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Lee RH, Curtis J, Drake MT, Bobo Tanner S, Lenert L, Schmader K, Pieper C, North R, Lyles KW. Association of prior treatment with nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates on outcomes of COVID-19 positive patients. Osteoporos Int 2024; 35:181-187. [PMID: 37700010 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-023-06912-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 infection has resulted in significant morbidity and mortality globally, especially among older adults. Repurposed drugs have demonstrated activity in respiratory illnesses, including nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates. In this retrospective longitudinal study at 4 academic medical centers, we show no benefit of nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates regarding ICU admission, ventilator use, and mortality among older adults with COVID-19 infection. We specifically evaluated the intravenous bisphosphonate zoledronic acid and found no difference compared to oral bisphosphonates. BACKGROUND Widely used in osteoporosis treatment, nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates (N-BP) have been associated with reduced mortality and morbidity among older adults. Based on prior studies, we hypothesized that prior treatment with N-BP might reduce intensive care unit (ICU) admission, ventilator use, and death among older adults diagnosed with COVID-19. METHODS This retrospective analysis of the PCORnet Common Data Model across 4 academic medical centers through 1 September 2021 identified individuals age >50 years with a diagnosis of COVID-19. The composite outcome included ICU admission, ventilator use, or death within 15, 30, and 180 days of COVID-19 diagnosis. Use of N-BP was defined as a prescription within 3 years prior. ICU admission and ventilator use were determined using administrative codes. Death included both in-hospital and out-of-hospital events. Patients treated with N-BP were matched 1:1 by propensity score to patients without prior N-BP use. Secondary analysis compared outcomes among those prescribed zoledronic acid (ZOL) to those prescribed oral N-BPs. RESULTS Of 76,223 COVID-19 patients identified, 1,853 were previously prescribed N-BP, among whom 559 were prescribed ZOL. After propensity score matching, there were no significant differences in the composite outcome at 15 days (HR 1.22, 95% CI: 0.89-1.67), 30 days (HR 1.24, 95% CI: 0.93-1.66), or 180 days (HR 1.17, 95% CI: 0.93-1.48), comparing those prescribed and not prescribed N-BP. Compared to those prescribed oral N-BP, there were no significant differences in outcomes among those prescribed ZOL. CONCLUSION Among older COVID-19 patients, prior exposure to N-BP including ZOL was not associated with a reduction in ICU admission, ventilator use, or death.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Lee
- Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - J Curtis
- Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | - L Lenert
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - C Pieper
- Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - R North
- Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Si Y, Zhang Y, Zuloaga K, Yang Q. The role of innate lymphocytes in regulating brain and cognitive function. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 179:106061. [PMID: 36870457 PMCID: PMC11194859 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates complex interaction between the immune system and the nervous system, challenging the traditional view about the immune privilege of the brain. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) and innate-like T cells are unique families of immune cells that functionally mirror traditional T cells but may function via antigen- and T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-independent mechanisms. Recent work indicates that various ILCs and innate-like T cell subsets are present in the brain barrier tissue, where they play important roles in regulating brain barrier integrity, brain homeostasis and cognitive function. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the intricate roles for innate and innate-like lymphocytes in regulating brain and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Si
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Yuanyue Zhang
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Kristen Zuloaga
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Qi Yang
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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3
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McLeish E, Sooda A, Slater N, Kachigunda B, Beer K, Paramalingam S, Lamont PJ, Chopra A, Mastaglia FL, Needham M, Coudert JD. Uncovering the significance of expanded CD8+ large granular lymphocytes in inclusion body myositis: Insights into T cell phenotype and functional alterations, and disease severity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1153789. [PMID: 37063893 PMCID: PMC10098158 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1153789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionInclusion body myositis (IBM) is a progressive inflammatory myopathy characterised by skeletal muscle infiltration and myofibre invasion by CD8+ T lymphocytes. In some cases, IBM has been reported to be associated with a systemic lymphoproliferative disorder of CD8+ T cells exhibiting a highly differentiated effector phenotype known as T cell Large Granular Lymphocytic Leukemia (T-LGLL). MethodsWe investigated the incidence of a CD8+ T-LGL lymphoproliferative disorder in 85 IBM patients and an aged-matched group of 56 Healthy Controls (HC). Further, we analysed the phenotypical characteristics of the expanded T-LGLs and investigated whether their occurrence was associated with any particular HLA alleles or clinical characteristics. ResultsBlood cell analysis by flow cytometry revealed expansion of T-LGLs in 34 of the 85 (40%) IBM patients. The T cell immunophenotype of T-LGLHIGH patients was characterised by increased expression of surface molecules including CD57 and KLRG1, and to a lesser extent of CD94 and CD56 predominantly in CD8+ T cells, although we also observed modest changes in CD4+ T cells and γδ T cells. Analysis of Ki67 in CD57+ KLRG1+ T cells revealed that only a small proportion of these cells was proliferating. Comparative analysis of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells isolated from matched blood and muscle samples donated by three patients indicated a consistent pattern of more pronounced alterations in muscles, although not significant due to small sample size. In the T-LGLHIGH patient group, we found increased frequencies of perforin-producing CD8+ and CD4+ T cells that were moderately correlated to combined CD57 and KLRG1 expression. Investigation of the HLA haplotypes of 75 IBM patients identified that carriage of the HLA-C*14:02:01 allele was significantly higher in T-LGLHIGH compared to T-LGLLOW individuals. Expansion of T-LGL was not significantly associated with seropositivity patient status for anti-cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase 1A autoantibodies. Clinically, the age at disease onset and disease duration were similar in the T-LGLHIGH and T-LGLLOW patient groups. However, metadata analysis of functional alterations indicated that patients with expanded T-LGL more frequently relied on mobility aids than T-LGLLOW patients indicating greater disease severity. ConclusionAltogether, these results suggest that T-LGL expansion occurring in IBM patients is correlated with exacerbated immune dysregulation and increased disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily McLeish
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Emily McLeish, ; Jerome David Coudert,
| | - Anuradha Sooda
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Nataliya Slater
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Barbara Kachigunda
- Harry Butler Institute, Centre for Biosecurity and One Health, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Kelly Beer
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | | | - Phillipa J. Lamont
- Neurogenetic Unit, Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Abha Chopra
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Frank Louis Mastaglia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Merrilee Needham
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, WA, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Jerome David Coudert
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Emily McLeish, ; Jerome David Coudert,
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Chu TH, Khairallah C, Shieh J, Cho R, Qiu Z, Zhang Y, Eskiocak O, Thanassi DG, Kaplan MH, Beyaz S, Yang VW, Bliska JB, Sheridan BS. γδ T cell IFNγ production is directly subverted by Yersinia pseudotuberculosis outer protein YopJ in mice and humans. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010103. [PMID: 34871329 PMCID: PMC8648121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis is a foodborne pathogen that subverts immune function by translocation of Yersinia outer protein (Yop) effectors into host cells. As adaptive γδ T cells protect the intestinal mucosa from pathogen invasion, we assessed whether Y. pseudotuberculosis subverts these cells in mice and humans. Tracking Yop translocation revealed that the preferential delivery of Yop effectors directly into murine Vγ4 and human Vδ2+ T cells inhibited anti-microbial IFNγ production. Subversion was mediated by the adhesin YadA, injectisome component YopB, and translocated YopJ effector. A broad anti-pathogen gene signature and STAT4 phosphorylation levels were inhibited by translocated YopJ. Thus, Y. pseudotuberculosis attachment and translocation of YopJ directly into adaptive γδ T cells is a major mechanism of immune subversion in mice and humans. This study uncovered a conserved Y. pseudotuberculosis pathway that subverts adaptive γδ T cell function to promote pathogenicity. Unconventional γδ T cells are a dynamic immune population important for mucosal protection of the intestine against invading pathogens. We determined that the foodborne pathogen Y. pseudotuberculosis preferentially targets an adaptive subset of these cells to subvert immune function. We found that direct injection of Yersinia outer proteins (Yop) into adaptive γδ T cells inhibited their anti-pathogen functions. We screened all Yop effectors and identified YopJ as the sole effector to inhibit adaptive γδ T cell production of IFNγ. We determined that adaptive γδ T cell subversion occurred by limiting activation of the transcription factor STAT4. When we infected mice with Y. pseudotuberculosis expressing an inactive YopJ, this enhanced the adaptive γδ T cell response and led to greater cytokine production from this subset of cells to aid mouse recovery. This mechanism of immune evasion appears conserved in humans as direct injection of Y. pseudotuberculosis YopJ into human γδ T cells inhibited cytokine production. This suggested to us that Y. pseudotuberculosis actively inhibits the adaptive γδ T cell response through YopJ as a mechanism to evade immune surveillance at the site of pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy H. Chu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Camille Khairallah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Jason Shieh
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Rhea Cho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Zhijuan Qiu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Onur Eskiocak
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - David G. Thanassi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark H. Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Semir Beyaz
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Vincent W. Yang
- Department of Medicine, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - James B. Bliska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Dartmouth, New Hampshire, United States of America
| | - Brian S. Sheridan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lymphopenia in COVID-19: γδ T Cells-Based Therapeutic Opportunities. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9060562. [PMID: 34071430 PMCID: PMC8228064 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9060562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection dysregulates the immune system by lymphopenia of B cells, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and cytotoxic cells such as CD8, γδ T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells. Despite many studies being conducted to better understand the effects of SARS-CoV-2 on the immune system, many mechanisms still remain unclear, hindering the development of novel therapeutic approaches and strategies to improve the host’s immune defense. This mini-review summarizes the findings on the role of γδ T cells in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), providing an overview of the excellent anti-viral therapeutic potential of γδ T cells, that had not yet been exploited in depth.
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Gholami M, Safari S, Ulloa L, Motaghinejad M. Neuropathies and neurological dysfunction induced by coronaviruses. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:380-396. [PMID: 33983506 PMCID: PMC8117458 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-00977-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
During the recent years, viral epidemic due to coronaviruses, such as SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome), Middle East Respiratory Coronavirus Syndrome (MERS), and COVID-19 (coronavirus disese-19), has become a global problem. In addition to causing cardiovascular and respiratory lethal dysfunction, these viruses can cause neurodegeneration leading to neurological disorders. Review of the current scientific literature reveals the multiple neuropathies and neuronal dysfunction associated with these viruses. Here, we review the major findings of these studies and discuss the main neurological sequels and outcomes of coronavirus infections with SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. This article analyzes and discusses the main mechanisms of coronavirus-induced neurodegeneration according to the current experimental and clinical studies. Coronaviruses can damage the nerves directly through endovascular dysfunctions thereby affecting nerve structures and synaptic connections. Coronaviruses can also induce neural cell degeneration indirectly via mitochondrial dysfunction inducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Thus, coronaviruses can cause neurological disorders by inducing neurovascular dysfunction affecting nerve structures and synaptic connections, and by inducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. While some of these mechanisms are similar to other RNA viruses, the neurotoxic mechanisms of COVID-19, MERS, and SARS-CoV viruses are unknown and need detailed clinical and experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Gholami
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Safari
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Luis Ulloa
- Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, NC, 27710, Durham, USA.
| | - Majid Motaghinejad
- Razi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Yazdanifar M, Mashkour N, Bertaina A. Making a case for using γδ T cells against SARS-CoV-2. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46:689-702. [PMID: 33023358 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1822279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intensive worldwide efforts are underway to determine both the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the immune responses in COVID-19 patients in order to develop effective therapeutics and vaccines. One type of cell that may contribute to these immune responses is the γδ T lymphocyte, which plays a key role in immunosurveillance of the mucosal and epithelial barriers by rapidly responding to pathogens. Although found in low numbers in blood, γδ T cells consist the majority of tissue-resident T cells and participate in the front line of the host immune defense. Previous studies have demonstrated the critical protective role of γδ T cells in immune responses to other respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-1. However, no studies have profoundly investigated these cells in COVID-19 patients to date. γδ T cells can be safely expanded in vivo using existing inexpensive FDA-approved drugs such as bisphosphonate, in order to test its protective immune response to SARS-CoV-2. To support this line of research, we review insights gained from previous coronavirus research, along with recent findings, discussing the potential role of γδ T cells in controlling SARS-CoV-2. We conclude by proposing several strategies to enhance γδ T cell's antiviral function, which may be used in developing therapies for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Yazdanifar
- Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Narges Mashkour
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, CPHMVS, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Alice Bertaina
- Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Ribeiro M, Brigas HC, Temido-Ferreira M, Pousinha PA, Regen T, Santa C, Coelho JE, Marques-Morgado I, Valente CA, Omenetti S, Stockinger B, Waisman A, Manadas B, Lopes LV, Silva-Santos B, Ribot JC. Meningeal γδ T cell-derived IL-17 controls synaptic plasticity and short-term memory. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/40/eaay5199. [PMID: 31604844 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aay5199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The notion of "immune privilege" of the brain has been revised to accommodate its infiltration, at steady state, by immune cells that participate in normal neurophysiology. However, the immune mechanisms that regulate learning and memory remain poorly understood. Here, we show that noninflammatory interleukin-17 (IL-17) derived from a previously unknown fetal-derived meningeal-resident γδ T cell subset promotes cognition. When tested in classical spatial learning paradigms, mice lacking γδ T cells or IL-17 displayed deficient short-term memory while retaining long-term memory. The plasticity of glutamatergic synapses was reduced in the absence of IL-17, resulting in impaired long-term potentiation in the hippocampus. Conversely, IL-17 enhanced glial cell production of brain-derived neurotropic factor, whose exogenous provision rescued the synaptic and behavioral phenotypes of IL-17-deficient animals. Together, our work provides previously unknown clues on the mechanisms that regulate short-term versus long-term memory and on the evolutionary and functional link between the immune and nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ribeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Helena C Brigas
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mariana Temido-Ferreira
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paula A Pousinha
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Tommy Regen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Cátia Santa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana E Coelho
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Inês Marques-Morgado
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudia A Valente
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bruno Manadas
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luísa V Lopes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bruno Silva-Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Julie C Ribot
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Brufsky A, Marti JLG, Nasrazadani A, Lotze MT. Boning up: amino-bisphophonates as immunostimulants and endosomal disruptors of dendritic cell in SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Transl Med 2020; 18:261. [PMID: 32600410 PMCID: PMC7322393 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino-bisphosphonates such as zoledronic acid (ZA) can possibly ameliorate or prevent severe COVID-19 disease by at least three distinct mechanisms: (1) as immunostimulants which could boost γδ T cell expansion, important in the acute response in the lung; (2) as DC modulators, limiting their ability to only partially activate T cells; and (3) as prenylation inhibitors of small GTPases in the endosomal pathway of the DC to prevent expulsion of lysosomes containing SARS-CoV-2 virions. Use of ZA or other amino-bisphosphonates as modulators of COVID-19 disease should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Brufsky
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Magee Women’s Hospital, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Suite 4628, 300 Halket Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | | | | | - Michael T. Lotze
- Department of Surgery, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Rm G.27A, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
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Wang H, Li M, Zhang X, He F, Zhang S, Zhao J. Impairment of peripheral Vdelta2 T cells in human cystic echinococcosis. Exp Parasitol 2017; 174:17-24. [PMID: 28153802 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) induced by metacestodes (larval stages) of Echinococcus granulosus (E.granulosus) represents a severe endemic disease worldwide. Gamma delta (γδ) T cells, one of innate immune cells, play pivotal role in pathogenic infections. However, whether γδ T cells are involved in CE remains unclear. This study firstly investigated the role of peripheral γδ T cells in CE. The results showed that the percentage of peripheral γδ T cells from CE patients was decreased, compared with healthy controls (HC) (p < 0.01). This decrease was primarily due to a reduction in Vδ2 subset. Furthermore, Vδ2 T cells in CE expressed lower Natural Killer Group 2D (NKG2D) (p < 0.01). The abundance of Vδ2 T cells correlated negatively with cyst burden. To further identify the function of decreased Vδ2 T cells in CE, proliferation rate, cytokine secretion and cytotoxin were detected subsequently in vitro. As a result, the proliferation rate of Vδ2 cells in CE patients was lower than that in HC (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, Vδ2 T cells from CE patients released significantly decreased interferon (IFN)-γ, compared with HC (p < 0.05). Moreover, the levels of perforin and granzyme B of Vδ2 T cells from the patients were decreased significantly (p < 0.05), suggesting impaired cytotoxin generation of Vδ2 cells in CE. Collectively, our findings indicated that circulating Vδ2 T cells in CE was impaired, and these aberrations may contribute to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Medical Immunology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China; Key Lab of Hydatid Disease, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Medical Immunology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Fang He
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, China
| | - Shengbin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Baogang Hospital, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jiaqing Zhao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology and Medical Immunology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China; Key Lab of Hydatid Disease, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.
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11
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Chávez-Blanco A, Chacón-Salinas R, Dominguez-Gomez G, Gonzalez-Fierro A, Perez-Cardenas E, Taja-Chayeb L, Trejo-Becerril C, Duenas-Gonzalez A. Viral inhibitors of NKG2D ligands for tumor surveillance. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2016; 20:1375-1387. [PMID: 27322108 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2016.1202928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Natural Killer cells (NK) are key for the innate immune response against tumors and viral infections. Several viral proteins evade host immune response and target the NK cell receptor NKG2D and its ligands. Areas covered: This review aimed to describe the viruses and their proteins that interfere with the NKG2D receptor and their ligands, and how these interactions lead to immune evasion, host protection, and tissue damage from acute and chronic viral infections. Expert opinion: The study of viral proteins has already impacted the field of oncology. A prime example is the HBV vaccine and the development of antiviral drugs for HIV, Hepatitis C, and the family of Herpesviridae viruses. The NKG2D system seems to be a rational therapeutic target. Nevertheless, an effective cytotoxic response by NK cells is mediated by a network of activating and inhibitory receptors, the integration of which determines if the NK cell becomes cytotoxic or permissive. Immunotherapeutic agents that increase the antitumor lytic activity of NK cells through modulating activation and inhibitory signaling of NK cells are being developed. Nevertheless, more research is needed to dissect the integrative mechanism of NK cells function to fully exploit their antitumor and antiviral effector mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Chávez-Blanco
- a Division of Basic Research , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Rommel Chacón-Salinas
- b Departamento de Inmunología , Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, ENCB-IPN , Mexico City , México
| | | | - Aurora Gonzalez-Fierro
- a Division of Basic Research , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Enrique Perez-Cardenas
- a Division of Basic Research , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología , Mexico City , Mexico
| | - Lucia Taja-Chayeb
- a Division of Basic Research , Instituto Nacional de Cancerología , Mexico City , Mexico
| | | | - Alfonso Duenas-Gonzalez
- c Unidad de Investigacion Biomedica en Cancer , Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas UNAM/Instituto Nacional de Cancerología , Mexico City , Mexico.,d Unidad de Investigacion Basica Aplicada , ISSEMyM Cancer Center , Toluca , Mexico
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12
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Elliott R, Li F, Dragomir I, Chua MMW, Gregory BD, Weiss SR. Analysis of the host transcriptome from demyelinating spinal cord of murine coronavirus-infected mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75346. [PMID: 24058676 PMCID: PMC3776850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent infection of the mouse central nervous system (CNS) with mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) induces a demyelinating disease pathologically similar to multiple sclerosis and is therefore used as a model system. There is little information regarding the host factors that correlate with and contribute to MHV-induced demyelination. Here, we detail the genes and pathways associated with MHV-induced demyelinating disease in the spinal cord. High-throughput sequencing of the host transcriptome revealed that demyelination is accompanied by numerous transcriptional changes indicative of immune infiltration as well as changes in the cytokine milieu and lipid metabolism. We found evidence that a Th1-biased cytokine/chemokine response and eicosanoid-derived inflammation accompany persistent MHV infection and that antigen presentation is ongoing. Interestingly, increased expression of genes involved in lipid transport, processing, and catabolism, including some with known roles in neurodegenerative diseases, coincided with demyelination. Lastly, expression of several genes involved in osteoclast or bone-resident macrophage function, most notably TREM2 and DAP12, was upregulated in persistently infected mouse spinal cord. This study highlights the complexity of the host antiviral response, which accompany MHV-induced demyelination, and further supports previous findings that MHV-induced demyelination is immune-mediated. Interestingly, these data suggest a parallel between bone reabsorption by osteoclasts and myelin debris clearance by microglia in the bone and the CNS, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report of using an RNA-seq approach to study the host CNS response to persistent viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Elliott
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Fan Li
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Isabelle Dragomir
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ming Ming W. Chua
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brian D. Gregory
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Susan R. Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Van Belle TL, Ling E, Haase C, Bresson D, Ursø B, von Herrath MG. NKG2D blockade facilitates diabetes prevention by antigen-specific Tregs in a virus-induced model of diabetes. J Autoimmun 2012; 40:66-73. [PMID: 22944096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It is thought that viral infections might jeopardize regulatory T cell therapy in type 1 diabetes. Viral infections can lead to surface expression of ligands for the activating NKG2D receptor, such as retinoic acid early transcript 1 (Rae-1), whose expression on beta-cells recruits NKG2D(+) autoreactive CD8(+) T cells. Both in men and mice, autoreactive cytotoxic T cells express NKG2D. We showed that NKG2D expression increased on CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells during virus-induced diabetes development in the rat insulin promotor (RIP) Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (LCMV) model. Combination treatment with anti-NKG2D and antigen-specific regulatory T cells (Treg), at doses inefficacious in mono-treatment, synergized to prevent diabetes in 75% of the virus-infected RIP-LCMV mice. Nevertheless, NKG2D blockade alone failed to reverse recent-onset diabetes in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, despite downregulation of NKG2D on NK cells in the blood and CD8(+) T cells in the spleen and pancreatic lymph nodes. Our data suggest that blocking the interaction of NKG2D with it ligands is insufficient to protect against diabetes when a strong inflammatory process actively drives NKG2D upregulation, but should be considered to help maintaining Treg functionality during ongoing pancreatic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom L Van Belle
- Type 1 Diabetes Center of San Diego, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, 9420 Athena Circle, San Diego, CA 92037, USA
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14
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Chen M, Hu P, Peng H, Zeng W, Shi X, Lei Y, Hu H, Zhang D, Ren H. Enhanced peripheral γδT cells cytotoxicity potential in patients with HBV-associated acute-on-chronic liver failure might contribute to the disease progression. J Clin Immunol 2012; 32:877-85. [PMID: 22415432 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study explored the characteristics of γδ T cells in the blood of HBV-associated acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF) patients and examined the relationship between γδ T cells and the clinical parameters. METHODS Blood samples were obtained from 26 patients with HBV-ACLF, 40 patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (CHBV), and 25 healthy controls (HC). The frequencies of γδ T cells, subtype Vδ1T or Vδ2T, and CD45RO(+)γδ T cells were determined using flow cytometry. Intracellular cytokine staining analysis was used to evaluate the proportion of the IFN-γ-, TNF-α-, or IL-17-producing γδ T cells, and CD107a- or granzyme B-positive γδ T cells. RESULTS We found that the proportion of γδ T cells in blood samples from HBV-ACLF patients was much lower than in samples from CHBV patients or healthy controls. After stimulation with PMA and ionomycin, γδ T cells from HBV-ACLF patients produced the greatest amount of TNF-α or IL-17 among the three groups. Granzyme B- or CD107a-positive γδ T cells were significantly more frequent than in CHBV or control samples. There was a negative correlation between the percent of TNF-α(+)γδ T cells and ALT or AST levels, and between the percent of CD107a(+)γδ T cells and TBiL or DBiL levels. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that γδ T cells might participate in liver injury in HBV-ACLF patients by producing increased amounts of inflammatory cytokines and/or cytotoxicity ability. These findings provide novel information regarding the pathogenesis of HBV-ACLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No.74 Lin Jiang Rd., Yu Zhong District, 400010, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Deb C, Howe CL. NKG2D contributes to efficient clearance of picornavirus from the acutely infected murine brain. J Neurovirol 2008; 14:261-6. [PMID: 18569460 PMCID: PMC3181148 DOI: 10.1080/13550280802105002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Activated murine cytotoxic T cells express the NKG2D natural cytotoxicity receptor. This receptor recognizes major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I-like molecules expressed on the surface of infected cells and serves to augment T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The role of NKG2D-mediated augmentation in the clearance of central nervous system viral infections has not been explored. Using the Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus model, the authors found that NKG2D-positive CD8+ cytotoxic T cells enter the brain, that NKG2D ligands are expressed in the brain during acute infection, and that interruption of NKG2D ligand recognition via treatment with a function-blocking antibody attenuates the efficacy of viral clearance from the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Deb
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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16
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Schaumburg CS, Held KS, Lane TE. Mouse hepatitis virus infection of the CNS: a model for defense, disease, and repair. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2008; 13:4393-406. [PMID: 18508518 DOI: 10.2741/3012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Viral infection of the central nervous system (CNS) results in varied outcomes ranging from encephalitis, paralytic poliomyelitis or other serious consequences. One of the principal factors that directs the outcome of infection is the localized innate immune response, which is proceeded by the adaptive immune response against the invading viral pathogen. The role of the immune system is to contain and control the spread of virus within the CNS, and paradoxically, this response may also be pathological. Studies with a neurotropic murine coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) have provided important insights into how the immune system combats neuroinvasive viruses, and have identified molecular and cellular mechanisms contributing to chronic disease in persistently infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris S Schaumburg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine 92697-3900, USA
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17
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Walsh KB, Lanier LL, Lane TE. NKG2D receptor signaling enhances cytolytic activity by virus-specific CD8+ T cells: evidence for a protective role in virus-induced encephalitis. J Virol 2008; 82:3031-44. [PMID: 18160433 PMCID: PMC2259000 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02033-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inoculation with the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) into the central nervous system (CNS) of mice results in an acute encephalitis associated with an immune-mediated demyelinating disease. During acute disease, infiltrating CD8(+) T cells secrete gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) that controls replication in oligodendrocytes, while infected astrocytes and microglia are susceptible to perforin-mediated lysis. The present study was undertaken to reveal the functional contributions of the activating NKG2D receptor in host defense and disease following JHMV infection. NKG2D ligands RAE-1, MULT1, and H60 were expressed within the CNS following JHMV infection. The immunophenotyping of infiltrating cells revealed that NKG2D was expressed on approximately 90% of infiltrating CD8(+) T cells during acute and chronic disease. Blocking NKG2D following JHMV infection resulted in increased mortality that correlated with increased viral titers within the CNS. Anti-NKG2D treatment did not alter T-cell infiltration into the CNS or the generation of virus-specific CD8(+) T cells, and the expression of IFN-gamma was not affected. However, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity was dependent on NKG2D expression, because anti-NKG2D treatment resulted in a dramatic reduction in lytic activity by virus-specific CD8(+) T cells. Blocking NKG2D during chronic disease did not affect either T-cell or macrophage infiltration or the severity of demyelination, indicating that NKG2D does not contribute to virus-induced demyelination. These findings demonstrate a functional role for NKG2D in host defense during acute viral encephalitis by selectively enhancing CTL activity by infiltrating virus-specific CD8(+) T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Encephalitis, Viral/immunology
- Encephalitis, Viral/pathology
- Flow Cytometry
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/immunology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, SCID
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/physiology
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Walsh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, 3205 McGaugh Hall, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3900, USA
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18
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Templeton SP, Perlman S. Role of IFN-gamma responsiveness in CD8 T-cell-mediated viral clearance and demyelination in coronavirus-infected mice. J Neuroimmunol 2008; 194:18-26. [PMID: 18082272 PMCID: PMC7112937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2007] [Revised: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunocompetent, but not RAG1(-/-) mice infected with MHV-JHM develop demyelination. Transferred CD8 T cell-enriched splenocytes reconstitute demyelination, and this ability is dependent on donor IFN-gamma. We used IFN-gammaR1(-/-) mice to examine the target of IFN-gamma in CD8 T cell-mediated demyelination. In IFN-gammaR1(-/-)RAG1(-/-) recipients, demyelination is decreased, but not eliminated, while viral titers are significantly increased when compared to IFN-gammaR1(+/+)RAG1(-/-) recipients. IFN-gammaR1(-/-) CD8 T cells retain virus-specific effector function regardless of IFN-gammaR1 expression. Although IFN-gammaR1 responsiveness is critical for maximal demyelination, increased levels of infectious virus coupled with adoptive transfer of CD8 T cells may result in myelin destruction independent of IFN-gammaR1 expression.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Central Nervous System Viral Diseases/immunology
- Central Nervous System Viral Diseases/pathology
- Central Nervous System Viral Diseases/virology
- Chemotaxis
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/pathology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Crosses, Genetic
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/etiology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/immunology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/pathology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/virology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/physiology
- Interferon-gamma/analysis
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Murine hepatitis virus/isolation & purification
- Murine hepatitis virus/physiology
- Receptors, Interferon/deficiency
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Templeton
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
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19
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Templeton SP, Perlman S. Pathogenesis of acute and chronic central nervous system infection with variants of mouse hepatitis virus, strain JHM. Immunol Res 2008; 39:160-72. [PMID: 17917063 PMCID: PMC7090838 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-007-0079-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Infection of mice with variants of mouse hepatitis virus, strain JHM (MHV-JHM), provide models of acute and chronic viral infection of the central nervous system (CNS). Through targeted recombination and reverse genetic manipulation, studies of infection with MHV-JHM variants have identified phenotypic differences and examined the effects of these differences on viral pathogenesis and anti-viral host immune responses. Studies employing recombinant viruses with a modified spike (S) glycoprotein of MHV-JHM have identified the S gene as a major determinant of neurovirulence. However, the association of S gene variation and neurovirulence with host ability to generate anti-viral CD8 T cell responses is not completely clear. Partially protective anti-viral immune responses may result in persistent infection and chronic demyelinating disease characterized by myelin removal from axons of the CNS and associated with dense macrophage/microglial infiltration. Demyelinating disease during MHV-JHM infection is immune-mediated, as mice that lack T lymphocytes fail to develop disease despite succumbing to encephalitis with high levels of infectious virus in the CNS. However, the presence of T lymphocytes or anti-viral antibody can induce disease in infected immunodeficient mice. The mechanisms by which these immune effectors induce demyelination share an ability to activate and recruit macrophages and microglia, thus increasing the putative role of these cells in myelin destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Templeton
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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20
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Evidence for differential roles for NKG2D receptor signaling in innate host defense against coronavirus-induced neurological and liver disease. J Virol 2007; 82:3021-30. [PMID: 18094157 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02032-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of SCID mice with a recombinant murine coronavirus (mouse hepatitis virus [MHV]) expressing the T-cell chemoattractant CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) resulted in increased survival and reduced viral burden within the brain and liver compared to those of mice infected with an isogenic control virus (MHV), supporting an important role for CXCL10 in innate immune responses following viral infection. Enhanced protection in MHV-CXCL10-infected mice correlated with increased gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production by infiltrating natural killer (NK) cells within the brain and reduced liver pathology. To explore the underlying mechanisms associated with protection from disease in MHV-CXCL10-infected mice, the functional contributions of the NK cell-activating receptor NKG2D in host defense were examined. The administration of an NKG2D-blocking antibody to MHV-CXCL10-infected mice did not reduce survival, dampen IFN-gamma production in the brain, or affect liver pathology. However, NKG2D neutralization increased viral titers within the liver, suggesting a protective role for NKG2D signaling in this organ. These data indicate that (i) CXCL10 enhances innate immune responses, resulting in protection from MHV-induced neurological and liver disease; (ii) elevated NK cell IFN-gamma expression in the brain of MHV-CXCL10-infected mice occurs independently of NKG2D; and (iii) NKG2D signaling promotes antiviral activity within the livers of MHV-infected mice that is not dependent on IFN-gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha secretion.
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21
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Chen Y, Wei H, Sun R, Dong Z, Zhang J, Tian Z. Increased susceptibility to liver injury in hepatitis B virus transgenic mice involves NKG2D-ligand interaction and natural killer cells. Hepatology 2007; 46:706-15. [PMID: 17626270 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The innate immunopathogenesis responsible for the susceptibility to hepatocyte injury in chronic hepatitis B surface antigen carriers is not well defined. In this study, hepatitis B virus (HBV) transgenic mice (named HBs-Tg) were oversensitive to liver injury after immunologic [polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid or concanavalin A (ConA)] or chemical (CCl4) triggering. It was then found that the nonhepatotoxic low dose of ConA for wild-type mice induced severe liver injury in HBs-Tg mice, which was dependent on the accumulated intraheptic natural killer (NK) cells. Expressions of NKG2D ligands (Rae-1 and Mult-1) in hepatocytes were markedly enhanced upon ConA stimulation in HBs-Tg mice, which greatly activated hepatic NK cells via NKG2D/Rae-1 or Mult-1 recognition. Interestingly, the presence of NK T cells was necessary for NK cell activation and worked as positive helper cell possibly by producing interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 in this process. CONCLUSION Our findings for the first time suggested the critical role of NKG2D recognition of hepatocytes by NK cells in oversensitive liver injury during chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyan Chen
- Institute of Immunology, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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22
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Kjellev S, Haase C, Lundsgaard D, Ursø B, Tornehave D, Markholst H. Inhibition of NKG2D receptor function by antibody therapy attenuates transfer-induced colitis in SCID mice. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:1397-406. [PMID: 17407193 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A role for the activating NK-receptor NKG2D has been indicated in several autoimmune diseases in humans and in animal models of type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis, and treatment with monoclonal antibodies to NKG2D attenuated disease severity in these models. In an adoptive transfer-induced model of colitis, we found a significantly higher frequency of CD4(+)NKG2D(+) cells in blood, mesenteric lymph nodes, colon, and spleen from colitic mice compared to BALB/c donor-mice. We, therefore, wanted to study the effect of anti-NKG2D antibody (CX5) treatment initiated either before onset of colitis, when the colitis was mild, or when severe colitis was established. CX5 treatment decreased the detectable levels of cell-surface NKG2D and prophylactic administration of CX5 attenuated the development of colitis significantly, whereas a more moderate reduction in the severity of disease was observed after CX5 administration to mildly colitic animals. CX5 did not attenuate severe colitis. We conclude that the frequency of CD4(+)NKG2D(+) cells increase during development of experimental colitis. NKG2D may play a role in the early stages of colitis in this model, since early administration of CX5 attenuated disease severity.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Colitis/drug therapy
- Colitis/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Immunohistochemistry
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/immunology
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, SCID
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily K
- Receptors, Immunologic/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Immunologic/drug effects
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Natural Killer Cell
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Kjellev
- Department of Immunopharmacology, Novo Nordisk a/s, Måløv, Denmark.
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Paessler S, Yun NE, Judy BM, Dziuba N, Zacks MA, Grund AH, Frolov I, Campbell GA, Weaver SC, Estes DM. Alpha-beta T cells provide protection against lethal encephalitis in the murine model of VEEV infection. Virology 2007; 367:307-23. [PMID: 17610927 PMCID: PMC2067255 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Revised: 05/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a chimeric alphavirus vaccine candidate in mice with selective immunodeficiencies. This vaccine candidate was highly attenuated in mice with deficiencies in the B and T cell compartments, as well as in mice with deficient gamma-interferon responsiveness. However, the level of protection varied among the strains tested. Wild type mice were protected against lethal VEEV challenge. In contrast, alpha/beta (αβ) TCR-deficient mice developed lethal encephalitis following VEEV challenge, while mice deficient in gamma/delta (γδ) T cells were protected. Surprisingly, the vaccine potency was diminished by 50% in animals lacking interferon-gamma receptor alpha chain (R1)-chain and a minority of vaccinated immunoglobulin heavy chain-deficient (μMT) mice survived challenge, which suggests that neutralizing antibody may not be absolutely required for protection. Prolonged replication of encephalitic VEEV in the brain of pre-immunized mice is not lethal and adoptive transfer experiments indicate that CD3+ T cells are required for protection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/metabolism
- Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/physiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/prevention & control
- Encephalomyelitis, Venezuelan Equine/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Safety
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Slobodan Paessler
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA.
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Saikali P, Antel JP, Newcombe J, Chen Z, Freedman M, Blain M, Cayrol R, Prat A, Hall JA, Arbour N. NKG2D-mediated cytotoxicity toward oligodendrocytes suggests a mechanism for tissue injury in multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci 2007; 27:1220-8. [PMID: 17267578 PMCID: PMC6673175 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4402-06.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
NKG2D is an activating or coactivating receptor expressed on human natural killer (NK) cells, CD8+ T cells, and gamma/delta T cells. NKG2D ligands have been detected on many tumor cell types and can be induced on nontransformed cells by environmental signals including DNA damage and inflammation. We investigated the contribution of NKG2D-NKG2D ligand interaction on CNS-directed immune responses. We observed that primary cultures of human adult oligodendrocytes and fetal astrocytes expressed ligands for NKG2D in vitro whereas neurons, microglia, and adult astrocytes did not. Disruption of the NKG2D-NKG2D ligand interaction using blocking antibodies significantly inhibited killing of primary human oligodendrocytes mediated by activated human NK cells, gamma/delta T cells, and allo-reactive CD8+ T cells. NKG2D ligands [major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related molecules A and B (MICA/B)] were detected in groups of cells and colocalized with an oligodendrocyte marker (adenomatous polyposis coli) in white matter sections obtained from multiple sclerosis lesions but not in normal control samples. CD8+ T cells could be detected in close proximity to MICA/B+ cells within multiple sclerosis lesions, supporting an in vivo interaction between these immune effectors and stressed MICA/B-expressing oligodendrocytes. These results imply that NKG2D-NKG2D ligand interaction can potentially contribute to cytotoxic responses mediated by activated immune effector cells in the inflamed CNS, as observed in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack P. Antel
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, and
| | - Jia Newcombe
- NeuroResource, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 1PJ, United Kingdom
| | - Zhihong Chen
- Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6, and
| | - Mark Freedman
- Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8L6, and
| | - Manon Blain
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, and
| | - Romain Cayrol
- Research Center-Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2L 4M1
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Research Center-Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2L 4M1
| | - Jeffery A. Hall
- Division of Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B4
| | - Nathalie Arbour
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, and
- Research Center-Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H2L 4M1
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Perlman S, Holmes KV. Coronavirus immunity: from T cells to B cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 581:341-9. [PMID: 17037557 PMCID: PMC7124054 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-33012-9_61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Perlman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, 52242 Iowa City, IA USA
| | - Kathryn V. Holmes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center at Fitzsimons, 80045-8333 Aurora, CO USA
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Lewis JM, Girardi M, Roberts SJ, Barbee SD, Hayday AC, Tigelaar RE. Selection of the cutaneous intraepithelial gammadelta+ T cell repertoire by a thymic stromal determinant. Nat Immunol 2006; 7:843-50. [PMID: 16829962 DOI: 10.1038/ni1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Intraepithelial lymphocytes constitute a group of T cells that express mainly monospecific or oligoclonal T cell receptors (TCRs). Like adaptive TCR alphabeta+ T cells, intraepithelial lymphocytes, a subset enriched in TCR gammadelta+ T cells, are proposed to be positively selected by thymically expressed self agonists, yet no direct evidence for this exists at present. Mouse dendritic epidermal T cells are prototypic intraepithelial lymphocytes, displaying an almost monoclonal TCR gammadelta+ repertoire. Here we describe an FVB substrain of mice in which this repertoire was uniquely depleted, resulting in cutaneous pathology. This phenotype was due to failure of dendritic epidermal T cell progenitors to mature because of a heritable defect in a dominant gene used by the thymic stroma to 'educate' the natural, skin-associated intraepithelial lymphocyte repertoire to be of physiological use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Lewis
- Department of Dermatology and Yale Skin Disease Research Core Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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27
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Poccia F, Agrati C, Castilletti C, Bordi L, Gioia C, Horejsh D, Ippolito G, Chan PKS, Hui DSC, Sung JJY, Capobianchi MR, Malkovsky M. Anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus immune responses: the role played by V gamma 9V delta 2 T cells. J Infect Dis 2006; 193:1244-9. [PMID: 16586361 PMCID: PMC7110256 DOI: 10.1086/502975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2005] [Accepted: 11/29/2005] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV) strain. Analyses of T cell repertoires in health care workers who survived SARS-CoV infection during the 2003 outbreak revealed that their effector memory Vγ9Vδ2 T cell populations were selectively expanded ∼3 months after the onset of disease. No such expansion of their αβ T cell pools was detected. The expansion of the Vγ9Vδ2 T cell population was associated with higher anti–SARS-CoV immunoglobulin G titers. In addition, in vitro experiments demonstrated that stimulated Vγ9Vδ2 T cells display an interferon-γ–dependent anti–SARS-CoV activity and are able to directly kill SARS-CoV–infected target cells. These findings are compatible with the possibility that Vγ9Vδ2 T cells play a protective role during SARS
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Poccia
- Unit of Cellular Immunology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy.
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28
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Zuo J, Stohlman SA, Hoskin JB, Hinton DR, Atkinson R, Bergmann CC. Mouse hepatitis virus pathogenesis in the central nervous system is independent of IL-15 and natural killer cells. Virology 2006; 350:206-15. [PMID: 16510164 PMCID: PMC7111870 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Revised: 01/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Infection by the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) results in an acute encephalomyelitis associated with demyelination. T cells are critical in controlling viral replication, but also contribute to central nervous system (CNS) pathogenesis. To reveal a role for innate effectors in anti-viral immunity and neurological disease, JHMV pathogenesis was studied in mice deficient in interleukin-15 (IL-15−/−) and natural killer (NK) cells. Clinical disease, CNS inflammation and demyelination in infected IL-15−/− mice were similar to wild-type mice. Despite the absence of NK cells and suboptimal CD8+ T cell responses, IL-15−/− mice controlled JHMV replication as efficiently as wild-type mice. Similar kinetics of class I and class II upregulation on microglia further suggested no role of NK cells in regulating major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule expression on resident CNS cells. IL-15 and NK cells thus appear dispensable for anti-viral immunity and CNS pathogenesis during acute JHMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zuo
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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29
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Ogasawara K, Lanier LL. NKG2D in NK and T Cell-Mediated Immunity. J Clin Immunol 2005; 25:534-40. [PMID: 16380817 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-005-8786-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
One of the best characterized NK cell receptors is NKG2D, a highly conserved C-type lectin-like membrane glycoprotein expressed on essentially all NK cells, as well as on gammadelta-TcR+ T cells and alphabeta-TcR+ CD8+ T cells, in humans and mice. Here we review recent studies implicating NKG2D in T cell and NK cell-mediated immunity to viruses and tumors, and its potential role in autoimmune diseases and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouetsu Ogasawara
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Cancer Research Institute, University of California-San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, HSE1001G, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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