length cDNA clone of the PDK20 vaccine candidate. Vaccine 2010; 28:3030-7. [PMID: 19874927 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dengue 4 virus strain 341750 serially passaged 20 times in primary dog kidney (PDK) cells was shown to have reduced infectivity for rhesus monkeys but was immunogenic and protected the monkeys from challenge with low passage parent dengue 4 virus. The dengue 4 PDK20 virus was also shown to be attenuated for human volunteers. We compared the genomic nucleotide sequences of low passage parent and PDK20 attenuated vaccine strains and identified 11 nucleotide (nt) substitutions in the PDK20 genome. Five mutations caused amino acid changes in viral proteins E (N366N/S), NS1 (E146Q), NS4B (S/L112L and A240V), and NS5 (F/L790L). Silent mutations occurred in genes encoding NS1 (nt 2609), NS3 (nt 6113, 6230 and 6239) and NS5 (nt 8081 and 8588). A full-length cDNA clone of the dengue 4 strain 341750 PDK20 was constructed and RNA transcripts of the clone were infectious in monkey kidney (LLC-MK(2)) and Aedes albopictus (C6/36) cells. The sequence analysis and availability of an infectious clone provide molecular tools to investigate the basis for the attenuation of dengue 4 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen P Kelly
- Department of Virus Diseases, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Each of the DENV serotypes can cause the full spectrum of dengue illness. Epidemiological studies have implicated preexisting heterotypic DENV antibody as a risk factor for more severe disease upon secondary DENV infection. For these reasons, a successful DENV vaccine must protect against all four DENV serotypes. Live attenuated DENV vaccine candidates are the furthest along in development and clinical evaluation. Two live attenuated tetravalent vaccine candidates are in Phase 2 clinical trials in DENV endemic regions. Numerous other vaccine candidates including inactivated whole virus, recombinant subunit protein, DNA and virus-vectored vaccines are also under development. Those DENV vaccine candidates that have been evaluated in preclinical animal models or in clinical trials will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna P Durbin
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA.
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19
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Pripuzova NS, Tereshkina NV, Gmyl LV, Dzhivanyan TI, Rumyantsev AA, Romanova LI, Mustafina AN, Lashkevich VA, Karganova GG. Safety evaluation of chimeric Langat/Dengue 4 flavivirus, a live vaccine candidate against tick-borne encephalitis. J Med Virol 2009; 81:1777-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Learning immunology from the yellow fever vaccine: innate immunity to systems vaccinology. Nat Rev Immunol 2009; 9:741-7. [PMID: 19763148 DOI: 10.1038/nri2629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite their great success, we understand little about how effective vaccines stimulate protective immune responses. Two recent developments promise to yield such understanding: the appreciation of the crucial role of the innate immune system in sensing microorganisms and tuning immune responses, and advances in systems biology. Here I review how these developments are yielding insights into the mechanism of action of the yellow fever vaccine, one of the most successful vaccines ever developed, and the broader implications for vaccinology.
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21
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Martín J, Hermida L, Castro J, Lazo L, Martínez R, Gil L, Romero Y, Puente P, Zaragoza S, Cosme K, Guzmán MG, Cardosa J, Guillén G. Viremia and antibody response in green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) infected with dengue virus type 2: a potential model for vaccine testing. Microbiol Immunol 2009; 53:216-23. [PMID: 19714858 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2009.00112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The increasingly limited availability and high cost of the hitherto most commonly used monkey species in dengue vaccine research has augmented the importance of identifying alternative suitable models for these studies. In this study we examined the capacity of green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) to develop dengue viremia, and thus provide a potential model for dengue vaccine testing. Monkeys were inoculated with two different doses of dengue virus type 2. All animals in both groups became viremic after inoculation of the virus. In the lower dose group, mean viremia duration of 5.66 days was detected, whereas in the group that received the 106 PFU dose, viremia had a mean duration of only 1.66 days. Antibody titers were similar to those obtained in previous experiments with rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. We conclude that green monkeys develop viremia and antibody responses and therefore provide a potential model for the preclinical evaluation of novel candidates for dengue vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Martín
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Ave 31, P.O. Box 6162, Havana 6, 10600, Cuba.
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22
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Yellow fever, a mosquito-borne viral haemorrhagic fever, is one of the most lethal viral diseases. At present, an efficient vaccine for prevention is available, but may cause serious adverse events. METHODS The authors review the up-to-date knowledge for serious adverse events of the yellow fever vaccine (YFSAE): hypersensitivity reactions, neurotropic and viscerotropic syndromes. RESULTS The incidence of YFSAE has been associated with increasing age and thymus disorders, but still a number of cases with any risk factor remain unexplained, which suggests that other factors, from the virus or the host, could be involved in the appearance of these postvaccinal adverse events. CONCLUSIONS YFSAE are uncommon but must be prevented. Further research on the virus-host immune response is needed to have a better understanding of the basis for the appearance of these severe side effects after vaccination. Vaccination should be limited to people with a true risk of exposure to wild-type yellow fever virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Domingo
- Robert Koch Institut, Centre for Biological Safety, Berlin, Germany
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23
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Neuropathogenesis and neurovirulence of live flaviviral vaccines in monkeys. J Virol 2009; 83:5289-90; author reply 5290-2. [PMID: 19383635 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02621-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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24
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Abstract
Dengue is an arthropod-borne infection caused by a flavivirus and spread by the Aedes mosquitoes. Many of the countries where dengue is endemic are popular tourist destinations and the disease is an increasingly important problem encountered by international travelers. Personal protection against the day-feeding dengue vectors is problematic, indicating the urgent need for a dengue vaccine. This review discusses the challenges of vaccine development, current vaccine strategies and the prospects for the availability of a vaccine for travelers in the future. Cost-effectiveness studies will need to take into account many factors, including the attack rate of dengue in travelers, the proportion of travelers who will need hospitalization, the cost of altered travel itineraries, the cost of the vaccine, duration of travel, destination and season. To be licensed as a travelers' vaccine, vaccine trials must address safety, immunogenicity, duration of protection, schedules and boosters in adults (in particular in immunologically naive adults), trials that may differ from those conducted in endemic countries. Vaccine schedules with long intervals would be a major obstacle to the uptake of the vaccine by travelers. Enhanced reactogenicity or interference with immunization must be effectively excluded for travelers with prior or concurrent vaccination against other flaviviruses, such as yellow fever or Japanese encephalitis. Licensing dengue as a travelers' vaccine poses unique challenges beyond the development of a vaccine for the endemic population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Wilder-Smith
- Travelers' Screening and Vaccination Clinic, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge Road, 119076 Singapore.
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25
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26
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Querec TD, Pulendran B. Understanding the role of innate immunity in the mechanism of action of the live attenuated Yellow Fever Vaccine 17D. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 590:43-53. [PMID: 17191376 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-34814-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Troy D Querec
- Department of Pathology and Emory Vaccine Center, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
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27
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Chiou SS, Chen WJ. Phenotypic changes in the Japanese encephalitis virus after one passage in Neuro-2a cells: Generation of attenuated strains of the virus. Vaccine 2007; 26:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2007] [Revised: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Yang JM, Chen YF, Tu YY, Yen KR, Yang YL. Combinatorial computational approaches to identify tetracycline derivatives as flavivirus inhibitors. PLoS One 2007; 2:e428. [PMID: 17502914 PMCID: PMC1855430 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited structural information of drug targets, cellular toxicity possessed by lead compounds, and large amounts of potential leads are the major issues facing the design-oriented approach of discovering new leads. In an attempt to tackle these issues, we have developed a process of virtual screening based on the observation that conformational rearrangements of the dengue virus envelope protein are essential for the mediation of viral entry into host cells via membrane fusion. Screening was based solely on the structural information of the Dengue virus envelope protein and was focused on a target site that is presumably important for the conformational rearrangements necessary for viral entry. To circumvent the issue of lead compound toxicity, we performed screening based on molecular docking using structural databases of medical compounds. To enhance the identification of hits, we further categorized and selected candidates according to their novel structural characteristics. Finally, the selected candidates were subjected to a biological validation assay to assess inhibition of Dengue virus propagation in mammalian host cells using a plaque formation assay. Among the 10 compounds examined, rolitetracycline and doxycycline significantly inhibited plaque formation, demonstrating their inhibitory effect on dengue virus propagation. Both compounds were tetracycline derivatives with IC50s estimated to be 67.1 µM and 55.6 µM, respectively. Their docked conformations displayed common hydrophobic interactions with critical residues that affected membrane fusion during viral entry. These interactions will therefore position the tetracyclic ring moieties of both inhibitors to bind firmly to the target and, subsequently, disrupt conformational rearrangement and block viral entry. This process can be applied to other drug targets in which conformational rearrangement is critical to function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinn-Moon Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Fu Chen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yin Tu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Rong Yen
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Liang Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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29
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Mateu GP, Marchevsky RS, Liprandi F, Bonaldo MC, Coutinho ESF, Dieudonné M, Caride E, Jabor AV, Freire MS, Galler R. Construction and biological properties of yellow fever 17D/dengue type 1 recombinant virus. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2007; 101:289-98. [PMID: 17169387 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Revised: 08/23/2006] [Accepted: 08/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus, a mosquito-borne flavivirus, is one of the most formidable public health threats in tropical and subtropical regions. As yet, there is no licensed vaccine to protect against the disease. A chimeric yellow fever (YF) 17D/dengue (DEN) type 1 virus was constructed by replacing the pre-membrane and envelope genes of YF 17D virus with those from DEN 1 VeMir95 virus, a Venezuelan isolate. The chimeric YF 17D/DEN 1 VeMir95 virus was regenerated from full-length infectious clones stably propagated in Escherichia coli by transfection of Vero cells with in vitro transcribed RNA. The chimeric virus proliferated efficiently in Vero cells ( approximately 6.6 log(10) plaque-forming units/ml). The chimeric virus was not neurovirulent to 3-week-old Swiss Webster mice inoculated by the intracerebral route, in contrast to the YF 17DD vaccine strain that was lethal for 90% of the mice. The YF 17D/DEN 1 virus at Passage 6 was more attenuated for rhesus monkeys than the YF 17DD commercial vaccine after intracerebral inoculation according to the standard neurovirulence test. This virus is a potential candidate to be included in a tetravalent DEN vaccine formulation. The availability of the cloned cDNA allows further structure/function studies on the viral envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Mateu
- Fundacão Oswaldo Cruz, Departamento de Bioquimica e Biología Molecular, Avenida Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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30
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Bordignon J, Strottmann DM, Mosimann ALP, Probst CM, Stella V, Noronha L, Zanata SM, Dos Santos CND. Dengue neurovirulence in mice: Identification of molecular signatures in the E and NS3 helicase domains. J Med Virol 2007; 79:1506-17. [PMID: 17705192 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent observations indicate that the clinical profile of dengue virus (DENV) infection is changing, and that neurological manifestations are becoming frequent. The neuro pathogenesis of dengue, and the contribution of viral and host factors to the disease are not well understood. To define the amino acid substitutions in DENV potentially implicated in the acquisition of a neurovirulent phenotype we used a murine model to characterize two neuroadapted strains of DENV-1, FGA/NA a5c (previously obtained), and FGA/NA P6 (recently obtained). Only three amino acid substitutions were identified in the neurovirulent strains, mapping to the E and NS3 helicase domains. These mutations enhanced the ability of neuroadapted viral strains to replicate in the CNS of infected mice, causing extensive damage with leptomeningitis and encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano Bordignon
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular do Paraná/FIOCRUZ, Rua Prof Algacyr Munhoz Máder, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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31
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Clyde K, Kyle JL, Harris E. Recent advances in deciphering viral and host determinants of dengue virus replication and pathogenesis. J Virol 2006; 80:11418-31. [PMID: 16928749 PMCID: PMC1642597 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01257-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Clyde
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, 140 Warren Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA
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32
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Sauder CJ, Vandenburgh KM, Iskow RC, Malik T, Carbone KM, Rubin SA. Changes in mumps virus neurovirulence phenotype associated with quasispecies heterogeneity. Virology 2006; 350:48-57. [PMID: 16494912 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2005] [Revised: 01/04/2006] [Accepted: 01/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mumps virus is a highly neurotropic virus with evidence of central nervous system invasion (CNS) in approximately half of all cases of infection. In countries where live attenuated mumps virus vaccines were introduced, the number of mumps cases declined dramatically; however, recently, the safety of some vaccine strains has been questioned. For example, one of the most widely used vaccines, the Urabe AM9 strain, was causally associated with meningitis, leading to the withdrawal of this product from the market in several countries. This highlights the need for a better understanding of the attenuation process and the identification of markers of attenuation. To this end, we further attenuated the Urabe AM9 strain by serial passage in cell culture and compared the complete nucleotide sequences of the parental and passaged viruses. Interestingly, despite a dramatic decrease in virus virulence (as assayed in rats), the only genomic changes were in the form of changes in the level of genetic heterogeneity at specific genome sites, i.e., either selection of one nucleotide variant at positions where the starting material exhibited nucleotide heterogeneity or the evolution of an additional nucleotide to create a heterogenic site. This finding suggests that changes in the level of genetic heterogeneity at specific genome sites can have profound neurovirulence phenotypic consequences and, therefore, caution should be exercised when evaluating genetic markers of virulence or attenuation based only on a consensus sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J Sauder
- DVP/Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics, Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Building 29A, Room 1A-21, 8800 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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33
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Monath TP, Myers GA, Beck RA, Knauber M, Scappaticci K, Pullano T, Archambault WT, Catalan J, Miller C, Zhang ZX, Shin S, Pugachev K, Draper K, Levenbook IS, Guirakhoo F. Safety testing for neurovirulence of novel live, attenuated flavivirus vaccines: infant mice provide an accurate surrogate for the test in monkeys. Biologicals 2006; 33:131-44. [PMID: 15975826 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2005.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Accepted: 03/30/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Current requirements for control of live viral vaccines, including yellow fever 17D, produced from potentially neurotropic wild-type viruses include tests for neurovirulence in nonhuman primates. We have used yellow fever 17D virus as a live vector for novel flavivirus vaccines (designated ChimeriVax) against dengue, Japanese encephalitis (JE), and West Nile (WN) viruses. For control of these vaccines, it would be preferable to substitute a test in mice for the test in a higher species (monkeys). In this study, we compare the neurovirulence of ChimeriVax vaccine candidates in suckling mice inoculated by the intracerebral (IC) route with graded doses of the test article or yellow fever 17D vaccine as a reference control. Mortality ratio and survival distribution are the outcome measures. The monkey safety test is performed as described for control of yellow fever vaccines. In both mice and monkeys, all chimeric vaccines were significantly less neurovirulent than yellow fever 17D vaccine. The test in suckling mice discriminated between strains of two different vaccines (ChimeriVax-JE and ChimeriVax-DEN1) differing by a single amino acid change, and was more sensitive for detecting virulence differences than the test in monkeys. The results indicate that the suckling mouse test is simple to perform, highly sensitive and, with appropriate validation, could complement or possibly even replace the neurovirulence component of the monkey safety test. The test in infant mice is particularly useful as a means of demonstrating biological consistency across seed virus and vaccine lots.
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34
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Marchevsky RS, da Luz Leal M, Homma A, Coutinho ESF, Camacho LAB, Jabor AV, Galler R, Freire MS. Molecular and phenotypic analysis of a working seed lot of yellow fever virus 17DD vaccine strain produced from the secondary seed lot 102/84 with an additional passage in chicken embryos. Biologicals 2005; 34:191-7. [PMID: 16326110 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2005] [Revised: 08/12/2005] [Accepted: 09/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last 17 years, the yellow fever (YF) 17DD vaccine secondary seed lot 102/84 was used to produce many million doses of vaccine but it was recently used up. In the absence of other lots at the same passage level a large vaccine batch produced from 102/84 was turned into a new working seed. This new seed was characterized with regard to attenuation in the recommended internationally accepted monkey neurovirulence test (MNVT) using the 102/84 virus as reference. All rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) developed limited viremia and comparable neutralizing antibody titers. Clinical evaluation and histological examination of the central nervous system (CNS) according to WHO criteria for acceptability gave consistent data that demonstrated an attenuated phenotype for the YF 17DD 993FB013Z (13Z) vaccine batch. It is concluded that the additional chicken embryo passage did not lead to any genetic change and the new working seed virus retained its attenuation for monkeys comparable to the 102/84 reference virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato S Marchevsky
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto de Tecnologia em Imunobiológicos, Avenida Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil
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Bonaldo MC, Garratt RC, Marchevsky RS, Coutinho ESF, Jabor AV, Almeida LFC, Yamamura AMY, Duarte AS, Oliveira PJ, Lizeu JOP, Camacho LAB, Freire MS, Galler R. Attenuation of recombinant yellow fever 17D viruses expressing foreign protein epitopes at the surface. J Virol 2005; 79:8602-13. [PMID: 15956601 PMCID: PMC1143750 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.13.8602-8613.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The yellow fever (YF) 17D vaccine is a live attenuated virus. Three-dimensional (3D) homology modeling of the E protein structure from YF 17D virus and its comparison with that from tick-borne encephalitis virus revealed that it is possible to accommodate inserts of different sizes and amino acid compositions in the flavivirus E protein fg loop. This is consistent with the 3D structures of both the dimeric and trimeric forms in which the fg loop lies exposed to solvents. We demonstrate here that YF 17D viruses bearing foreign humoral (17D/8) and T-cell (17D/13) epitopes, which vary in sequence and length, displayed growth restriction. It is hypothesized that interference with the dimer-trimer transition and with the formation of a ring of such trimers in order to allow fusion compromises the capability of the E protein to induce fusion of viral and endosomal membranes, and a slower rate of fusion may delay the extent of virus production. This would account for the lower levels of replication in cultured cells and of viremia in monkeys, as well as for the more attenuated phenotype of the recombinant viruses in monkeys. Testing of both recombinant viruses (17D/8 and 17D/13) for monkey neurovirulence also suggests that insertion at the 17D E protein fg loop does not compromise the attenuated phenotype of YF 17D virus, further confirming the potential use of this site for the development of new live attenuated 17D virus-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrna C Bonaldo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Departamento de Bioquimica e Biologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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