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Wimmerová M, Bildziukevich U, Wimmer Z. Selected Plant Triterpenoids and Their Derivatives as Antiviral Agents. Molecules 2023; 28:7718. [PMID: 38067449 PMCID: PMC10707653 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The results of the most recent investigation of triterpenoid-based antiviral agents namely in the HIV-1 and HSV-1 treatment were reviewed and summarized. Several key historical achievements are included to stress consequences and continuity in this research. Most of the agents studied belong to a series of compounds derived from betulin or betulinic acid, and their synthetic derivative is called bevirimat. A termination of clinical trials of bevirimat in Phase IIb initiated a search for more successful compounds partly derived from bevirimat or designed independently of bevirimat structure. Surprisingly, a majority of bevirimat mimics are derivatives of betulinic acid, while other plant triterpenoids, such as ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, glycyrrhetinic acid, or other miscellaneous triterpenoids, are relatively rarely involved in a search for a novel antiviral agent. Therefore, this review article is divided into three parts based on the leading triterpenoid core structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Wimmerová
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 16028 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Uladzimir Bildziukevich
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Zdeněk Wimmer
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague, Technická 5, 16028 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic;
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2
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Kleinpeter AB, Zhu Y, Mallery DL, Ablan SD, Chen L, Hardenbrook N, Saiardi A, James LC, Zhang P, Freed EO. The Effect of Inositol Hexakisphosphate on HIV-1 Particle Production and Infectivity can be Modulated by Mutations that Affect the Stability of the Immature Gag Lattice. J Mol Biol 2023; 435:168037. [PMID: 37330292 PMCID: PMC10544863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of an HIV-1 particle begins with the construction of a spherical lattice composed of hexamer subunits of the Gag polyprotein. The cellular metabolite inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) binds and stabilizes the immature Gag lattice via an interaction with the six-helix bundle (6HB), a crucial structural feature of Gag hexamers that modulates both virus assembly and infectivity. The 6HB must be stable enough to promote immature Gag lattice formation, but also flexible enough to be accessible to the viral protease, which cleaves the 6HB during particle maturation. 6HB cleavage liberates the capsid (CA) domain of Gag from the adjacent spacer peptide 1 (SP1) and IP6 from its binding site. This pool of IP6 molecules then promotes the assembly of CA into the mature conical capsid that is required for infection. Depletion of IP6 in virus-producer cells results in severe defects in assembly and infectivity of wild-type (WT) virions. Here we show that in an SP1 double mutant (M4L/T8I) with a hyperstable 6HB, IP6 can block virion infectivity by preventing CA-SP1 processing. Thus, depletion of IP6 in virus-producer cells markedly increases M4L/T8I CA-SP1 processing and infectivity. We also show that the introduction of the M4L/T8I mutations partially rescues the assembly and infectivity defects induced by IP6 depletion on WT virions, likely by increasing the affinity of the immature lattice for limiting IP6. These findings reinforce the importance of the 6HB in virus assembly, maturation, and infection and highlight the ability of IP6 to modulate 6HB stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex B Kleinpeter
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA. https://twitter.com/AlexKleinpeter
| | - Yanan Zhu
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Donna L Mallery
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Sherimay D Ablan
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | - Long Chen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Nathan Hardenbrook
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Adolfo Saiardi
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK. https://twitter.com/SaiardiLab
| | - Leo C James
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK. https://twitter.com/JamesLab9
| | - Peijun Zhang
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Eric O Freed
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.
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3
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Sarkar S, Zadrozny KK, Zadorozhnyi R, Russell RW, Quinn CM, Kleinpeter A, Ablan S, Meshkin H, Perilla JR, Freed EO, Ganser-Pornillos BK, Pornillos O, Gronenborn AM, Polenova T. Structural basis of HIV-1 maturation inhibitor binding and activity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1237. [PMID: 36871077 PMCID: PMC9985623 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36569-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 maturation inhibitors (MIs), Bevirimat (BVM) and its analogs interfere with the catalytic cleavage of spacer peptide 1 (SP1) from the capsid protein C-terminal domain (CACTD), by binding to and stabilizing the CACTD-SP1 region. MIs are under development as alternative drugs to augment current antiretroviral therapies. Although promising, their mechanism of action and associated virus resistance pathways remain poorly understood at the molecular, biochemical, and structural levels. We report atomic-resolution magic-angle-spinning NMR structures of microcrystalline assemblies of CACTD-SP1 complexed with BVM and/or the assembly cofactor inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6). Our results reveal a mechanism by which BVM disrupts maturation, tightening the 6-helix bundle pore and quenching the motions of SP1 and the simultaneously bound IP6. In addition, BVM-resistant SP1-A1V and SP1-V7A variants exhibit distinct conformational and binding characteristics. Taken together, our study provides a structural explanation for BVM resistance as well as guidance for the design of new MIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sucharita Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Kaneil K Zadrozny
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Roman Zadorozhnyi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Ryan W Russell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Caitlin M Quinn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Alex Kleinpeter
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
| | - Sherimay Ablan
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
| | - Hamed Meshkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Juan R Perilla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Eric O Freed
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702-1201, USA
| | - Barbie K Ganser-Pornillos
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
| | - Owen Pornillos
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
| | - Angela M Gronenborn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Tatyana Polenova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 1051 Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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4
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Smith RA, Raugi DN, Nixon RS, Song J, Seydi M, Gottlieb GS. Intrinsic resistance of HIV-2 and SIV to the maturation inhibitor GSK2838232. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280568. [PMID: 36652466 PMCID: PMC9847912 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
GSK2838232 (GSK232) is a novel maturation inhibitor that blocks the proteolytic cleavage of HIV-1 Gag at the junction of capsid and spacer peptide 1 (CA/SP1), rendering newly-formed virions non-infectious. To our knowledge, GSK232 has not been tested against HIV-2, and there are limited data regarding the susceptibility of HIV-2 to other HIV-1 maturation inhibitors. To assess the potential utility of GSK232 as an option for HIV-2 treatment, we determined the activity of the compound against a panel of HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV isolates in culture. GSK232 was highly active against HIV-1 isolates from group M subtypes A, B, C, D, F, and group O, with IC50 values ranging from 0.25-0.92 nM in spreading (multi-cycle) assays and 1.5-2.8 nM in a single cycle of infection. In contrast, HIV-2 isolates from groups A, B, and CRF01_AB, and SIV isolates SIVmac239, SIVmac251, and SIVagm.sab-2, were highly resistant to GSK232. To determine the role of CA/SP1 in the observed phenotypes, we constructed a mutant of HIV-2ROD9 in which the sequence of CA/SP1 was modified to match the corresponding sequence found in HIV-1. The resulting variant was fully susceptible to GSK232 in the single-cycle assay (IC50 = 1.8 nM). Collectively, our data indicate that the HIV-2 and SIV isolates tested in our study are intrinsically resistant to GSK232, and that the determinants of resistance map to CA/SP1. The molecular mechanism(s) responsible for the differential susceptibility of HIV-1 and HIV-2/SIV to GSK232 require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Smith
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Dana N. Raugi
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Robert S. Nixon
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Song
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Moussa Seydi
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHNU de Fann, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Geoffrey S. Gottlieb
- Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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5
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Hartz RA, Xu L, Sit SY, Chen J, Venables BL, Lin Z, Zhang S, Li Z, Parker D, Simmons TS, Jenkins S, Hanumegowda UM, Dicker I, Krystal M, Meanwell NA, Regueiro-Ren A. Synthesis, Structure-Activity Relationships, and In Vivo Evaluation of Novel C-17 Amine Derivatives Based on GSK3640254 as HIV-1 Maturation Inhibitors with Broad Spectrum Activity. J Med Chem 2022; 65:15935-15966. [PMID: 36441509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An investigation of the structure-activity relationships of a series of HIV-1 maturation inhibitors (MIs) based on GSK3640254 (4) was conducted by incorporating novel C-17 amine substituents to reduce the overall basicity of the resultant analogues. We found that replacement of the distal amine on the C-17 sidechain present in 4 with a tertiary alcohol in combination with either a heterocyclic ring system or a cyclohexyl ring substituted with polar groups provided potent wild-type HIV-1 MIs that also retained excellent potency against a T332S/V362I/prR41G variant, a laboratory strain that served as a surrogate to assess HIV-1 polymorphic virus coverage. Compound 26 exhibited broad-spectrum HIV-1 activity against an expanded panel of clinically relevant Gag polymorphic viruses and had the most desirable overall profile in this series of compounds. In pharmacokinetic studies, 26 had low clearance and exhibited 24 and 31% oral bioavailability in rats and dogs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Hartz
- Department of Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Li Xu
- Department of Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Sing-Yuen Sit
- Department of Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Brian L Venables
- Department of Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Zeyu Lin
- Department of Virology, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Sharon Zhang
- Department of Virology, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Zhufang Li
- Department of Virology, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Dawn Parker
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Tara S Simmons
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Susan Jenkins
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Umesh M Hanumegowda
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Ira Dicker
- Department of Virology, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Mark Krystal
- Department of Virology, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Alicia Regueiro-Ren
- Department of Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
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6
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Regueiro-Ren A, Sit SY, Chen Y, Chen J, Swidorski JJ, Liu Z, Venables BL, Sin N, Hartz RA, Protack T, Lin Z, Zhang S, Li Z, Wu DR, Li P, Kempson J, Hou X, Gupta A, Rampulla R, Mathur A, Park H, Sarjeant A, Benitex Y, Rahematpura S, Parker D, Phillips T, Haskell R, Jenkins S, Santone KS, Cockett M, Hanumegowda U, Dicker I, Meanwell NA, Krystal M. The Discovery of GSK3640254, a Next-Generation Inhibitor of HIV-1 Maturation. J Med Chem 2022; 65:11927-11948. [PMID: 36044257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
GSK3640254 is an HIV-1 maturation inhibitor (MI) that exhibits significantly improved antiviral activity toward a range of clinically relevant polymorphic variants with reduced sensitivity toward the second-generation MI GSK3532795 (BMS-955176). The key structural difference between GSK3640254 and its predecessor is the replacement of the para-substituted benzoic acid moiety attached at the C-3 position of the triterpenoid core with a cyclohex-3-ene-1-carboxylic acid substituted with a CH2F moiety at the carbon atom α- to the pharmacophoric carboxylic acid. This structural element provided a new vector with which to explore structure-activity relationships (SARs) and led to compounds with improved polymorphic coverage while preserving pharmacokinetic (PK) properties. The approach to the design of GSK3640254, the development of a synthetic route and its preclinical profile are discussed. GSK3640254 is currently in phase IIb clinical trials after demonstrating a dose-related reduction in HIV-1 viral load over 7-10 days of dosing to HIV-1-infected subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Regueiro-Ren
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey08543, United States
| | - Sing-Yuen Sit
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Jacob J Swidorski
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Brian L Venables
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Ny Sin
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Richard A Hartz
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Tricia Protack
- Department of Virology, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Zeyu Lin
- Department of Virology, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Sharon Zhang
- Department of Virology, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Zhufang Li
- Department of Virology, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Dauh-Rurng Wu
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey08543, United States
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey08543, United States
| | - James Kempson
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey08543, United States
| | - Xiaoping Hou
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey08543, United States
| | - Anuradha Gupta
- Department of Discovery Synthesis; Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, Bangalore 560099, India
| | - Richard Rampulla
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey08543, United States
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Department of Discovery Synthesis, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey08543, United States
| | - Hyunsoo Park
- Bristol Myers Squibb Chemical and Synthetic Development, New Brunswick, New Jersey08901, United States
| | - Amy Sarjeant
- Bristol Myers Squibb Chemical and Synthetic Development, New Brunswick, New Jersey08901, United States
| | - Yulia Benitex
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Sandhya Rahematpura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Dawn Parker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Thomas Phillips
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Roy Haskell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Susan Jenkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Kenneth S Santone
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Mark Cockett
- Department of Virology, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Umesh Hanumegowda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Ira Dicker
- Department of Virology, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, Princeton, New Jersey08543, United States
| | - Mark Krystal
- Department of Virology, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Early Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut06492, United States
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7
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Lerner G, Weaver N, Anokhin B, Spearman P. Advances in HIV-1 Assembly. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030478. [PMID: 35336885 PMCID: PMC8952333 DOI: 10.3390/v14030478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The assembly of HIV-1 particles is a concerted and dynamic process that takes place on the plasma membrane of infected cells. An abundance of recent discoveries has advanced our understanding of the complex sequence of events leading to HIV-1 particle assembly, budding, and release. Structural studies have illuminated key features of assembly and maturation, including the dramatic structural transition that occurs between the immature Gag lattice and the formation of the mature viral capsid core. The critical role of inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) in the assembly of both the immature and mature Gag lattice has been elucidated. The structural basis for selective packaging of genomic RNA into virions has been revealed. This review will provide an overview of the HIV-1 assembly process, with a focus on recent advances in the field, and will point out areas where questions remain that can benefit from future investigation.
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8
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Pak AJ, Purdy MD, Yeager M, Voth GA. Preservation of HIV-1 Gag Helical Bundle Symmetry by Bevirimat Is Central to Maturation Inhibition. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:19137-19148. [PMID: 34739240 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The assembly and maturation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) require proteolytic cleavage of the Gag polyprotein. The rate-limiting step resides at the junction between the capsid protein CA and spacer peptide 1, which assembles as a six-helix bundle (6HB). Bevirimat (BVM), the first-in-class maturation inhibitor drug, targets the 6HB and impedes proteolytic cleavage, yet the molecular mechanisms of its activity, and relatedly, the escape mechanisms of mutant viruses, remain unclear. Here, we employed extensive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and free energy calculations to quantitatively investigate molecular structure-activity relationships, comparing wild-type and mutant viruses in the presence and absence of BVM and inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6), an assembly cofactor. Our analysis shows that the efficacy of BVM is directly correlated with preservation of 6-fold symmetry in the 6HB, which exists as an ensemble of structural states. We identified two primary escape mechanisms, and both lead to loss of symmetry, thereby facilitating helix uncoiling to aid access of protease. Our findings also highlight specific interactions that can be targeted for improved inhibitor activity and support the use of MD simulations for future inhibitor design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Pak
- Department of Chemistry, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Michael D Purdy
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Mark Yeager
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States.,Center for Membrane Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States.,Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, United States
| | - Gregory A Voth
- Department of Chemistry, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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9
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Saito A, Yamashita M. HIV-1 capsid variability: viral exploitation and evasion of capsid-binding molecules. Retrovirology 2021; 18:32. [PMID: 34702294 PMCID: PMC8549334 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00577-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 capsid, a conical shell encasing viral nucleoprotein complexes, is involved in multiple post-entry processes during viral replication. Many host factors can directly bind to the HIV-1 capsid protein (CA) and either promote or prevent HIV-1 infection. The viral capsid is currently being explored as a novel target for therapeutic interventions. In the past few decades, significant progress has been made in our understanding of the capsid–host interactions and mechanisms of action of capsid-targeting antivirals. At the same time, a large number of different viral capsids, which derive from many HIV-1 mutants, naturally occurring variants, or diverse lentiviruses, have been characterized for their interactions with capsid-binding molecules in great detail utilizing various experimental techniques. This review provides an overview of how sequence variation in CA influences phenotypic properties of HIV-1. We will focus on sequence differences that alter capsid–host interactions and give a brief account of drug resistant mutations in CA and their mutational effects on viral phenotypes. Increased knowledge of the sequence-function relationship of CA helps us deepen our understanding of the adaptive potential of the viral capsid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akatsuki Saito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.,Center for Animal Disease Control, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamashita
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
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10
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Mendonça L, Sun D, Ning J, Liu J, Kotecha A, Olek M, Frosio T, Fu X, Himes BA, Kleinpeter AB, Freed EO, Zhou J, Aiken C, Zhang P. CryoET structures of immature HIV Gag reveal six-helix bundle. Commun Biol 2021; 4:481. [PMID: 33863979 PMCID: PMC8052356 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01999-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Gag is the HIV structural precursor protein which is cleaved by viral protease to produce mature infectious viruses. Gag is a polyprotein composed of MA (matrix), CA (capsid), SP1, NC (nucleocapsid), SP2 and p6 domains. SP1, together with the last eight residues of CA, have been hypothesized to form a six-helix bundle responsible for the higher-order multimerization of Gag necessary for HIV particle assembly. However, the structure of the complete six-helix bundle has been elusive. Here, we determined the structures of both Gag in vitro assemblies and Gag viral-like particles (VLPs) to 4.2 Å and 4.5 Å resolutions using cryo-electron tomography and subtomogram averaging by emClarity. A single amino acid mutation (T8I) in SP1 stabilizes the six-helix bundle, allowing to discern the entire CA-SP1 helix connecting to the NC domain. These structures provide a blueprint for future development of small molecule inhibitors that can lock SP1 in a stable helical conformation, interfere with virus maturation, and thus block HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Mendonça
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dapeng Sun
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jiying Ning
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jiwei Liu
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Abhay Kotecha
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Mateusz Olek
- Electron Bio-Imaging Centre, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | - Thomas Frosio
- Electron Bio-Imaging Centre, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Xiaofeng Fu
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin A Himes
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alex B Kleinpeter
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Eric O Freed
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christopher Aiken
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Peijun Zhang
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Electron Bio-Imaging Centre, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK.
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11
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Ghimire D, Kc Y, Timilsina U, Goel K, Nitz TJ, Wild CT, Gaur R. A single G10T polymorphism in HIV-1 subtype C Gag-SP1 regulates sensitivity to maturation inhibitors. Retrovirology 2021; 18:9. [PMID: 33836787 PMCID: PMC8033686 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00553-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maturation inhibitors (MIs) potently block HIV-1 maturation by inhibiting the cleavage of the capsid protein and spacer peptide 1 (CA-SP1). Bevirimat (BVM), a highly efficacious first-in-class MI against HIV-1 subtype B isolates, elicited sub-optimal efficacy in clinical trials due to polymorphisms in the CA-SP1 region of the Gag protein (SP1:V7A). HIV-1 subtype C inherently contains this polymorphism thus conferring BVM resistance, however it displayed sensitivity to second generation BVM analogs. RESULTS In this study, we have assessed the efficacy of three novel second-generation MIs (BVM analogs: CV-8611, CV-8612, CV-8613) against HIV-1 subtype B and C isolates. The BVM analogs were potent inhibitors of both HIV-1 subtype B (NL4-3) and subtype C (K3016) viruses. Serial passaging of the subtype C, K3016 virus strain in the presence of BVM analogs led to identification of two mutant viruses-Gag SP1:A1V and CA:I201V. While the SP1:A1V mutant was resistant to the MIs, the CA:I120V mutant displayed partial resistance and a MI-dependent phenotype. Further analysis of the activity of the BVM analogs against two additional HIV-1 subtype C strains, IndieC1 and ZM247 revealed that they had reduced sensitivity as compared to K3016. Sequence analysis of the three viruses identified two polymorphisms at SP1 residues 9 and 10 (K3016: N9, G10; IndieC1/ZM247: S9, T10). The N9S and S9N mutants had no change in MI-sensitivity. On the other hand, replacing glycine at residue 10 with threonine in K3016 reduced its MI sensitivity whereas introducing glycine at SP1 10 in place of threonine in IndieC1 and ZM247 significantly enhanced their MI sensitivity. Thus, the specific glycine residue 10 of SP1 in the HIV-1 subtype C viruses determined sensitivity towards BVM analogs. CONCLUSIONS We have identified an association of a specific glycine at position 10 of Gag-SP1 with an MI susceptible phenotype of HIV-1 subtype C viruses. Our findings have highlighted that HIV-1 subtype C viruses, which were inherently resistant to BVM, may also be similarly predisposed to exhibit a significant degree of resistance to second-generation BVM analogs. Our work has strongly suggested that genetic differences between HIV-1 subtypes may produce variable MI sensitivity that needs to be considered in the development of novel, potent, broadly-active MIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibya Ghimire
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Yuvraj Kc
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - Uddhav Timilsina
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, 110021, India.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Kriti Goel
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, 110021, India
| | - T J Nitz
- DFH Pharma, Gaithersburg, MD, 20886, USA
| | | | - Ritu Gaur
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, 110021, India.
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12
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Swidorski JJ, Jenkins S, Hanumegowda U, Parker DD, Beno BR, Protack T, Ng A, Gupta A, Shanmugam Y, Dicker IB, Krystal M, Meanwell NA, Regueiro-Ren A. Design and exploration of C-3 benzoic acid bioisosteres and alkyl replacements in the context of GSK3532795 (BMS-955176) that exhibit broad spectrum HIV-1 maturation inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 36:127823. [PMID: 33508465 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.127823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
GSK3532795 (formerly BMS-955176) is a second-generation HIV-1 maturation inhibitor that has shown broad spectrum antiviral activity and preclinical PK predictive of once-daily dosing in humans. Although efficacy was confirmed in clinical trials, the observation of gastrointestinal intolerability and the emergence of drug resistant virus in a Phase 2b clinical study led to the discontinuation of GSK3532795. As part of the effort to further map the maturation inhibitor pharmacophore and provide additional structural options, the evaluation of alternates to the C-3 phenyl substituent in this chemotype was pursued. A cyclohexene carboxylic acid provided exceptional inhibition of wild-type, V370A and ΔV370 mutant viruses in addition to a suitable PK profile following oral dosing to rats. In addition, a novel spiro[3.3]hept-5-ene was designed to extend the carboxylic acid further from the triterpenoid core while reducing side chain flexibility compared to the other alkyl substituents. This modification was shown to closely emulate the C-3 benzoic acid moiety of GSK3532795 from both a potency and PK perspective, providing a non-traditional, sp3-rich bioisostere of benzene. Herein, we detail additional modifications to the C-3 position of the triterpenoid core that offer effective replacements for the benzoic acid of GSK3532795 and capture the interplay between these new C-3 elements and C-17 modifications that contribute to enhanced polymorph coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Swidorski
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
| | - Susan Jenkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Umesh Hanumegowda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Dawn D Parker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Brett R Beno
- Department of Computer-Assisted Drug Design, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Tricia Protack
- Department of Virology, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Alicia Ng
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Anuradha Gupta
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Development Center, Bangalore, India
| | - Yoganand Shanmugam
- Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Development Center, Bangalore, India
| | - Ira B Dicker
- Department of Virology, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Mark Krystal
- Department of Virology, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Alicia Regueiro-Ren
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
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13
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Mallery DL, Kleinpeter AB, Renner N, Faysal KMR, Novikova M, Kiss L, Wilson MSC, Ahsan B, Ke Z, Briggs JAG, Saiardi A, Böcking T, Freed EO, James LC. A stable immature lattice packages IP 6 for HIV capsid maturation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/11/eabe4716. [PMID: 33692109 PMCID: PMC7946374 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe4716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
HIV virion assembly begins with the construction of an immature lattice consisting of Gag hexamers. Upon virion release, protease-mediated Gag cleavage leads to a maturation event in which the immature lattice disassembles and the mature capsid assembles. The cellular metabolite inositiol hexakisphosphate (IP6) and maturation inhibitors (MIs) both bind and stabilize immature Gag hexamers, but whereas IP6 promotes virus maturation, MIs inhibit it. Here we show that HIV is evolutionarily constrained to maintain an immature lattice stability that ensures IP6 packaging without preventing maturation. Replication-deficient mutant viruses with reduced IP6 recruitment display increased infectivity upon treatment with the MI PF46396 (PF96) or the acquisition of second-site compensatory mutations. Both PF96 and second-site mutations stabilise the immature lattice and restore IP6 incorporation, suggesting that immature lattice stability and IP6 binding are interdependent. This IP6 dependence suggests that modifying MIs to compete with IP6 for Gag hexamer binding could substantially improve MI antiviral potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Mallery
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Alex B Kleinpeter
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | - Nadine Renner
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - K M Rifat Faysal
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mariia Novikova
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
| | - Leo Kiss
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Miranda S C Wilson
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Bilal Ahsan
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Zunlong Ke
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - John A G Briggs
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Adolfo Saiardi
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Till Böcking
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science and ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Eric O Freed
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.
| | - Leo C James
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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14
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Aquaro S, Borrajo A, Pellegrino M, Svicher V. Mechanisms underlying of antiretroviral drugs in different cellular reservoirs with a focus on macrophages. Virulence 2021; 11:400-413. [PMID: 32375558 PMCID: PMC7219522 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1760443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ongoing with current combinations of antiretroviral drugs for the treatment of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection can successfully maintain long-term suppression of HIV-1 replication in plasma. Still, none of these therapies is capable of extinguishing the virus from the long-lived cellular reservoir, including monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), that means the principal obstacle to HIV cure. MDM are widely distributed in all tissues and organs, including central system nervous (CNS) where they represent the most frequent HIV-infected cells that means the principal obstacle to HIV cure. Current FDA-approved antiretroviral drugs target viral reverse transcriptase, protease, integrase, and entry processes (coreceptor or fusion blockade). It is desirable to continue to develop new antiretrovirals directed against alternative targets in the virus lifecycle in order to further optimize therapeutic options, overcome resistance to existing medications, and potentially contribute to the elimination of viral reservoirs.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the activity of antiretroviral drugs (classical and upcoming) in monocytes-derived macrophages (MDM). Defining the antiviral activity of these drugs in this important cellular HIV-1 reservoir provides crucial hints about their efficacy in HIV-1 infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Aquaro
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Ana Borrajo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy.,Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michele Pellegrino
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Valentina Svicher
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
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15
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Inositol phosphates promote HIV-1 assembly and maturation to facilitate viral spread in human CD4+ T cells. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009190. [PMID: 33476323 PMCID: PMC7853515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gag polymerization with viral RNA at the plasma membrane initiates HIV-1 assembly. Assembly processes are inefficient in vitro but are stimulated by inositol (1,3,4,5,6) pentakisphosphate (IP5) and inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) metabolites. Previous studies have shown that depletion of these inositol phosphate species from HEK293T cells reduced HIV-1 particle production but did not alter the infectivity of the resulting progeny virions. Moreover, HIV-1 substitutions bearing Gag/CA mutations ablating IP6 binding are noninfectious with destabilized viral cores. In this study, we analyzed the effects of cellular depletion of IP5 and IP6 on HIV-1 replication in T cells in which we disrupted the genes encoding the kinases required for IP6 generation, IP5 2-kinase (IPPK) and Inositol Polyphosphate Multikinase (IPMK). Knockout (KO) of IPPK from CEM and MT-4 cells depleted cellular IP6 in both T cell lines, and IPMK disruption reduced the levels of both IP5 and IP6. In the KO lines, HIV-1 spread was delayed relative to parental wild-type (WT) cells and was rescued by complementation. Virus release was decreased in all IPPK or IPMK KO lines relative to WT cells. Infected IPMK KO cells exhibited elevated levels of intracellular Gag protein, indicative of impaired particle assembly. IPMK KO compromised virus production to a greater extent than IPPK KO suggesting that IP5 promotes HIV-1 particle assembly in IPPK KO cells. HIV-1 particles released from infected IPPK or IPMK KO cells were less infectious than those from WT cells. These viruses exhibited partially cleaved Gag proteins, decreased virion-associated p24, and higher frequencies of aberrant particles, indicative of a maturation defect. Our data demonstrate that IP6 enhances the quantity and quality of virions produced from T cells, thereby preventing defects in HIV-1 replication.
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16
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Panigrahi D, Mishra A, Sahu SK, Azam MA, Vyshaag CM. A Combined approach of Pharmacophore Modeling, QSAR Study, Molecular Docking and in silico ADME/Tox prediction of 4-Arylthio & 4- Aryloxy-3- Iodopyridine-2(1H)-one analogs to identify potential Reverse Transcriptase inhibitor: Anti-HIV agents. Med Chem 2020; 18:51-87. [PMID: 33319692 DOI: 10.2174/1573406417666201214100822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reverse transcriptase is an important therapeutic target to treat AIDS caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Despite many effective anti-HIV drugs, reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors remain the cornerstone of the drug regimen to treat AIDS. In the present work, we have expedited the use of different computational modules and presented an easy, cost-effective and high throughput screening method to identify potential reverse transcriptase inhibitors. METHODS A congeneric series of 4-Arylthio & 4-Aryloxy-3- Iodopyridine-2(1H)-one analogs having anti-HIV activity were subjected to structure-based 2D, 3D QSAR, Pharmacophore Modeling, and Molecular Docking to elucidate the structural properties required for the design of potent HIV-RT inhibitors. Prediction of preliminary Pharmacokinetic and the Drug Likeliness profile was performed for these compounds by in silico ADME study. RESULTS The 2D and 3D- QSAR models were developed by correlating two and three-dimensional descriptors with activity (pIC50) by sphere exclusion method and k-nearest neighbor molecular field analysis approach, respectively. The significant 2D- QSAR model developed by Partial Least Square associated with the Sphere Exclusion method (PLS-SE) having r2 and q2 values 0.9509 and 0.8038 respectively. The 3D-QSAR model by Step Wise variable selection method (SW-kNN MFA) is more significant which has a cross-validated squared correlation coefficient q2= 0.8509 and a non-cross-validated correlation coefficient pred_r2= 0.8102. The pharmacophore hypothesis was developed which comprised 5 features includes 3 aliphatic regions (Ala), 1 H-bond donor (HDr) and 1 H-bond acceptor (HAc). Docking studies of the selected inhibitors with the active site of reverse transcriptase enzyme showed hydrogen bond and π - π interaction with LYS-101, LYS-103, TYR- 181, TYR-188 and TRP-229 residues present at the active site. All the candidates with good bioavailability and ADMET drug likeliness properties. CONCLUSION The results of the present work provide more useful information and important structural insights for the discovery, design of novel and potent reverse transcriptase inhibitors with high therapeutic windows in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debadash Panigrahi
- Drug Research Laboratory, Nodal Research Centre, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Puri, Baliguali, Puri- Konark Marine Drive road, Puri, Odisha. India
| | - Amiyakanta Mishra
- Drug Research Laboratory, Nodal Research Centre, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Puri, Baliguali, Puri- Konark Marine Drive road, Puri, Odisha. India
| | - Susanta Kumar Sahu
- Dept. of Pharmacy, Utkal University, VaniVihar, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. India
| | - Mohd Afzal Azam
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, J.S.S. College of Pharmacy, Ooty, Udhagamandalam, Tamil Nadu. India
| | - C M Vyshaag
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, J.S.S. College of Pharmacy, Ooty, Udhagamandalam, Tamil Nadu. India
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17
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Kleinpeter AB, Freed EO. HIV-1 Maturation: Lessons Learned from Inhibitors. Viruses 2020; 12:E940. [PMID: 32858867 PMCID: PMC7552077 DOI: 10.3390/v12090940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the emergence of HIV and AIDS in the early 1980s, the development of safe and effective therapies has accompanied a massive increase in our understanding of the fundamental processes that drive HIV biology. As basic HIV research has informed the development of novel therapies, HIV inhibitors have been used as probes for investigating basic mechanisms of HIV-1 replication, transmission, and pathogenesis. This positive feedback cycle has led to the development of highly effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), which has helped stall the progression to AIDS, prolong lives, and reduce transmission of the virus. However, to combat the growing rates of virologic failure and toxicity associated with long-term therapy, it is important to diversify our repertoire of HIV-1 treatments by identifying compounds that block additional steps not targeted by current drugs. Most of the available therapeutics disrupt early events in the replication cycle, with the exception of the protease (PR) inhibitors, which act at the virus maturation step. HIV-1 maturation consists of a series of biochemical changes that facilitate the conversion of an immature, noninfectious particle to a mature infectious virion. These changes include proteolytic processing of the Gag polyprotein by the viral protease (PR), structural rearrangement of the capsid (CA) protein, and assembly of individual CA monomers into hexamers and pentamers that ultimately form the capsid. Here, we review the development and therapeutic potential of maturation inhibitors (MIs), an experimental class of anti-HIV-1 compounds with mechanisms of action distinct from those of the PR inhibitors. We emphasize the key insights into HIV-1 biology and structure that the study of MIs has provided. We will focus on three distinct groups of inhibitors that block HIV-1 maturation: (1) compounds that block the processing of the CA-spacer peptide 1 (SP1) cleavage intermediate, the original class of compounds to which the term MI was applied; (2) CA-binding inhibitors that disrupt capsid condensation; and (3) allosteric integrase inhibitors (ALLINIs) that block the packaging of the viral RNA genome into the condensing capsid during maturation. Although these three classes of compounds have distinct structures and mechanisms of action, they share the ability to block the formation of the condensed conical capsid, thereby blocking particle infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric O. Freed
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
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18
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Effects of an HIV-1 maturation inhibitor on the structure and dynamics of CA-SP1 junction helices in virus-like particles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:10286-10293. [PMID: 32341150 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917755117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 maturation involves conversion of the immature Gag polyprotein lattice, which lines the inner surface of the viral membrane, to the mature capsid protein (CA) lattice, which encloses the viral RNA. Maturation inhibitors such as bevirimat (BVM) bind within six-helix bundles, formed by a segment that spans the junction between the CA and spacer peptide 1 (SP1) subunits of Gag, and interfere with cleavage between CA and SP1 catalyzed by the HIV-1 protease (PR). We report solid-state NMR (ssNMR) measurements on spherical virus-like particles (VLPs), facilitated by segmental isotopic labeling, that provide information about effects of BVM on the structure and dynamics of CA-SP1 junction helices in the immature lattice. Although BVM strongly blocks PR-catalyzed CA-SP1 cleavage in VLPs and blocks conversion of VLPs to tubular CA assemblies, 15N and 13C ssNMR chemical shifts of segmentally labeled VLPs with and without BVM are very similar, indicating that interaction with BVM does not alter the six-helix bundle structure appreciably. Only the 15N chemical shift of A280 (the first residue of SP1) changes significantly, consistent with BVM binding to an internal ring of hydrophobic side chains of L279 residues. Measurements of transverse 15N spin relaxation rates reveal a reduction in the amplitudes and/or timescales of backbone N-H bond motions, corresponding to a rigidification of the six-helix bundles. Overall, our data show that inhibition of HIV-1 maturation by BVM involves changes in structure and dynamics that are surprisingly subtle, but still sufficient to produce a large effect on CA-SP1 cleavage.
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Anderson-Daniels J, Singh PK, Sowd GA, Li W, Engelman AN, Aiken C. Dominant Negative MA-CA Fusion Protein Is Incorporated into HIV-1 Cores and Inhibits Nuclear Entry of Viral Preintegration Complexes. J Virol 2019; 93:e01118-19. [PMID: 31413124 PMCID: PMC6803256 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01118-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Particle maturation is a critical step in the HIV-1 replication cycle that requires proteolytic cleavage of the Gag polyprotein into its constitutive proteins: the matrix (MA), capsid (CA), nucleocapsid (NC), and p6 proteins. The accurate and efficient cleavage of Gag is essential for virion infectivity; inhibitors of the viral protease are potent antivirals, and substitutions in Gag that prevent its cleavage result in reduced HIV-1 infectivity. In a previous study, a mutation inhibiting cleavage at the MA-CA junction was observed to potently inhibit virus infection: incorporation of small amounts of uncleaved MA-CA protein into HIV-1 particles inhibited infectivity by ∼95%, and the resulting viral particles exhibited aberrant capsids. Here we report a detailed mechanistic analysis of HIV-1 particles bearing uncleaved MA-CA protein. We show that the particles contain stable cores and can efficiently saturate host restriction by TRIMCyp in target cells. We further show that MA-CA associates with CA in particles without detectably affecting the formation of intermolecular CA interfaces. Incorporation of MA-CA did not markedly affect reverse transcription in infected cells, but nuclear entry was impaired and integration targeting was altered. Additionally, results from mutational analysis of Gag revealed that membrane-binding elements of MA contribute to the antiviral activity of uncleaved MA-CA protein. Our results suggest that small amounts of partially processed Gag subunits coassemble with CA during virion maturation, resulting in impaired capsid functions.IMPORTANCE To become infectious, newly formed HIV-1 particles undergo a process of maturation in which the viral polyproteins are cleaved into smaller components. A previous study demonstrated that inclusion of even small quantities of an uncleavable mutant Gag polyprotein results in a strong reduction in virus infectivity. Here we show that the mechanism of transdominant inhibition by uncleavable Gag involves inhibition of nuclear entry and alteration of viral integration sites. Additionally, the results of mutational analysis suggest that the membrane-binding activity of Gag is a major requirement for the antiviral activity. These results further define the antiviral mechanism of uncleavable Gag, which may be useful for exploiting this effect to develop new antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Anderson-Daniels
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Parmit K Singh
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory A Sowd
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alan N Engelman
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher Aiken
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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20
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Novikova M, Zhang Y, Freed EO, Peng K. Multiple Roles of HIV-1 Capsid during the Virus Replication Cycle. Virol Sin 2019; 34:119-134. [PMID: 31028522 PMCID: PMC6513821 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00095-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 capsid (HIV-1 CA) is involved in different stages of the viral replication cycle. During virion assembly, CA drives the formation of the hexameric lattice in immature viral particles, while in mature virions CA monomers assemble in cone-shaped cores surrounding the viral RNA genome and associated proteins. In addition to its functions in late stages of the viral replication cycle, CA plays key roles in a number of processes during early phases of HIV-1 infection including trafficking, uncoating, recognition by host cellular proteins and nuclear import of the viral pre-integration complex. As a result of efficient cooperation of CA with other viral and cellular proteins, integration of the viral genetic material into the host genome, which is an essential step for productive viral infection, successfully occurs. In this review, we will summarize available data on CA functions in HIV-1 replication, describing in detail its roles in late and early phases of the viral replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariia Novikova
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Yulan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Eric O Freed
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Ke Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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21
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Urano E, Timilsina U, Kaplan JA, Ablan S, Ghimire D, Pham P, Kuruppu N, Mandt R, Durell SR, Nitz TJ, Martin DE, Wild CT, Gaur R, Freed EO. Resistance to Second-Generation HIV-1 Maturation Inhibitors. J Virol 2019; 93:e02017-18. [PMID: 30567982 PMCID: PMC6401422 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02017-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A betulinic acid-based compound, bevirimat (BVM), inhibits HIV-1 maturation by blocking a late step in protease-mediated Gag processing: the cleavage of the capsid-spacer peptide 1 (CA-SP1) intermediate to mature CA. Previous studies showed that mutations conferring resistance to BVM cluster around the CA-SP1 cleavage site. Single amino acid polymorphisms in the SP1 region of Gag and the C terminus of CA reduced HIV-1 susceptibility to BVM, leading to the discontinuation of BVM's clinical development. We recently reported a series of "second-generation" BVM analogs that display markedly improved potency and breadth of activity relative to the parent molecule. Here, we demonstrate that viral clones bearing BVM resistance mutations near the C terminus of CA are potently inhibited by second-generation BVM analogs. We performed de novo selection experiments to identify mutations that confer resistance to these novel compounds. Selection experiments with subtype B HIV-1 identified an Ala-to-Val mutation at SP1 residue 1 and a Pro-to-Ala mutation at CA residue 157 within the major homology region (MHR). In selection experiments with subtype C HIV-1, we identified mutations at CA residue 230 (CA-V230M) and SP1 residue 1 (SP1-A1V), residue 5 (SP1-S5N), and residue 10 (SP1-G10R). The positions at which resistance mutations arose are highly conserved across multiple subtypes of HIV-1. We demonstrate that the mutations confer modest to high-level maturation inhibitor resistance. In most cases, resistance was not associated with a detectable increase in the kinetics of CA-SP1 processing. These results identify mutations that confer resistance to second-generation maturation inhibitors and provide novel insights into the mechanism of resistance.IMPORTANCE HIV-1 maturation inhibitors are a class of small-molecule compounds that block a late step in the viral protease-mediated processing of the Gag polyprotein precursor, the viral protein responsible for the formation of virus particles. The first-in-class HIV-1 maturation inhibitor bevirimat was highly effective in blocking HIV-1 replication, but its activity was compromised by naturally occurring sequence polymorphisms within Gag. Recently developed bevirimat analogs, referred to as "second-generation" maturation inhibitors, overcome this issue. To understand more about how these second-generation compounds block HIV-1 maturation, here we selected for HIV-1 mutants that are resistant to these compounds. Selections were performed in the context of two different subtypes of HIV-1. We identified a small set of mutations at highly conserved positions within the capsid and spacer peptide 1 domains of Gag that confer resistance. Identification and analysis of these maturation inhibitor-resistant mutants provide insights into the mechanisms of resistance to these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Urano
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Uddhav Timilsina
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
| | - Justin A Kaplan
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sherimay Ablan
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Dibya Ghimire
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
| | - Phuong Pham
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Nishani Kuruppu
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca Mandt
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Stewart R Durell
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ritu Gaur
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
| | - Eric O Freed
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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22
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Regueiro-Ren A, Dicker IB, Hanumegowda U, Meanwell NA. Second Generation Inhibitors of HIV-1 Maturation. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:287-294. [PMID: 30891128 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The strategy and tactics subtending the discovery and development of the second generation HIV-1 maturation inhibitor GSK-3532795/BMS-955176, a compound that exhibits a broader spectrum of antiviral effect in vitro and in clinical studies than the prototypical maturation inhibitor bevirimat, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Regueiro-Ren
- Department of Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 350 Carter Road, Room 126, Hopewell, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Ira B. Dicker
- ViiV Healthcare, 36 East Industrial Road, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Umesh Hanumegowda
- ViiV Healthcare, 36 East Industrial Road, Branford, Connecticut 06405, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-4000, United States
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23
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Morales-Ramirez J, Bogner JR, Molina JM, Lombaard J, Dicker IB, Stock DA, DeGrosky M, Gartland M, Pene Dumitrescu T, Min S, Llamoso C, Joshi SR, Lataillade M. Safety, efficacy, and dose response of the maturation inhibitor GSK3532795 (formerly known as BMS-955176) plus tenofovir/emtricitabine once daily in treatment-naive HIV-1-infected adults: Week 24 primary analysis from a randomized Phase IIb trial. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205368. [PMID: 30352054 PMCID: PMC6198970 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
GSK3532795 (formerly known as BMS-955176) is a second-generation maturation inhibitor targeting a specific Gag cleavage site between capsid p24 and spacer peptide 1 of HIV-1. Study 205891 (previously AI468038) investigated the efficacy, safety, and dose response of GSK3532795 in treatment-naive, HIV-1-infected participants. Study 205891 (NCT02415595) was a Phase IIb, randomized, active-controlled, double-blind, international trial. Participants were randomized 1:1:1:1 to one of three GSK3532795 arms at doses 60 mg, 120 mg or 180 mg once daily (QD), or to efavirenz (EFV) at 600 mg QD, each in combination with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) (300/200 mg QD). Primary endpoint was proportion of participants with plasma HIV-1 RNA <40 copies/mL at Week 24. Between May 2015 and May 2016, 206 participants received treatment. At Week 24, 76–83% participants receiving GSK3532795 and 77% receiving EFV achieved HIV-1 RNA <40 copies/mL. Fifteen participants receiving GSK3532795 and one receiving EFV met resistance testing criteria; 10/15 receiving GSK3532795 had emergent substitutions at reverse transcriptase positions M184, and one at position K65, while the participant receiving EFV did not have any nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)/non-NRTI mutations. EFV, relative to GSK3532795, had more serious adverse events (9% versus 5%) and adverse events leading to discontinuation (17% versus 5%). However, 3–4-fold higher rates of gastrointestinal adverse events were observed with GSK3532795 relative to EFV. GSK3532795 combined with TDF/FTC is efficacious with 24 weeks of therapy. However, GSK3532795 showed a higher rate of gastrointestinal intolerability and treatment-emergent resistance to the NRTI backbone relative to EFV. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02415595.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ira B. Dicker
- ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - David A. Stock
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | | | - Margaret Gartland
- ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Sherene Min
- ViiV Healthcare, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Cyril Llamoso
- ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Samit R. Joshi
- ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Max Lataillade
- ViiV Healthcare, Branford, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Identification of a Structural Element in HIV-1 Gag Required for Virus Particle Assembly and Maturation. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.01567-18. [PMID: 30327442 PMCID: PMC6191540 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01567-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Late in the HIV-1 replication cycle, the viral structural protein Gag is targeted to virus assembly sites at the plasma membrane of infected cells. The capsid (CA) domain of Gag plays a critical role in the formation of the hexameric Gag lattice in the immature virion, and, during particle release, CA is cleaved from the Gag precursor by the viral protease and forms the conical core of the mature virion. A highly conserved Pro-Pro-Ile-Pro (PPIP) motif (CA residues 122 to 125) [PPIP(122-125)] in a loop connecting CA helices 6 and 7 resides at a 3-fold axis formed by neighboring hexamers in the immature Gag lattice. In this study, we characterized the role of this PPIP(122-125) loop in HIV-1 assembly and maturation. While mutations P123A and P125A were relatively well tolerated, mutation of P122 and I124 significantly impaired virus release, caused Gag processing defects, and abolished infectivity. X-ray crystallography indicated that the P122A and I124A mutations induce subtle changes in the structure of the mature CA lattice which were permissive for in vitro assembly of CA tubes. Transmission electron microscopy and cryo-electron tomography demonstrated that the P122A and I124A mutations induce severe structural defects in the immature Gag lattice and abrogate conical core formation. Propagation of the P122A and I124A mutants in T-cell lines led to the selection of compensatory mutations within CA. Our findings demonstrate that the CA PPIP(122-125) loop comprises a structural element critical for the formation of the immature Gag lattice.IMPORTANCE Capsid (CA) plays multiple roles in the HIV-1 replication cycle. CA-CA domain interactions are responsible for multimerization of the Gag polyprotein at virus assembly sites, and in the mature virion, CA monomers assemble into a conical core that encapsidates the viral RNA genome. Multiple CA regions that contribute to the assembly and release of HIV-1 particles have been mapped and investigated. Here, we identified and characterized a Pro-rich loop in CA that is important for the formation of the immature Gag lattice. Changes in this region disrupt viral production and abrogate the formation of infectious, mature virions. Propagation of the mutants in culture led to the selection of second-site compensatory mutations within CA. These results expand our knowledge of the assembly and maturation steps in the viral replication cycle and may be relevant for development of antiviral drugs targeting CA.
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25
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Regueiro-Ren A, Swidorski JJ, Liu Z, Chen Y, Sin N, Sit SY, Chen J, Venables BL, Zhu J, Nowicka-Sans B, Protack T, Lin Z, Terry B, Samanta H, Zhang S, Li Z, Easter J, Beno BR, Arora V, Huang XS, Rahematpura S, Parker DD, Haskell R, Santone KS, Cockett MI, Krystal M, Meanwell NA, Jenkins S, Hanumegowda U, Dicker IB. Design, Synthesis, and SAR of C-3 Benzoic Acid, C-17 Triterpenoid Derivatives. Identification of the HIV-1 Maturation Inhibitor 4-((1 R,3a S,5a R,5b R,7a R,11a S,11b R,13a R,13b R)-3a-((2-(1,1-Dioxidothiomorpholino)ethyl)amino)-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-1-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-2,3,3a,4,5,5a,5b,6,7,7a,8,11,11a,11b,12,13,13a,13b-octadecahydro-1 H-cyclopenta[ a]chrysen-9-yl)benzoic Acid (GSK3532795, BMS-955176). J Med Chem 2018; 61:7289-7313. [PMID: 30067361 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
GSK3532795, formerly known as BMS-955176 (1), is a potent, orally active, second-generation HIV-1 maturation inhibitor (MI) that advanced through phase IIb clinical trials. The careful design, selection, and evaluation of substituents appended to the C-3 and C-17 positions of the natural product betulinic acid (3) was critical in attaining a molecule with the desired virological and pharmacokinetic profile. Herein, we highlight the key insights made in the discovery program and detail the evolution of the structure-activity relationships (SARs) that led to the design of the specific C-17 amine moiety in 1. These modifications ultimately enabled the discovery of 1 as a second-generation MI that combines broad coverage of polymorphic viruses (EC50 <15 nM toward a panel of common polymorphisms representative of 96.5% HIV-1 subtype B virus) with a favorable pharmacokinetic profile in preclinical species.
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26
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Maturation inhibitors facilitate virus assembly and release of HIV-1 capsid P224 mutant. Virology 2018; 521:44-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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27
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The KT Jeang Retrovirology prize 2018: Eric Freed. Retrovirology 2018; 15:43. [PMID: 29966522 PMCID: PMC6027741 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0430-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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28
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Hwang C, Schürmann D, Sobotha C, Boffito M, Sevinsky H, Ray N, Ravindran P, Xiao H, Keicher C, Hüser A, Krystal M, Dicker IB, Grasela D, Lataillade M. Antiviral Activity, Safety, and Exposure-Response Relationships of GSK3532795, a Second-Generation Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Maturation Inhibitor, Administered as Monotherapy or in Combination With Atazanavir With or Without Ritonavir in a Phase 2a Randomized, Dose-Ranging, Controlled Trial (AI468002). Clin Infect Dis 2018; 65:442-452. [PMID: 28369211 PMCID: PMC5848258 DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. GSK3532795 is a second-generation human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) maturation inhibitor that targets HIV-1 Gag, inhibiting the final protease cleavage between capsid protein p24 and spacer protein-1, producing immature, noninfectious virions. Methods. This was a phase 2a, randomized, dose-ranging multipart trial. In part A, subtype B-infected subjects received 5–120 mg GSK3532795 (or placebo) once daily for 10 days. In part B, subtype B-infected subjects received 40 mg or 80 mg GSK3532795 once daily with atazanavir (ATV) with or without (±) ritonavir (RTV) or standard of care (SOC) (tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 300 mg, emtricitabine 200 mg, and ATV/RTV 300 mg/100 mg) for 28 days. In part C, subtype C-infected subjects received 40 mg or 120 mg GSK3532795 once daily (or placebo) for 10 days. Endpoints included change in HIV-1 RNA from baseline on day 11 (parts A/C) or day 29 (part B). Results. A >1 log10 median decline in HIV-1 RNA was achieved by day 11 in parts A and C and day 29 in part B at GSK3532795 doses ≥40 mg; part B subjects receiving GSK3532795 and ATV ± RTV achieved similar declines to those receiving SOC. Median of the maximum declines in HIV-1 RNA were similar for the 40–120 mg once-daily dose groups regardless of baseline Gag polymorphisms. There were no deaths, adverse events leading to discontinuation, or serious adverse events. Conclusions. GSK3532795 demonstrated potent antiviral activity against subtype B (monotherapy or with ATV ± RTV) and subtype C, and was generally well tolerated, which supported continued development of GSK3532795 in subjects with HIV-1 subtype B or subtype C. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT01803074.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey Hwang
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Dirk Schürmann
- Charité Research Organisation GmbH.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pulmonary Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Marta Boffito
- St Stephen's Centre, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Sevinsky
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Neelanjana Ray
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | | | - Hong Xiao
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | | | | | - Mark Krystal
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut
| | - Ira B Dicker
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut
| | - Dennis Grasela
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Max Lataillade
- Research and Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut
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29
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Inhibition of HIV-1 Maturation via Small-Molecule Targeting of the Amino-Terminal Domain in the Viral Capsid Protein. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02155-16. [PMID: 28202766 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02155-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsid protein is an attractive therapeutic target, owing to its multifunctionality in virus replication and the high fitness cost of amino acid substitutions in capsids to HIV-1 infectivity. To date, small-molecule inhibitors have been identified that inhibit HIV-1 capsid assembly and/or impair its function in target cells. Here, we describe the mechanism of action of the previously reported capsid-targeting HIV-1 inhibitor, Boehringer-Ingelheim compound 1 (C1). We show that C1 acts during HIV-1 maturation to prevent assembly of a mature viral capsid. However, unlike the maturation inhibitor bevirimat, C1 did not significantly affect the kinetics or fidelity of Gag processing. HIV-1 particles produced in the presence of C1 contained unstable capsids that lacked associated electron density and exhibited impairments in early postentry stages of infection, most notably reverse transcription. C1 inhibited assembly of recombinant HIV-1 CA in vitro and induced aberrant cross-links in mutant HIV-1 particles capable of spontaneous intersubunit disulfide bonds at the interhexamer interface in the capsid lattice. Resistance to C1 was conferred by a single amino acid substitution within the compound-binding site in the N-terminal domain of the CA protein. Our results demonstrate that the binding site for C1 represents a new pharmacological vulnerability in the capsid assembly stage of the HIV-1 life cycle.IMPORTANCE The HIV-1 capsid protein is an attractive but unexploited target for clinical drug development. Prior studies have identified HIV-1 capsid-targeting compounds that display different mechanisms of action, which in part reflects the requirement for capsid function at both the efferent and afferent phases of viral replication. Here, we show that one such compound, compound 1, interferes with assembly of the conical viral capsid during virion maturation and results in perturbations at a specific protein-protein interface in the capsid lattice. We also identify and characterize a mutation in the capsid protein that confers resistance to the inhibitor. This study reveals a novel mechanism by which a capsid-targeting small molecule can inhibit HIV-1 replication.
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30
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Insights into the activity of maturation inhibitor PF-46396 on HIV-1 clade C. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43711. [PMID: 28252110 PMCID: PMC5333120 DOI: 10.1038/srep43711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV maturation inhibitors are an emerging class of anti-retroviral compounds that inhibit the viral protease-mediated cleavage of the Gag, CA-SP1 (capsid-spacer peptide 1) peptide to mature CA. The first-in-class maturation inhibitor bevirimat (BVM) displayed potent activity against HIV-1 clade B but was ineffective against other HIV-1 clades including clade C. Another pyridone-based maturation inhibitor, PF-46396 displayed potent activity against HIV-1 clade B. In this study, we aimed at determining the activity of PF-46396 against HIV-1 clade C. We employed various biochemical and virological assays to demonstrate that PF-46396 is effective against HIV-1 clade C. We observed a dose dependent accumulation of CA-SP1 intermediate in presence of the compound. We carried out mutagenesis in the CA- SP1 region of HIV-1 clade C Gag and observed that the mutations conferred resistance against the compound. Many mutations inhibited Gag processing thereby reducing virus release in the absence of the compound. However, presence of PF-46396 rescued these defects and enhanced virus release, replication capacity and infectivity of HIV-1 clade C. These results put together identify PF-46396 as a broadly active maturation inhibitor against HIV-1 clade B and C and help in rational designing of novel analogs with reduced toxicity and increased efficacy for its potential use in clinics.
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31
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Ning J, Erdemci-Tandogan G, Yufenyuy EL, Wagner J, Himes BA, Zhao G, Aiken C, Zandi R, Zhang P. In vitro protease cleavage and computer simulations reveal the HIV-1 capsid maturation pathway. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13689. [PMID: 27958264 PMCID: PMC5159922 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 virions assemble as immature particles containing Gag polyproteins that are processed by the viral protease into individual components, resulting in the formation of mature infectious particles. There are two competing models for the process of forming the mature HIV-1 core: the disassembly and de novo reassembly model and the non-diffusional displacive model. To study the maturation pathway, we simulate HIV-1 maturation in vitro by digesting immature particles and assembled virus-like particles with recombinant HIV-1 protease and monitor the process with biochemical assays and cryoEM structural analysis in parallel. Processing of Gag in vitro is accurate and efficient and results in both soluble capsid protein and conical or tubular capsid assemblies, seemingly converted from immature Gag particles. Computer simulations further reveal probable assembly pathways of HIV-1 capsid formation. Combining the experimental data and computer simulations, our results suggest a sequential combination of both displacive and disassembly/reassembly processes for HIV-1 maturation. Two competing models—disassembly/reassembly and displacive—have been proposed for how immature spherical HIV virions transform into mature particles with conical cores. Here the authors provide evidence that both disassembly/reassembly and displacive processes occur sequentially during the maturation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Ning
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 5th Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.,Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Gonca Erdemci-Tandogan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Ernest L Yufenyuy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Jef Wagner
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Benjamin A Himes
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 5th Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Gongpu Zhao
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 5th Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.,Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
| | - Christopher Aiken
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - Roya Zandi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Peijun Zhang
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 3501 5th Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.,Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.,Division of Structural Biology, University of Oxford, The Henry Wellcome Building for Genomic Medicine, Headington, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.,Electron Bio-Imaging Centre, Diamond Light Sources, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
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Castro E, Martinez ZS, Seong CS, Cabrera-Espinoza A, Ruiz M, Hernandez Garcia A, Valdez F, Llano M, Echegoyen L. Characterization of New Cationic N,N-Dimethyl[70]fulleropyrrolidinium Iodide Derivatives as Potent HIV-1 Maturation Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2016; 59:10963-10973. [PMID: 28002960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 maturation can be impaired by altering protease (PR) activity, the structure of the Gag-Pol substrate, or the molecular interactions of viral structural proteins. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of new cationic N,N-dimethyl[70]fulleropyrrolidinium iodide derivatives that inhibit more than 99% of HIV-1 infectivity at low micromolar concentrations. Analysis of the HIV-1 life cycle indicated that these compounds inhibit viral maturation by impairing Gag and Gag-Pol processing. Importantly, fullerene derivatives 2a-c did not inhibit in vitro PR activity and strongly interacted with HIV immature capsid protein in pull-down experiments. Furthermore, these compounds potently blocked infectivity of viruses harboring mutant PR that are resistant to multiple PR inhibitors or mutant Gag proteins that confer resistance to the maturation inhibitor Bevirimat. Collectively, our studies indicate fullerene derivatives 2a-c as potent and novel HIV-1 maturation inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edison Castro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso , 500 West University Avenue, CCSB #3.0302, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Zachary S Martinez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso , 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Chang-Soo Seong
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso , 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Andrea Cabrera-Espinoza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso , 500 West University Avenue, CCSB #3.0302, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Mauro Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso , 500 West University Avenue, CCSB #3.0302, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Andrea Hernandez Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso , 500 West University Avenue, CCSB #3.0302, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Federico Valdez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso , 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Manuel Llano
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso , 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Luis Echegoyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso , 500 West University Avenue, CCSB #3.0302, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
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Lin Z, Cantone J, Lu H, Nowicka-Sans B, Protack T, Yuan T, Yang H, Liu Z, Drexler D, Regueiro-Ren A, Meanwell NA, Cockett M, Krystal M, Lataillade M, Dicker IB. Mechanistic Studies and Modeling Reveal the Origin of Differential Inhibition of Gag Polymorphic Viruses by HIV-1 Maturation Inhibitors. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005990. [PMID: 27893830 PMCID: PMC5125710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 maturation inhibitors (MIs) disrupt the final step in the HIV-1 protease-mediated cleavage of the Gag polyprotein between capsid p24 capsid (CA) and spacer peptide 1 (SP1), leading to the production of infectious virus. BMS-955176 is a second generation MI with improved antiviral activity toward polymorphic Gag variants compared to a first generation MI bevirimat (BVM). The underlying mechanistic reasons for the differences in polymorphic coverage were studied using antiviral assays, an LC/MS assay that quantitatively characterizes CA/SP1 cleavage kinetics of virus like particles (VLPs) and a radiolabel binding assay to determine VLP/MI affinities and dissociation kinetics. Antiviral assay data indicates that BVM does not achieve 100% inhibition of certain polymorphs, even at saturating concentrations. This results in the breakthrough of infectious virus (partial antagonism) regardless of BVM concentration. Reduced maximal percent inhibition (MPI) values for BVM correlated with elevated EC50 values, while rates of HIV-1 protease cleavage at CA/SP1 correlated inversely with the ability of BVM to inhibit HIV-1 Gag polymorphic viruses: genotypes with more rapid CA/SP1 cleavage kinetics were less sensitive to BVM. In vitro inhibition of wild type VLP CA/SP1 cleavage by BVM was not maintained at longer cleavage times. BMS-955176 exhibited greatly improved MPI against polymorphic Gag viruses, binds to Gag polymorphs with higher affinity/longer dissociation half-lives and exhibits greater time-independent inhibition of CA/SP1 cleavage compared to BVM. Virological (MPI) and biochemical (CA/SP1 cleavage rates, MI-specific Gag affinities) data were used to create an integrated semi-quantitative model that quantifies CA/SP1 cleavage rates as a function of both MI and Gag polymorph. The model outputs are in accord with in vitro antiviral observations and correlate with observed in vivo MI efficacies. Overall, these findings may be useful to further understand antiviral profiles and clinical responses of MIs at a basic level, potentially facilitating further improvements to MI potency and coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Lin
- Departments of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Joseph Cantone
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Hao Lu
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Beata Nowicka-Sans
- Departments of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Tricia Protack
- Departments of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Tian Yuan
- Discovery Chemistry Platforms, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Hong Yang
- Discovery Chemistry Platforms, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Zheng Liu
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Dieter Drexler
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Alicia Regueiro-Ren
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Nicholas A. Meanwell
- Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Mark Cockett
- Departments of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Mark Krystal
- Departments of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Max Lataillade
- Global Clinical Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ira B. Dicker
- Departments of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research & Development, Wallingford, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail: ,
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Fullerene Derivatives Strongly Inhibit HIV-1 Replication by Affecting Virus Maturation without Impairing Protease Activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:5731-41. [PMID: 27431232 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00341-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Three compounds (1, 2, and 3) previously reported to inhibit HIV-1 replication and/or in vitro activity of reverse transcriptase were studied, but only fullerene derivatives 1 and 2 showed strong antiviral activity on the replication of HIV-1 in human CD4(+) T cells. However, these compounds did not inhibit infection by single-round infection vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein G (VSV-G)-pseudotyped viruses, indicating no effect on the early steps of the viral life cycle. In contrast, analysis of single-round infection VSV-G-pseudotyped HIV-1 produced in the presence of compound 1 or 2 showed a complete lack of infectivity in human CD4(+) T cells, suggesting that the late stages of the HIV-1 life cycle were affected. Quantification of virion-associated viral RNA and p24 indicates that RNA packaging and viral production were unremarkable in these viruses. However, Gag and Gag-Pol processing was affected, as evidenced by immunoblot analysis with an anti-p24 antibody and the measurement of virion-associated reverse transcriptase activity, ratifying the effect of the fullerene derivatives on virion maturation of the HIV-1 life cycle. Surprisingly, fullerenes 1 and 2 did not inhibit HIV-1 protease in an in vitro assay at the doses that potently blocked viral infectivity, suggesting a protease-independent mechanism of action. Highlighting the potential therapeutic relevance of fullerene derivatives, these compounds block infection by HIV-1 resistant to protease and maturation inhibitors.
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Structure-Activity Relationships of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Maturation Inhibitor PF-46396. J Virol 2016; 90:8181-97. [PMID: 27384665 PMCID: PMC5008107 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01075-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 maturation inhibitors are a novel class of antiretroviral compounds that consist of two structurally distinct chemical classes: betulinic acid derivatives and the pyridone-based compound PF-46396. It is currently believed that both classes act by similar modes of action to generate aberrant noninfectious particles via inhibition of CA-SP1 cleavage during Gag proteolytic processing. In this study, we utilized a series of novel analogues with decreasing similarity to PF-46396 to determine the chemical groups within PF-46396 that contribute to antiviral activity, Gag binding, and the relationship between these essential properties. A spectrum of antiviral activity (active, intermediate, and inactive) was observed across the analogue series with respect to CA-SP1 cleavage and HIV-1 (NL4-3) replication kinetics in Jurkat T cells. We demonstrate that selected inactive analogues are incorporated into wild-type (WT) immature particles and that one inactive analogue is capable of interfering with PF-46396 inhibition of CA-SP1 cleavage. Mutations that confer PF-46396 resistance can impose a defective phenotype on HIV-1 that can be rescued in a compound-dependent manner. Some inactive analogues retained the capacity to rescue PF-46396-dependent mutants (SP1-A3V, SP1-A3T, and CA-P157S), implying that they can also interact with mutant Gag. The structure-activity relationships observed in this study demonstrate that (i) the tert-butyl group is essential for antiviral activity but is not an absolute requirement for Gag binding, (ii) the trifluoromethyl group is optimal but not essential for antiviral activity, and (iii) the 2-aminoindan group is important for antiviral activity and Gag binding but is not essential, as its replacement is tolerated. IMPORTANCE Combinations of antiretroviral drugs successfully treat HIV/AIDS patients; however, drug resistance problems make the development of new mechanistic drug classes an ongoing priority. HIV-1 maturation inhibitors are novel as they target the Gag protein, specifically by inhibiting CA-SP1 proteolytic cleavage. The lack of high-resolution structural information of the CA-SP1 target in Gag has hindered our understanding of the inhibitor-binding pocket and maturation inhibitor mode of action. Therefore, we utilized analogues of the maturation inhibitor PF-46396 as chemical tools to determine the chemical components of PF-46396 that contribute to antiviral activity and Gag binding and the relationship between these essential properties. This is the first study to report structure-activity relationships of the maturation inhibitor PF-46396. PF-46396 is chemically distinct from betulinic acid-derived maturation inhibitors; therefore, our data provide a foundation of knowledge that will aid our understanding of how structurally distinct maturation inhibitors act by similar modes of action.
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Nowicka-Sans B, Protack T, Lin Z, Li Z, Zhang S, Sun Y, Samanta H, Terry B, Liu Z, Chen Y, Sin N, Sit SY, Swidorski JJ, Chen J, Venables BL, Healy M, Meanwell NA, Cockett M, Hanumegowda U, Regueiro-Ren A, Krystal M, Dicker IB. Identification and Characterization of BMS-955176, a Second-Generation HIV-1 Maturation Inhibitor with Improved Potency, Antiviral Spectrum, and Gag Polymorphic Coverage. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:3956-69. [PMID: 27090171 PMCID: PMC4914680 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02560-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BMS-955176 is a second-generation human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) maturation inhibitor (MI). A first-generation MI, bevirimat, showed clinical efficacy in early-phase studies, but ∼50% of subjects had viruses with reduced susceptibility associated with naturally occurring polymorphisms in Gag near the site of MI action. MI potency was optimized using a panel of engineered reporter viruses containing site-directed polymorphic changes in Gag that reduce susceptibility to bevirimat (including V362I, V370A/M/Δ, and T371A/Δ), leading incrementally to the identification of BMS-955176. BMS-955176 exhibits potent activity (50% effective concentration [EC50], 3.9 ± 3.4 nM [mean ± standard deviation]) toward a library (n = 87) of gag/pr recombinant viruses representing 96.5% of subtype B polymorphic Gag diversity near the CA/SP1 cleavage site. BMS-955176 exhibited a median EC50 of 21 nM toward a library of subtype B clinical isolates assayed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Potent activity was maintained against a panel of reverse transcriptase, protease, and integrase inhibitor-resistant viruses, with EC50s similar to those for the wild-type virus. A 5.4-fold reduction in EC50 occurred in the presence of 40% human serum plus 27 mg/ml of human serum albumin (HSA), which corresponded well to an in vitro measurement of 86% human serum binding. Time-of-addition and pseudotype reporter virus studies confirm a mechanism of action for the compound that occurs late in the virus replication cycle. BMS-955176 inhibits HIV-1 protease cleavage at the CA/SP1 junction within Gag in virus-like particles (VLPs) and in HIV-1-infected cells, and it binds reversibly and with high affinity to assembled Gag in purified HIV-1 VLPs. Finally, in vitro combination studies showed no antagonistic interactions with representative antiretrovirals (ARVs) of other mechanistic classes. In conclusion, BMS-955176 is a second-generation MI with potent in vitro anti-HIV-1 activity and a greatly improved preclinical profile compared to that of bevirimat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Nowicka-Sans
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Virology, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tricia Protack
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Virology, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Zeyu Lin
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Virology, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Zhufang Li
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Virology, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sharon Zhang
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Virology, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yongnian Sun
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Virology, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Himadri Samanta
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Virology, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Brian Terry
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Virology, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Zheng Liu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Discovery Chemistry, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Discovery Chemistry, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ny Sin
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Discovery Chemistry, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sing-Yuen Sit
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Discovery Chemistry, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jacob J Swidorski
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Discovery Chemistry, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Discovery Chemistry, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Brian L Venables
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Discovery Chemistry, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Matthew Healy
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Genomics, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Discovery Chemistry, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mark Cockett
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Virology, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Umesh Hanumegowda
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Preclinical Optimization, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alicia Regueiro-Ren
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Discovery Chemistry, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mark Krystal
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Virology, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ira B Dicker
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Research and Development, Department of Virology, Wallingford, Connecticut, USA
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Identification of potent maturation inhibitors against HIV-1 clade C. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27403. [PMID: 27264714 PMCID: PMC4893694 DOI: 10.1038/srep27403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy has led to a profound improvement in the clinical care of HIV-infected patients. However, drug tolerability and the evolution of drug resistance have limited treatment options for many patients. Maturation inhibitors are a new class of antiretroviral agents for treatment of HIV-1. They act by interfering with the maturation of the virus by blocking the last step in Gag processing: the cleavage of the capsid-spacer peptide 1 (CA-SP1) intermediate to mature CA by the viral protease (PR). The first-in-class maturation inhibitor bevirimat (BVM) failed against a subset of HIV-1 isolates in clinical trials due to polymorphisms present in the CA-SP1 region of the Gag protein. Sequence analysis indicated that these polymorphisms are more common in non-clade B strains of HIV-1 such as HIV-1 clade C. Indeed, BVM was found to be ineffective against HIV-1 clade C molecular clones tested in this study. A number of BVM analogs were synthesized by chemical modifications at the C-28 position to improve its activity. The new BVM analogs displayed potent activity against HIV-1 clade B and C and also reduced infectivity of the virus. This study identifies novel and broadly active BVM analogs that may ultimately demonstrate efficacy in the clinic.
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Contributions of Charged Residues in Structurally Dynamic Capsid Surface Loops to Rous Sarcoma Virus Assembly. J Virol 2016; 90:5700-5714. [PMID: 27053549 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00378-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Extensive studies of orthoretroviral capsids have shown that many regions of the CA protein play unique roles at different points in the virus life cycle. The N-terminal domain (NTD) flexible-loop (FL) region is one such example: exposed on the outer capsid surface, it has been implicated in Gag-mediated particle assembly, capsid maturation, and early replication events. We have now defined the contributions of charged residues in the FL region of the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) CA to particle assembly. Effects of mutations on assembly were assessed in vivo and in vitro and analyzed in light of new RSV Gag lattice models. Virus replication was strongly dependent on the preservation of charge at a few critical positions in Gag-Gag interfaces. In particular, a cluster of charges at the beginning of FL contributes to an extensive electrostatic network that is important for robust Gag assembly and subsequent capsid maturation. Second-site suppressor analysis suggests that one of these charged residues, D87, has distal influence on interhexamer interactions involving helix α7. Overall, the tolerance of FL to most mutations is consistent with current models of Gag lattice structures. However, the results support the interpretation that virus evolution has achieved a charge distribution across the capsid surface that (i) permits the packing of NTD domains in the outer layer of the Gag shell, (ii) directs the maturational rearrangements of the NTDs that yield a functional core structure, and (iii) supports capsid function during the early stages of virus infection. IMPORTANCE The production of infectious retrovirus particles is a complex process, a choreography of protein and nucleic acid that occurs in two distinct stages: formation and release from the cell of an immature particle followed by an extracellular maturation phase during which the virion proteins and nucleic acids undergo major rearrangements that activate the infectious potential of the virion. This study examines the contributions of charged amino acids on the surface of the Rous sarcoma virus capsid protein in the assembly of appropriately formed immature particles and the maturational transitions that create a functional virion. The results provide important biological evidence in support of recent structural models of the RSV immature virions and further suggest that immature particle assembly and virion maturation are controlled by an extensive network of electrostatic interactions and long-range communication across the capsid surface.
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Swidorski JJ, Liu Z, Sit SY, Chen J, Chen Y, Sin N, Venables BL, Parker DD, Nowicka-Sans B, Terry BJ, Protack T, Rahematpura S, Hanumegowda U, Jenkins S, Krystal M, Dicker IB, Meanwell NA, Regueiro-Ren A. Inhibitors of HIV-1 maturation: Development of structure-activity relationship for C-28 amides based on C-3 benzoic acid-modified triterpenoids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1925-30. [PMID: 26988305 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have recently reported on the discovery of a C-3 benzoic acid (1) as a suitable replacement for the dimethyl succinate side chain of bevirimat (2), an HIV-1 maturation inhibitor that reached Phase II clinical trials before being discontinued. Recent SAR studies aimed at improving the antiviral properties of 2 have shown that the benzoic acid moiety conferred topographical constraint to the pharmacophore and was associated with a lower shift in potency in the presence of human serum albumin. In this manuscript, we describe efforts to improve the polymorphic coverage of the C-3 benzoic acid chemotype through modifications at the C-28 position of the triterpenoid core. The dimethylaminoethyl amides 17 and 23 delivered improved potency toward bevirimat-resistant viruses while increasing C24 in rat oral PK studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Swidorski
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Sing-Yuen Sit
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Ny Sin
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Brian L Venables
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Dawn D Parker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Beata Nowicka-Sans
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Brian J Terry
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Tricia Protack
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Sandhya Rahematpura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Umesh Hanumegowda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Susan Jenkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Mark Krystal
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Ira B Dicker
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Alicia Regueiro-Ren
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
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Liu Z, Swidorski JJ, Nowicka-Sans B, Terry B, Protack T, Lin Z, Samanta H, Zhang S, Li Z, Parker DD, Rahematpura S, Jenkins S, Beno BR, Krystal M, Meanwell NA, Dicker IB, Regueiro-Ren A. C-3 benzoic acid derivatives of C-3 deoxybetulinic acid and deoxybetulin as HIV-1 maturation inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:1757-70. [PMID: 26968652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of C-3 phenyl- and heterocycle-substituted derivatives of C-3 deoxybetulinic acid and C-3 deoxybetulin was designed and synthesized as HIV-1 maturation inhibitors (MIs) and evaluated for their antiviral activity and cytotoxicity in cell culture. A 4-subsituted benzoic acid moiety was identified as an advantageous replacement for the 3'3'-dimethylsuccinate moiety present in previously disclosed MIs that illuminates new aspects of the topography of the pharmacophore. The new analogs exhibit excellent in vitro antiviral activity against wild-type (wt) virus and a lower serum shift when compared with the prototypical HIV-1 MI bevirimat (1, BVM), the first MI to be evaluated in clinical studies. Compound 9a exhibits comparable cell culture potency toward wt virus as 1 (WT EC50=16 nM for 9a compared to 10nM for 1). However, the potency of 9a is less affected by the presence of human serum, while the compound displays a similar pharmacokinetic profile in rats to 1. Hence 9a, the 4-benzoic acid derivative of deoxybetulinic acid, represents a new starting point from which to explore the design of a 2nd generation MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
| | - Jacob J Swidorski
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Beata Nowicka-Sans
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Brian Terry
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Tricia Protack
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Zeyu Lin
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Himadri Samanta
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Sharon Zhang
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Zhufang Li
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Dawn D Parker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Sandhya Rahematpura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Susan Jenkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Brett R Beno
- Department of Computer-Assisted Drug Design, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Mark Krystal
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Ira B Dicker
- Department of Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Alicia Regueiro-Ren
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA.
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Datta SAK, Clark PK, Fan L, Ma B, Harvin DP, Sowder RC, Nussinov R, Wang YX, Rein A. Dimerization of the SP1 Region of HIV-1 Gag Induces a Helical Conformation and Association into Helical Bundles: Implications for Particle Assembly. J Virol 2016; 90:1773-87. [PMID: 26637452 PMCID: PMC4733982 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02061-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED HIV-1 immature particle (virus-like particle [VLP]) assembly is mediated largely by interactions between the capsid (CA) domains of Gag molecules but is facilitated by binding of the nucleocapsid (NC) domain to nucleic acid. We previously investigated the role of SP1, a "spacer" between CA and NC, in VLP assembly. We found that small changes in SP1 drastically disrupt assembly and that a peptide representing the sequence around the CA-SP1 junction is helical at high but not low concentrations. We suggested that by virtue of such a concentration-dependent change, this region could act as a molecular switch to activate HIV-1 Gag for VLP assembly. A leucine zipper domain can replace NC in Gag and still lead to the efficient assembly of VLPs. We find that SP1 mutants also disrupt assembly by these Gag-Zip proteins and have now studied a small fragment of this Gag-Zip protein, i.e., the CA-SP1 junction region fused to a leucine zipper. Dimerization of the zipper places SP1 at a high local concentration, even at low total concentrations. In this context, the CA-SP1 junction region spontaneously adopts a helical conformation, and the proteins associate into tetramers. Tetramerization requires residues from both CA and SP1. The data suggest that once this region becomes helical, its propensity to self-associate could contribute to Gag-Gag interactions and thus to particle assembly. There is complete congruence between CA/SP1 sequences that promote tetramerization when fused to zippers and those that permit the proper assembly of full-length Gag; thus, equivalent interactions apparently participate in VLP assembly and in SP1-Zip tetramerization. IMPORTANCE Assembly of HIV-1 Gag into virus-like particles (VLPs) appears to require an interaction with nucleic acid, but replacement of its principal nucleic acid-binding domain with a dimerizing leucine zipper domain leads to the assembly of RNA-free VLPs. It has not been clear how dimerization triggers assembly. Results here show that the SP1 region spontaneously switches to a helical state when fused to a leucine zipper and that these helical molecules further associate into tetramers, mediated by interactions between hydrophobic faces of the helices. Thus, the correct juxtaposition of the SP1 region makes it "association competent." Residues from both capsid and SP1 contribute to tetramerization, while mutations disrupting proper assembly in Gag also prevent tetramerization. Thus, this region is part of an associating interface within Gag, and its intermolecular interactions evidently help stabilize the immature Gag lattice. These interactions are disrupted by proteolysis of the CA-SP1 junction during virus maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha A K Datta
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Patrick K Clark
- Retroviral Replication Laboratory, Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Lixin Fan
- Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Buyong Ma
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Demetria P Harvin
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Raymond C Sowder
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Basic Science Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA Sackler Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yun-Xing Wang
- Structural Biophysics Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan Rein
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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42
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Identification of an HIV-1 Mutation in Spacer Peptide 1 That Stabilizes the Immature CA-SP1 Lattice. J Virol 2015; 90:972-8. [PMID: 26537676 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02204-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Upon release of HIV-1 particles from the infected cell, the viral protease cleaves the Gag polyprotein at specific sites, triggering maturation. During this process, which is essential for infectivity, the capsid protein (CA) reassembles into a conical core. Maturation inhibitors (MIs) block HIV-1 maturation by interfering with protease-mediated CA-spacer peptide 1 (CA-SP1) processing, concomitantly stabilizing the immature CA-SP1 lattice; virions from MI-treated cells retain an immature-like CA-SP1 lattice, whereas mutational abolition of cleavage at the CA-SP1 site results in virions in which the CA-SP1 lattice converts to a mature-like form. We previously reported that propagation of HIV-1 in the presence of MI PF-46396 selected for assembly-defective, compound-dependent mutants with amino acid substitutions in the major homology region (MHR) of CA. Propagation of these mutants in the absence of PF-46396 resulted in the acquisition of second-site compensatory mutations. These included a Thr-to-Ile substitution at SP1 residue 8 (T8I), which results in impaired CA-SP1 processing. Thus, the T8I mutation phenocopies PF-46396 treatment in terms of its ability to rescue the replication defect imposed by the MHR mutations and to impede CA-SP1 processing. Here, we use cryo-electron tomography to show that, like MIs, the T8I mutation stabilizes the immature-like CA-SP1 lattice. These results have important implications for the mechanism of action of HIV-1 MIs; they also suggest that T8I may provide a valuable tool for structural definition of the CA-SP1 boundary region, which has thus far been refractory to high-resolution analysis, apparently because of conformational flexibility in this region of Gag. IMPORTANCE HIV-1 maturation involves dissection of the Gag polyprotein by the viral protease and assembly of a conical capsid enclosing the viral ribonucleoprotein. Maturation inhibitors (MIs) prevent the final cleavage step at the site between the capsid protein (CA) and spacer peptide 1 (SP1), apparently by binding at this site and denying the protease access. Additionally, MIs stabilize the immature-like CA-SP1 lattice, preventing release of CA into the soluble pool. We previously found that T8I, a mutation in SP1, rescues a PF-46396-dependent CA mutant and blocks CA-SP1 cleavage. In this study, we imaged T8I virions by cryo-electron tomography and showed that T8I mutants, like MI-treated virions, contain an immature CA-SP1 lattice. These results lay the groundwork needed to understand the structure of the CA-SP1 interface region and further illuminate the mechanism of action of MIs.
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Wang D, Lu W, Li F. Pharmacological intervention of HIV-1 maturation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:493-9. [PMID: 26713265 PMCID: PMC4675807 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances in antiretroviral therapy, increasing drug resistance and toxicities observed among many of the current approved human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drugs indicate a need for discovery and development of potent and safe antivirals with a novel mechanism of action. Maturation inhibitors (MIs) represent one such new class of HIV therapies. MIs inhibit a late step in the HIV-1 Gag processing cascade, causing defective core condensation and the release of non-infectious virus particles from infected cells, thus blocking the spread of the infection to new cells. Clinical proof-of-concept for the MIs was established with betulinic acid derived bevirimat, the prototype HIV-1 MI. Despite the discontinuation of its further clinical development in 2010 due to a lack of uniform patient response caused by naturally occurring drug resistance Gag polymorphisms, several second-generation MIs with improved activity against viruses exhibiting Gag polymorphism mediated resistance have been recently discovered and are under clinical evaluation in HIV/AID patients. In this review, current understanding of HIV-1 MIs is described and recent progress made toward elucidating the mechanism of action, target identification and development of second-generation MIs is reviewed.
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Key Words
- BMS, Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Bevirimat
- CA, capsid
- GSK, GlaxoSmithKline
- Gag processing
- Gag-drug interaction
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- HIV-1 maturation inhibitors
- MA, matrix
- MI, maturation inhibitor
- PI, protease inhibitor
- PR, protease
- SIV, Simian immunodeficiency virus
- SP1, spacer protein 1
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Alkyl Amine Bevirimat Derivatives Are Potent and Broadly Active HIV-1 Maturation Inhibitors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 60:190-7. [PMID: 26482309 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02121-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Concomitant with the release of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles from the infected cell, the viral protease cleaves the Gag polyprotein precursor at a number of sites to trigger virus maturation. We previously reported that a betulinic acid-derived compound, bevirimat (BVM), blocks HIV-1 maturation by disrupting a late step in protease-mediated Gag processing: the cleavage of the capsid-spacer peptide 1 (CA-SP1) intermediate to mature CA. BVM was shown in multiple clinical trials to be safe and effective in reducing viral loads in HIV-1-infected patients. However, naturally occurring polymorphisms in the SP1 region of Gag (e.g., SP1-V7A) led to a variable response in some BVM-treated patients. The reduced susceptibility of SP1-polymorphic HIV-1 to BVM resulted in the discontinuation of its clinical development. To overcome the loss of BVM activity induced by polymorphisms in SP1, we carried out an extensive medicinal chemistry campaign to develop novel maturation inhibitors. In this study, we focused on alkyl amine derivatives modified at the C-28 position of the BVM scaffold. We identified a set of derivatives that are markedly more potent than BVM against an HIV-1 clade B clone (NL4-3) and show robust antiviral activity against a variant of NL4-3 containing the V7A polymorphism in SP1. One of the most potent of these compounds also strongly inhibited a multiclade panel of primary HIV-1 isolates. These data demonstrate that C-28 alkyl amine derivatives of BVM can, to a large extent, overcome the loss of susceptibility imposed by polymorphisms in SP1.
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45
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Fontana J, Jurado KA, Cheng N, Ly NL, Fuchs JR, Gorelick RJ, Engelman AN, Steven AC. Distribution and Redistribution of HIV-1 Nucleocapsid Protein in Immature, Mature, and Integrase-Inhibited Virions: a Role for Integrase in Maturation. J Virol 2015; 89:9765-80. [PMID: 26178982 PMCID: PMC4577894 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01522-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED During virion maturation, HIV-1 capsid protein assembles into a conical core containing the viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complex, thought to be composed mainly of the viral RNA and nucleocapsid protein (NC). After infection, the viral RNA is reverse transcribed into double-stranded DNA, which is then incorporated into host chromosomes by integrase (IN) catalysis. Certain IN mutations (class II) and antiviral drugs (allosteric IN inhibitors [ALLINIs]) adversely affect maturation, resulting in virions that contain "eccentric condensates," electron-dense aggregates located outside seemingly empty capsids. Here we demonstrate that in addition to this mislocalization of electron density, a class II IN mutation and ALLINIs each increase the fraction of virions with malformed capsids (from ∼ 12% to ∼ 53%). Eccentric condensates have a high NC content, as demonstrated by "tomo-bubblegram" imaging, a novel labeling technique that exploits the susceptibility of NC to radiation damage. Tomo-bubblegrams also localized NC inside wild-type cores and lining the spherical Gag shell in immature virions. We conclude that eccentric condensates represent nonpackaged vRNPs and that either genetic or pharmacological inhibition of IN can impair vRNP incorporation into mature cores. Supplying IN in trans as part of a Vpr-IN fusion protein partially restored the formation of conical cores with internal electron density and the infectivity of a class II IN deletion mutant virus. Moreover, the ability of ALLINIs to induce eccentric condensate formation required both IN and viral RNA. Based on these observations, we propose a role for IN in initiating core morphogenesis and vRNP incorporation into the mature core during HIV-1 maturation. IMPORTANCE Maturation, a process essential for HIV-1 infectivity, involves core assembly, whereby the viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP, composed of vRNA and nucleocapsid protein [NC]) is packaged into a conical capsid. Allosteric integrase inhibitors (ALLINIs) affect multiple viral processes. We have characterized ALLINIs and integrase mutants that have the same phenotype. First, by comparing the effects of ALLINIs on several steps of the viral cycle, we show that inhibition of maturation accounts for compound potency. Second, by using cryoelectron tomography, we find that ALLINIs impair conical capsid assembly. Third, by developing tomo-bubblegram imaging, which specifically labels NC protein, we find that ALLINIs block vRNP packaging; instead, vRNPs form "eccentric condensates" outside the core. Fourth, malformed cores, typical of integrase-deleted virus, are partially replaced by conical cores when integrase is supplied in trans. Fifth, vRNA is necessary for ALLINI-induced eccentric condensate formation. These observations suggest that integrase is involved in capsid morphogenesis and vRNP packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Fontana
- Laboratory of Structural Biology Research, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kellie A Jurado
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Naiqian Cheng
- Laboratory of Structural Biology Research, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ngoc L Ly
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - James R Fuchs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert J Gorelick
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan N Engelman
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alasdair C Steven
- Laboratory of Structural Biology Research, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Hadravová R, Rumlová M, Ruml T. FAITH - Fast Assembly Inhibitor Test for HIV. Virology 2015; 486:78-87. [PMID: 26410239 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to the high number of drug-resistant HIV-1 mutants generated by highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), there is continuing demand for new types of inhibitors. Both the assembly of the Gag polyprotein into immature and mature HIV-1 particles are attractive candidates for the blocking of the retroviral life cycle. Currently, no therapeutically-used assembly inhibitor is available. One possible explanation is the lack of a reliable and simple assembly inhibitor screening method. To identify compounds potentially inhibiting the formation of both types of HIV-1 particles, we developed a new fluorescent high-throughput screening assay. This assay is based on the quantification of the assembly efficiency in vitro in a 96-well plate format. The key components of the assay are HIV-1 Gag-derived proteins and a dual-labelled oligonucleotide, which emits fluorescence only when the assembly of retroviral particles is inhibited. The method was validated using three (CAI, BM2, PF74) reported assembly inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Hadravová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry IOCB Research Centre & Gilead Sciences, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Rumlová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry IOCB Research Centre & Gilead Sciences, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo nám. 2, 166 10 Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
Major advances have occurred in recent years in our understanding of HIV-1 assembly, release and maturation, as work in this field has been propelled forwards by developments in imaging technology, structural biology, and cell and molecular biology. This increase in basic knowledge is being applied to the development of novel inhibitors designed to target various aspects of virus assembly and maturation. This Review highlights recent progress in elucidating the late stages of the HIV-1 replication cycle and the related interplay between virology, cell and molecular biology, and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric O Freed
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bg. 535, Room 110, 1050 Boyles St., Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201, USA
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Tang J, Jones SA, Jeffery JL, Miranda SR, Galardi CM, Irlbeck DM, Brown KW, McDanal CB, Han N, Gao D, Wu Y, Shen B, Liu C, Xi C, Yang H, Li R, Yu Y, Sun Y, Jin Z, Wang E, Johns BA. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Macrocyclized Betulin Derivatives as a Novel Class of Anti-HIV-1 Maturation Inhibitors. THE OPEN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY JOURNAL 2014; 8:23-7. [PMID: 25250097 PMCID: PMC4157350 DOI: 10.2174/1874104501408010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A macrocycle provides diverse functionality and stereochemical complexity in a conformationally preorganized ring structure, and it occupies a unique chemical space in drug discovery. However, the synthetic challenge to access this structural class is high and hinders the exploration of macrocycles. In this study, efficient synthetic routes to macrocyclized betulin derivatives have been established. The macrocycle containing compounds showed equal potency compared to bevirimat in multiple HIV-1 antiviral assays. The synthesis and biological evaluation of this novel series of HIV-1 maturation inhibitors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tang
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Stacey A Jones
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Jerry L Jeffery
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Sonia R Miranda
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Cristin M Galardi
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - David M Irlbeck
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Kevin W Brown
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Charlene B McDanal
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Nianhe Han
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Daxin Gao
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yongyong Wu
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bin Shen
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Chunyu Liu
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Caiming Xi
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Heping Yang
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Rui Li
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yajun Yu
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yufei Sun
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhimin Jin
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Erjuan Wang
- ShangPharma Discovery Chemistry Services, Zhangjiang High-tech Park, Pudong, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Brian A Johns
- GlaxoSmithKline Research & Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Cheng N, Lee SK, Donover PS, Reichman M, Schiffer CA, Hull-Ryde EA, Swanstrom R, Janzen WP. Development of a Novel Screening Strategy Designed to Discover a New Class of HIV Drugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 19:297-303. [PMID: 24305957 DOI: 10.1177/2211068213513453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Current antiretroviral treatments target multiple pathways important for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) multiplication, including viral entry, synthesis and integration of the DNA provirus, and the processing of viral polyprotein precursors. However, HIV is becoming increasingly resistant to these "combination therapies." Recent findings show that inhibition of HIV Gag protein cleavage into its two structural proteins, matrix (MA) and capsid (CA), has a devastating effect on viral production, revealing a potential new target class for HIV treatment. Unlike the widely used HIV protease inhibitors, this new class of inhibitor would target the substrate, not the protease enzyme itself. This approach offers a distinct advantage in that inhibitors of MA/CA would only need to affect a subset of the Gag molecules to disable viral replication. To discover MA/CA-specific inhibitors, we constructed a modified MA/CA fusion peptide (MA/CAΔ) that contains the HIV protease (PR) cleavage site as well as a tetracysteine motif for fluorescent labeling. The HIV PR cleavage of MA/CAΔ can then be monitored via fluorescence polarization (FP). We have adapted this FP assay for high-throughput screening and validated it according to industry standards using a 384-well plate format. We have currently tested 24,000 compounds in this assay and here detail the screening methodology and the results of this screening campaign.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Cheng
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sook-Kyung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and the UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - P Scott Donover
- LIMR Chemical Genomics Center, Inc., Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA
| | - Mel Reichman
- LIMR Chemical Genomics Center, Inc., Lankenau Institute for Medical Research, Wynnewood, PA, USA
| | - Celia A Schiffer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Emily A Hull-Ryde
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ronald Swanstrom
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and the UNC Center for AIDS Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - William P Janzen
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA Cancer Genetics Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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A two-pronged structural analysis of retroviral maturation indicates that core formation proceeds by a disassembly-reassembly pathway rather than a displacive transition. J Virol 2013; 87:13655-64. [PMID: 24109217 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01408-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Retrovirus maturation involves sequential cleavages of the Gag polyprotein, initially arrayed in a spherical shell, leading to formation of capsids with polyhedral or conical morphology. Evidence suggests that capsids assemble de novo inside maturing virions from dissociated capsid (CA) protein, but the possibility persists of a displacive pathway in which the CA shell remains assembled but is remodeled. Inhibition of the final cleavage between CA and spacer peptide SP1/SP blocks the production of mature capsids. We investigated whether retention of SP might render CA assembly incompetent by testing the ability of Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) CA-SP to assemble in vitro into icosahedral capsids. Capsids were indeed assembled and were indistinguishable from those formed by CA alone, indicating that SP was disordered. We also used cryo-electron tomography to characterize HIV-1 particles produced in the presence of maturation inhibitor PF-46396 or with the cleavage-blocking CA5 mutation. Inhibitor-treated virions have a shell that resembles the CA layer of the immature Gag shell but is less complete. Some CA protein is generated but usually not enough for a mature core to assemble. We propose that inhibitors like PF-46396 bind to the Gag lattice where they deny the protease access to the CA-SP1 cleavage site and prevent the release of CA. CA5 particles, which exhibit no cleavage at the CA-SP1 site, have spheroidal shells with relatively thin walls. It appears that this lattice progresses displacively toward a mature-like state but produces neither conical cores nor infectious virions. These observations support the disassembly-reassembly pathway for core formation.
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