1
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Grewal T, Nguyen MKL, Buechler C. Cholesterol and COVID-19-therapeutic opportunities at the host/virus interface during cell entry. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302453. [PMID: 38388172 PMCID: PMC10883773 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of vaccines to combat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections has been critical to reduce the severity of COVID-19. However, the continuous emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 subtypes highlights the need to develop additional approaches that oppose viral infections. Targeting host factors that support virus entry, replication, and propagation provide opportunities to lower SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and improve COVID-19 outcome. This includes cellular cholesterol, which is critical for viral spike proteins to capture the host machinery for SARS-CoV-2 cell entry. Once endocytosed, exit of SARS-CoV-2 from the late endosomal/lysosomal compartment occurs in a cholesterol-sensitive manner. In addition, effective release of new viral particles also requires cholesterol. Hence, cholesterol-lowering statins, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 antibodies, and ezetimibe have revealed potential to protect against COVID-19. In addition, pharmacological inhibition of cholesterol exiting late endosomes/lysosomes identified drug candidates, including antifungals, to block SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review describes the multiple roles of cholesterol at the cell surface and endolysosomes for SARS-CoV-2 entry and the potential of drugs targeting cholesterol homeostasis to reduce SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and COVID-19 disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Grewal
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mai Khanh Linh Nguyen
- https://ror.org/0384j8v12 School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christa Buechler
- https://ror.org/01226dv09 Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
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2
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Hofstadter WA, Tsopurashvili E, Cristea IM. Viral regulation of organelle membrane contact sites. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002529. [PMID: 38442090 PMCID: PMC10914265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
At the core of organelle functions lies their ability and need to form dynamic organelle-organelle networks that drive intracellular communication and coordination of cellular pathways. These networks are facilitated by membrane contact sites (MCSs) that promote both intra-organelle and inter-organelle communication. Given their multiple functions, MCSs and the proteins that form them are commonly co-opted by viruses during infection to promote viral replication. This Essay discusses mechanisms acquired by diverse human viruses to regulate MCS functions in either proviral processes or host defense. It also examines techniques used for examining MCSs in the context of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A. Hofstadter
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Elene Tsopurashvili
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Ileana M. Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
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3
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Gerke V, Gavins FNE, Geisow M, Grewal T, Jaiswal JK, Nylandsted J, Rescher U. Annexins-a family of proteins with distinctive tastes for cell signaling and membrane dynamics. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1574. [PMID: 38383560 PMCID: PMC10882027 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45954-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Annexins are cytosolic proteins with conserved three-dimensional structures that bind acidic phospholipids in cellular membranes at elevated Ca2+ levels. Through this they act as Ca2+-regulated membrane binding modules that organize membrane lipids, facilitating cellular membrane transport but also displaying extracellular activities. Recent discoveries highlight annexins as sensors and regulators of cellular and organismal stress, controlling inflammatory reactions in mammals, environmental stress in plants, and cellular responses to plasma membrane rupture. Here, we describe the role of annexins as Ca2+-regulated membrane binding modules that sense and respond to cellular stress and share our view on future research directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Gerke
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, Münster, Germany.
| | - Felicity N E Gavins
- Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Inflammation Research and Translational Medicine (CIRTM), Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Michael Geisow
- The National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London, UK
- Delta Biotechnology Ltd, Nottingham, UK
| | - Thomas Grewal
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jyoti K Jaiswal
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Research Institute, Children's National Research and Innovation Campus, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jesper Nylandsted
- Danish Cancer Institute, Strandboulevarden 49, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 21-25, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ursula Rescher
- Research Group Cellular Biochemistry, Institute of Molecular Virology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, Münster, Germany.
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4
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Hou Q, Wang C, Xiong J, Wang H, Wang Z, Zhao J, Wu Q, Fu ZF, Zhao L, Zhou M. Cholesterol depletion inhibits rabies virus infection by restricting viral adsorption and fusion. Vet Microbiol 2024; 289:109952. [PMID: 38141399 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Rabies is an ancient zoonotic disease caused by the rabies virus (RABV), and a sharp increase in rabies cases and deaths were observed following the COVID-19 pandemic, indicating that it still poses a severe public health threat in most countries in the world. Cholesterol is one of the major lipid components in cells, and the exact role of cholesterol in RABV infection remains unclear. In this study, we initially observed that cellular cholesterol levels were significantly elevated in RABV infected cells, while cholesterol depletion by using methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) could restrict RABV entry. We further found that decreasing the cholesterol level of the viral envelope could change the bullet-shaped morphology of RABV and dislodge the glycoproteins on its surface to affect RABV entry. Moreover, the depletion of cholesterol could decrease lysosomal cholesterol accumulation to inhibit RABV fusion. Finally, it was found that the depletion of cholesterol by MβCD was due to the increase of oxygen sterol production in RABV-infected cells and the enhancement of cholesterol efflux by activating liver X receptor alpha (LXRα). Together, our study reveals a novel role of cholesterol in RABV infection, providing new insight into explore of effective therapeutics for rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxiu Hou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Caiqian Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jingyi Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Haoran Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Juanjuan Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Zhen F Fu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Ming Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine of Hubei Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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5
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Moradimotlagh A, Chen S, Koohbor S, Moon KM, Foster LJ, Reiner N, Nandan D. Leishmania infection upregulates and engages host macrophage Argonaute 1, and system-wide proteomics reveals Argonaute 1-dependent host response. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1287539. [PMID: 38098491 PMCID: PMC10720368 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1287539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania donovani, an intracellular protozoan parasite, is the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, the most severe form of leishmaniasis in humans. It is becoming increasingly clear that several intracellular pathogens target host cell RNA interference (RNAi) pathways to promote their survival. Complexes of Argonaute proteins with small RNAs are core components of the RNAi. In this study, we investigated the potential role of host macrophage Argonautes in Leishmania pathogenesis. Using Western blot analysis of Leishmania donovani-infected macrophages, we show here that Leishmania infection selectively increased the abundance of host Argonaute 1 (Ago1). This increased abundance of Ago1 in infected cells also resulted in higher levels of Ago1 in active Ago-complexes, suggesting the preferred use of Ago1 in RNAi in Leishmania-infected cells. This analysis used a short trinucleotide repeat containing 6 (TNRC6)/glycine-tryptophan repeat protein (GW182) protein-derived peptide fused to Glutathione S-transferase as an affinity matrix to capture mature Ago-small RNAs complexes from the cytosol of non-infected and Leishmania-infected cells. Furthermore, Ago1 silencing significantly reduced intracellular survival of Leishmania, demonstrating that Ago1 is essential for Leishmania pathogenesis. To investigate the role of host Ago1 in Leishmania pathogenesis, a quantitative whole proteome approach was employed, which showed that expression of several previously reported Leishmania pathogenesis-related proteins was dependent on the level of macrophage Ago1. Together, these findings identify Ago1 as the preferred Argonaute of RNAi machinery in infected cells and a novel and essential virulence factor by proxy that promotes Leishmania survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atieh Moradimotlagh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Stella Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sara Koohbor
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kyung-Mee Moon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Leonard J. Foster
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Neil Reiner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Devki Nandan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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6
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Peck AB, Ambrus JL. A Temporal Comparative RNA Transcriptome Profile of the Annexin Gene Family in the Salivary versus Lacrimal Glands of the Sjögren's Syndrome-Susceptible C57BL/6.NOD- Aec1Aec2 Mouse. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11709. [PMID: 36233010 PMCID: PMC9570365 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A generally accepted hypothesis for the initial activation of an immune or autoimmune response argues that alarmins are released from injured, dying and/or activated immune cells, and these products complex with receptors that activate signal transduction pathways and recruit immune cells to the site of injury where the recruited cells are stimulated to initiate immune and/or cellular repair responses. While there are multiple diverse families of alarmins such as interleukins (IL), heat-shock proteins (HSP), Toll-like receptors (TLR), plus individual molecular entities such as Galectin-3, Calreticulin, Thymosin, alpha-Defensin-1, RAGE, and Interferon-1, one phylogenetically conserved family are the Annexin proteins known to promote an extensive range of biomolecular and cellular products that can directly and indirectly regulate inflammation and immune activities. For the present report, we examined the temporal expression profiles of the 12 mammalian annexin genes (Anxa1-11 and Anxa13), applying our temporal genome-wide transcriptome analyses of ex vivo salivary and lacrimal glands from our C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 mouse model of Sjögren's Syndrome (SS), a human autoimmune disease characterized primarily by severe dry mouth and dry eye symptoms. Results indicate that annexin genes Anax1-7 and -11 exhibited upregulated expressions and the initial timing for these upregulations occurred as early as 8 weeks of age and prior to any covert signs of a SS-like disease. While the profiles of the two glands were similar, they were not identical, suggesting the possibility that the SS-like disease may not be uniform in the two glands. Nevertheless, this early pre-clinical and concomitant upregulated expression of this specific set of alarmins within the immune-targeted organs represents a potential target for identifying the pre-clinical stage in human SS as well, a fact that would clearly impact future interventions and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammon B Peck
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, P.O. Box 100125, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Julian L Ambrus
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, SUNY Buffalo School of Medicine, 875 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
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7
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Li YJ, Chen CY, Yang JH, Chiu YF. Modulating cholesterol-rich lipid rafts to disrupt influenza A virus infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:982264. [PMID: 36177026 PMCID: PMC9513517 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.982264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is widely disseminated across different species and can cause recurrent epidemics and severe pandemics in humans. During infection, IAV attaches to receptors that are predominantly located in cell membrane regions known as lipid rafts, which are highly enriched in cholesterol and sphingolipids. Following IAV entry into the host cell, uncoating, transcription, and replication of the viral genome occur, after which newly synthesized viral proteins and genomes are delivered to lipid rafts for assembly prior to viral budding from the cell. Moreover, during budding, IAV acquires an envelope with embedded cholesterol from the host cell membrane, and it is known that decreased cholesterol levels on IAV virions reduce infectivity. Statins are commonly used to inhibit cholesterol synthesis for preventing cardiovascular diseases, and several studies have investigated whether such inhibition can block IAV infection and propagation, as well as modulate the host immune response to IAV. Taken together, current research suggests that there may be a role for statins in countering IAV infections and modulating the host immune response to prevent or mitigate cytokine storms, and further investigation into this is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jyun Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yuan Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-How Yang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fang Chiu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Ya-Fang Chiu,
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8
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Cook KC, Tsopurashvili E, Needham JM, Thompson SR, Cristea IM. Restructured membrane contacts rewire organelles for human cytomegalovirus infection. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4720. [PMID: 35953480 PMCID: PMC9366835 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32488-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane contact sites (MCSs) link organelles to coordinate cellular functions across space and time. Although viruses remodel organelles for their replication cycles, MCSs remain largely unexplored during infections. Here, we design a targeted proteomics platform for measuring MCS proteins at all organelles simultaneously and define functional virus-driven MCS alterations by the ancient beta-herpesvirus human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). Integration with super-resolution microscopy and comparisons to herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), Influenza A, and beta-coronavirus HCoV-OC43 infections reveals time-sensitive contact regulation that allows switching anti- to pro-viral organelle functions. We uncover a stabilized mitochondria-ER encapsulation structure (MENC). As HCMV infection progresses, MENCs become the predominant mitochondria-ER contact phenotype and sequentially recruit the tethering partners VAP-B and PTPIP51, supporting virus production. However, premature ER-mitochondria tethering activates STING and interferon response, priming cells against infection. At peroxisomes, ACBD5-mediated ER contacts balance peroxisome proliferation versus membrane expansion, with ACBD5 impacting the titers of each virus tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn C Cook
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, US
| | - Elene Tsopurashvili
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, US
| | - Jason M Needham
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, US
| | - Sunnie R Thompson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, US
| | - Ileana M Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, US.
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9
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Mao H, Cao L, Xu T, Xia X, Ren P, Han P, Li C, Hui X, Lin X, Huang K, Jin M. YWHAG inhibits influenza a virus replication by suppressing the release of viral M2 protein. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:951009. [PMID: 35928168 PMCID: PMC9343881 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.951009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) poses a serious threat to human life and property. The IAV matrix protein 2 (M2) is significant in viral budding. Increasing studies have proven the important roles of host factors in IAV replication. In this study, immunoprecipitation combined with mass spectrometry revealed that the host protein tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein gamma (YWHAG), which belongs to the 14-3-3 protein scaffold family, interacts with M2. Their interactions were further confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP), immunofluorescence, and confocal microscopy of virus-infected HeLa cells. Moreover, we constructed YWHAG-KO and YWHAG-overexpressing cells and found that YWHAG knockout significantly increased viral production, whereas its overexpression reduced the titer of virus progeny. Therefore, YWHAG is a negative regulatory factor during IAV infection. Further, YWHAG knockout or overexpression had no effect on the binding, entry, or viral RNA replication in the early stages of the virus life cycle. On the contrary, it impaired the release of virions at the plasma membrane as determined using transmission electron microscopy and suppressed the M2-mediated budding of the influenza virus. Importantly, the H158F mutation of YWHAG was found to affect interaction with M2 and its budding. Collectively, our work demonstrates that YWHAG is a novel cellular regulator that targets and mediates the interaction and release of M2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peilei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengfei Han
- College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianfeng Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian Lin
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Wuhan, China
| | - Kun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Kun Huang,
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- Meilin Jin,
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10
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Chua SCJH, Cui J, Engelberg D, Lim LHK. A Review and Meta-Analysis of Influenza Interactome Studies. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:869406. [PMID: 35531276 PMCID: PMC9069142 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.869406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Annually, the influenza virus causes 500,000 deaths worldwide. Influenza-associated mortality and morbidity is especially high among the elderly, children, and patients with chronic diseases. While there are antivirals available against influenza, such as neuraminidase inhibitors and adamantanes, there is growing resistance against these drugs. Thus, there is a need for novel antivirals for resistant influenza strains. Host-directed therapies are a potential strategy for influenza as host processes are conserved and are less prone mutations as compared to virus-directed therapies. A literature search was performed for papers that performed viral–host interaction screens and the Reactome pathway database was used for the bioinformatics analysis. A total of 15 studies were curated and 1717 common interactors were uncovered among all these studies. KEGG analysis, Enrichr analysis, STRING interaction analysis was performed on these interactors. Therefore, we have identified novel host pathways that can be targeted for host-directed therapy against influenza in our review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Courtney Jun Hui Chua
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- CREATE-NUS-HUJ Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammation Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianzhou Cui
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Engelberg
- CREATE-NUS-HUJ Cellular & Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammation Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Institute of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lina Hsiu Kim Lim
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Lina Hsiu Kim Lim,
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11
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CRISPR-Cas9 mediated knockout of AnxA6 gene enhances influenza A virus replication in low-permissive HEK293FT cell line. Gene 2022; 809:146024. [PMID: 34673207 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using cell cultures of human origin for the propagation of influenza virus is an attractive way to preserve its glycosylation profile and antigenic properties, which is essential in influenza surveillance and vaccine production. However, only few cell lines are highly permissive to influenza virus, and none of them are of human origin. The barrier might be associated with host restriction factors inhibiting influenza growth, such as AnxA6 protein counteracting the process of influenza virion packaging. In the presented work we explore the CRISPR-Cas9 mediated knockout of ANXA6 gene as a way to overcome the host restriction barrier and increase the susceptibility of human cell line to influenza infection. By CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing we modified HEK293FT cells and obtained several clones defective in the ANXA6 gene. The replication of the influenza A virus in original HEK293FT cells and the HEK293FT-ANXA6-/- mutant cells was compared in growth curve experiments. By combination of methods including TCID assay and flow cytometry we showed that accumulation of influenza A virus in the mutant HEK293FT-ANXA6-/- cells significantly exceeded the virus titer in the original HEK293FT cells.
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Sphingomyelin-Sequestered Cholesterol Domain Recruits Formin-Binding Protein 17 for Constricting Clathrin-Coated Pits in Influenza Virus Entry. J Virol 2022; 96:e0181321. [PMID: 35020471 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01813-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a global health threat. The cellular endocytic machineries harnessed by IAV remain elusive. Here, by tracking single IAV particles and quantifying the internalized IAV, we found that the sphingomyelin (SM)-sequestered cholesterol, but not the accessible cholesterol, is essential for the clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) of IAV. The clathrin-independent endocytosis of IAV is cholesterol-independent. Whereas, the CME of transferrin depends on SM-sequestered cholesterol and accessible cholesterol. Furthermore, three-color single-virus tracking and electron microscopy showed that the SM-cholesterol complex nanodomain is recruited to the IAV-containing clathrin-coated structure (CCS) and facilitates neck constriction of the IAV-containing CCS. Meanwhile, formin-binding protein 17 (FBP17), a membrane-bending protein which activates actin nucleation, is recruited to IAV-CCS complex in a manner dependent on the SM-cholesterol complex. We propose that the SM-cholesterol nanodomain at the neck of CCS recruits FBP17 to induce neck constriction by activating actin assembly. These results unequivocally show the physiological importance of the SM-cholesterol complex in IAV entry. Importance: IAV infects the cells by harnessing cellular endocytic machineries. Better understanding of the cellular machineries used for its entry might lead to the development of antiviral strategies, and would also provide important insights into physiological endocytic processes. This work demonstrated that a special pool of cholesterol in plasma membrane, SM-sequestered cholesterol, recruits FBP17 for the constriction of clathrin-coated pits in IAV entry. Meanwhile, the clathrin-independent cell entry of IAV is cholesterol-independent. The internalization of transferrin, the gold-standard cargo endocytosed solely via CME, is much less dependent on the SM-cholesterol complex. These results would provide new insights into IAV infection and pathway/cargo-specific involvement of cholesterol pool(s).
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13
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Gargan S, Stevenson NJ. Unravelling the Immunomodulatory Effects of Viral Ion Channels, towards the Treatment of Disease. Viruses 2021; 13:2165. [PMID: 34834972 PMCID: PMC8618147 DOI: 10.3390/v13112165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for the research community to develop a better understanding of viruses, in particular their modes of infection and replicative lifecycles, to aid in the development of novel vaccines and much needed anti-viral therapeutics. Several viruses express proteins capable of forming pores in host cellular membranes, termed "Viroporins". They are a family of small hydrophobic proteins, with at least one amphipathic domain, which characteristically form oligomeric structures with central hydrophilic domains. Consequently, they can facilitate the transport of ions through the hydrophilic core. Viroporins localise to host membranes such as the endoplasmic reticulum and regulate ion homeostasis creating a favourable environment for viral infection. Viroporins also contribute to viral immune evasion via several mechanisms. Given that viroporins are often essential for virion assembly and egress, and as their structural features tend to be evolutionarily conserved, they are attractive targets for anti-viral therapeutics. This review discusses the current knowledge of several viroporins, namely Influenza A virus (IAV) M2, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Viral protein U (Vpu), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) p7, Human Papillomavirus (HPV)-16 E5, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Open Reading Frame (ORF)3a and Polyomavirus agnoprotein. We highlight the intricate but broad immunomodulatory effects of these viroporins and discuss the current antiviral therapies that target them; continually highlighting the need for future investigations to focus on novel therapeutics in the treatment of existing and future emergent viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhan Gargan
- Viral Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Nigel J. Stevenson
- Viral Immunology Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland;
- Viral Immunology Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland-Medical University of Bahrain, Manama 15503, Bahrain
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14
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Schloer S, Brunotte L, Mecate-Zambrano A, Zheng S, Tang J, Ludwig S, Rescher U. Drug synergy of combinatory treatment with remdesivir and the repurposed drugs fluoxetine and itraconazole effectively impairs SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitro. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:2339-2350. [PMID: 33825201 PMCID: PMC8251190 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose The SARS‐COV‐2 pandemic and the global spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) urgently call for efficient and safe antiviral treatment strategies. A straightforward approach to speed up drug development at lower costs is drug repurposing. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of targeting the interface of SARS CoV‐2 with the host via repurposing of clinically licensed drugs and evaluated their use in combinatory treatments with virus‐ and host‐directed drugs in vitro. Experimental Approach We tested the antiviral potential of the antifungal itraconazole and the antidepressant fluoxetine on the production of infectious SARS‐CoV‐2 particles in the polarized Calu‐3 cell culture model and evaluated the added benefit of a combinatory use of these host‐directed drugs with the direct acting antiviral remdesivir, an inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase. Key Results Drug treatments were well‐tolerated and potently impaired viral replication. Importantly, both itraconazole–remdesivir and fluoxetine–remdesivir combinations inhibited the production of infectious SARS‐CoV‐2 particles > 90% and displayed synergistic effects, as determined in commonly used reference models for drug interaction. Conclusion and Implications Itraconazole–remdesivir and fluoxetine–remdesivir combinations are promising starting points for therapeutic options to control SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and severe progression of COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schloer
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and "Cells in Motion" Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Linda Brunotte
- Institute of Virology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and "Cells in Motion" Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Angeles Mecate-Zambrano
- Institute of Virology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and "Cells in Motion" Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Shuyu Zheng
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jing Tang
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and "Cells in Motion" Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Ursula Rescher
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and "Cells in Motion" Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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15
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Grewal T, Rentero C, Enrich C, Wahba M, Raabe CA, Rescher U. Annexin Animal Models-From Fundamental Principles to Translational Research. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073439. [PMID: 33810523 PMCID: PMC8037771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Routine manipulation of the mouse genome has become a landmark in biomedical research. Traits that are only associated with advanced developmental stages can now be investigated within a living organism, and the in vivo analysis of corresponding phenotypes and functions advances the translation into the clinical setting. The annexins, a family of closely related calcium (Ca2+)- and lipid-binding proteins, are found at various intra- and extracellular locations, and interact with a broad range of membrane lipids and proteins. Their impacts on cellular functions has been extensively assessed in vitro, yet annexin-deficient mouse models generally develop normally and do not display obvious phenotypes. Only in recent years, studies examining genetically modified annexin mouse models which were exposed to stress conditions mimicking human disease often revealed striking phenotypes. This review is the first comprehensive overview of annexin-related research using animal models and their exciting future use for relevant issues in biology and experimental medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Grewal
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
- Correspondence: (T.G.); (U.R.); Tel.: +61-(0)2-9351-8496 (T.G.); +49-(0)251-83-52121 (U.R.)
| | - Carles Rentero
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (C.R.); (C.E.)
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Enrich
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (C.R.); (C.E.)
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mohamed Wahba
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Carsten A. Raabe
- Research Group Regulatory Mechanisms of Inflammation, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE) and Cells in Motion Interfaculty Center (CiM), Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany;
| | - Ursula Rescher
- Research Group Regulatory Mechanisms of Inflammation, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE) and Cells in Motion Interfaculty Center (CiM), Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany;
- Correspondence: (T.G.); (U.R.); Tel.: +61-(0)2-9351-8496 (T.G.); +49-(0)251-83-52121 (U.R.)
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16
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Zhou Y, Pu J, Wu Y. The Role of Lipid Metabolism in Influenza A Virus Infection. Pathogens 2021; 10:303. [PMID: 33807642 PMCID: PMC7998359 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is an important zoonotic pathogen that can cause disease in animals such as poultry and pigs, and it can cause infection and even death in humans, posing a serious threat to public health. IAV is an enveloped virus that relies on host cell metabolic systems, especially lipid metabolism systems, to complete its life cycle in host cells. On the other side, host cells regulate their metabolic processes to prevent IAV replication and maintain their normal physiological functions. This review summarizes the roles of fatty acid, cholesterol, phospholipid and glycolipid metabolism in IAV infection, proposes future research challenges, and looks forward to the prospective application of lipid metabolism modification to limit IAV infection, which will provide new directions for the development of anti-influenza drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.Z.); (J.P.)
| | - Juan Pu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.Z.); (J.P.)
| | - Yuping Wu
- College of Life Science and Basic Medicine/Center for Biotechnology Research, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang 453003, China
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17
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Ashraf APK, Gerke V. Plasma membrane wound repair is characterized by extensive membrane lipid and protein rearrangements in vascular endothelial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:118991. [PMID: 33667528 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2021.118991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells are subject to mechanical stress resulting from blood flow and interactions with leukocytes. Stress occurs at the apical, vessel-facing cell surface and leads to membrane ruptures that have to be resealed to ensure cell survival. To mimic this process, we developed a laser ablation protocol selectively inducing wounds in the apical plasma membrane of endothelial cells. We show that Ca2+-dependent membrane resealing is initiated following this wounding protocol and that the process is accompanied by substantial membrane lipid dynamics at the wound site. Specifically, phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid rapidly accumulate at membrane wounds forming potential interaction platforms for Ca2+/phospholipid binding proteins of the annexin (Anx) family that are also recruited within seconds after wounding. Depletion of one annexin, AnxA2, and its putative binding partner S100A11 interferes with membrane resealing suggesting that Ca2+-dependent annexin-phospholipid interactions are required for efficient membrane wound repair in endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsila P K Ashraf
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Volker Gerke
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Strasse 56, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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18
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Carabott M, Case R, Dhakal S, Macreadie I. Lipids, statins and susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A viruses. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/ma21021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The extensive and on-going epidemiology studies of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic have raised interesting observations on statins reducing COVID-19 severity. In this review, literature is analysed to examine how statins affect COVID-19 and influenza A, another pandemic respiratory virus. This information could be useful to prevent or reduce disease severity caused by respiratory viruses.
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19
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Terrier O, Slama-Schwok A. Anti-Influenza Drug Discovery and Development: Targeting the Virus and Its Host by All Possible Means. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1322:195-218. [PMID: 34258742 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-0267-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Infections by influenza virus constitute a major and recurrent threat for human health. Together with vaccines, antiviral drugs play a key role in the prevention and treatment of influenza virus infection and disease. Today, the number of antiviral molecules approved for the treatment of influenza is relatively limited, and their use is threatened by the emergence of viral strains with resistance mutations. There is therefore a real need to expand the prophylactic and therapeutic arsenal. This chapter summarizes the state of the art in drug discovery and development for the treatment of influenza virus infections, with a focus on both virus-targeting and host cell-targeting strategies. Novel antiviral strategies targeting other viral proteins or targeting the host cell, some of which are based on drug repurposing, may be used in combination to strengthen our therapeutic arsenal against this major pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Terrier
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, (Team VirPath), Univ Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Anny Slama-Schwok
- Sorbonne Université, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, INSERM U938, Biologie et Thérapeutique du Cancer, Paris, France.
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20
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Schloer S, Brunotte L, Goretzko J, Mecate-Zambrano A, Korthals N, Gerke V, Ludwig S, Rescher U. Targeting the endolysosomal host-SARS-CoV-2 interface by clinically licensed functional inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase (FIASMA) including the antidepressant fluoxetine. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:2245-2255. [PMID: 32975484 PMCID: PMC7594754 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1829082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Related Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a global health emergency. As only very limited therapeutic options are clinically available, there is an urgent need for the rapid development of safe, effective, and globally available pharmaceuticals that inhibit SARS-CoV-2 entry and ameliorate COVID-19 severity. In this study, we explored the use of small compounds acting on the homeostasis of the endolysosomal host-pathogen interface, to fight SARS-CoV-2 infection. We find that fluoxetine, a widely used antidepressant and a functional inhibitor of acid sphingomyelinase (FIASMA), efficiently inhibited the entry and propagation of SARS-CoV-2 in the cell culture model without cytotoxic effects and also exerted potent antiviral activity against two currently circulating influenza A virus subtypes, an effect which was also observed upon treatment with the FIASMAs amiodarone and imipramine. Mechanistically, fluoxetine induced both impaired endolysosomal acidification and the accumulation of cholesterol within the endosomes. As the FIASMA group consists of a large number of small compounds that are well-tolerated and widely used for a broad range of clinical applications, exploring these licensed pharmaceuticals may offer a variety of promising antivirals for host-directed therapy to counteract enveloped viruses, including SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schloer
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and "Cells in Motion" Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Linda Brunotte
- Institute of Virology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and "Cells in Motion" Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Jonas Goretzko
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and "Cells in Motion" Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Angeles Mecate-Zambrano
- Institute of Virology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and "Cells in Motion" Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Nadia Korthals
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and "Cells in Motion" Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Volker Gerke
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and "Cells in Motion" Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and "Cells in Motion" Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Ursula Rescher
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and "Cells in Motion" Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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21
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Korolkova OY, Widatalla SE, Williams SD, Whalen DS, Beasley HK, Ochieng J, Grewal T, Sakwe AM. Diverse Roles of Annexin A6 in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Diagnosis, Prognosis and EGFR-Targeted Therapies. Cells 2020; 9:E1855. [PMID: 32784650 PMCID: PMC7465958 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The calcium (Ca2+)-dependent membrane-binding Annexin A6 (AnxA6), is a multifunctional, predominantly intracellular scaffolding protein, now known to play relevant roles in different cancer types through diverse, often cell-type-specific mechanisms. AnxA6 is differentially expressed in various stages/subtypes of several cancers, and its expression in certain tumor cells is also induced by a variety of pharmacological drugs. Together with the secretion of AnxA6 as a component of extracellular vesicles, this suggests that AnxA6 mediates distinct tumor progression patterns via extracellular and/or intracellular activities. Although it lacks enzymatic activity, some of the AnxA6-mediated functions involving membrane, nucleotide and cholesterol binding as well as the scaffolding of specific proteins or multifactorial protein complexes, suggest its potential utility in the diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic strategies for various cancers. In breast cancer, the low AnxA6 expression levels in the more aggressive basal-like triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype correlate with its tumor suppressor activity and the poor overall survival of basal-like TNBC patients. In this review, we highlight the potential tumor suppressor function of AnxA6 in TNBC progression and metastasis, the relevance of AnxA6 in the diagnosis and prognosis of several cancers and discuss the concept of therapy-induced expression of AnxA6 as a novel mechanism for acquired resistance of TNBC to tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Y. Korolkova
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (O.Y.K.); (S.E.W.); (S.D.W.); (D.S.W.); (H.K.B.); (J.O.)
| | - Sarrah E. Widatalla
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (O.Y.K.); (S.E.W.); (S.D.W.); (D.S.W.); (H.K.B.); (J.O.)
| | - Stephen D. Williams
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (O.Y.K.); (S.E.W.); (S.D.W.); (D.S.W.); (H.K.B.); (J.O.)
| | - Diva S. Whalen
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (O.Y.K.); (S.E.W.); (S.D.W.); (D.S.W.); (H.K.B.); (J.O.)
| | - Heather K. Beasley
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (O.Y.K.); (S.E.W.); (S.D.W.); (D.S.W.); (H.K.B.); (J.O.)
| | - Josiah Ochieng
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (O.Y.K.); (S.E.W.); (S.D.W.); (D.S.W.); (H.K.B.); (J.O.)
| | - Thomas Grewal
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
| | - Amos M. Sakwe
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, School of Graduate Studies and Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; (O.Y.K.); (S.E.W.); (S.D.W.); (D.S.W.); (H.K.B.); (J.O.)
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22
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Combinatory Treatment with Oseltamivir and Itraconazole Targeting Both Virus and Host Factors in Influenza A Virus Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12070703. [PMID: 32610711 PMCID: PMC7412427 DOI: 10.3390/v12070703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infections and their associated morbidity and mortality are a major threat to global health. Vaccination is an effective influenza prevention measure; however, the effectiveness is challenged by the rapid changes in the influenza virus genome leading to viral adaptation. Emerging viral resistance to the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir limits the treatment of acute influenza infections. Targeting influenza virus-host interactions is a new and emerging field, and therapies based on the combination of virus- and host-directed drugs might significantly improve treatment success. We therefore assessed the combined treatment with oseltamivir and the repurposed antifungal drug itraconazole on infection of polarized broncho-epithelial Calu-3 cells with pdm09 or Panama influenza A virus strains. We detected significantly stronger antiviral activities in the combined treatment compared to monotherapy with oseltamivir, permitting lower concentrations of the drug than required for the single treatments. Bliss independence drug interaction analysis indicated that both drugs acted independently of each other. The additional antiviral effect of itraconazole might safeguard patients infected with influenza virus strains with heightened oseltamivir resistance.
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Abstract
Antiviral drugs have traditionally been developed by directly targeting essential viral components. However, this strategy often fails due to the rapid generation of drug-resistant viruses. Recent genome-wide approaches, such as those employing small interfering RNA (siRNA) or clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) or those using small molecule chemical inhibitors targeting the cellular "kinome," have been used successfully to identify cellular factors that can support virus replication. Since some of these cellular factors are critical for virus replication, but are dispensable for the host, they can serve as novel targets for antiviral drug development. In addition, potentiation of immune responses, regulation of cytokine storms, and modulation of epigenetic changes upon virus infections are also feasible approaches to control infections. Because it is less likely that viruses will mutate to replace missing cellular functions, the chance of generating drug-resistant mutants with host-targeted inhibitor approaches is minimized. However, drug resistance against some host-directed agents can, in fact, occur under certain circumstances, such as long-term selection pressure of a host-directed antiviral agent that can allow the virus the opportunity to adapt to use an alternate host factor or to alter its affinity toward the target that confers resistance. This review describes novel approaches for antiviral drug development with a focus on host-directed therapies and the potential mechanisms that may account for the acquisition of antiviral drug resistance against host-directed agents.
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24
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Schloer S, Hübel N, Masemann D, Pajonczyk D, Brunotte L, Ehrhardt C, Brandenburg LO, Ludwig S, Gerke V, Rescher U. The annexin A1/FPR2 signaling axis expands alveolar macrophages, limits viral replication, and attenuates pathogenesis in the murine influenza A virus infection model. FASEB J 2019; 33:12188-12199. [PMID: 31398292 PMCID: PMC6902725 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901265r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are key elements in the innate immune response. Formyl peptide receptor (FPR) 2 is a PRR that, in addition to proinflammatory, pathogen-derived compounds, also recognizes the anti-inflammatory endogenous ligand annexin A1 (AnxA1). Because the contribution of this signaling axis in viral infections is undefined, we investigated AnxA1-mediated FPR2 activation on influenza A virus (IAV) infection in the murine model. AnxA1-treated mice displayed significantly attenuated pathology upon a subsequent IAV infection with significantly improved survival, impaired viral replication in the respiratory tract, and less severe lung damage. The AnxA1-mediated protection against IAV infection was not caused by priming of the type I IFN response but was associated with an increase in the number of alveolar macrophages (AMs) and enhanced pulmonary expression of the AM-regulating cytokine granulocyte-M-CSF (GM-CSF). Both AnxA1-mediated increase in AM levels and GM-CSF production were abrogated when mouse (m)FPR2 signaling was antagonized but remained up-regulated in mice genetically deleted for mFPR1, an mFPR2 isoform also serving as AnxA1 receptor. Our results indicate a novel protective function of the AnxA1-FPR2 signaling axis in IAV pathology via GM-CSF–associated maintenance of AMs, expanding knowledge on the potential use of proresolving mediators in host defense against pathogens.—Schloer, S., Hübel, N., Masemann, D., Pajonczyk, D., Brunotte, L., Ehrhardt, C., Brandenburg, L.-O., Ludwig, S., Gerke, V., Rescher, U. The annexin A1/FPR2 signaling axis expands alveolar macrophages, limits viral replication, and attenuates pathogenesis in the murine influenza A virus infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schloer
- Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Nicole Hübel
- Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Dörthe Masemann
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Institute of Virology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Denise Pajonczyk
- Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Linda Brunotte
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Institute of Virology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christina Ehrhardt
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Institute of Virology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Section for Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Lars-Ove Brandenburg
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Institute of Virology, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Volker Gerke
- Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Ursula Rescher
- Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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25
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Schloer S, Goretzko J, Kühnl A, Brunotte L, Ludwig S, Rescher U. The clinically licensed antifungal drug itraconazole inhibits influenza virus in vitro and in vivo. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:80-93. [PMID: 30866762 PMCID: PMC6455256 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2018.1559709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a common pathogen of respiratory disease. The IAV-induced seasonal epidemics and the sporadic pandemics are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Therefore, effective protection and therapy for IAV infections is an important challenge in countering this public health threat. Because vaccinations only protect against known circulating strains, and the currently available antivirals pose the risk of resistance formation, drugs targeting host cell factors needed for viral replication offer a promising therapeutic approach. In this study, we describe the use of the antifungal therapeutics posaconazole and itraconazole in the therapy of IAV. We show that both drugs efficiently inhibit the propagation of IAV in the cell culture model without being cytotoxic. The mode of action is probably based on several targets and includes both a priming of the interferon response and the induced imbalance of cellular cholesterol. The antiviral effect of itraconazole could be confirmed in the mouse model, where the administration of itraconazole led to a drastic reduction in mortality and a significant increase in the survival rate. Thus, our data indicate a promising therapeutic potential of at least itraconazole in influenza therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Schloer
- a Institute of Medical Biochemistry , Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Muenster , Muenster , Germany.,b Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research , University of Muenster , Muenster , Germany.,c Cluster of Excellence "Cells in Motion" , University of Muenster , Muenster , Germany
| | - Jonas Goretzko
- a Institute of Medical Biochemistry , Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Muenster , Muenster , Germany.,b Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research , University of Muenster , Muenster , Germany.,c Cluster of Excellence "Cells in Motion" , University of Muenster , Muenster , Germany
| | - Alexander Kühnl
- a Institute of Medical Biochemistry , Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Muenster , Muenster , Germany.,b Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research , University of Muenster , Muenster , Germany.,c Cluster of Excellence "Cells in Motion" , University of Muenster , Muenster , Germany
| | - Linda Brunotte
- b Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research , University of Muenster , Muenster , Germany.,c Cluster of Excellence "Cells in Motion" , University of Muenster , Muenster , Germany.,d Institute of Virology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation , University of Muenster , Muenster , Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- b Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research , University of Muenster , Muenster , Germany.,c Cluster of Excellence "Cells in Motion" , University of Muenster , Muenster , Germany.,d Institute of Virology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation , University of Muenster , Muenster , Germany
| | - Ursula Rescher
- a Institute of Medical Biochemistry , Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Muenster , Muenster , Germany.,b Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Research , University of Muenster , Muenster , Germany.,c Cluster of Excellence "Cells in Motion" , University of Muenster , Muenster , Germany
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26
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Role of the Endocytosis of Caveolae in Intracellular Signaling and Metabolism. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 57:203-234. [PMID: 30097777 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96704-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Caveolae are 60-80 nm invaginated plasma membrane (PM) nanodomains, with a specific lipid and protein composition, which assist and regulate multiple processes in the plasma membrane-ranging from the organization of signalling complexes to the mechanical adaptation to changes in PM tension. However, since their initial descriptions, these structures have additionally been found tightly linked to internalization processes, mechanoadaptation, to the regulation of signalling events and of endosomal trafficking. Here, we review caveolae biology from this perspective, and its implications for cell physiology and disease.
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27
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Ampomah PB, Kong WT, Zharkova O, Chua SCJH, Perumal Samy R, Lim LHK. Annexins in Influenza Virus Replication and Pathogenesis. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1282. [PMID: 30498445 PMCID: PMC6249340 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are important human respiratory pathogens which cause seasonal or periodic endemic infections. IAV can result in severe or fatal clinical complications including pneumonia and respiratory distress syndrome. Treatment of IAV infections is complicated because the virus can evade host immunity through antigenic drifts and antigenic shifts, to establish infections making new treatment options desirable. Annexins (ANXs) are a family of calcium and phospholipid binding proteins with immunomodulatory roles in viral infections, lung injury, and inflammation. A current understanding of the role of ANXs in modulating IAV infection and host responses will enable the future development of more effective antiviral therapies. This review presents a comprehensive understanding of the advances made in the field of ANXs, in particular, ANXA1 and IAV research and highlights the importance of ANXs as a suitable target for IAV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Baah Ampomah
- Department of Physiology, NUS Immunology Program, Centre for Life Sciences, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wan Ting Kong
- Department of Physiology, NUS Immunology Program, Centre for Life Sciences, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Olga Zharkova
- Department of Physiology, NUS Immunology Program, Centre for Life Sciences, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sonja C. J. H. Chua
- Department of Physiology, NUS Immunology Program, Centre for Life Sciences, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - R. Perumal Samy
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lina H. K. Lim
- Department of Physiology, NUS Immunology Program, Centre for Life Sciences, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Adal M, Howe R, Kassa D, Aseffa A, Petros B. Associations of gender and serum total cholesterol with CD4+ T cell count and HIV RNA load in antiretroviral-naïve individuals in Addis Ababa. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:943. [PMID: 30064395 PMCID: PMC6069861 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5852-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Males are more susceptible than females to infections due to the differences in endocrine-immune interactions. Furthermore, it is reported that lowering cell cholesterol impairs viral replication and infection in vitro. However, the production of oxysterols in vivo by oxidation of cholesterol may result in inhibition of HIV replication. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the associations of gender and serum total cholesterol with CD4+ T cell counts and/or WHO clinical stages, and HIV ribonucleic acid (RNA) load in antiretroviral therapy (ART) naive study population with known sero-positive time of stay in Addis Ababa. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted from February to August 2013 on 594 HIV-1 infected ART-naïve adult study participants in four hospitals Addis Ababa. CD4+ T-cell count, HIV RNA load, hemoglobin and fasting serum total cholesterol were determined. Socio-demographic characteristics, WHO clinical stages, and height and weight were collected from patients’ chart and triangulated by structured questionnaire. Pearson chi-square test, Spearman rank correlation and univariate and multivariate linear/logistic regression analyses were carried out to determine associations. Results Mean HIV RNA load was found to be lower in women than in men (p < 0.05). CD4+ T cell count and serum total cholesterol were found to be significantly correlated with HIV RNA load (p < 0.01). Women were at lower risk of having higher HIV RNA load in comparison to men. In addition, having lower concentrations of serum total cholesterol was found to be independent predictor of higher HIV RNA load in comparison to those with higher concentrations of cholesterol in serum (p < 0.05). The multivariate binomial logistic regression also showed that the immune status was better in women than men, and in the presence of higher serum total cholesterol (p < 0.05). Conclusion Gender and serum total cholesterol were found to be associated and independent predictors of HIV RNA load, and CD4+ cell count and/or WHO clinical stages. There is a significant lower HIV RNA load and better CD4+ T cell count in women and those study participants with higher serum total cholesterol. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-5852-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melaku Adal
- Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology Department, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. .,Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Rawleigh Howe
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Desta Kassa
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Beyene Petros
- Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology Department, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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29
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Late Endosomal/Lysosomal Cholesterol Accumulation Is a Host Cell-Protective Mechanism Inhibiting Endosomal Escape of Influenza A Virus. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.01345-18. [PMID: 30042202 PMCID: PMC6058292 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01345-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To transfer the viral genome into the host cell cytoplasm, internalized influenza A virus (IAV) particles depend on the fusion of the IAV envelope with host endosomal membranes. The antiviral host interferon (IFN) response includes the upregulation of interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3), which inhibits the release of the viral content into the cytosol. Although IFITM3 induction occurs concomitantly with late endosomal/lysosomal (LE/L) cholesterol accumulation, the functional significance of this process is not well understood. Here we report that LE/L cholesterol accumulation itself plays a pivotal role in the early antiviral defense. We demonstrate that inducing LE/L cholesterol accumulation is antiviral in non-IFN-primed cells, restricting incoming IAV particles and impairing mixing of IAV/endosomal membrane lipids. Our results establish a protective function of LE/L cholesterol accumulation and suggest endosomal cholesterol balance as a possible antiviral target. With annual epidemics occurring in all parts of the world and the risk of global outbreaks, influenza A virus (IAV) infections remain a major threat to public health. Infected host cells detect viral components and mount an interferon (IFN)-mediated response to restrict virus propagation and spread of infection. Identification of cellular factors and underlying mechanisms that establish such an antiviral state can provide novel strategies for the development of antiviral drugs. The contribution of LE/L cholesterol levels, especially in the context of the IFN-induced antiviral response, has remained controversial so far. Here, we report that accumulation of cholesterol in the LE/L compartment contributes to the IFN-induced host cell defense against incoming IAV. Our results establish cholesterol accumulation in LE/L per se as a novel antiviral barrier and suggest the endosomal cholesterol balance as a putative druggable host cell factor in IAV infection.
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30
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Yip TF, Selim ASM, Lian I, Lee SMY. Advancements in Host-Based Interventions for Influenza Treatment. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1547. [PMID: 30042762 PMCID: PMC6048202 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a major acute respiratory infection that causes mortality and morbidity worldwide. Two classes of conventional antivirals, M2 ion channel blockers and neuraminidase inhibitors, are mainstays in managing influenza disease to lessen symptoms while minimizing hospitalization and death in patients with severe influenza. However, the development of viral resistance to both drug classes has become a major public health concern. Vaccines are prophylaxis mainstays but are limited in efficacy due to the difficulty in matching predicted dominant viral strains to circulating strains. As such, other potential interventions are being explored. Since viruses rely on host cellular functions to replicate, recent therapeutic developments focus on targeting host factors involved in virus replication. Besides controlling virus replication, potential targets for drug development include controlling virus-induced host immune responses such as the recently suggested involvement of innate lymphoid cells and NADPH oxidases in influenza virus pathogenesis and immune cell metabolism. In this review, we will discuss the advancements in novel host-based interventions for treating influenza disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz-Fung Yip
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Aisha Sami Mohammed Selim
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ida Lian
- School of Life Sciences and Chemical Technology, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Suki Man-Yan Lee
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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31
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Ng YP, Yip TF, Peiris JSM, Ip NY, Lee SMY. Avian influenza A H7N9 virus infects human astrocytes and neuronal cells and induces inflammatory immune responses. J Neurovirol 2018; 24:752-760. [PMID: 29987581 PMCID: PMC7094989 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0659-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal, pandemic, and avian influenza virus infections may be associated with central nervous system pathology, albeit with varying frequency and different mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate that differentiated human astrocytic (T98G) and neuronal (SH-SY5Y) cells can be infected by avian H7N9 and pandemic H1N1 viruses. However, infectious progeny viruses can only be detected in H7N9 virus infected human neuronal cells. Neither of these viral strains can generate infectious progeny virus in human astrocytes despite replication of viral genome was observed. Furthermore, H7N9 virus triggered high pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, while pandemic H1N1 virus induced only low cytokine expression in either brain cell type. The experimental finding here is the first data to demonstrate that avian H7N9 virus can infect, transcribe, and replicate its viral genome; induce cytokine upregulation; and cause cytopathic effects in human brain cells, which may potentially lead to profound central nervous system injury. Observation for neurological problems due to H7N9 virus infection deserves further attention when managing these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y P Ng
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - T F Yip
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - J S Malik Peiris
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nancy Y Ip
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Suki M Y Lee
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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32
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Annexins in Translational Research: Hidden Treasures to Be Found. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061781. [PMID: 29914106 PMCID: PMC6032224 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebrate annexin superfamily (AnxA) consists of 12 members of a calcium (Ca2+) and phospholipid binding protein family which share a high structural homology. In keeping with this hallmark feature, annexins have been implicated in the Ca2+-controlled regulation of a broad range of membrane events. In this review, we identify and discuss several themes of annexin actions that hold a potential therapeutic value, namely, the regulation of the immune response and the control of tissue homeostasis, and that repeatedly surface in the annexin activity profile. Our aim is to identify and discuss those annexin properties which might be exploited from a translational science and specifically, a clinical point of view.
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33
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The Annexin A1 Receptor FPR2 Regulates the Endosomal Export of Influenza Virus. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19051400. [PMID: 29738458 PMCID: PMC5983815 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Formyl Peptide Receptor 2 (FPR2) is a novel promising target for the treatment of influenza. During viral infection, FPR2 is activated by annexinA1, which is present in the envelope of influenza viruses; this activation promotes virus replication. Here, we investigated whether blockage of FPR2 would affect the genome trafficking of influenza virus. We found that, upon infection and cell treatment with the specific FPR2 antagonist WRW4 or the anti-FPR2 monoclonal antibody, FN-1D6-AI, influenza viruses were blocked into endosomes. This effect was independent on the strain and was observed for H1N1 and H3N2 viruses. In addition, blocking FPR2signaling in alveolar lung A549 epithelial cells with the monoclonal anti-FPR2 antibody significantly inhibited virus replication. Altogether, these results show that FPR2signaling interferes with the endosomal trafficking of influenza viruses and provides, for the first time, the proof of concept that monoclonal antibodies directed against FPR2 inhibit virus replication. Antibodies-based therapeutics have emerged as attractive reagents in infectious diseases. Thus, this study suggests that the use of anti-FPR2 antibodies against influenza hold great promise for the future.
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Heitzig N, Kühnl A, Grill D, Ludewig K, Schloer S, Galla HJ, Grewal T, Gerke V, Rescher U. Cooperative binding promotes demand-driven recruitment of AnxA8 to cholesterol-containing membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1863:349-358. [PMID: 29306076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Heitzig
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Alexander Kühnl
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - David Grill
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Katharina Ludewig
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schloer
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Galla
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Muenster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 2, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Thomas Grewal
- Faculty of Pharmacy A15, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Volker Gerke
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Ursula Rescher
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Muenster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149 Muenster, Germany.
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Gabor KA, Fessler MB. Roles of the Mevalonate Pathway and Cholesterol Trafficking in Pulmonary Host Defense. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2017; 10:27-45. [PMID: 26758950 PMCID: PMC6026538 DOI: 10.2174/1874467209666160112123603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The mevalonic acid synthesis pathway, cholesterol, and lipoproteins play fundamental roles in lung physiology and the innate immune response. Recent literature investigating roles for cholesterol synthesis and trafficking in host defense against respiratory infection was critically reviewed. The innate immune response and the cholesterol biosynthesis/trafficking network regulate one another, with important implications for pathogen invasion and host defense in the lung. The activation of pathogen recognition receptors and downstream cellular host defense functions are critically sensitive to cellular cholesterol. Conversely, microorganisms can co-opt the sterol/lipoprotein network in order to facilitate replication and evade immunity. Emerging literature suggests the potential for harnessing these insights towards therapeutic development. Given that >50% of adults in the U.S. have serum cholesterol abnormalities and pneumonia remains a leading cause of death, the potential impact of cholesterol on pulmonary host defense is of tremendous public health significance and warrants further mechanistic and translational investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael B Fessler
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, P.O. Box 12233, Maildrop D2-01, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
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36
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Annexin A2 is involved in Ca 2+-dependent plasma membrane repair in primary human endothelial cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1864:1046-1053. [PMID: 27956131 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Many cells in an organism are exposed to constant and acute mechanical stress that can induce plasma membrane injuries. These plasma membrane wounds have to be resealed rapidly to guarantee cell survival. Plasma membrane resealing in response to mechanical strain has been studied in some detail in muscle, where it is required for efficient recovery after insult. However, less is known about the capacity of other cell types and tissues to perform membrane repair and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Here we show that vascular endothelial cells, which are subject to profound mechanical burden, can reseal plasma membrane holes inflicted by laser ablation. Resealing in endothelial cells is a Ca2+-dependent process, as it is inhibited when cells are wounded in Ca2+-free medium. We also show that annexin A1 (AnxA1), AnxA2 and AnxA6, Ca2+-regulated membrane binding proteins previously implicated in membrane resealing in other cell types, are rapidly recruited to the site of plasma membrane injury. S100A11, a known protein ligand of AnxA1, is also recruited to endothelial plasma membrane wounds, albeit with a different kinetic. Mutant expression experiments reveal that Ca2+ binding to AnxA2, the most abundant endothelial annexin, is required for translocation of the protein to the wound site. Furthermore, we show by knock-down and rescue experiments that AnxA2 is a positive regulator of plasma membrane resealing. Thus, vascular endothelial cells are capable of active, Ca2+-dependent plasma membrane resealing and this process requires the activity of AnxA2.
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37
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Li Q, Yuan X, Wang Q, Chang G, Wang F, Liu R, Zheng M, Chen G, Wen J, Zhao G. Interactomic landscape of PA-X-chicken protein complexes of H5N1 influenza A virus. J Proteomics 2016; 148:20-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Dongsheng H, Zhuo Z, Jiamin L, Hailan M, Lijuan H, Fan C, Dan Y, He Z, Yun X. Proteomic Analysis of the Peri-Infarct Area after Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation in Experimental Stroke. Aging Dis 2016; 7:623-634. [PMID: 27699085 PMCID: PMC5036957 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2016.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Among various therapeutic approaches for stroke, treatment with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) has acquired some promising results. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We analyzed the protein expression spectrum of the cortical peri-infarction region after ischemic stroke followed by treatment with hUC-MSCs, and found 16 proteins expressed differentially between groups treated with or without hUC-MSCs. These proteins were further determined by Gene Ontology term analysis and network with CD200-CD200R1, CCL21-CXCR3 and transcription factors. Three of them: Abca13, Grb2 and Ptgds were verified by qPCR and ELISA. We found the protein level of Abca13 and the mRNA level of Grb2 consistent with results from the proteomic analysis. Finally, the function of these proteins was described and the potential proteins that deserve to be further studied was also highlighted. Our data may provide possible underlying mechanisms for the treatment of stroke using hUC-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Dongsheng
- 1Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, and; 2Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.; 3The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; 5Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing 210008, China; 6Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhang Zhuo
- 4Department of Gastroenterology, Children's Hospital of Nanjing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Lao Jiamin
- 1Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, and; 2Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.; 3The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; 5Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing 210008, China; 6Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Meng Hailan
- 1Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, and; 2Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.; 3The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; 5Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing 210008, China; 6Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Han Lijuan
- 1Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, and; 2Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.; 3The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; 5Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing 210008, China; 6Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Chen Fan
- 1Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, and; 2Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.; 3The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; 5Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing 210008, China; 6Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ye Dan
- 1Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, and; 2Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.; 3The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; 5Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing 210008, China; 6Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhang He
- 1Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, and; 2Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.; 3The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; 5Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing 210008, China; 6Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xu Yun
- 1Department of Neurology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, and; 2Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China.; 3The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; 5Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Nanjing 210008, China; 6Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Nanjing 210008, China
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Influenza A virus enhances its propagation through the modulation of Annexin-A1 dependent endosomal trafficking and apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1243-56. [PMID: 26943321 PMCID: PMC4946891 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The influenza virus infects millions of people each year and can result in severe complications. Understanding virus recognition and host responses to influenza infection will enable future development of more effective anti-viral therapies. Previous research has revealed diverse yet important roles for the annexin family of proteins in modulating the course of influenza A virus (IAV) infection. However, the role of Annexin-A1 (ANXA1) in IAV infection has not been addressed. Here, we show that ANXA1 deficient mice exhibit a survival advantage, and lower viral titers after infection. This was accompanied with enhanced inflammatory cell infiltration during IAV infection. ANXA1 expression is increased during influenza infection clinically, in vivo and in vitro. The presence of ANXA1 enhances viral replication, influences virus binding, and enhances endosomal trafficking of the virus to the nucleus. ANXA1 colocalizes with early and late endosomes near the nucleus, and enhances nuclear accumulation of viral nucleoprotein. In addition, ANXA1 enhances IAV-mediated apoptosis. Overall, our study demonstrates that ANXA1 plays an important role in influenza virus replication and propagation through various mechanisms and that we predict that the regulation of ANXA1 expression during IAV infection may be a viral strategy to enhance its infectivity.
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Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is a serious global health problem worldwide due to frequent and severe outbreaks. IAV causes significant morbidity and mortality in the elderly population, due to the ineffectiveness of the vaccine and the alteration of T cell immunity with ageing. The cellular and molecular link between ageing and virus infection is unclear and it is possible that damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) may play a role in the raised severity and susceptibility of virus infections in the elderly. DAMPs which are released from damaged cells following activation, injury or cell death can activate the immune response through the stimulation of the inflammasome through several types of receptors found on the plasma membrane, inside endosomes after endocytosis as well as in the cytosol. In this review, the detriment in the immune system during ageing and the links between influenza virus infection and ageing will be discussed. In addition, the role of DAMPs such as HMGB1 and S100/Annexin in ageing, and the enhanced morbidity and mortality to severe influenza infection in ageing will be highlighted.
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Wrensch F, Winkler M, Pöhlmann S. IFITM proteins inhibit entry driven by the MERS-coronavirus spike protein: evidence for cholesterol-independent mechanisms. Viruses 2014; 6:3683-98. [PMID: 25256397 PMCID: PMC4189045 DOI: 10.3390/v6093683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The interferon-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) proteins 1, 2 and 3 inhibit the host cell entry of several enveloped viruses, potentially by promoting the accumulation of cholesterol in endosomal compartments. IFITM3 is essential for control of influenza virus infection in mice and humans. In contrast, the role of IFITM proteins in coronavirus infection is less well defined. Employing a retroviral vector system for analysis of coronavirus entry, we investigated the susceptibility of human-adapted and emerging coronaviruses to inhibition by IFITM proteins. We found that entry of the recently emerged Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is sensitive to inhibition by IFITM proteins. In 293T cells, IFITM-mediated inhibition of cellular entry of the emerging MERS- and SARS-CoV was less efficient than blockade of entry of the globally circulating human coronaviruses 229E and NL63. Similar differences were not observed in A549 cells, suggesting that cellular context and/or IFITM expression levels can impact inhibition efficiency. The differential IFITM-sensitivity of coronaviruses observed in 293T cells afforded the opportunity to investigate whether efficiency of entry inhibition by IFITMs and endosomal cholesterol accumulation correlate. No such correlation was observed. Furthermore, entry mediated by the influenza virus hemagglutinin was robustly inhibited by IFITM3 but was insensitive to accumulation of endosomal cholesterol, indicating that modulation of cholesterol synthesis/transport did not account for the antiviral activity of IFITM3. Collectively, these results show that the emerging MERS-CoV is a target of the antiviral activity of IFITM proteins and demonstrate that mechanisms other than accumulation of endosomal cholesterol can contribute to viral entry inhibition by IFITMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Wrensch
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Michael Winkler
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Stefan Pöhlmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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