1
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Vargas-Blanco DA, Hepworth OW, Basham KJ, Simaku P, Crossen AJ, Timmer KD, Hopke A, Brown Harding H, Vandal SR, Jensen KN, Floyd DJ, Reedy JL, Reardon C, Mansour MK, Ward RA, Irimia D, Abramson JS, Vyas JM. BTK inhibitor-induced defects in human neutrophil effector activity against Aspergillus fumigatus are restored by TNF-α. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e176162. [PMID: 38713531 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.176162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) through covalent modifications of its active site (e.g., ibrutinib [IBT]) is a preferred treatment for multiple B cell malignancies. However, IBT-treated patients are more susceptible to invasive fungal infections, although the mechanism is poorly understood. Neutrophils are the primary line of defense against these infections; therefore, we examined the effect of IBT on primary human neutrophil effector activity against Aspergillus fumigatus. IBT significantly impaired the ability of neutrophils to kill A. fumigatus and potently inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis. Importantly, exogenous TNF-α fully compensated for defects imposed by IBT and newer-generation BTK inhibitors and restored the ability of neutrophils to contain A. fumigatus hyphal growth. Blocking TNF-α did not affect ROS production in healthy neutrophils but prevented exogenous TNF-α from rescuing the phenotype of IBT-treated neutrophils. The restorative capacity of TNF-α was independent of transcription. Moreover, the addition of TNF-α immediately rescued ROS production in IBT-treated neutrophils, indicating that TNF-α worked through a BTK-independent signaling pathway. Finally, TNF-α restored effector activity of primary neutrophils from patients on IBT therapy. Altogether, our data indicate that TNF-α rescued the antifungal immunity block imposed by inhibition of BTK in primary human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Vargas-Blanco
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olivia W Hepworth
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kyle J Basham
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patricia Simaku
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arianne J Crossen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kyle D Timmer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alex Hopke
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hannah Brown Harding
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven R Vandal
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kirstine N Jensen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel J Floyd
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer L Reedy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher Reardon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael K Mansour
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca A Ward
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel Irimia
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeremy S Abramson
- Center for Lymphoma, Mass General Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jatin M Vyas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Shankar J, Thakur R, Clemons KV, Stevens DA. Interplay of Cytokines and Chemokines in Aspergillosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:251. [PMID: 38667922 PMCID: PMC11051073 DOI: 10.3390/jof10040251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aspergillosis is a fungal infection caused by various species of Aspergillus, most notably A. fumigatus. This fungus causes a spectrum of diseases, including allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, aspergilloma, chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, and invasive aspergillosis. The clinical manifestations and severity of aspergillosis can vary depending on individual immune status and the specific species of Aspergillus involved. The recognition of Aspergillus involves pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as glucan, galactomannan, mannose, and conidial surface proteins. These are recognized by the pathogen recognition receptors present on immune cells such as Toll-like receptors (TLR-1,2,3,4, etc.) and C-type lectins (Dectin-1 and Dectin-2). We discuss the roles of cytokines and pathogen recognition in aspergillosis from both the perspective of human and experimental infection. Several cytokines and chemokines have been implicated in the immune response to Aspergillus infection, including interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), CCR4, CCR17, and other interleukins. For example, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is characterized by Th2 and Th9 cell-type immunity and involves interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-10. In contrast, it has been observed that invasive aspergillosis involves Th1 and Th17 cell-type immunity via IFN-γ, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-17. These cytokines activate various immune cells and stimulate the production of other immune molecules, such as antimicrobial peptides and reactive oxygen species, which aid in the clearance of the fungal pathogen. Moreover, they help to initiate and coordinate the immune response, recruit immune cells to the site of infection, and promote clearance of the fungus. Insight into the host response from both human and animal studies may aid in understanding the immune response in aspergillosis, possibly leading to harnessing the power of cytokines or cytokine (receptor) antagonists and transforming them into precise immunotherapeutic strategies. This could advance personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jata Shankar
- Genomic Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat Solan 173234, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Raman Thakur
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar 144001, Punjab, India;
| | - Karl V. Clemons
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, CA 95128, USA; (K.V.C.); (D.A.S.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David A. Stevens
- California Institute for Medical Research, San Jose, CA 95128, USA; (K.V.C.); (D.A.S.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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3
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Noroozbeygi M, Keshavarzian N, Haji Molla Hoseini M, Haghdoust S, Yeganeh F. Comparison of the long-term and short-term protection in mouse model of Leishmania major infection following vaccination with Live Iranian Lizard Leishmania mixed with chitin microparticles. Parasite Immunol 2024; 46:e13018. [PMID: 37987175 DOI: 10.1111/pim.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Inducing long-term immunity is the primary goal of vaccination. Leishmanisation using non-pathogenic to human Leishmania spp. could be considered a reliable approach to immunising subjects against Leishmania infection. Here, we evaluated the long-term immune responses (14 weeks) after immunisation with either live- or killed-Iranian Lizard Leishmania (ILL) mixed with chitin microparticles (CMPs) against L. major infection in BALB/c mice. In total, nine groups of mice were included in the study. To evaluate short-term immunity, mice were immunised with live-ILL and CMPs and 3 weeks later were challenged with L. majorEGFP . To evaluate the long-term immunity, mice were immunised with either live- or killed-ILL both mixed with CMPs, and 14 weeks after immunisation, mice were challenged with L. majorEGFP . A group of healthy mice who received no injection was also included in the study. Eight weeks after the challenge with L. majorEGFP , all subjects were sacrificed and the parasite burden (quantitative real-time PCR and in vivo imaging), cytokines levels (IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10), Leishmania-specific antibody concentration, and total levels of IgG1 and IgG2a were measured. In addition, nitric oxide concentration and arginase activity were evaluated. Results showed that in mice that were immunised using live-ILL+CMP, the induced protective immune response lasted at least 14 weeks; since they were challenged with L. majorEGFP at the 14th -week post-immunisation, no open lesion was formed during the 8-week follow-up, and the footpad swelling was significantly lower than controls. They also showed a significant reduction in the parasite burden in splenocytes, compared to the control groups including the group that received killed-ILL+CMP. The observed protection was associated with a higher IFN-γ and a lower IL-10 production by splenocytes. Additionally, the results demonstrated that arginase activity was decreased in the ILL+CMP group compared to other groups. Immunisation with ILL alone reduced the parasite burden compared to non-immunised control; however, it was still significantly higher than the parasite burden in the ILL+CMP groups. In conclusion, the long-term immune response against L. major infection induced by Live-ILL+CMP was more competent than the response elicited by killed-ILL+CMP to protect mice against infection with L. majorEGFP .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Noroozbeygi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Keshavarzian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Haji Molla Hoseini
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Haghdoust
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Yeganeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Brauer VS, Pessoni AM, Freitas MS, Cavalcanti-Neto MP, Ries LNA, Almeida F. Chitin Biosynthesis in Aspergillus Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9010089. [PMID: 36675910 PMCID: PMC9865612 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal cell wall (FCW) is a dynamic structure responsible for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, and is essential for modulating the interaction of the fungus with its environment. It is composed of proteins, lipids, pigments and polysaccharides, including chitin. Chitin synthesis is catalyzed by chitin synthases (CS), and up to eight CS-encoding genes can be found in Aspergillus species. This review discusses in detail the chitin synthesis and regulation in Aspergillus species, and how manipulation of chitin synthesis pathways can modulate fungal growth, enzyme production, virulence and susceptibility to antifungal agents. More specifically, the metabolic steps involved in chitin biosynthesis are described with an emphasis on how the initiation of chitin biosynthesis remains unknown. A description of the classification, localization and transport of CS was also made. Chitin biosynthesis is shown to underlie a complex regulatory network, with extensive cross-talks existing between the different signaling pathways. Furthermore, pathways and recently identified regulators of chitin biosynthesis during the caspofungin paradoxical effect (CPE) are described. The effect of a chitin on the mammalian immune system is also discussed. Lastly, interference with chitin biosynthesis may also be beneficial for biotechnological applications. Even after more than 30 years of research, chitin biosynthesis remains a topic of current interest in mycology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica S. Brauer
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01000-000, Brazil
| | - André M. Pessoni
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01000-000, Brazil
| | - Mateus S. Freitas
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01000-000, Brazil
| | - Marinaldo P. Cavalcanti-Neto
- Integrated Laboratory of Morphofunctional Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity and Sustainability (NUPEM), Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 27965-045, Brazil
| | - Laure N. A. Ries
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
- Correspondence: (L.N.A.R.); (F.A.)
| | - Fausto Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01000-000, Brazil
- Correspondence: (L.N.A.R.); (F.A.)
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5
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Wong SSW, Dellière S, Schiefermeier-Mach N, Lechner L, Perkhofer S, Bomme P, Fontaine T, Schlosser AG, Sorensen GL, Madan T, Kishore U, Aimanianda V. Surfactant protein D inhibits growth, alters cell surface polysaccharide exposure and immune activation potential of Aspergillus fumigatus. Cell Surf 2022; 8:100072. [PMID: 35118215 PMCID: PMC8792412 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2022.100072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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6
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Gut mycobiota dysbiosis in drug-naïve, first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2022; 250:76-86. [PMID: 36370535 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial dysbiosis has been demonstrated in patients with schizophrenia (SCH). The aim of the present study was to investigate alterations in mycobiota composition and fungi-bacteria correlation network in drug-naïve, first episode SCH. We recruited 205 SCH patients and 125 healthy controls (HCs), whose gut bacterial and fungal compositions were characterized by 16S and 18S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing, respectively. Fungal-bacterial relative correlation network analysis was performed using the Spearman's test and distance correlation. We also computed relative networks connectedness, which represents the ratio of significant interactions (edges) and taxa (nodes) in the network. SCH patients showed lower fungal α-diversity compared with that of HCs. Furthermore, we identified 29 differential fungal markers at multiple taxonomies between SCH patients and HCs. SCH patients also showed a significantly lower fungi-to-bacteria α-diversity ratio compared with that of HCs (p = 1.81 × 10-8). In risk prediction models, we observed that combining bacterial and fungal markers achieved higher accuracy than that of bacterial markers alone (AUC = 0.847 vs AUC = 0.739; p = 0.043). Fungal-bacterial correlation network was denser in HCs than in SCH patients and was characterized by a high number of neighbors (p < 0.05). In addition, an increased abundance of Purpureocillium was associated with more severe psychiatric symptoms and poorer cognitive function in SCH patients (p < 0.05). Our study demonstrated a disrupted and weakened fungi-bacteria network in SCH patients, which might be associated with their clinical manifestations. Future research on fungal-bacterial correlation network is warranted to advance our understanding about the role of mycobiota in the etiology of SCH and to explore novel intervention approaches.
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7
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Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K) Orchestrates Aspergillus fumigatus-Induced Eosinophil Activation Independently of Canonical Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)/C-Type-Lectin Receptor (CLR) Signaling. mBio 2022; 13:e0123922. [PMID: 35695427 PMCID: PMC9426586 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01239-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilia is associated with various persisting inflammatory diseases and often coincides with chronic fungal infections or fungal allergy as in the case of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). Here, we show that intranasal administration of live Aspergillus fumigatus conidia causes fatal lung damage in eosinophilic interleukin-5 (IL-5)-transgenic mice. To further investigate the activation of eosinophils by A. fumigatus, we established a coculture system of mouse bone marrow-derived eosinophils (BMDE) with different A. fumigatus morphotypes and analyzed the secretion of cytokines, chemokines, and eicosanoids. A. fumigatus-stimulated BMDE upregulated expression of CD11b and downregulated CD62L and CCR3. They further secreted several proinflammatory mediators, including IL-4, IL-13, IL-18, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α)/CC chemokine ligand 3 (CCL3), MIP-1β/CCL4, and thromboxane. This effect required direct interaction and adherence between eosinophils and A. fumigatus, as A. fumigatus culture supernatants or A. fumigatus mutant strains with impaired adhesion elicited a rather poor eosinophil response. Unexpectedly, canonical Toll-like receptor (TLR) or C-type-lectin receptor (CLR) signaling was largely dispensable, as the absence of MYD88, TRIF, or caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 9 (CARD9) resulted in only minor alterations. However, transcriptome analysis indicated a role for the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway in A. fumigatus-induced eosinophil activation. Correspondingly, we could show that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors successfully prevent A. fumigatus-induced eosinophil activation. The PI3K pathway in eosinophils may therefore serve as a potential drug target to interfere with undesired eosinophil activation in fungus-elicited eosinophilic disorders.
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8
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Griffiths JS, White PL, Thompson A, da Fonseca DM, Pickering RJ, Ingram W, Wilson K, Barnes R, Taylor PR, Orr SJ. A Novel Strategy to Identify Haematology Patients at High Risk of Developing Aspergillosis. Front Immunol 2022; 12:780160. [PMID: 34975870 PMCID: PMC8716727 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.780160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive Aspergillosis (IA), typically caused by the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. IA remains a significant burden in haematology patients, despite improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of Aspergillus infection. Diagnosing IA is challenging, requiring multiple factors to classify patients into possible, probable and proven IA cohorts. Given the low incidence of IA, using negative results as exclusion criteria is optimal. However, frequent false positives and severe IA mortality rates in haematology patients have led to the empirical use of toxic, drug-interactive and often ineffective anti-fungal therapeutics. Improvements in IA diagnosis are needed to reduce unnecessary anti-fungal therapy. Early IA diagnosis is vital for positive patient outcomes; therefore, a pre-emptive approach is required. In this study, we examined the sequence and expression of four C-type Lectin-like receptors (Dectin-1, Dectin-2, Mincle, Mcl) from 42 haematology patients and investigated each patient's anti-Aspergillus immune response (IL-6, TNF). Correlation analysis revealed novel IA disease risk factors which we used to develop a pre-emptive patient stratification protocol to identify haematopoietic stem cell transplant patients at high and low risk of developing IA. This stratification protocol has the potential to enhance the identification of high-risk patients whilst reducing unnecessary treatment, minimizing the development of anti-fungal resistance, and prioritising primary disease treatment for low-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Griffiths
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - P Lewis White
- Public Health Wales Microbiology Cardiff, University Hospital of Wales (UHW), Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Aiysha Thompson
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,United Kingdom (UK) Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Diogo M da Fonseca
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Pickering
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy Ingram
- University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Wilson
- University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rosemary Barnes
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Philip R Taylor
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,United Kingdom (UK) Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Selinda J Orr
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Science, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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9
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Wnt-β-Catenin Signaling in Human Dendritic Cells Mediates Regulatory T-Cell Responses to Fungi via the PD-L1 Pathway. mBio 2021; 12:e0282421. [PMID: 34781737 PMCID: PMC8593687 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02824-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The signaling pathways activated following interaction between dendritic cells (DCs) and a pathogen determine the polarization of effector T-cell and regulatory T-cell (Treg) responses to the infection. Several recent studies, mostly in the context of bacterial infections, have shown that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway plays a major role in imparting tolerogenic features in DCs and in promotion of Treg responses. However, the significance of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway’s involvement in regulating the immune response to the fungal species is not known. Using Aspergillus fumigatus, a ubiquitous airborne opportunistic fungal species, we show here that fungi activate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in human DCs and are critical for mediating the immunosuppressive Treg responses. Pharmacological inhibition of this pathway in DCs led to inhibition of maturation-associated molecules and interleukin 10 (IL-10) secretion without affecting the majority of the inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, blockade of Wnt signaling in DCs suppressed DC-mediated Treg responses in CD4+ T cells and downregulated both tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IL-10 responses in CD8+ T cells. Mechanistically, induction of β-catenin pathway by A. fumigatus required C-type lectin receptors and promoted Treg polarization via the induction of programmed death-ligand 1 on DCs. Further investigation on the identity of fungal molecular patterns has revealed that the cell wall polysaccharides β-(1, 3)-glucan and α-(1, 3)-glucan, but not chitin, possess the capacity to activate the β-catenin pathway. Our data suggest that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is a potential therapeutic target to selectively suppress the Treg response and to sustain the protective Th1 response in the context of invasive aspergillosis caused by A. fumigatus.
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10
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Fischer J, Gresnigt MS, Werz O, Hube B, Garscha U. Candida albicans-induced leukotriene biosynthesis in neutrophils is restricted to the hyphal morphology. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21820. [PMID: 34569657 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100516rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in circulation playing a key role in acute inflammation during microbial infections. Phagocytosis, one of the crucial defence mechanisms of neutrophils against pathogens, is amplified by chemotactic leukotriene (LT)B4 , which is biosynthesized via 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX). However, extensive liberation of LTB4 can be destructive by over-intensifying the inflammatory process. While enzymatic biosynthesis of LTB4 is well characterized, less is known about molecular mechanisms that activate 5-LOX and lead to LTB4 formation during host-pathogen interactions. Here, we investigated the ability of the common opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans to induce LTB4 formation in neutrophils, and elucidated pathogen-mediated drivers and cellular processes that activate this pathway. We revealed that C. albicans-induced LTB4 biosynthesis requires both the morphological transition from yeast cells to hyphae and the expression of hyphae-associated genes, as exclusively viable hyphae or yeast-locked mutant cells expressing hyphae-associated genes stimulated 5-LOX by [Ca2+ ]i mobilization and p38 MAPK activation. LTB4 biosynthesis was orchestrated by synergistic activation of dectin-1 and Toll-like receptor 2, and corresponding signaling via SYK and MYD88, respectively. Conclusively, we report hyphae-specific induction of LTB4 biosynthesis in human neutrophils. This highlights an expanding role of neutrophils during inflammatory processes in the response to C. albicans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Fischer
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Mark S Gresnigt
- Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans Knoell Institute, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrike Garscha
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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11
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Liu F, Zhang X, Du W, Du J, Chi Y, Sun B, Song Z, Shi J. Diagnosis values of IL-6 and IL-8 levels in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Investig Med 2021; 69:1344-1349. [PMID: 34127514 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2021-001857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Among immunologically normal hosts, patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are considered to be at high risk of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), and early diagnosis and treatment are the key to improving the prognosis of patients. Here we aimed to evaluate whether interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 might be used in the detection and diagnosis of IPA in patients with COPD. We prospectively collected 106 patients with COPD and divided them into non-IPA (n=74), probable/possible IPA (n=26) and proven IPA (n=6). Platelia Aspergillus kit was used to detect galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and serum and ELISA kit was used to detect IL-6 and IL-8 levels. Diagnostic efficiency of IL-6, IL-8 and galactomannan in serum and BALF was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic curve. Compared with the non-IPA group, the proven/probable IPA group showed significantly elevated levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in both serum and BALF, which were positively correlated with galactomannan levels. The sensitivity and specificity of IL-6 for diagnosing IPA were 74.32% and 81.25% (cut-off at 92.82 pg/mL, area under the curve (AUC)=0.8366) in serum and 68.92% and 71.88% (cut-off at 229.4 pg/mL, AUC=0.7694) in BALF. The sensitivity and specificity of IL-8 for diagnosing IPA were 83.78% and 81.25% (cut-off at 93.46 pg/mL, AUC=0.8756) in serum and 85.14% and 75.00% (cut-off at 325.4 pg/mL, AUC=0.8252) in BALF. The elevated levels of IL-6 and IL-8 in patients with IPA with COPD could be used as auxiliary indicators to diagnose IPA in addition to galactomannan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Wenxiu Du
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Junfeng Du
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Yumin Chi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Baohua Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Zhan Song
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China
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12
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Bruno M, Horst R, Pekmezovic M, Kumar V, Li Y, Netea MG, Latgé JP, Gresnigt MS, van de Veerdonk FL. Data of common and species-specific transcriptional host responses to pathogenic fungi. Data Brief 2021; 35:106928. [PMID: 33850980 PMCID: PMC8039545 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.106928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a comparative RNA-Sequencing based transcriptional profiling approach, responses of primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to common human pathogenic fungi have been characterized (Bruno et al. Computational and Structural Biology Journal). Primary human PBMCs were stimulated in vitro with the fungi A. fumigatus, C. albicans, and R. oryzae after which RNA was isolated and sequenced. From raw sequencing reads differential expressed genes in response to the different fungi where calculated by comparison with unstimulated cells. By overlapping differentially expressed genes in response to the pathogenic fungi A. fumigatus, C. albicans, and R. oryzae a dataset was generated that encompasses a common response to these three distinct fungi as well as species-specific responses. Here we present datasets on these common and species-specific responses that complement the original study (Bruno et al. Computational and Structural Biology Journal). These data serve to facilitate further fundamental research on the immune response to opportunistic pathogenic fungi such as A. fumigatus, C. albicans, and R. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariolina Bruno
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robter Horst
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marina Pekmezovic
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM) and TWINCORE, joint ventures between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Mark S Gresnigt
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11a 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboudumc Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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13
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Last A, Maurer M, Mosig AS, Gresnigt MS, Hube B. In vitro infection models to study fungal-host interactions. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:6125970. [PMID: 33524102 PMCID: PMC8498566 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections (mycoses) affect over a billion people per year. Approximately, two million of these infections are life-threatening, especially for patients with a compromised immune system. Fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Candida, Histoplasma and Cryptococcus are opportunistic pathogens that contribute to a substantial number of mycoses. To optimize the diagnosis and treatment of mycoses, we need to understand the complex fungal–host interplay during pathogenesis, the fungal attributes causing virulence and how the host resists infection via immunological defenses. In vitro models can be used to mimic fungal infections of various tissues and organs and the corresponding immune responses at near-physiological conditions. Furthermore, models can include fungal interactions with the host–microbiota to mimic the in vivo situation on skin and mucosal surfaces. This article reviews currently used in vitro models of fungal infections ranging from cell monolayers to microfluidic 3D organ-on-chip (OOC) platforms. We also discuss how OOC models can expand the toolbox for investigating interactions of fungi and their human hosts in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Last
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Michelle Maurer
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander S Mosig
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry II, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Mark S Gresnigt
- Junior Research Group Adaptive Pathogenicity Strategies, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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14
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García-Carnero LC, Martínez-Álvarez JA, Salazar-García LM, Lozoya-Pérez NE, González-Hernández SE, Tamez-Castrellón AK. Recognition of Fungal Components by the Host Immune System. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2021; 21:245-264. [PMID: 31889486 DOI: 10.2174/1389203721666191231105546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
By being the first point of contact of the fungus with the host, the cell wall plays an important role in the pathogenesis, having many molecules that participate as antigens that are recognized by immune cells, and also that help the fungus to establish infection. The main molecules reported to trigger an immune response are chitin, glucans, oligosaccharides, proteins, melanin, phospholipids, and others, being present in the principal pathogenic fungi with clinical importance worldwide, such as Histoplasma capsulatum, Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Blastomyces dermatitidis, and Sporothrix schenckii. Knowledge and understanding of how the immune system recognizes and responds to fungal antigens are relevant for the future research and development of new diagnostic tools and treatments for the control of mycosis caused by these fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C García-Carnero
- Department of Biology, Exact and Natural Sciences Division, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - José A Martínez-Álvarez
- Department of Biology, Exact and Natural Sciences Division, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Luis M Salazar-García
- Department of Biology, Exact and Natural Sciences Division, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Nancy E Lozoya-Pérez
- Department of Biology, Exact and Natural Sciences Division, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Alma K Tamez-Castrellón
- Department of Biology, Exact and Natural Sciences Division, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
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15
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Predeina AL, Dukhinova MS, Vinogradov VV. Bioreactivity of decellularized animal, plant, and fungal scaffolds: perspectives for medical applications. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:10010-10022. [PMID: 33063072 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01751e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Numerous biomedical applications imply supportive materials to improve protective, antibacterial, and regenerative abilities upon surgical interventions, oncotherapy, regenerative medicine, and others. With the increasing variability of the possible sources, the materials of natural origin are among the safest and most accessible biomedical tools. Animal, plant, and fungal tissues can further undergo decellularization to improve their biocompatibility. Decellularized scaffolds lack the most reactive cellular material, nuclear and cytoplasmic components, that predominantly trigger immune responses. At the same time, the outstanding initial three-dimensional microarchitecture, biomechanical properties, and general composition of the scaffolds are preserved. These unique features make the scaffolds perfect ready-to-use platforms for various biomedical applications, implying cell growth and functionalization. Decellularized materials can be repopulated with various cells upon request, including epithelial, endothelial, muscle and neuronal cells, and applied for structural and functional biorepair within diverse biological sites, including the skin and musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and central nervous systems. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind scaffold and host tissue interactions remain not fully understood, which significantly restricts their integration into clinical practice. In this review, we address the essential aspects of decellularization, scaffold preparation techniques, and its biochemical composition and properties, which determine the biocompatibility and immunogenicity of the materials. With the integrated evaluation of the scaffold profile in living systems, decellularized animal, plant, and fungal scaffolds have the potential to become essential instruments for safe and controllable biomedical applications.
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16
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Gonçales RA, Ricci-Azevedo R, Vieira VCS, Fernandes FF, Thomaz SMDO, Carvalho A, Vendruscolo PE, Cunha C, Roque-Barreira MC, Rodrigues F. Paracoccin Overexpression in Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Enhances Fungal Virulence by Remodeling Chitin Properties of the Cell Wall. J Infect Dis 2020; 224:164-174. [PMID: 33201217 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thermodimorphic fungi Paracoccidioides spp. are the etiological agents of paracoccidioidomycosis. Although poorly studied, paracoccin (PCN) from Paracoccidioides brasiliensis has been shown to harbor lectinic, enzymatic, and immunomodulatory properties that affect disease development. METHODS Mutants of P. brasiliensis overexpressing PCN (ov-PCN) were constructed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. ov-PCN strains were analyzed and inoculated intranasally or intravenously to mice. Fungal burden, lung pathology, and survival were monitored to evaluate virulence. Electron microscopy was used to evaluate the size of chito-oligomer particles released by ov-PCN or wild-type strains to growth media. RESULTS ov-PCN strains revealed no differences in cell growth and viability, although PCN overexpression favored cell separation, chitin processing that results in the release of smaller chito-oligomer particles, and enhanced virulence. Our data show that PCN triggers a critical effect in the cell wall biogenesis through the chitinase activity resulting from overexpression of PCN. As such, PCN overexpression aggravates the disease caused by P. brasiliensis. CONCLUSIONS Our data are consistent with a model in which PCN modulates the cell wall architecture via its chitinase activity. These findings highlight the potential for exploiting PCN function in future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Relber Aguiar Gonçales
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto/São Paulo, Brazil.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rafael Ricci-Azevedo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto/São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa C S Vieira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Fabrício F Fernandes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto/São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra M de O Thomaz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto/São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Agostinho Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Patrícia E Vendruscolo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto/São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristina Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Maria Cristina Roque-Barreira
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto/São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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17
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Using Expanded Natural Killer Cells as Therapy for Invasive Aspergillosis. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040231. [PMID: 33080826 PMCID: PMC7712362 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a major opportunistic fungal infection in patients with haematological malignancies. Morbidity and mortality rates are high despite anti-fungal treatment, as the compromised status of immune system prevents the host from responding optimally to conventional therapy. This raises the consideration for immunotherapy as an adjunctive treatment. In this study, we evaluated the utility of expanded human NK cells as treatment against Aspergillus fumigatus infection in vitro and in vivo. The NK cells were expanded and activated by K562 cells genetically modified to express 4-1BB ligand and membrane-bound interleukin-15 (K562-41BBL-mbIL-15) as feeders. The efficacy of these cells was investigated in A. fumigatus killing assays in vitro and as adoptive cellular therapy in vivo. The expanded NK cells possessed potent killing activity at low effector-to-target ratio of 2:1. Fungicidal activity was morphotypal-dependent and most efficacious against A. fumigatus conidia. Fungicidal activity was mediated by dectin-1 receptors on the expanded NK cells leading to augmented release of perforin, resulting in enhanced direct cytolysis. In an immunocompromised mice pulmonary aspergillosis model, we showed that NK cell treatment significantly reduced fungal burden, hence demonstrating the translational potential of expanded NK cells as adjunctive therapy against IA in immunocompromised patients.
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18
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Jagadeesh N, Belur S, Chachadi VB, Roy S, Inamdar SR. Aspergillus niger lectin elicits MyD88 dependent proliferation and apoptosis at lower and higher doses in immortalized human corneal epithelial cells leading to pathogenesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:2089-2095. [PMID: 33045300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An L-fucose lectin, ANL from the corneal smears of a mycotic keratitis patient was reported earlier. Interaction of ANL with immortalized Human Corneal Epithelial Cells (HCECs) was studied in order to assign the role of ANL in pathogenesis. ANL showed strong binding to HCECs which could be blocked by L-fucose and mucin. At concentrations below 0.6 μg/mL ANL showed proliferative effect and highest at 0.07 μg/mL leading to expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8. ANL induced proinflammatory response is mediated by TLR-2,-4, MyD88, NFkB and C-Jun dependent signaling. In contrast, ANL at concentrations above 0.6 μg/mL showed growth inhibitory effect at 48 h with an IC50 of 2.75 μg/mL. Western blot analysis revealed that HCECs treated with ANL at lower concentration induced the expression of proinflammatory signaling proteins TLR-2, 4, MyD88, NFkB and C-Jun which maintain high cell proliferating state. At higher concentration ANL induced apoptotic effect in HCECs with an increase in early apoptotic population as demonstrated by Annexin V-PI assay. ANL induced the expression of apoptotic proteins FADD, Caspase 8 and -3 mediated by MyD88. These findings demonstrate implication of ANL in pathogenesis and the findings are of clinical significance in developing strategy for controlling the infection leading to mycotic keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shivakumar Belur
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580003, India
| | | | - Sanhita Roy
- Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Shashikala R Inamdar
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580003, India.
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19
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Kozłowska E, Brzezińska-Błaszczyk E, Rasmus P, Żelechowska P. Fungal β-glucans and mannan stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells to cytokine production in Syk-dependent manner. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151985. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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20
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Differential Interactions of Serum and Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Complement Proteins with Conidia of Airborne Fungal Pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00212-20. [PMID: 32571987 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00212-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Even though both cellular and humoral immunities contribute to host defense, the role played by humoral immunity against the airborne opportunistic fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus has been underexplored. In this study, we aimed at deciphering the role of the complement system, the major humoral immune component, against A. fumigatus Mass spectrometry analysis of the proteins extracted from A. fumigatus conidial (asexual spores and infective propagules) surfaces opsonized with human serum indicated that C3 is the major complement protein involved. Flow cytometry and immunolabeling assays further confirmed C3b (activated C3) deposition on the conidial surfaces. Assays using cell wall components of conidia indicated that the hydrophobin RodAp, β-(1,3)-glucan (BG) and galactomannan (GM) could efficiently activate C3. Using complement component-depleted sera, we showed that while RodAp activates C3 by the alternative pathway, BG and GM partially follow the classical and lectin pathways, respectively. Opsonization facilitated conidial aggregation and phagocytosis, and complement receptor (CR3 and CR4) blockage on phagocytes significantly inhibited phagocytosis, indicating that the complement system exerts a protective role against conidia by opsonizing them and facilitating their phagocytosis mainly through complement receptors. Conidial opsonization with human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) confirmed C3 to be the major complement protein interacting with conidia. Nevertheless, complement C2 and mannose-binding lectin (MBL), the classical and lectin pathway components, respectively, were not identified, indicating that BALF activates the alternative pathway on the conidial surface. Moreover, the cytokine profiles were different upon stimulation of phagocytes with serum- and BALF-opsonized conidia, highlighting the importance of studying interaction of conidia with complement proteins in their biological niche.
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21
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Holme JA, Øya E, Afanou AKJ, Øvrevik J, Eduard W. Characterization and pro-inflammatory potential of indoor mold particles. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:662-681. [PMID: 32078193 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A number of epidemiological studies find an association between indoor air dampness and respiratory health effects. This is often suggested to be linked to enhanced mold growth. However, the role of mold is obviously difficult to disentangle from other dampness-related exposure including microbes as well as non-biological particles and chemical pollutants. The association may partly be due to visible mycelial growth and a characteristic musty smell of mold. Thus, the potential role of mold exposure should be further explored by evaluating information from experimental studies elucidating possible mechanistic links. Such studies show that exposure to spores and hyphal fragments may act as allergens and pro-inflammatory mediators and that they may damage airways by the production of toxins, enzymes, and volatile organic compounds. In the present review, we hypothesize that continuous exposure to mold particles may result in chronic low-grade pro-inflammatory responses contributing to respiratory diseases. We summarize some of the main methods for detection and characterization of fungal aerosols and highlight in vitro research elucidating how molds may induce toxicity and pro-inflammatory reactions in human cell models relevant for airway exposure. Data suggest that the fraction of fungal hyphal fragments in indoor air is much higher than that of airborne spores, and the hyphal fragments often have a higher pro-inflammatory potential. Thus, hyphal fragments of prevalent mold species with strong pro-inflammatory potential may be particularly relevant candidates for respiratory diseases associated with damp/mold-contaminated indoor air. Future studies linking of indoor air dampness with health effects should assess the toxicity and pro-inflammatory potential of indoor air particulate matter and combined this information with a better characterization of biological components including hyphal fragments from both pathogenic and non-pathogenic mold species. Such studies may increase our understanding of the potential role of mold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørn A Holme
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Øya
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medicines Access, Norwegian Medicines Agency, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anani K J Afanou
- Group of Occupational Toxicology, STAMI National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Wijnand Eduard
- Group of Occupational Toxicology, STAMI National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo, Norway
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Mami S, Yeganeh F, Salari AA, Anissian A, Azizi M, Hajimollahoseini M. Oral chitin treatment improved demyelination in murine autoimmune encephalomyelitis model by inhibition of inflammatory responses. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 84:106536. [PMID: 32361654 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether chitin microparticles (CMP), glucosamine-based polymers, have an anti-inflammatory response in a murine model of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in C57BL/6 mice by immunization with myelin antigens emulsified in complete Freund adjuvant. A standard clinical and histological method (Luxol Fast Blue staining) was used to validate the model and document the impact of CMP treatment. ELISA was used to determine the production of spleen cell cytokines and serum levels of anti-chitin antibodies. Flowcytometry was used to determine the percentage of regulatory lymphocytes. The relative expression of the breast regression protein 39 (BRP-39) gene was examined through real time-PCR amplification. Clinical signs were significantly improved in mice given CMP compared with untreated mice. Histological analysis of the spinal cord revealed that treatment significantly reduced demyelination. The levels of interferon-γ, interleukin-17, and tumor necrosis factor-α were also reduced; conversely, no significant change was detected in interleukin-10 level and regulatory T cell count. The CMP-fed mice showed lower BRP-39 expression compared with the control group. It was ultimately determined that CMP modulates immune responses which could indirectly alter the pathology of an injured central nervous system. The data suggests that CMP may be used as an effective and cheap oral therapeutic agent for multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaz Mami
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Yeganeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali-Akbar Salari
- Salari Institute of Cognitive and Behavioral Disorders (SICBD), Alborz, Karaj, Iran
| | - Ali Anissian
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Islamic Azad University, Abhar Branch, Abhar, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Azizi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Hajimollahoseini
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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23
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Garcia-Rubio R, de Oliveira HC, Rivera J, Trevijano-Contador N. The Fungal Cell Wall: Candida, Cryptococcus, and Aspergillus Species. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:2993. [PMID: 31993032 PMCID: PMC6962315 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal cell wall is located outside the plasma membrane and is the cell compartment that mediates all the relationships of the cell with the environment. It protects the contents of the cell, gives rigidity and defines the cellular structure. The cell wall is a skeleton with high plasticity that protects the cell from different stresses, among which osmotic changes stand out. The cell wall allows interaction with the external environment since some of its proteins are adhesins and receptors. Since, some components have a high immunogenic capacity, certain wall components can drive the host's immune response to promote fungus growth and dissemination. The cell wall is a characteristic structure of fungi and is composed mainly of glucans, chitin and glycoproteins. As the components of the fungal cell wall are not present in humans, this structure is an excellent target for antifungal therapy. In this article, we review recent data on the composition and synthesis, influence of the components of the cell wall in fungi-host interaction and the role as a target for the next generation of antifungal drugs in yeasts (Candida and Cryptococcus) and filamentous fungi (Aspergillus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Garcia-Rubio
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack Meridian Health, Nutley, NJ, United States
| | | | - Johanna Rivera
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nuria Trevijano-Contador
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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24
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Hatinguais R, Willment JA, Brown GD. PAMPs of the Fungal Cell Wall and Mammalian PRRs. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2020; 425:187-223. [PMID: 32180018 DOI: 10.1007/82_2020_201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fungi are opportunistic pathogens that infect immunocompromised patients and are responsible for an estimated 1.5 million deaths every year. The antifungal innate immune response is mediated through the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by the host's pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs are immune receptors that ensure the internalisation and the killing of fungal pathogens. They also mount the inflammatory response, which contributes to initiate and polarise the adaptive response, controlled by lymphocytes. Both the innate and adaptive immune responses are required to control fungal infections. The immune recognition of fungal pathogen primarily occurs at the interface between the membrane of innate immune cells and the fungal cell wall, which contains a number of PAMPs. This chapter will focus on describing the main mammalian PRRs that have been shown to bind to PAMPs from the fungal cell wall of the four main fungal pathogens: Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans and Pneumocystis jirovecii. We will describe these receptors, their functions and ligands to provide the reader with an overview of how the immune system recognises fungal pathogens and responds to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Hatinguais
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Janet A Willment
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Gordon D Brown
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK.
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25
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Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a saprotrophic fungus; its primary habitat is the soil. In its ecological niche, the fungus has learned how to adapt and proliferate in hostile environments. This capacity has helped the fungus to resist and survive against human host defenses and, further, to be responsible for one of the most devastating lung infections in terms of morbidity and mortality. In this review, we will provide (i) a description of the biological cycle of A. fumigatus; (ii) a historical perspective of the spectrum of aspergillus disease and the current epidemiological status of these infections; (iii) an analysis of the modes of immune response against Aspergillus in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients; (iv) an understanding of the pathways responsible for fungal virulence and their host molecular targets, with a specific focus on the cell wall; (v) the current status of the diagnosis of different clinical syndromes; and (vi) an overview of the available antifungal armamentarium and the therapeutic strategies in the clinical context. In addition, the emergence of new concepts, such as nutritional immunity and the integration and rewiring of multiple fungal metabolic activities occurring during lung invasion, has helped us to redefine the opportunistic pathogenesis of A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Latgé
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Georgios Chamilos
- School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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26
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de Castro PA, Colabardini AC, Manfiolli AO, Chiaratto J, Silva LP, Mattos EC, Palmisano G, Almeida F, Persinoti GF, Ries LNA, Mellado L, Rocha MC, Bromley M, Silva RN, de Souza GS, Loures FV, Malavazi I, Brown NA, Goldman GH. Aspergillus fumigatus calcium-responsive transcription factors regulate cell wall architecture promoting stress tolerance, virulence and caspofungin resistance. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008551. [PMID: 31887136 PMCID: PMC6948819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus causes invasive aspergillosis, the most common life-threatening fungal disease of immuno-compromised humans. The treatment of disseminated infections with antifungal drugs, including echinocandin cell wall biosynthesis inhibitors, is increasingly challenging due to the rise of drug-resistant pathogens. The fungal calcium responsive calcineurin-CrzA pathway influences cell morphology, cell wall composition, virulence, and echinocandin resistance. A screen of 395 A. fumigatus transcription factor mutants identified nine transcription factors important to calcium stress tolerance, including CrzA and ZipD. Here, comparative transcriptomics revealed CrzA and ZipD regulated the expression of shared and unique gene networks, suggesting they participate in both converged and distinct stress response mechanisms. CrzA and ZipD additively promoted calcium stress tolerance. However, ZipD also regulated cell wall organization, osmotic stress tolerance and echinocandin resistance. The absence of ZipD in A. fumigatus caused a significant virulence reduction in immunodeficient and immunocompetent mice. The ΔzipD mutant displayed altered cell wall organization and composition, while being more susceptible to macrophage killing and eliciting an increased pro-inflammatory cytokine response. A higher number of neutrophils, macrophages and activated macrophages were found in ΔzipD infected mice lungs. Collectively, this shows that ZipD-mediated regulation of the fungal cell wall contributes to the evasion of pro-inflammatory responses and tolerance of echinocandin antifungals, and in turn promoting virulence and complicating treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Alves de Castro
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Ana Cristina Colabardini
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Adriana Oliveira Manfiolli
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Chiaratto
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lilian Pereira Silva
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Eliciane Cevolani Mattos
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fausto Almeida
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Felix Persinoti
- Laboratório Nacional de Biorrenováveis (LNBR), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Laure Nicolas Annick Ries
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Laura Mellado
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marina Campos Rocha
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Michael Bromley
- Manchester Fungal Infection Group, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto Nascimento Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Scalini de Souza
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Flávio Vieira Loures
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Iran Malavazi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Neil Andrew Brown
- Department of Biology & Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Gustavo H Goldman
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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27
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Gressler M, Heddergott C, N'Go IC, Renga G, Oikonomou V, Moretti S, Coddeville B, Gaifem J, Silvestre R, Romani L, Latgé JP, Fontaine T. Definition of the Anti-inflammatory Oligosaccharides Derived From the Galactosaminogalactan (GAG) From Aspergillus fumigatus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:365. [PMID: 31781511 PMCID: PMC6851199 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Galactosaminogalactan (GAG) is an insoluble aminosugar polymer produced by Aspergillus fumigatus and has anti-inflammatory properties. Here, the minimum glycosidic sequences required for the induction of IL-1Ra by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was investigated. Using chemical degradation of native GAG to isolate soluble oligomers, we have found that the de-N-acetylation of galactosamine residues and the size of oligomer are critical for the in vitro immune response. A minimal oligomer size of 20 galactosamine residues is required for the anti-inflammatory response but the presence of galactose residues is not necessary. In a Dextran sulfate induced colitis mouse model, a fraction of de-N-acetylated oligomers of 13 < dp < 20 rescue inflammatory damage like the native GAG polymer in an IL-1Ra dependent pathway. Our results demonstrate the therapeutic suitability of water-soluble GAG oligosaccharides in IL-1 mediated hyper-inflammatory diseases and suggest that α-1,4-galactosamine oligomers chemically synthesized could represent new anti-inflammatory glycodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Inés C N'Go
- Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Giorgia Renga
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Vasilis Oikonomou
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Moretti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Bernadette Coddeville
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF) UMR 8576 CNRS, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Joana Gaifem
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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28
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de Jesus Carrion S, Abbondante S, Clark HL, Marshall ME, Mouyna I, Beauvais A, Sun Y, Taylor PR, Leal SM, Armstrong B, Carrera W, Latge JP, Pearlman E. Aspergillus fumigatus corneal infection is regulated by chitin synthases and by neutrophil-derived acidic mammalian chitinase. Eur J Immunol 2019; 49:918-927. [PMID: 30903663 PMCID: PMC6999821 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is an important cause of pulmonary and systemic infections in immune compromised individuals, and of corneal ulcers and blindness in immune competent patients. To examine the role of chitin synthases in Aspergillus corneal infection, we analyzed Aspergillus mutants of chitin synthase family 1 and family 2, and found that compared with the parent strain, the quadruple mutants from both families were more readily killed by neutrophils in vitro, and that both also exhibited impaired hyphal growth in the cornea. Further, inhibition of chitin synthases using Nikkomycin Z enhanced neutrophil killing in vitro and in vivo in a murine model of A. fumigatus corneal infection. Acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) is mostly produced by macrophages in asthmatic lungs; however, we now demonstrate that neutrophils are a major source of AMCase, which inhibits hyphal growth. In A. fumigatus corneal infection, neutrophils are the major source of AMCase, and addition of AMCase inhibitors or adoptive transfer of neutrophils from AMCase-/- mice resulted in impaired hyphal killing. Together, these findings identify chitin synthases as important fungal virulence factors and neutrophil-derived AMCase as an essential mediator of host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven de Jesus Carrion
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Heather L. Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Anne Beauvais
- Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Patricia R. Taylor
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sixto M. Leal
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Brittany Armstrong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - William Carrera
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Eric Pearlman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA,Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, USA
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29
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Amarsaikhan N, Stolz DJ, Wilcox A, Sands EM, Tsoggerel A, Gravely H, Templeton SP. Reciprocal Inhibition of Adiponectin and Innate Lung Immune Responses to Chitin and Aspergillus fumigatus. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1057. [PMID: 31134096 PMCID: PMC6524459 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin is a structural biopolymer found in numerous organisms, including pathogenic fungi, and recognized as an immune-stimulating pathogen associated molecular pattern by pattern recognition molecules of the host immune system. However, programming and regulation of lung innate immunity to chitin inhalation in the context of inhalation of fungal pathogens such as Aspergillus fumigatus is complex and our understanding incomplete. Here we report that the systemic metabolism-regulating cytokine adiponectin is decreased in the lungs and serum of mice after chitin inhalation, with a concomitant decrease in surface expression of the adiponectin receptor AdipoR1 on lung leukocytes. Constitutive lung expression of acidic mammalian chitinase resulted in decreased inflammatory cytokine gene expression and neutrophil recruitment, but did not significantly affect lung adiponectin transcription. Exogenous recombinant adiponectin specifically dampened airway chitin-mediated eosinophil recruitment, while adiponectin deficiency resulted in increased airway eosinophils. The presence of adiponectin also resulted in decreased CCL11-mediated migration of bone marrow-derived eosinophils. In contrast to purified chitin, aspiration of viable conidia from the high chitin-expressing A. fumigatus isolate Af5517 resulted in increased neutrophil recruitment and inflammatory cytokine gene expression in adiponectin-deficient mice, while no significant changes were observed in response to the isolate Af293. Our results identify a novel role for the adiponectin pathway in inhibition of lung inflammatory responses to chitin and A. fumigatus inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nansalmaa Amarsaikhan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine-Terre Haute, Terre Haute, IN, United States
| | - Dylan J Stolz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine-Terre Haute, Terre Haute, IN, United States
| | - Amber Wilcox
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine-Terre Haute, Terre Haute, IN, United States
| | - Ethan M Sands
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine-Terre Haute, Terre Haute, IN, United States
| | - Angar Tsoggerel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine-Terre Haute, Terre Haute, IN, United States
| | - Haley Gravely
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine-Terre Haute, Terre Haute, IN, United States
| | - Steven P Templeton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine-Terre Haute, Terre Haute, IN, United States
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30
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Newling M, Sritharan L, van der Ham AJ, Hoepel W, Fiechter RH, de Boer L, Zaat SAJ, Bisoendial RJ, Baeten DLP, Everts B, den Dunnen J. C-Reactive Protein Promotes Inflammation through FcγR-Induced Glycolytic Reprogramming of Human Macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:225-235. [PMID: 31118224 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase protein produced in high quantities by the liver in response to infection and during chronic inflammatory disorders. Although CRP is known to facilitate the clearance of cell debris and bacteria by phagocytic cells, the role of CRP in additional immunological functions is less clear. This study shows that complexed CRP (phosphocholine [PC]:CRP) (formed by binding of CRP to PC moieties), but not soluble CRP, synergized with specific TLRs to posttranscriptionally amplify TNF, IL-1β, and IL-23 production by human inflammatory macrophages. We identified FcγRI and IIa as the main receptors responsible for initiating PC:CRP-induced inflammation. In addition, we identified the underlying mechanism, which depended on signaling through kinases Syk, PI3K, and AKT2, as well as glycolytic reprogramming. These data indicate that in humans, CRP is not only a marker but also a driver of inflammation by human macrophages. Therefore, although providing host defense against bacteria, PC:CRP-induced inflammation may also exacerbate pathology in the context of disorders such as atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Newling
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lathees Sritharan
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alwin J van der Ham
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, University of Leiden, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Willianne Hoepel
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Renée H Fiechter
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Leonie de Boer
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Sebastian A J Zaat
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | | | - Dominique L P Baeten
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Everts
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, University of Leiden, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen den Dunnen
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; .,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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31
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Zacharias CA, Sheppard DC. The role of Aspergillus fumigatus polysaccharides in host-pathogen interactions. Curr Opin Microbiol 2019; 52:20-26. [PMID: 31121411 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a saprophytic mold that can cause infection in patients with impaired immunity or chronic lung diseases. The polysaccharide-rich cell wall of this fungus is a key point of contact with the host immune system. The availability of purified cell wall polysaccharides and mutant strains deficient in the production of these glycans has revealed that these glycans play an important role in the pathogenesis of A. fumigatus infections. Herein, we review our current understanding of the key polysaccharides present within the A. fumigatus cell wall, and their interactions with host cells and secreted factors during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin A Zacharias
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Centre for Translational Biology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Donald C Sheppard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada; Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Centre for Translational Biology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.
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32
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Øya E, Becher R, Ekeren L, Afanou AKJ, Øvrevik J, Holme JA. Pro-Inflammatory Responses in Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells Induced by Spores and Hyphal Fragments of Common Damp Indoor Molds. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16061085. [PMID: 30917597 PMCID: PMC6466608 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16061085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Damp indoor environments contaminated with different mold species may contribute to the development and exacerbation of respiratory illnesses. Human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells were exposed to X-ray treated spores and hyphal fragments from pure cultures of Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillum chrysogenum, Aspergillus versicolor and Stachybotrys chartarum. Hyphal fragments of A. fumigatus and P. chrysogenum induced expression and release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 and the chemokine IL-8, while none of the other hyphal preparations had effects. Hyphal fragments from A. fumigatus and P. chrysogenum also increased the expression of IL-1α, IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, but these cytokines were not released. X-ray treated spores had little or no inflammatory potential. Attenuating Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 by blocking antibodies strongly reduced the A. fumigatus and P. chrysogenum hyphae-induced IL-6 and IL-8 release, whereas TLR4 antagonist treatment was without effects. Untreated A. fumigatus spores formed hyphae and triggered expression of pro-inflammatory genes with similarities to the effects of hyphal fragments. In conclusion, while X-ray treated spores induced no pro-inflammatory responses, hyphal fragments of A. fumigatus and P. chrysogenum enhanced a TLR2-dependent expression and release of IL-6 and IL-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Øya
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Infection Control and Environment and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Rune Becher
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Infection Control and Environment and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Leni Ekeren
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Infection Control and Environment and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anani K J Afanou
- Department for the Chemical and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Infection Control and Environment and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, N-0315 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jørn A Holme
- Department of Air Pollution and Noise, Division of Infection Control and Environment and Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O. Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403 Oslo, Norway.
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33
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Liberti A, Cannon JP, Litman GW, Dishaw LJ. A Soluble Immune Effector Binds Both Fungi and Bacteria via Separate Functional Domains. Front Immunol 2019; 10:369. [PMID: 30894858 PMCID: PMC6414549 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome of animals consists of diverse microorganisms that include both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Complex interactions occur among these inhabitants, as well as with the immune system of the host, and profoundly influence the overall health of both the host and its microbial symbionts. Despite the enormous importance for the host to regulate its gut microbiome, the extent to which animals generate immune-related molecules with the capacity to directly influence polymicrobial interactions remains unclear. The urochordate, Ciona robusta, is a model organism that has been adapted to experimental studies of host/microbiome interactions. Ciona variable-region containing chitin-binding proteins (VCBPs) are innate immune effectors, composed of immunoglobulin (Ig) variable regions and a chitin-binding domain (CBD) and are expressed in high abundance in the gut. It was previously shown that VCBP-C binds bacteria and influences both phagocytosis by granular amoebocytes and biofilm formation via its Ig domains. We show here that the CBD of VCBP-C independently recognizes chitin molecules present in the cell walls, sporangia (spore-forming bodies), and spores of a diverse set of filamentous fungi isolated from the gut of Ciona. To our knowledge, this is the first description of a secreted Ig-containing immune molecule with the capacity to directly promote transkingdom interactions through simultaneous binding by independent structural domains and could have broad implications in modulating the establishment, succession, and homeostasis of gut microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Liberti
- Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - John P. Cannon
- Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Gary W. Litman
- Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Children's Research Institute, Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
| | - Larry J. Dishaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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Steger M, Bermejo-Jambrina M, Yordanov T, Wagener J, Brakhage AA, Pittl V, Huber LA, Haas H, Lass-Flörl C, Posch W, Wilflingseder D. β-1,3-glucan-lacking Aspergillus fumigatus mediates an efficient antifungal immune response by activating complement and dendritic cells. Virulence 2018; 10:957-969. [PMID: 30372658 PMCID: PMC8647855 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2018.1528843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement system and dendritic cells (DCs) form - beside neutrophils and macrophages - the first line of defense to combat fungal infections. Therefore, we here studied interactions of these first immune elements with Aspergillus fumigatus lacking ß-1,3-glucans (fks1tetOnrep under repressed conditions) to mechanistically explain the mode of action of echinocandins in more detail. Echinocandins are cell wall active agents blocking β-glucan synthase, making the A. fumigatus fks1tetOn mutant a good model to study immune-modulatory actions of these drugs. We now demonstrate herein, that complement was activated to significantly higher levels by the fks1-deficient strain compared to its respective wild type. This enhanced covalent linking of complement fragments to the A. fumigatus fks1tetOnrep mutant further resulted in enhanced DC binding and internalization of the fungus. Additionally, we found that fks1tetOnrep induced a Th1-/Th17-polarizing cytokine profile program in DCs. The effect was essentially dependent on massive galactomannan shedding, since blocking of DC-SIGN significantly reduced the fks1tetOnrep-mediated induction of an inflammatory cytokine profile.Our data demonstrate that lack of ß-1,3-glucan, also found under echinocandin therapy, results in improved recognition of Aspergillus fumigatus by complement and DCs and therefore not only directly affects the fungus by its fungistatic actions, but also is likely to exert indirect antifungal mechanisms by strengthening innate host immune mechanisms.Abbreviations: C: complement; CR:complement receptor; DC: dendritic cell; iDC: immature dendritic cell; DC-SIGN: Dendritic Cell-Specific Intercellular adhesion molecule-3-Grabbing Non-integrin; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinases; JNK : c-Jun N-terminal kinases; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; NHS: normal human serum; PRR: pattern recognition receptor; Th :T helper; TLR :Toll-like receptor; WT: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Steger
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marta Bermejo-Jambrina
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Teodor Yordanov
- Division of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johannes Wagener
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Germany.,Division of Molecular Biology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Verena Pittl
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lukas A Huber
- Division of Cell Biology, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hubertus Haas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Friedrich Schiller University (FSU), Jena, Germany
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wilfried Posch
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Doris Wilflingseder
- Division of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Komarova BS, Wong SSW, Orekhova MV, Tsvetkov YE, Krylov VB, Beauvais A, Bouchara JP, Kearney JF, Aimanianda V, Latgé JP, Nifantiev NE. Chemical Synthesis and Application of Biotinylated Oligo-α-(1 → 3)-d-Glucosides To Study the Antibody and Cytokine Response against the Cell Wall α-(1 → 3)-d-Glucan of Aspergillus fumigatus. J Org Chem 2018; 83:12965-12976. [PMID: 30277398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Biotinylated hepta-, nona- and undeca-α-(1 → 3)-d-glucosides representing long oligosaccharides of α-(1 → 3)-d-glucan, one of the major components of the cell walls of the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus, were synthesized for the first time via a blockwise strategy. Convergent assembly of the α-(1 → 3)-d-glucan chains was achieved by glycosylation with oligoglucoside derivatives bearing 6- O-benzoyl groups. Those groups are capable of remote α-stereocontrolling participation, making them efficient α-directing tools even in the case of large glycosyl donors. Synthetic biotinylated oligoglucosides (and biotinylated derivatives of previously synthesized tri- and penta-α-(1 → 3)-d-glucosides) loaded on streptavidin microtiter plates were shown to be better recognized by anti-α-(1 → 3)-glucan human polyclonal antibodies and to induce higher cytokine responses upon stimulation of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells than their natural counterpart, α-(1 → 3)-d-glucan, immobilized on a conventional microtiter plate. Attachment of the synthetic oligosaccharides equipped with a hydrophilic spacer via the streptavidin-biotin pair allows better spatial presentation and control of the loading compared to the random sorption of natural α-(1 → 3)-glucan. Increase of oligoglucoside length results in their better recognition and enhancement of cytokine production. Thus, using synthetic α-(1 → 3)-glucan oligosaccharides, we developed an assay for the host immune response that is more sensitive than the assay based on native α-(1 → 3)-glucan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozhena S Komarova
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry , N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky prospect 47 , 119991 Moscow , Russia
| | - Sarah S W Wong
- Unité des Aspergillus , Institut Pasteur , 25 rue du Docteur Roux , 75724 Paris Cedex 15 , France
| | - Maria V Orekhova
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry , N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky prospect 47 , 119991 Moscow , Russia
| | - Yury E Tsvetkov
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry , N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky prospect 47 , 119991 Moscow , Russia
| | - Vadim B Krylov
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry , N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky prospect 47 , 119991 Moscow , Russia
| | - Anne Beauvais
- Unité des Aspergillus , Institut Pasteur , 25 rue du Docteur Roux , 75724 Paris Cedex 15 , France
| | - Jean-Philippe Bouchara
- Groupe d'Etude des Interactions Hôte-Pathogène (EA 3142) , UNIV Brest , 74521-49045 Angers , France
| | - John F Kearney
- University of Alabama , Birmingham , Alabama 35294-2182 , United States
| | - Vishukumar Aimanianda
- Unité des Aspergillus , Institut Pasteur , 25 rue du Docteur Roux , 75724 Paris Cedex 15 , France
| | - Jean-Paul Latgé
- Unité des Aspergillus , Institut Pasteur , 25 rue du Docteur Roux , 75724 Paris Cedex 15 , France
| | - Nikolay E Nifantiev
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry , N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninsky prospect 47 , 119991 Moscow , Russia
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36
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Newling M, Hoepel W, Vogelpoel LTC, Heineke MH, van Burgsteden JA, Taanman-Kueter EWM, Eggink D, Kuijpers TW, Beaumont T, van Egmond M, Kapsenberg ML, Baeten DLP, den Dunnen J, Jong ECD. Fc gamma receptor IIa suppresses type I and III interferon production by human myeloid immune cells. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:1796-1809. [PMID: 30184252 PMCID: PMC6282563 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type I and type III interferons (IFNs) are fundamental for antiviral immunity, but prolonged expression is also detrimental to the host. Therefore, upon viral infection high levels of type I and III IFNs are followed by a strong and rapid decline. However, the mechanisms responsible for this suppression are still largely unknown. Here, we show that IgG opsonization of model viruses influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) strongly and selectively suppressed type I and III IFN production by various human antigen-presenting cells. This suppression was induced by selective inhibition of TLR, RIG-I-like receptor, and STING-dependent type I and III IFN gene transcription. Surprisingly, type I and III IFN suppression was mediated by Syk and PI3K independent inhibitory signaling via FcγRIIa, thereby identifying a novel non-canonical FcγRIIa pathway in myeloid cells. Together, these results indicate that IgG opsonization of viruses functions as a novel negative feedback mechanism in humans, which may play a role in the selective suppression of type I and III IFN responses during the late-phase of viral infections. In addition, activation of this pathway may be used as a tool to limit type I IFN-associated pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Newling
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, location Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willianne Hoepel
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, location Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa T C Vogelpoel
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke H Heineke
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan A van Burgsteden
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, location Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther W M Taanman-Kueter
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Hematology, Immunology and Infectious Disease, Emma Children's Hospital, AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Beaumont
- AIMM Therapeutics, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein van Egmond
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Surgery, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martien L Kapsenberg
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dominique L P Baeten
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, location Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen den Dunnen
- Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, location Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther C de Jong
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Genetic deficiency of NOD2 confers resistance to invasive aspergillosis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2636. [PMID: 29980664 PMCID: PMC6035256 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04912-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a severe infection that can occur in severely immunocompromised patients. Efficient immune recognition of Aspergillus is crucial to protect against infection, and previous studies suggested a role for NOD2 in this process. However, thorough investigation of the impact of NOD2 on susceptibility to aspergillosis is lacking. Common genetic variations in NOD2 has been associated with Crohn's disease and here we investigated the influence of these genetic variations on the anti-Aspergillus host response. A NOD2 polymorphism reduced the risk of IA after hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation. Mechanistically, absence of NOD2 in monocytes and macrophages increases phagocytosis leading to enhanced fungal killing, conversely, NOD2 activation reduces the antifungal potential of these cells. Crucially, Nod2 deficiency results in resistance to Aspergillus infection in an in vivo model of pulmonary aspergillosis. Collectively, our data demonstrate that genetic deficiency of NOD2 plays a protective role during Aspergillus infection.
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38
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Acidic Mammalian Chitinase Negatively Affects Immune Responses during Acute and Chronic Aspergillus fumigatus Exposure. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00944-17. [PMID: 29712728 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00944-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin is a polysaccharide that provides structure and rigidity to the cell walls of fungi and insects. Mammals possess multiple chitinases, which function to degrade chitin, thereby supporting a role for chitinases in immune defense. However, chitin degradation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. Here, we determined the impact of acidic mammalian chitinase (AMCase) (Chia) deficiency on host defense during acute exposure to the fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus as well as its contribution to A. fumigatus-associated allergic asthma. We demonstrate that chitin in the fungal cell wall was detected at low levels in A. fumigatus conidia, which emerged at the highest level during hyphal transition. In response to acute A. fumigatus challenge, Chia-/- mice unexpectedly demonstrated lower A. fumigatus lung burdens at 2 days postchallenge. The lower fungal burden correlated with decreased lung interleukin-33 (IL-33) levels yet increased IL-1β and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, a phenotype that we reported previously to promote the induction of IL-17A and IL-22. During chronic A. fumigatus exposure, AMCase deficiency resulted in lower dynamic and airway lung resistance than in wild-type mice. Improved lung physiology correlated with attenuated levels of the proallergic chemokines CCL17 and CCL22. Surprisingly, examination of inflammatory responses during chronic exposure revealed attenuated IL-17A and IL-22 responses, but not type 2 responses, in the absence of AMCase. Collectively, these data suggest that AMCase functions as a negative regulator of immune responses during acute fungal exposure and is a contributor to fungal asthma severity, putatively via the induction of proinflammatory responses.
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39
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Wong SSW, Rani M, Dodagatta-Marri E, Ibrahim-Granet O, Kishore U, Bayry J, Latgé JP, Sahu A, Madan T, Aimanianda V. Fungal melanin stimulates surfactant protein D-mediated opsonization of and host immune response to Aspergillus fumigatus spores. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:4901-4912. [PMID: 29414772 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.815852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactant protein D (SP-D), a C-type lectin and pattern-recognition soluble factor, plays an important role in immune surveillance to detect and eliminate human pulmonary pathogens. SP-D has been shown to protect against infections with the most ubiquitous airborne fungal pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus, but the fungal surface component(s) interacting with SP-D is unknown. Here, we show that SP-D binds to melanin pigment on the surface of A. fumigatus dormant spores (conidia). SP-D also exhibited an affinity to two cell-wall polysaccharides of A. fumigatus, galactomannan (GM) and galactosaminogalactan (GAG). The immunolabeling pattern of SP-D was punctate on the conidial surface and was uniform on germinating conidia, in accordance with the localization of melanin, GM, and GAG. We also found that the collagen-like domain of SP-D is involved in its interaction with melanin, whereas its carbohydrate-recognition domain recognized GM and GAG. Unlike un-opsonized conidia, SP-D-opsonized conidia were phagocytosed more efficiently and stimulated the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by human monocyte-derived macrophages. Furthermore, SP-D-/- mice challenged intranasally with wildtype conidia or melanin ghosts (i.e. hollow melanin spheres) displayed significantly reduced proinflammatory cytokines in the lung compared with wildtype mice. In summary, SP-D binds to melanin present on the dormant A. fumigatus conidial surface, facilitates conidial phagocytosis, and stimulates the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manjusha Rani
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India
| | - Eswari Dodagatta-Marri
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Uday Kishore
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Arvind Sahu
- Complement Biology Laboratory, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Taruna Madan
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India.
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席 作, 梁 伟. [Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells in vitro via regulating Fra-1]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2017; 37:1654-1659. [PMID: 29292261 PMCID: PMC6744020 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.12.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) overexpression on proliferation and apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells and explore the possible mechanism. METHODS The mRNA expressions of SYK and Fra?1 in 10 clinical specimens of colorectal cancer and 10 adjacent tissues were measured with qRT?PCR, and their protein expressions were detected with Western blotting. The recombinant plasmid pcDNA.3.1?SYK was constructed and transfected into colorectal cancer cells to induce SYK overexpression, and the cell viability and proliferation were assessed using by MTT assay and BrdU assay, respectively; caspase?3 activity in the cells was evaluated with a commercial kit and the cell apoptosis was analyzed with Annexin?V FITC/PI assay. RESULTS The expressions of SYK were significantly decreased in colorectal cancer tissues and colorectal cancer cell lines. Transfection of pcDNA.3.1?SYK into the colorectal cancer cells induced obviously upregulated mRNA and protein expressions of SYK, which caused a significant suppression of the cell viability and proliferation and enhancement of the cell apoptosis along with a significant inhibition of Fra?1 expression. CONCLUSION s SYK overexpression inhibits the proliferation and promotes apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells, and these effects are possibly mediated by the regulation of Fra?1 expression by SYK.
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Affiliation(s)
- 作武 席
- 河南省中医院肛肠科,河南 郑州 450000Department of Proctology, Henan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - 伟涛 梁
- 河南中医药大学中医外科,河南 郑州 450000Surgery of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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Gresnigt MS, Becker KL, Leenders F, Alonso MF, Wang X, Meis JF, Bain JM, Erwig LP, van de Veerdonk FL. Differential Kinetics of Aspergillus nidulans and Aspergillus fumigatus Phagocytosis. J Innate Immun 2017; 10:145-160. [PMID: 29248928 DOI: 10.1159/000484562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis mainly occurs in immunocompromised patients and is commonly caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, while A.nidulans is rarely the causative agent. However, in chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) patients, A. nidulans is a frequent cause of invasive aspergillosis and is associated with higher mortality. Immune recognition of A. nidulans was compared to A. fumigatus to offer an insight into why A. nidulans infections are prevalent in CGD. Live cell imaging with J774A.1 macrophage-like cells and LC3-GFP-mCherry bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) revealed that phagocytosis of A. nidulans was slower compared to A. fumigatus. This difference could be attributed to slower migration of J774A.1 cells and a lower percentage of migrating BMDMs. In addition, delayed phagosome acidification and LC3-associated phagocytosis was observed with A. nidulans. Cytokine and oxidative burst measurements in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed a lower oxidative burst upon challenge with A. nidulans. In contrast, A. nidulans induced significantly higher concentrations of cytokines. Collectively, our data demonstrate that A. nidulans is phagocytosed and processed at a slower rate compared to A. fumigatus, resulting in reduced fungal killing and increased germination of conidia. This slower rate of A. nidulans clearance may be permissive for overgrowth within certain immune settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Gresnigt
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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Zhang P, Xin X, Fang L, Jiang H, Xu X, Su X, Shi Y. HMGB1 mediates Aspergillus fumigatus -induced inflammatory response in alveolar macrophages of COPD mice via activating MyD88/NF-κB and syk/PI3K signalings. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 53:125-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Schmidt S, Tramsen L, Lehrnbecher T. Natural Killer Cells in Antifungal Immunity. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1623. [PMID: 29213274 PMCID: PMC5702641 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections are still an important cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients such as patients suffering from hematological malignancies or patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantion. In addition, other populations such as human immunodeficiency virus-patients are at higher risk for invasive fungal infection. Despite the availability of new antifungal compounds and better supportive care measures, the fatality rate of invasive fungal infection remained unacceptably high. It is therefore of major interest to improve our understanding of the host-pathogen interaction to develop new therapeutic approaches such as adoptive immunotherapy. As experimental methodologies have improved and we now better understand the complex network of the immune system, the insight in the interaction of the host with the fungus has significantly increased. It has become clear that host resistance to fungal infections is not only associated with strong innate immunity but that adaptive immunity (e.g., T cells) also plays an important role. The antifungal activity of natural killer (NK) cells has been underestimated for a long time. In vitro studies demonstrated that NK cells from murine and human origin are able to attack fungi of different genera and species. NK cells exhibit not only a direct antifungal activity via cytotoxic molecules but also an indirect antifungal activity via cytokines. However, it has been show that fungi exert immunosuppressive effects on NK cells. Whereas clinical data are scarce, animal models have clearly demonstrated that NK cells play an important role in the host response against invasive fungal infections. In this review, we summarize clinical data as well as results from in vitro and animal studies on the impact of NK cells on fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislaw Schmidt
- Division for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lars Tramsen
- Division for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Lehrnbecher
- Division for Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
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Jensen K, Lund KP, Christensen KB, Holm AT, Dubey LK, Moeller JB, Jepsen CS, Schlosser A, Galgóczy L, Thiel S, Holmskov U, Sorensen GL. M-ficolin is present in Aspergillus fumigatus infected lung and modulates epithelial cell immune responses elicited by fungal cell wall polysaccharides. Virulence 2017; 8:1870-1879. [PMID: 28060571 PMCID: PMC5810506 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1278337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Jensen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kit P. Lund
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kimmie B. Christensen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anne T. Holm
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lalit Kumar Dubey
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jesper B. Moeller
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christine S. Jepsen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Schlosser
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - László Galgóczy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Steffen Thiel
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Uffe Holmskov
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Grith L. Sorensen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Abstract
The molecular composition of the cell wall is critical for the biology and ecology of each fungal species. Fungal walls are composed of matrix components that are embedded and linked to scaffolds of fibrous load-bearing polysaccharides. Most of the major cell wall components of fungal pathogens are not represented in humans, other mammals, or plants, and therefore the immune systems of animals and plants have evolved to recognize many of the conserved elements of fungal walls. For similar reasons the enzymes that assemble fungal cell wall components are excellent targets for antifungal chemotherapies and fungicides. However, for fungal pathogens, the cell wall is often disguised since key signature molecules for immune recognition are sometimes masked by immunologically inert molecules. Cell wall damage leads to the activation of sophisticated fail-safe mechanisms that shore up and repair walls to avoid catastrophic breaching of the integrity of the surface. The frontiers of research on fungal cell walls are moving from a descriptive phase defining the underlying genes and component parts of fungal walls to more dynamic analyses of how the various components are assembled, cross-linked, and modified in response to environmental signals. This review therefore discusses recent advances in research investigating the composition, synthesis, and regulation of cell walls and how the cell wall is targeted by immune recognition systems and the design of antifungal diagnostics and therapeutics.
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46
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Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is an environmental filamentous fungus that can cause life-threatening disease in immunocompromised individuals. The interactions between A. fumigatus and the host environment are dynamic and complex. The host immune system needs to recognize the distinct morphological forms of A. fumigatus to control fungal growth and prevent tissue invasion, whereas the fungus requires nutrients and needs to adapt to the hostile environment by escaping immune recognition and counteracting host responses. Understanding these highly dynamic interactions is necessary to fully understand the pathogenesis of aspergillosis and to facilitate the design of new therapeutics to overcome the morbidity and mortality caused by A. fumigatus. In this Review, we describe how A. fumigatus adapts to environmental change, the mechanisms of host defence, and our current knowledge of the interplay between the host immune response and the fungus.
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Immune Recognition of Fungal Polysaccharides. J Fungi (Basel) 2017; 3:jof3030047. [PMID: 29371564 PMCID: PMC5715945 DOI: 10.3390/jof3030047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of fungal infections has dramatically increased in recent years, in large part due to increased use of immunosuppressive medications, as well as aggressive medical and surgical interventions that compromise natural skin and mucosal barriers. There are relatively few currently licensed antifungal drugs, and rising resistance to these agents has led to interest in the development of novel preventative and therapeutic strategies targeting these devastating infections. One approach to combat fungal infections is to augment the host immune response towards these organisms. The polysaccharide-rich cell wall is the initial point of contact between fungi and the host immune system, and therefore, represents an important target for immunotherapeutic approaches. This review highlights the advances made in our understanding of the mechanisms by which the immune system recognizes and interacts with exopolysaccharides produced by four of the most common fungal pathogens: Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Histoplasma capsulatum. Work to date suggests that inner cell wall polysaccharides that play an important structural role are the most conserved across diverse members of the fungal kingdom, and elicit the strongest innate immune responses. The immune system senses these carbohydrates through receptors, such as lectins and complement proteins. In contrast, a greater diversity of polysaccharides is found within the outer cell walls of pathogenic fungi. These glycans play an important role in immune evasion, and can even induce anti-inflammatory host responses. Further study of the complex interactions between the host immune system and the fungal polysaccharides will be necessary to develop more effective therapeutic strategies, as well as to explore the use of immunosuppressive polysaccharides as therapeutic agents to modulate inflammation.
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48
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Latgé JP, Beauvais A, Chamilos G. The Cell Wall of the Human Fungal Pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus: Biosynthesis, Organization, Immune Response, and Virulence. Annu Rev Microbiol 2017; 71:99-116. [PMID: 28701066 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-030117-020406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
More than 90% of the cell wall of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus comprises polysaccharides. Biosynthesis of the cell wall polysaccharides is under the control of three types of enzymes: transmembrane synthases, which are anchored to the plasma membrane and use nucleotide sugars as substrates, and cell wall-associated transglycosidases and glycosyl hydrolases, which are responsible for remodeling the de novo synthesized polysaccharides and establishing the three-dimensional structure of the cell wall. For years, the cell wall was considered an inert exoskeleton of the fungal cell. The cell wall is now recognized as a living organelle, since the composition and cellular localization of the different constitutive cell wall components (especially of the outer layers) vary when the fungus senses changes in the external environment. The cell wall plays a major role during infection. The recognition of the fungal cell wall by the host is essential in the initiation of the immune response. The interactions between the different pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and cell wall pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) orientate the host response toward either fungal death or growth, which would then lead to disease development. Understanding the molecular determinants of the interplay between the cell wall and host immunity is fundamental to combatting Aspergillus diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Paul Latgé
- Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; ,
| | - Anne Beauvais
- Unité des Aspergillus, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; ,
| | - Georgios Chamilos
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete 74100, Greece.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Heraklion, Crete 70013, Greece;
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49
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Abstract
The molecular composition of the cell wall is critical for the biology and ecology of each fungal species. Fungal walls are composed of matrix components that are embedded and linked to scaffolds of fibrous load-bearing polysaccharides. Most of the major cell wall components of fungal pathogens are not represented in humans, other mammals, or plants, and therefore the immune systems of animals and plants have evolved to recognize many of the conserved elements of fungal walls. For similar reasons the enzymes that assemble fungal cell wall components are excellent targets for antifungal chemotherapies and fungicides. However, for fungal pathogens, the cell wall is often disguised since key signature molecules for immune recognition are sometimes masked by immunologically inert molecules. Cell wall damage leads to the activation of sophisticated fail-safe mechanisms that shore up and repair walls to avoid catastrophic breaching of the integrity of the surface. The frontiers of research on fungal cell walls are moving from a descriptive phase defining the underlying genes and component parts of fungal walls to more dynamic analyses of how the various components are assembled, cross-linked, and modified in response to environmental signals. This review therefore discusses recent advances in research investigating the composition, synthesis, and regulation of cell walls and how the cell wall is targeted by immune recognition systems and the design of antifungal diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A R Gow
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB252ZD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carol A Munro
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB252ZD, United Kingdom
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50
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Garth JM, Steele C. Innate Lung Defense during Invasive Aspergillosis: New Mechanisms. J Innate Immun 2017; 9:271-280. [PMID: 28231567 DOI: 10.1159/000455125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is one of the most difficult to treat and, consequently, one of the most lethal fungal infections known to man. Continued use of immunosuppressive agents during chemotherapy and organ transplantation often leads to the development of neutropenia, the primary risk factor for IA. However, IA is also becoming more appreciated in chronic diseases associated with corticosteroid therapy. The innate immune response to Aspergillus fumigatus, the primary agent in IA, plays a pivotal role in the recognition and elimination of organisms from the pulmonary system. This review highlights recent findings about innate host defense mechanisms, including novel aspects of innate cellular immunity and pathogen recognition, and the inflammatory mediators that control infection with A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaleesa M Garth
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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