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Nakai T, Saigusa D, Kato K, Fukuuchi T, Koshiba S, Yamamoto M, Suzuki N. The drug-specific properties of hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors in mice reveal a significant contribution of the kidney compared to the liver to erythropoietin induction. Life Sci 2024; 346:122641. [PMID: 38614299 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Kidney disease often leads to anemia due to a defect in the renal production of the erythroid growth factor erythropoietin (EPO), which is produced under the positive regulation of hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs). Chemical compounds that inhibit HIF-prolyl hydroxylases (HIF-PHs), which suppress HIFs, have been developed to reactivate renal EPO production in renal anemia patients. Currently, multiple HIF-PH inhibitors, in addition to conventional recombinant EPO reagents, are used for renal anemia treatment. This study aimed to elucidate the therapeutic mechanisms and drug-specific properties of HIF-PH inhibitors. METHODS AND KEY FINDINGS Gene expression analyses and mass spectrometry revealed that HIF-PH inhibitors (daprodustat, enarodustat, molidustat, and vadadustat) alter Epo gene expression levels in the kidney and liver in a drug-specific manner, with different pharmacokinetics in the plasma and urine after oral administration to mice. The drug specificity revealed the dominant contribution of EPO induction in the kidneys rather than in the liver to plasma EPO levels after HIF-PH inhibitor administration. We also found that several HIF-PH inhibitors directly induce duodenal gene expression related to iron intake, while these drugs indirectly suppress hepatic hepcidin expression to mobilize stored iron for hemoglobin synthesis through induction of the EPO-erythroferrone axis. SIGNIFICANCE Renal EPO induction is the major target of HIF-PH inhibitors for their therapeutic effects on erythropoiesis. Additionally, the drug-specific properties of HIF-PH inhibitors in EPO induction and iron metabolism have been shown in mice, providing useful information for selecting the proper HIF-PH inhibitor for each renal anemia patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Nakai
- Applied Oxygen Physiology Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Daisuke Saigusa
- Laboratory of Biomedical and Analytical Sciences, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kato
- Applied Oxygen Physiology Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tomoko Fukuuchi
- Laboratory of Biomedical and Analytical Sciences, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Seizo Koshiba
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; The Advanced Research Center for Innovations in Next-Generation Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8573, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Norio Suzuki
- Applied Oxygen Physiology Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
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2
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Dou X, Chen Z, Liu Y, Li Y, Ye J, Lu L. Zebrafish mutants in egln1 display a hypoxic response and develop polycythemia. Life Sci 2024; 344:122564. [PMID: 38492922 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Prolyl hydroxylase domain 2 (PHD2), encoded by the Egln1 gene, serves as a pivotal regulator of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway and acts as a cellular oxygen sensor. Somatic inactivation of Phd2 in mice results in polycythemia and congestive heart failure. However, due to the embryonic lethality of Phd2 deficiency, its role in development remains elusive. Here, we investigated the function of two egln1 paralogous genes, egln1a and egln1b, in zebrafish. MAIN METHODS The egln1 null zebrafish were generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Quantitative real-time PCR assays and Western blot analysis were employed to detect the effect of egln1 deficiency on the hypoxia signaling pathway. The hypoxia response of egln1 mutant zebrafish were assessed by analyzing heart rate, gill agitation frequency, and blood flow velocity. Subsequently, o-dianisidine staining and in situ hybridization were used to investigate the role of egln1 in zebrafish hematopoietic function. KEY FINDINGS Our data show that the loss of egln1a or egln1b individually has no visible effects on growth rate. However, the egln1a; egln1b double mutant displayed significant growth retardation and elevated mortality at around 2.5 months old. Both egln1a-null and egln1b-null zebrafish embryo exhibited enhanced tolerance to hypoxia, systemic hypoxic response that include hif pathway activation, increased cardiac activity, and polycythemia. SIGNIFICANCE Our research introduces zebrafish egln1 mutants as the first congenital embryonic viable systemic vertebrate animal model for PHD2, providing novel insights into hypoxic signaling and the progression of PHD2- associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehan Dou
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhongyuan Chen
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yunzhang Liu
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yun Li
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Junli Ye
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ling Lu
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, The Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.
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3
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Suzuki N, Iwamura Y, Kato K, Ishioka H, Konta Y, Sato K, Uchida N, Koida N, Sekine H, Tanaka T, Kumagai N, Nakai T. Crosstalk between oxygen signaling and iron metabolism in renal interstitial fibroblasts. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2024; 74:179-184. [PMID: 38799135 PMCID: PMC11111471 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.24-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
To maintain the oxygen supply, the production of red blood cells (erythrocytes) is promoted under low-oxygen conditions (hypoxia). Oxygen is carried by hemoglobin in erythrocytes, in which the majority of the essential element iron in the body is contained. Because iron metabolism is strictly controlled in a semi-closed recycling system to protect cells from oxidative stress caused by iron, hypoxia-inducible erythropoiesis is closely coordinated by regulatory systems that mobilize stored iron for hemoglobin synthesis. The erythroid growth factor erythropoietin (EPO) is mainly secreted by interstitial fibroblasts in the renal cortex, which are known as renal EPO-producing (REP) cells, and promotes erythropoiesis and iron mobilization. Intriguingly, EPO production is strongly induced by hypoxia through iron-dependent pathways in REP cells. Here, we summarize recent studies on the network mechanisms linking hypoxia-inducible EPO production, erythropoiesis and iron metabolism. Additionally, we introduce disease mechanisms related to disorders in the network mediated by REP cell functions. Furthermore, we propose future studies regarding the application of renal cells derived from the urine of kidney disease patients to investigate the molecular pathology of chronic kidney disease and develop precise and personalized medicine for kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Suzuki
- Applied Oxygen Physiology Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuma Iwamura
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kato
- Applied Oxygen Physiology Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Ishioka
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yusuke Konta
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Koji Sato
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Nao Uchida
- Department of Pediatrics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Noa Koida
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sekine
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
- Department of Gene Expression Regulation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, 4-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiro Tanaka
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology and Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Naonori Kumagai
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan
| | - Taku Nakai
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-Machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
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Wacka E, Nicikowski J, Jarmuzek P, Zembron-Lacny A. Anemia and Its Connections to Inflammation in Older Adults: A Review. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2049. [PMID: 38610814 PMCID: PMC11012269 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13072049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Anemia is a common hematological disorder that affects 12% of the community-dwelling population, 40% of hospitalized patients, and 47% of nursing home residents. Our understanding of the impact of inflammation on iron metabolism and erythropoiesis is still lacking. In older adults, anemia can be divided into nutritional deficiency anemia, bleeding anemia, and unexplained anemia. The last type of anemia might be caused by reduced erythropoietin (EPO) activity, progressive EPO resistance of bone marrow erythroid progenitors, and the chronic subclinical pro-inflammatory state. Overall, one-third of older patients with anemia demonstrate a nutritional deficiency, one-third have a chronic subclinical pro-inflammatory state and chronic kidney disease, and one-third suffer from anemia of unknown etiology. Understanding anemia's pathophysiology in people aged 65 and over is crucial because it contributes to frailty, falls, cognitive decline, decreased functional ability, and higher mortality risk. Inflammation produces adverse effects on the cells of the hematological system. These effects include iron deficiency (hypoferremia), reduced EPO production, and the elevated phagocytosis of erythrocytes by hepatic and splenic macrophages. Additionally, inflammation causes enhanced eryptosis due to oxidative stress in the circulation. Identifying mechanisms behind age-related inflammation is essential for a better understanding and preventing anemia in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eryk Wacka
- Department of Applied and Clinical Physiology, Collegium Medicum University of Zielona Gora, 65-417 Zielona Gora, Poland; (J.N.); (A.Z.-L.)
| | - Jan Nicikowski
- Department of Applied and Clinical Physiology, Collegium Medicum University of Zielona Gora, 65-417 Zielona Gora, Poland; (J.N.); (A.Z.-L.)
| | - Pawel Jarmuzek
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Collegium Medicum University of Zielona Gora, 65-417 Zielona Gora, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Zembron-Lacny
- Department of Applied and Clinical Physiology, Collegium Medicum University of Zielona Gora, 65-417 Zielona Gora, Poland; (J.N.); (A.Z.-L.)
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5
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Matsuoka T, Abe M, Kobayashi H. Iron Metabolism and Inflammatory Mediators in Patients with Renal Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3745. [PMID: 38612557 PMCID: PMC11012052 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects around 850 million people worldwide, posing significant challenges in healthcare due to complications like renal anemia, end-stage kidney disease, and cardiovascular diseases. This review focuses on the intricate interplay between iron metabolism, inflammation, and renal dysfunction in CKD. Renal anemia, prevalent in CKD, arises primarily from diminished erythropoietin (EPO) production and iron dysregulation, which worsens with disease progression. Functional and absolute iron deficiencies due to impaired absorption and chronic inflammation are key factors exacerbating erythropoiesis. A notable aspect of CKD is the accumulation of uremic toxins, such as indoxyl sulfate (IS), which hinder iron metabolism and worsen anemia. These toxins directly affect renal EPO synthesis and contribute to renal hypoxia, thus playing a critical role in the pathophysiology of renal anemia. Inflammatory cytokines, especially TNF-α and IL-6, further exacerbate CKD progression and disrupt iron homeostasis, thereby influencing anemia severity. Treatment approaches have evolved to address both iron and EPO deficiencies, with emerging therapies targeting hepcidin and employing hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) stabilizers showing potential. This review underscores the importance of integrated treatment strategies in CKD, focusing on the complex relationship between iron metabolism, inflammation, and renal dysfunction to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hiroki Kobayashi
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
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6
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Jucht AE, Scholz CC. PHD1-3 oxygen sensors in vivo-lessons learned from gene deletions. Pflugers Arch 2024:10.1007/s00424-024-02944-x. [PMID: 38509356 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-024-02944-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Oxygen sensors enable cells to adapt to limited oxygen availability (hypoxia), affecting various cellular and tissue responses. Prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain 1-3 (PHD1-3; also called Egln1-3, HIF-P4H 1-3, HIF-PH 1-3) proteins belong to the Fe2+- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase superfamily and utilise molecular oxygen (O2) alongside 2-oxoglutarate as co-substrate to hydroxylate two proline residues of α subunits of the dimeric hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) transcription factor. PHD1-3-mediated hydroxylation of HIF-α leads to its degradation and inactivation. Recently, various PHD inhibitors (PHI) have entered the clinics for treatment of renal anaemia. Pre-clinical analyses indicate that PHI treatment may also be beneficial in numerous other hypoxia-associated diseases. Nonetheless, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the observed protective effects of PHIs are only partly understood, currently hindering their translation into the clinics. Moreover, the PHI-mediated increase of Epo levels is not beneficial in all hypoxia-associated diseases and PHD-selective inhibition may be advantageous. Here, we summarise the current knowledge about the relevance and function of each of the three PHD isoforms in vivo, based on the deletion or RNA interference-mediated knockdown of each single corresponding gene in rodents. This information is crucial for our understanding of the physiological relevance and function of the PHDs as well as for elucidating their individual impact on hypoxia-associated diseases. Furthermore, this knowledge highlights which diseases may best be targeted by PHD isoform-selective inhibitors in case such pharmacologic substances become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka E Jucht
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Carsten C Scholz
- Institute of Physiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Str. 15a, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
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Song W, Zhuang J, Zhang N, Ren X, Xu W, Guo M, Diao X, Liu C, Jin J, Wu D, Zhang Y. SAR study of 1,2-benzisothiazole dioxide compounds that agonize HIF-2 stabilization and EPO production. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 77:117041. [PMID: 36521398 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Benzisothiazole dioxide compound was reported to agonize HIF-2 stabilization and improve EPO production, thus conceiving a potential strategy to treat disease with chronic hypoxia exemplified by renal anemia. Herein, on the bases of multiple molecular and cellular assays, a series of benzisothiazole derivatives have been synthesized and their structure-activity relationship was evaluated. The SAR and molecular docking studies have revealed the structural insights on the rational design of HIF-2 agonist and discovered a more potential 5-bromine substituted analogue, which showed 2-4 times improvement of HIF-2 downstream gene transcriptions, including EPO production. The present results suggest the therapeutic potential of the compounds for diseases related to EPO insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanbin Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substances of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jingjing Zhuang
- Helmholtz International Lab, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substances of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xintong Ren
- Helmholtz International Lab, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Weiwei Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substances of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengqi Guo
- Helmholtz International Lab, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaotong Diao
- Helmholtz International Lab, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Helmholtz International Lab, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiaming Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substances of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dalei Wu
- Helmholtz International Lab, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Yinan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substances of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Albogami S, Hassan A, Abdel-Aziem SH, Alotaibi S, Althobaiti F, El-Shehawi A, Alnefaie A, Alhamed RA. Effects of combination of obesity, diabetes, and hypoxia on inflammatory regulating genes and cytokines in rat pancreatic tissues and serum. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13990. [PMID: 36213511 PMCID: PMC9541627 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity and diabetes are becoming increasingly prevalent around the world. Inflammation, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance are linked to both obesity and type 2 diabetes, and these disorders are becoming major public health issues globally. Methods This study evaluated the effects of obesity, diabetes, and hypoxia on the levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in rats. We divided 120 Wistar rats in two groups, male and female, each including six subgroups: control (CTRL), obese (high-fat diet (HFD)), diabetic (streptozotocin (STZ)-treated), hypoxic (HYX), obese + diabetic (HFD/STZ), and obese + diabetic + hypoxic (HFD/STZ/HYX). We examined the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL10, and leptin in pancreatic tissues and serum. Results No significant difference was observed in serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) between HYX and CTRL in either sex. However, they were significantly increased, whereas high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was significantly decreased in HFD, STZ, HFD/STZ, and HFD/STZ/HPX compared with CTRL in both sexes. The expression of Tnf-α, Il6, and Lep was significantly upregulated in all subgroups compared with CTRL in both sexes. STZ and HYX showed no significant differences in the expression of these genes between sexes, whereas Tnf-α and Il6 were upregulated in male HFD, HFD/STZ, and HFD/STZ/HYX compared with females. Protein levels showed similar patterns. Combination subgroups, either in the absence or presence of hypoxia, frequently exhibited severe necrosis of endocrine components in pancreatic lobules. The combination of obesity, diabetes, and hypoxia was associated with inflammation, which was verified at the histopathological level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Albogami
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia,High Altitude Research Center, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aziza Hassan
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia,High Altitude Research Center, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sekena H. Abdel-Aziem
- Cell Biology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Saqer Alotaibi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia,High Altitude Research Center, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fayez Althobaiti
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia,High Altitude Research Center, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed El-Shehawi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia,High Altitude Research Center, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Alnefaie
- High Altitude Research Center, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia,Department of Medical Services, King Faisal Medical Complex, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Abdulla Alhamed
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia,High Altitude Research Center, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Truong T, Thi Nguyen M, Kim N, Thi Nguyen T, Do D, Le T, Le H. Low bone mineral density and its related factors in adults with congenital heart disease in Vietnam: A cross‐sectional study. Health Sci Rep 2022; 5:e732. [PMID: 35949678 PMCID: PMC9358147 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Recent studies have highlighted the increased risk of low bone mineral density (BMD) in adults with cardiovascular disease. However, little is known about BMD in adults with congenital heart disease (CHD), particularly in developing countries. We hypothesized that factors related to BMD would lead to a high prevalence of low BMD in adults with CHD. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of low BMD and its related factors in Vietnamese adults with CHD. Methods We conducted a cross‐sectional study of 73 adults diagnosed with CHD in Vietnam. Low BMD was classified based on their site‐specific Z‐scores and T‐scores at the posteroanterior lumbar spine and left proximal femur. Logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate factors related to low BMD. Results Low BMD was confirmed in one‐third of the adults with CHD. There were trends of more bone loss in certain parts of the body than in others, with the prevalence of low BMD at the sites of the lumbar vertebrae (L1‒L4) and left proximal femur (femoral neck, trochanteric femur, and intertrochanteric area) of 43.9%, 31.8%, 28.8%, 33.3%, 8.8%, 1.5%, and 6.1%, respectively. The prevalence of low BMD in the lumbar spine was significantly higher than that in the left proximal femur (34.3% vs. 2.9%, p < 0.001). Moreover, the prevalence of low BMD was significantly higher in adults with CHD than in those without polycythemia and vitamin D deficiency (55.6% vs. 20.9%, p = 0.001 and 46.2% vs. 19.4%, p = 0.002, respectively). A stratified multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that low BMD was associated with polycythemia (odds ratio: 4.72; 95% confidence interval: 1.64–13.58, p = 0.004). Conclusions Low BMD is common among adults with CHD in Vietnam and related to polycythemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh‐Huong Truong
- Department of Cardiology Hanoi Medical University Hanoi Vietnam
- Vietnam National Heart Institute Bach Mai Hospital Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Mai‐Ngoc Thi Nguyen
- Department of Cardiology Hanoi Medical University Hanoi Vietnam
- Vietnam National Heart Institute Bach Mai Hospital Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Ngoc‐Thanh Kim
- Department of Cardiology Hanoi Medical University Hanoi Vietnam
- Vietnam National Heart Institute Bach Mai Hospital Hanoi Vietnam
| | | | - Doan‐Loi Do
- Department of Cardiology Hanoi Medical University Hanoi Vietnam
- Vietnam National Heart Institute Bach Mai Hospital Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Thanh‐Tung Le
- Vietnam National Heart Institute Bach Mai Hospital Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Hong‐An Le
- Vietnam National Heart Institute Bach Mai Hospital Hanoi Vietnam
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10
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Chen H, Hou SG, Chen XY, Hong JH, Lai JJ, Chen GQ, Zheng J. Effects of HIF-1α, hepcidin and PTH on RankL in patients with chronic kidney disease in different stages. Transpl Immunol 2022; 73:101633. [PMID: 35644312 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2022.101633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), hepcidin, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) on the serum nuclear factor κB and receptor activating factor ligand (RankL) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3-5. METHODS A total of 90 patients admitted to our hospital's Department of Nephrology from March 2018 to December 2019 were randomly selected as the subjects (30 patients with CKD3, CKD4, and CKD5 each). A total of 30 healthy volunteers receiving a physical examination in our hospital during the same period were selected for the control group. Then, the participants' HIF-1α, hepcidin, and RankL levels were detected by double-antibody sandwiched enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The serum creatinine, serum iron, hemoglobin, and phosphorus (P3+) levels were determined by BeckMAN-c800 automatic biochemical analysis. The glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated by the CKD-EPI formula. RESULTS (1) The levels of HIF-1α, RankL, hepcidin, and PTH were all elevated, and the serum ferritin and P3+ were elevated in each stage; (2) Linear correlation analysis: The HIF-1α and hepcidin showed a higher correlation with RankL in CKD3 and CKD4(CKD3: The correlation coefficient r = 0.558 between HIF-1α and RankL, and r = 0.604 between HEpcidin and RankL; CKD4: Correlation coefficient r = 0.840 between HIF-1α and RankL, and r = 0.753 between HEpcidin and RankL), while the PTH showed a higher correlation with RankL in CKD5 (correlation index r = 0.631). Multiple linear stepwise regression analysis: RankL was independently correlated with HIF-1α, hepcidin, and PTH. Regression coefficient B of HIF-1α was the highest in both CKD3 and CKD4. The coefficient B value of PTH in CKD5 was 3.971; HIF-1α and hepcidin were not included in the regression equation. CONCLUSION The levels of RankL in both CKD3 and CKD4 were increased and mainly affected by HIF-1α, followed by hepcidin. Moreover, HIF-1α and PTH had a combined effect on the RankL level in CKD5, and PTH was the main influencing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Department of nephrology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, China
| | - Shu-Guang Hou
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Chen
- Department of nephrology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, China
| | - Jiang-Huai Hong
- Department of nephrology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, China
| | - Jing-Jing Lai
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Chen
- Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of nephrology, The Affiliated People's Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, China.
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11
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Sonoda K, Bogahawatta S, Katayama A, Ujike S, Kuroki S, Kitagawa N, Hirotsuru K, Suzuki N, Miyata T, Kawaguchi SI, Tsujita T. Prolyl Hydroxylase Domain Protein Inhibitor Not Harboring a 2-Oxoglutarate Scaffold Protects against Hypoxic Stress. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:362-372. [PMID: 35592438 PMCID: PMC9112412 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-α (HIF-α) activation has shown promising results in the treatment of ischemia, such as stroke, myocardial infarction, and chronic kidney disease. A number of HIF-α activators have been developed to improve the symptoms of these diseases. Many feature 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) scaffolds that interact with the active centers of prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing proteins (PHDs), displacing the coenzyme 2-OG. This stabilizes HIF-α. Therefore, the specificity of the 2-OG analogs is not high. Here, we identified 5-(1-acetyl-5-phenylpyrazolidin-3-ylidene)-1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid (PyrzA) among over 10 000 compounds as a novel HIF activator that does not contain a 2-OG scaffold. In cultured cells, PyrzA enhanced HIF-α stability and upregulated the expression of HIF target genes. Interestingly, PyrzA decreased HIF-1α prolyl hydroxylation, suggesting that PyrzA may activate HIF to prevent the degradation of HIF-α. These results indicate that PyrzA stabilizes HIF via a novel mechanism and could be a potential HIF activator candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Sonoda
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan.,Center for Education and Research in Agricultural Innovation, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 152-1 Shonan-cho, Karatsu, Saga 847-0021, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Sudarma Bogahawatta
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan.,Center for Education and Research in Agricultural Innovation, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 152-1 Shonan-cho, Karatsu, Saga 847-0021, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Akito Katayama
- Center for Education and Research in Agricultural Innovation, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 152-1 Shonan-cho, Karatsu, Saga 847-0021, Japan
| | - Saki Ujike
- Center for Education and Research in Agricultural Innovation, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 152-1 Shonan-cho, Karatsu, Saga 847-0021, Japan
| | - Sae Kuroki
- Center for Education and Research in Agricultural Innovation, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 152-1 Shonan-cho, Karatsu, Saga 847-0021, Japan
| | - Naho Kitagawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Kohichi Hirotsuru
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Norio Suzuki
- Division of Oxygen Biology, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aobaku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Toshio Miyata
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Therapy, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Kawaguchi
- Center for Education and Research in Agricultural Innovation, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 152-1 Shonan-cho, Karatsu, Saga 847-0021, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Tsujita
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Applied Biochemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Kagoshima University 1-21-24 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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12
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Singh C. Metabolism and Vascular Retinopathies: Current Perspectives and Future Directions. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12040903. [PMID: 35453951 PMCID: PMC9031785 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12040903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The retina is one of the most metabolically active organs in the body. Although it is an extension of the brain, the metabolic needs of the retina and metabolic exchanges between the different cell types in the retina are not the same as that of the brain. Retinal photoreceptors convert most of the glucose into lactate via aerobic glycolysis which takes place in their cytosol, yet there are immense numbers of mitochondria in photoreceptors. The present article is a focused review of the metabolic dysregulation seen in retinopathies with underlying vascular abnormalities with aberrant mitochondrial metabolism and Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) dependent pathogenesis. Special emphasis has been paid to metabolic exchanges between different cell types in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and diabetic retinopathy (DR). Metabolic similarities between these proliferative retinopathies have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charandeep Singh
- Liver Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Mass General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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13
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Nakai T, Saigusa D, Iwamura Y, Matsumoto Y, Umeda K, Kato K, Yamaki H, Tomioka Y, Hirano I, Koshiba S, Yamamoto M, Suzuki N. Esterification promotes the intracellular accumulation of roxadustat, an activator of hypoxia-inducible factors, to extend its effective duration. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 197:114939. [PMID: 35114188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Kidney injury often causes anemia due to a lack of production of the erythroid growth factor erythropoietin (EPO) in the kidneys. Roxadustat is one of the first oral medicines inducing EPO production in patients with renal anemia by activating hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), which are activators of EPO gene expression. In this study, to develop prodrugs of roxadustat with improved permeability through cell membrane, we investigated the effects of 8 types of esterification on the pharmacokinetics and bioactivity of roxadustat using Hep3B hepatoma cells that HIF-dependently produce EPO. Mass spectrometry of cells incubated with the esterified roxadustat derivatives revealed that the designed compounds were deesterified after being taken up by cells and showed low cytotoxicity compared to the original compound. Esterification prolonged the effective duration of roxadustat with respect to EPO gene induction and HIF activation in cells transiently exposed to the compounds. In the kidneys and livers of mice, both of which are unique sites of EPO production, a majority of the methyl-esterified roxadustat was deesterified within 6 h after drug administration. The deesterified roxadustat derivative was continuously detectable in plasma and urine for at least 48 h after administration, while the administered compound became undetectable 24 h after administration. Additionally, we confirmed that methyl-esterified roxadustat activated erythropoiesis in mice by inducing Epo mRNA expression exclusively in renal interstitial cells, which have intrinsic EPO-producing potential. These data suggest that esterification could lead to the development of roxadustat prodrugs with improvements in cell membrane permeability, effective duration and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Nakai
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Daisuke Saigusa
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; Laboratory of Biomedical and Analytical Sciences, Faculty of Pharma-Science, Teikyo University, Kaga 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Yuma Iwamura
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yotaro Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Keiko Umeda
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kato
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hayato Yamaki
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Tomioka
- Laboratory of Oncology, Pharmacy Practice and Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ikuo Hirano
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Seizo Koshiba
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Integrative Genomics, Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Norio Suzuki
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; Applied Oxygen Physiology Project, New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
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14
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坂下 碧, 南学 正. [Efficacy of HIF-PH inhibitors in the treatment for renal anemia]. Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 2022; 59:263-274. [PMID: 36070898 DOI: 10.3143/geriatrics.59.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
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15
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Chung HY, Lin BA, Lin YX, Chang CW, Tzou WS, Pei TW, Hu CH. Meis1, Hi1α, and GATA1 are integrated into a hierarchical regulatory network to mediate primitive erythropoiesis. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21915. [PMID: 34496088 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001044rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During development, erythroid cells are generated by two waves of hematopoiesis. In zebrafish, primitive erythropoiesis takes place in the intermediate cell mass region, and definitive erythropoiesis arises from the aorta-gonad mesonephros. TALE-homeoproteins Meis1 and Pbx1 function upstream of GATA1 to specify the erythroid lineage. Embryos lacking Meis1 or Pbx1 have weak gata1 expression and fail to produce primitive erythrocytes. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of how Meis1 and Pbx1 mediate gata1 transcription in erythrocytes remains unclear. Here we show that Hif1α acts downstream of Meis1 to mediate gata1 expression in zebrafish embryos. Inhibition of Meis1 expression resulted in suppression of hif1a expression and abrogated primitive erythropoiesis, while injection with in vitro-synthesized hif1α mRNA rescued gata1 transcription in Meis1 morphants and recovered their erythropoiesis. Ablation of Hif1α expression either by morpholino knockdown or Crispr-Cas9 knockout suppressed gata1 transcription and abrogated primitive erythropoiesis. Results of chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that Hif1α associates with hypoxia-response elements located in the 3'-flanking region of gata1 during development, suggesting that Hif1α regulates gata1 expression in vivo. Together, our results indicate that Meis1, Hif1α, and GATA1 indeed comprise a hierarchical regulatory network in which Hif1α acts downstream of Meis1 to activate gata1 transcription through direct interactions with its cis-acting elements in primitive erythrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Yu Chung
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Bo-An Lin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Xuan Lin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Wei Chang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shyong Tzou
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.,Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Tun-Wen Pei
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology
| | - Chin-Hwa Hu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan.,Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
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16
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Wei GZ, Saraswat Ohri S, Khattar NK, Listerman AW, Doyle CH, Andres KR, Karuppagounder SS, Ratan RR, Whittemore SR, Hetman M. Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) inhibition after contusive spinal cord injury does not improve locomotor recovery. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249591. [PMID: 33819286 PMCID: PMC8021188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological condition that involves both primary and secondary tissue loss. Various cytotoxic events including hypoxia, hemorrhage and blood lysis, bioenergetic failure, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and neuroinflammation contribute to secondary injury. The HIF prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD/EGLN) family of proteins are iron-dependent, oxygen-sensing enzymes that regulate the stability of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and also mediate oxidative stress caused by free iron liberated from the lysis of blood. PHD inhibition improves outcome after experimental intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) by reducing activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4)-driven neuronal death. As the ATF4-CHOP (CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein) pathway plays a role in the pathogenesis of contusive SCI, we examined the effects of PHD inhibition in a mouse model of moderate T9 contusive SCI in which white matter damage is the primary driver of locomotor dysfunction. Pharmacological inhibition of PHDs using adaptaquin (AQ) moderately lowers acute induction of Atf4 and Chop mRNAs and prevents the acute decline of oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage mRNAs, but does not improve long-term recovery of hindlimb locomotion or increase chronic white matter sparing. Conditional genetic ablation of all three PHD isoenzymes in OLs did not affect Atf4, Chop or OL mRNAs expression levels, locomotor recovery, and white matter sparing after SCI. Hence, PHDs may not be suitable targets to improve outcomes in traumatic CNS pathologies that involve acute white matter injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Z Wei
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States of America.,Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Sujata Saraswat Ohri
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States of America.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Nicolas K Khattar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States of America.,Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States of America.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Adam W Listerman
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Catherine H Doyle
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States of America.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Kariena R Andres
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Saravanan S Karuppagounder
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY, United States of America.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Rajiv R Ratan
- Sperling Center for Hemorrhagic Stroke Recovery, Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY, United States of America.,Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Scott R Whittemore
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States of America.,Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States of America.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States of America.,Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Michal Hetman
- University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States of America.,Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States of America.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States of America.,Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, United States of America
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17
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Miyauchi K, Nakai T, Saito S, Yamamoto T, Sato K, Kato K, Nezu M, Miyazaki M, Ito S, Yamamoto M, Suzuki N. Renal interstitial fibroblasts coproduce erythropoietin and renin under anaemic conditions. EBioMedicine 2021; 64:103209. [PMID: 33508746 PMCID: PMC7841315 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythrocyte mass contributes to maintaining systemic oxygen delivery and blood viscosity, with the latter being one of the determinants of blood pressure. However, the physiological response to blood pressure changes under anaemic conditions remain unknown. METHODS AND FINDINGS We show that anaemia decreases blood pressure in human patients and mouse models. Analyses of pathways related to blood pressure regulation demonstrate that anaemia enhances the expression of the gene encoding the vasopressor substance renin in kidneys. Although kidney juxtaglomerular cells are known to continuously produce renin, renal interstitial fibroblasts are identified in the present study as a novel site of renin induction under anaemic hypotensive conditions in mice and rats. Notably, some renal interstitial fibroblasts are found to simultaneously express renin and the erythroid growth factor erythropoietin in the anaemic mouse kidney. Antihypertensive agents but not hypoxic stimuli induced interstitial renin expression, suggesting that blood pressure reduction triggers interstitial renin induction in anaemic mice. The interstitial renin expression was also detected in injured fibrotic kidneys of the mouse and human, and the renin-expressing interstitial cells in murine fibrotic kidneys were identified as myofibroblasts originating from renal interstitial fibroblasts. Since the elevated expression levels of renin in fibrotic kidneys along with progression of renal fibrosis were well correlated to the systemic blood pressure increase, the renal interstitial renin production seemed to affect systemic blood pressure. INTERPRETATION Renal interstitial fibroblasts function as central controllers of systemic oxygen delivery by producing both renin and erythropoietin. FUNDING Grants-in-Aid from Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI (17K19680, 15H04691, and 26111002) and the Takeda Science Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Miyauchi
- Division of Oxygen Biology, United Centres for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Taku Nakai
- Division of Oxygen Biology, United Centres for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Sakae Saito
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tae Yamamoto
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Koji Sato
- Division of Oxygen Biology, United Centres for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kato
- Division of Oxygen Biology, United Centres for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masahiro Nezu
- Division of Oxygen Biology, United Centres for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Mariko Miyazaki
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Sadayoshi Ito
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Norio Suzuki
- Division of Oxygen Biology, United Centres for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Seiryo-machi 2-1, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
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18
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Yamazaki S, Hirano I, Kato K, Yamamoto M, Suzuki N. Defining the functionally sufficient regulatory region and liver-specific roles of the erythropoietin gene by transgene complementation. Life Sci 2021; 269:119075. [PMID: 33465391 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythropoietin (EPO) is an essential growth factor for erythroid cells and is mainly secreted from the kidneys and subsidiarily from the livers of adult mammals in an anemia/hypoxia-inducible manner. AIM AND METHOD To elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of stress-inducible and cell type-specific Epo gene transcription, the rate-limiting step of EPO production, we investigated the sufficiency of a 180-kb genomic fragment flanking the mouse Epo gene locus for recapitulating endogenous Epo gene function by a transgene complementation strategy. KEY FINDINGS While Epo gene-deficient mice exhibited lethal anemia in utero with defects in erythroblast proliferation and maturation, Epo-knockout mice integrated with the 180-kb Epo transgene showed normal erythropoiesis throughout life. In the transgene-rescued mice, liver-specific deletion of the transgene by the Cre-loxP recombination system caused neonatal anemia with erythropoietic defects in the liver but not in the spleen, indicating the essential function of hepatic EPO on normal erythropoiesis in the liver, which is the major erythropoietic site in late embryonic and neonatal stages. SIGNIFICANCE These results demonstrate that the 180 kb Epo gene flanking region contains the fully functional Epo gene unit and that EPO from the liver dominantly stimulates hepatic erythropoiesis but contributes less to erythropoiesis in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Yamazaki
- Division of Oxygen Biology, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ikuo Hirano
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kato
- Division of Oxygen Biology, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Norio Suzuki
- Division of Oxygen Biology, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
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19
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Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) control transcriptional responses to reduced O2 availability. HIFs are heterodimeric proteins composed of an O2-regulated HIF-α subunit and a constitutively expressed HIF-1β subunit. HIF-α subunits are subject to prolyl hydroxylation, which targets the proteins for degradation under normoxic conditions. Small molecule prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors, which stabilize the HIF-α subunits and increase HIF-dependent expression of erythropoietin, are in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. HIFs contribute to the pathogenesis of many cancers, particularly the clear cell type of renal cell carcinoma in which loss of function of the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor blocks HIF-2α degradation. A small molecule inhibitor that binds to HIF-2α and blocks dimerization with HIF-1β is in clinical trials for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma. Targeting HIFs for stabilization or inhibition may improve outcomes in diseases that are common causes of mortality in the US population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg L Semenza
- Institute for Cell Engineering, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, and Departments of Pediatrics, Medicine, Oncology, Radiation Oncology, and Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA;
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20
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Locatelli F, Del Vecchio L. Are prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitors potential alternative treatments for anaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2020; 35:926-932. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfz031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Prolyl-hydroxylase (PHD) inhibitors (PHD-I) are the most appealing drugs undergoing clinical development for the treatment of anaemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. PHD inhibition mimics the exposure of the body to hypoxia and activates the hypoxia-inducible factor system. Among many other pathways, this activation promotes the production of endogenous erythropoietin (EPO) and the absorption and mobilization of iron. PHD-I are given orally and, differing from erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), they correct and maintain haemoglobin levels by stimulating endogenous EPO production. Their efficacy and safety are supported by several Phases I and II studies with relatively short follow-up. This class of drugs has the potential to have a better safety profile than ESAs and there may be additional advantages for cardiovascular disease (CVD), osteoporosis and metabolism. However, possible adverse outcomes are feared. These span from the worsening or occurrence of new cancer, to eye complications or pulmonary hypertension. The data from the ongoing Phase III studies are awaited to better clarify the long-term safety and possible advantages of PHD-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Locatelli
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Alessandro Manzoni Hospital ASST-Lecco, Lecco, Italy
| | - Lucia Del Vecchio
- Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Alessandro Manzoni Hospital ASST-Lecco, Lecco, Italy
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21
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Prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitors for the treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2020; 28:600-606. [PMID: 31567284 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitors are a novel class of orally administered drugs that are under development for the treatment of anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. This review discusses the biology of these drugs and their target - hypoxia-inducible factor and potential advantages and disadvantages of these therapies. Finally, we will discuss current trials in patients with both chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. RECENT FINDINGS Recent smaller studies have found that prolyl-hydroxylase are as effective as erythropoietin in treating anemia of chronic kidney disease. We do not yet know if they have the same cardiovascular and cancer-related risk profile and these questions will be answered by large phase III trials that are ongoing. SUMMARY Although prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors have much potential, questions remain regarding their efficacy and safety. Should these concerns prove to be unfounded, the treatment of anemia in chronic kidney disease will likely be transformed over the next decade.
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22
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Chromatin occupancy and epigenetic analysis reveal new insights into the function of the GATA1 N terminus in erythropoiesis. Blood 2020; 134:1619-1631. [PMID: 31409672 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019001234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in GATA1, which lead to expression of the GATA1s isoform that lacks the GATA1 N terminus, are seen in patients with Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA). In our efforts to better understand the connection between GATA1s and DBA, we comprehensively studied erythropoiesis in Gata1s mice. Defects in yolks sac and fetal liver hematopoiesis included impaired terminal maturation and reduced numbers of erythroid progenitors. RNA-sequencing revealed that both erythroid and megakaryocytic gene expression patterns were altered by the loss of the N terminus, including aberrant upregulation of Gata2 and Runx1. Dysregulation of global H3K27 methylation was found in the erythroid progenitors upon loss of N terminus of GATA1. Chromatin-binding assays revealed that, despite similar occupancy of GATA1 and GATA1s, there was a striking reduction of H3K27me3 at regulatory elements of the Gata2 and Runx1 genes. Consistent with the observation that overexpression of GATA2 has been reported to impair erythropoiesis, we found that haploinsufficiency of Gata2 rescued the erythroid defects of Gata1s fetuses. Together, our integrated genomic analysis of transcriptomic and epigenetic signatures reveals that, Gata1 mice provide novel insights into the role of the N terminus of GATA1 in transcriptional regulation and red blood cell maturation which may potentially be useful for DBA patients.
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23
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Takeda N. [The roles of hypoxia signaling in tissue remodeling]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2020; 155:26-29. [PMID: 31902842 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.19114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A molecular oxygen is essential to keep a physiological activity of each organ or a cell. There exists a heterogeneity in a level of oxygen concentration in each organ. In addition, tissue oxygen concentration fluctuates dynamically during physiological activities or in pathological processes. A decrease in tissue oxygen concentration, termed as hypoxia, significantly influences the function in each organ or cell. For example, a transcript level in each gene tends to be reduced under hypoxic condition. On the other hand, some of the gene expressions are increased significantly in hypoxia, which are termed as hypoxia responsive genes. A group of transcription factor, hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α and HIF-2α play a critical role in the transactivation processes of hypoxia responsive genes. Recently, the molecular processes have been elucidated by which hypoxic environment activates HIF-1α or HIF-2α activity. A preclinical animal model revealed that HIF-α signal plays a critical role in inflammation or tissue remodeling. While HIF-1α and HIF-2α usually work synergistically in inducing their target gene expressions, macrophage HIF-1α and HIF-2α act antagonistically with regard to the synthesis of nitric oxide, a potent inflammatory mediator. This review summarizes the current understanding on the roles of HIF-α mediated hypoxic responses in inflammation or tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihiko Takeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
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24
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Sato K, Kumagai N, Suzuki N. Alteration of the DNA Methylation Signature of Renal Erythropoietin-Producing Cells Governs the Sensitivity to Drugs Targeting the Hypoxia-Response Pathway in Kidney Disease Progression. Front Genet 2019; 10:1134. [PMID: 31798631 PMCID: PMC6863978 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects more than 10% of the population worldwide and burdens citizens with heavy medical expenses in many countries. Because a vital erythroid growth factor, erythropoietin (EPO), is secreted from renal interstitial fibroblasts [renal EPO-producing (REP) cells], anemia arises as a major complication of CKD. We determined that hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF2α), which is inactivated by HIF-prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing proteins (PHDs) in an oxygen-dependent manner, tightly regulates EPO production in REP cells at the gene transcription level to maintain oxygen homeostasis. HIF2α-mediated disassembly of the nucleosome in the EPO gene is also involved in hypoxia-inducible EPO production. In renal anemia patients, anemic and pathological hypoxia is ineffective toward EPO induction due to the inappropriate over-activation of PHDs in REP cells transformed into myofibroblasts (MF-REP cells) due to kidney damage. Accordingly, PHD inhibitory compounds are being developed for the treatment of renal anemia. However, our studies have demonstrated that the promoter regions of the genes encoding EPO and HIF2α are highly methylated in MF-REP cells, and the expression of these genes is epigenetically silenced with CKD progression. This finding notably indicates that the efficacy of PHD inhibitors depends on the CKD stage of each patient. In addition, a strategy for harvesting renal cells, including REP cells from the urine of patients, is proposed to identify plausible biomarkers for CKD and to develop personalized precision medicine against CKD by a non-invasive strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Sato
- Division of Oxygen Biology, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Naonori Kumagai
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Norio Suzuki
- Division of Oxygen Biology, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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25
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Kato S, Ochiai N, Takano H, Io F, Takayama N, Koretsune H, Kunioka EI, Uchida S, Yamamoto K. TP0463518, a Novel Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitor, Specifically Induces Erythropoietin Production in the Liver. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 371:675-683. [PMID: 31585986 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.258731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) 1/2/3 pan inhibitors are known to potentially induce erythropoietin (EPO) production in both the kidney and liver. The 2-[[1-[[6-(4-chlorophenoxy)pyridin-3-yl]methyl]-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2,3-dihydropyridine-5-carbonyl]amino]acetic acid (TP0463518) is a novel PHD 1/2/3 pan inhibitor; however, the main source of EPO production after TP0463518 administration remained to be investigated. We examined the effect of TP0463518 in inducing EPO production in the kidney and liver by measuring the hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α), EPO mRNA, and serum EPO levels in normal and bilaterally nephrectomized rats. Furthermore, we examined whether liver-derived EPO improved anemia in 5/6 nephrectomized (5/6 Nx) rats. TP0463518 scarcely increased the HIF-2α and EPO mRNA expression levels in the kidney cortex, whereas oral administration of TP0463518 at 40 mg/kg dramatically increased the HIF-2α level from 0.27 to 1.53 fmol/mg and the EPO mRNA expression level by 1300-fold in the livers of healthy rats. After administration of TP0463518 at 20 mg/kg, the total EPO mRNA expression level in the whole liver was 22-fold that in the whole kidney. In bilaterally nephrectomized rats, TP0463518 raised the serum EPO concentration from 0 to 180 pg/ml at 20 mg/kg. Furthermore, repeated administration of TP0463518 at 10 mg/kg increased the reticulocyte count in 5/6 Nx rats on day 7 and raised the hemoglobin level on day 14. The present study revealed that TP0463518 specifically induced EPO production in the liver and improved anemia. The characteristic feature of TP0463518 would lead to not only a more detailed understanding of the PHD-HIF2α-EPO pathway in erythropoiesis, but a new therapeutic alternative for renal anemia. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) 1/2/3 pan inhibitors are known to potentially induce erythropoietin (EPO) production in both the kidney and liver; however, their effects on renal EPO production have been shown to vary depending on the experimental conditions. The authors found that 2-[[1-[[6-(4-chlorophenoxy)pyridin-3-yl]methyl]-4-hydroxy-6-oxo-2,3-dihydropyridine-5-carbonyl]amino]acetic acid (TP0463518), a PHD 1/2/3 pan inhibitor, specifically induced EPO production in the liver and that the liver-derived EPO was pharmacologically effective. Investigation of the effects of TP0463518 may pave the way for the development of a new therapeutic alternative for renal anemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sota Kato
- Pharmacology Laboratories (S.K., N.O., F.I., N.T., H.K., E.-i.K., S.U., K.Y.) and Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories (H.T.), Taisho Pharmaceutical, Saitama, Japan
| | - Nagahiro Ochiai
- Pharmacology Laboratories (S.K., N.O., F.I., N.T., H.K., E.-i.K., S.U., K.Y.) and Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories (H.T.), Taisho Pharmaceutical, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takano
- Pharmacology Laboratories (S.K., N.O., F.I., N.T., H.K., E.-i.K., S.U., K.Y.) and Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories (H.T.), Taisho Pharmaceutical, Saitama, Japan
| | - Fusayo Io
- Pharmacology Laboratories (S.K., N.O., F.I., N.T., H.K., E.-i.K., S.U., K.Y.) and Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories (H.T.), Taisho Pharmaceutical, Saitama, Japan
| | - Noriko Takayama
- Pharmacology Laboratories (S.K., N.O., F.I., N.T., H.K., E.-i.K., S.U., K.Y.) and Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories (H.T.), Taisho Pharmaceutical, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroko Koretsune
- Pharmacology Laboratories (S.K., N.O., F.I., N.T., H.K., E.-i.K., S.U., K.Y.) and Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories (H.T.), Taisho Pharmaceutical, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ei-Ichi Kunioka
- Pharmacology Laboratories (S.K., N.O., F.I., N.T., H.K., E.-i.K., S.U., K.Y.) and Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories (H.T.), Taisho Pharmaceutical, Saitama, Japan
| | - Saeko Uchida
- Pharmacology Laboratories (S.K., N.O., F.I., N.T., H.K., E.-i.K., S.U., K.Y.) and Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories (H.T.), Taisho Pharmaceutical, Saitama, Japan
| | - Koji Yamamoto
- Pharmacology Laboratories (S.K., N.O., F.I., N.T., H.K., E.-i.K., S.U., K.Y.) and Drug Safety and Pharmacokinetics Laboratories (H.T.), Taisho Pharmaceutical, Saitama, Japan
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26
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An immortalized cell line derived from renal erythropoietin-producing (REP) cells demonstrates their potential to transform into myofibroblasts. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11254. [PMID: 31375751 PMCID: PMC6677766 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47766-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The erythroid growth factor erythropoietin (Epo) is produced by renal interstitial fibroblasts, called REP (renal Epo-producing) cells, in a hypoxia-inducible manner. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), REP cells lose their Epo-production ability, leading to renal anaemia. Concurrently, REP cells are suggested to be transformed into myofibroblasts, which are the major player of renal fibrosis. Although establishment of cultured cell lines derived from REP cells has been a long-term challenge, we here successfully established a REP-cell-derived immortalized and cultivable cell line (Replic cells) by using a genetically modified mouse line. Replic cells exhibited myofibroblastic phenotypes and lost their Epo-production ability, reflecting the situation in renal fibrosis. Additionally, we found that cell-autonomous TGFβ signalling contributes to maintenance of the myofibroblastic features of Replic cells. Furthermore, the promoters of genes for Epo and HIF2α, a major activator of Epo gene expression, were highly methylated in Replic cells. Thus, these results strongly support our contention that REP cells are the origin of myofibroblasts in fibrotic kidneys and demonstrate that cell-autonomous TGFβ signalling and epigenetic silencing are involved in renal fibrosis and renal anaemia, respectively, in CKD. The Replic cell line is a useful tool to further investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying renal fibrosis.
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27
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Will there still be a role for the originator erythropoiesis-simulating agents after the biosimilars and the hypoxia-inducible factor stabilizers approval? Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2019; 27:339-344. [PMID: 29846220 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To discuss if there will still be a role for the originator ESAs after the already available biosimilars and the approval of HIF stabilizers in the near future. RECENT FINDINGS Current treatment with erythropoiesis-simulating agents (ESAs) is effective and generally well tolerated, but requires parenteral injections. It is also surrounded by safety concerns and is still expensive. Functional iron deficiency is the major obstacle for efficient ESA therapy. ESA resistance may develop, calling for high ESA doses, further increasing the side effects associated with ESA use. Biosimilars were introduced for reducing costs. In searching for an ideal antianemic drug, new investigational strategies have been proposed including the attractive alternative hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) stabilizers, which stimulate endogenous EPO production. However, we should caution in translating the historical results referring to the side effects of ESAs to current clinical practice, considering that hemoglobin targets and ESAs doses are now much lower. We could anticipate that side effects will be much less. SUMMARY According to preliminary data, orally administered HIF stabilizers could provide pharmacological advantages over the existing ESAs. These will need confirmation by the findings of large, phase-3, clinical trials. Finally, cost will be an important issue determining their future use.
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28
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Zubareva EV, Nadezhdin SV, Burda YE, Nadezhdina NA, Gashevskaya A. Pleiotropic effects of Erythropoietin. Influence of Erythropoietin on processes of mesenchymal stem cells differentiation. RESEARCH RESULTS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.3897/rrpharmacology.5.33457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Structure and synthesis of Erythropoietin: Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone.Recombinant Erythropoietin (Epoetin): Human recombinant erythropoietin is characterised as a factor which stimulates differentiation and proliferation of erythroid precursor cells, and as a tissue protective factor.Anti-ischemic effects of recombinant Erythropoietin: Erythropoietin is one of the most perspective humoral agents which are involved in the preconditioning phenomenon.Erythropoietin receptors and signal transduction pathways: Erythropoietin effects on cells through their interconnection with erythropoietin receptors, which triggers complex intracellular signal cascades, such as JAK2/STAT signaling pathway, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase C, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathways.Mechanisms of the effect of Erythropoietin on hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells and tissues: In addition to regulation of haemopoiesis, erythropoietin mediates bone formation as it has an effect on hematopoietic stem cells and osteoblastic niche, and this illustrates connection between the processes of haematopoiesis and osteopoiesis which take place in the red bone marrow.The effect of Erythropoietin on mesenchymal stem cells and process of bone tissue formation: Erythropoietin promotes mesenchymal stem cells proliferation, migration and differentiation in osteogenic direction. The evidence of which is expression of bone phenotype by cells under the influence of EPO, including activation of bone specific transcription factors Runx2, osteocalcin and bone sialoprotein.Conclusion: Erythropoietin has a pleiotropic effect on various types of cells and tissues. But the mechanisms which are involved in the process of bone tissue restoration via erythropoietin are still poorly understood.
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29
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Santos-Silva A, Ribeiro S, Reis F, Belo L. Hepcidin in chronic kidney disease anemia. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2019; 110:243-264. [PMID: 30798815 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with several complications that worsen with progression of disease; anemia, disturbances in iron metabolism and inflammation are common features. Inflammatory response starts early, releasing pro-inflammatory cytokines, acute phase reactants and hepcidin. Hepcidin production is modulated by several factors, as hypoxia/anemia, erythropoietin and erythropoiesis products, transferrin saturation (TSAT) and liver iron levels, which are altered in CKD. Treatment of CKD anemia is based on pharmaceutical intervention, with erythropoietic stimulating agents and/or iron supplementation; however, in spite of the erythropoietic benefits, this therapy, on a regular basis, involves risks, namely iron overload. To overcome these risks, some therapeutic approaches are under study to target CKD anemia. Considering the actual alerts about risk of iron overload in dialysis patients, inhibition of hepcidin, the central key player in iron homeostasis, could be a pivotal strategy in the management of CKD anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Santos-Silva
- UCIBIO\REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sandra Ribeiro
- UCIBIO\REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Flávio Reis
- Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, CNC.IBILI Consortium & CIBB Consortium, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Belo
- UCIBIO\REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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30
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Ye IC, Fertig EJ, DiGiacomo JW, Considine M, Godet I, Gilkes DM. Molecular Portrait of Hypoxia in Breast Cancer: A Prognostic Signature and Novel HIF-Regulated Genes. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1889-1901. [PMID: 30037853 PMCID: PMC6279594 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Intratumoral hypoxia has been associated with invasion, metastasis, and treatment failure, prompting the need for a global characterization of the response to hypoxic conditions. The current study presents the results of a large-scale RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) effort, analyzing 31 breast cancer cell lines representative of breast cancer subtypes or normal mammary epithelial (NME) cells exposed to control tissue culture conditions (20% O2) or hypoxic conditions (1% O2). The results demonstrate that NME have a stronger response to hypoxia both in terms of number of genes induced by hypoxia as well as level of expression. A conserved 42-gene hypoxia signature shared across PAM50 subtypes and genes that are exclusively upregulated in Luminal A, Luminal B, and normal-like mammary epithelial cells is identified. The 42-gene expression signature is enriched in a subset of basal-like cell lines and tumors and differentiates survival among patients with basal-like tumors. Mechanistically, the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF-1 and/or HIF-2) mediate the conserved hypoxic response. Also, four novel hypoxia-regulated and HIF-1-responsive genes were identified as part of the conserved signature. This dataset provides a novel resource to query transcriptional changes that occur in response to hypoxia and serves as a starting point for a clinical assay to aid in stratifying patients that would benefit from hypoxia-targeted therapies, some of which are currently in clinical trials. IMPLICATIONS: RNA-seq of 31 breast cancer cells exposed to control or hypoxic conditions reveals a conserved genomic signature that contains novel HIF-regulated genes and is prognostic for the survival of patients with triple-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Chae Ye
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elana J Fertig
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Josh W DiGiacomo
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael Considine
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Inês Godet
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniele M Gilkes
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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31
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Watts ER, Walmsley SR. Inflammation and Hypoxia: HIF and PHD Isoform Selectivity. Trends Mol Med 2018; 25:33-46. [PMID: 30442494 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cells sense and respond to hypoxia through the activity of the transcription factor HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) and its regulatory hydroxylases, the prolyl hydroxylase domain enzymes (PHDs). Multiple isoforms of HIFs and PHDs exist, and isoform-selective roles have been identified in the context of the inflammatory environment, which is itself frequently hypoxic. Recent advances in the field have highlighted the complexity of this system, particularly with regards to the cell and context-specific activity of HIFs and PHDs. Because novel therapeutic agents which regulate this pathway are nearing the clinic, understanding the role of HIFs and PHDs in inflammation outcomes is an essential step in avoiding off-target effects and, crucially, in developing new anti-inflammatory strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Watts
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Sarah R Walmsley
- The University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.
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Kato S, Takayama N, Takano H, Koretsune H, Koizumi C, Kunioka EI, Uchida S, Takahashi T, Yamamoto K. TP0463518, a novel inhibitor for hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylases, increases erythropoietin in rodents and monkeys with a good pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics correlation. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 838:138-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Suzuki N, Matsuo-Tezuka Y, Sasaki Y, Sato K, Miyauchi K, Kato K, Saito S, Shimonaka Y, Hirata M, Yamamoto M. Iron attenuates erythropoietin production by decreasing hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 2α concentrations in renal interstitial fibroblasts. Kidney Int 2018; 94:900-911. [PMID: 30245128 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential mineral for oxygen delivery and for a variety of enzymatic activities, but excessive iron results in oxidative cytotoxicity. Because iron is primarily used in red blood cells, defective erythropoiesis caused by loss of the erythroid growth factor erythropoietin (Epo) elevates iron storage levels in serum and tissues. Here, we investigated the effects of iron in a mouse model of Epo-deficiency anemia, in which serum iron concentration was significantly elevated. We found that intraperitoneal injection of iron-dextran caused severe iron deposition in renal interstitial fibroblasts, the site of Epo production. Iron overload induced by either intraperitoneal injection or feeding decreased activity of endogenous Epo gene expression by reducing levels of hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 2α (HIF2α), the major transcriptional activator of the Epo gene. Administration of an iron-deficient diet to the anemic mice reduced serum iron to normal concentration and enhanced the ability of renal Epo production. These results demonstrate that iron overload due to Epo deficiency attenuates endogenous Epo gene expression in the kidneys. Thus, iron suppresses Epo production by reducing HIF2α concentration in renal interstitial fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Suzuki
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Yukari Matsuo-Tezuka
- Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sasaki
- Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Koji Sato
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Miyauchi
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kato
- Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Sakae Saito
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yasushi Shimonaka
- Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Michinori Hirata
- Product Research Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Suzuki N, Vojnovic N, Lee KL, Yang H, Gradin K, Poellinger L. HIF-dependent and reversible nucleosome disassembly in hypoxia-inducible gene promoters. Exp Cell Res 2018; 366:181-191. [PMID: 29574021 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia causes dramatic changes in gene expression profiles, and the mechanism of hypoxia-inducible transcription has been analyzed for use as a model system of stress-inducible gene regulation. In this study, changes in chromatin organization in promoters of hypoxia-inducible genes were investigated during hypoxia-reoxygenation conditions. Most of the hypoxia-inducible gene promoters were hypersensitive to DNase I under both normal and hypoxic conditions, and our data indicate an immediate recruitment of transcription factors under hypoxic conditions. In some of the hypoxia-inducible promoters, nucleosome-free DNA regions (NFRs) were established in parallel with hypoxia-induced transcription. We also show that the hypoxia-inducible formation of NFRs requires that hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs) bind to the promoters together with the transcriptional coactivator CBP. Within 1 h after the hypoxia exposure was ended (reoxygenation), HIF complexes were dissociated from the promoter regions. Within 24 h of reoxygenation, the hypoxia-induced transcription returned to basal levels and the nucleosome structure was reassembled in the hypoxia-inducible NFRs. Nucleosome reassembly required the function of the transcriptional coregulator SIN3A. Thus, reversible changes in nucleosome organization mediated by transcription factors are notable features of stress-inducible gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Suzuki
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Oxygen Biology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Nikola Vojnovic
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kian-Leong Lee
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Henry Yang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Katarina Gradin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorenz Poellinger
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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Oikonomidou PR, Rivella S. What can we learn from ineffective erythropoiesis in thalassemia? Blood Rev 2018; 32:130-143. [PMID: 29054350 PMCID: PMC5882559 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Erythropoiesis is a dynamic process regulated at multiple levels to balance proliferation, differentiation and survival of erythroid progenitors. Ineffective erythropoiesis is a key feature of various diseases, including β-thalassemia. The pathogenic mechanisms leading to ineffective erythropoiesis are complex and still not fully understood. Altered survival and decreased differentiation of erythroid progenitors are both critical processes contributing to reduced production of mature red blood cells. Recent studies have identified novel important players and provided major advances in the development of targeted therapeutic approaches. In this review, β-thalassemia is used as a paradigmatic example to describe our current knowledge on the mechanisms leading to ineffective erythropoiesis and novel treatments that may have the potential to improve the clinical phenotype of associated diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Rea Oikonomidou
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Stefano Rivella
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP), Philadelphia, PA, USA; Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group (CAMB), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Kaplan JM, Sharma N, Dikdan S. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor and Its Role in the Management of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020389. [PMID: 29382128 PMCID: PMC5855611 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) plays a crucial role in the response to hypoxia at the cellular, tissue, and organism level. New agents under development to pharmacologically manipulate HIF may provide new and exciting possibilities in the treatment of anemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD) as well as in multiple other disease states involving ischemia-reperfusion injury. This article provides an overview of recent studies describing current standards of care for patients with anemia in CKD and associated clinical issues, and those supporting the clinical potential for targeting HIF stabilization with HIF prolyl-hydroxylase inhibitors (HIF-PHI) in these patients. Additionally, articles reporting the clinical potential for HIF-PHIs in 'other' putative therapeutic areas, the tissue and intracellular distribution of HIF- and prolyl-hydroxylase domain (PHD) isoforms, and HIF isoforms targeted by the different PHDs, were identified. There is increasing uncertainty regarding the optimal treatment for anemia of CKD with poorer outcomes associated with treatment to higher hemoglobin targets, and the increasing use of iron and consequent risk of iron imbalance. Attainment and maintenance of more physiologic erythropoietin levels associated with HIF stabilization may improve the management of patients resistant to treatment with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and improve outcomes at higher hemoglobin targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Kaplan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, University Hospital, 185 South Orange Avenue, I512, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | - Neeraj Sharma
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, University Hospital, 185 South Orange Avenue, I512, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | - Sean Dikdan
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, University Hospital, 185 South Orange Avenue, I512, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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Bresnick EH, Hewitt KJ, Mehta C, Keles S, Paulson RF, Johnson KD. Mechanisms of erythrocyte development and regeneration: implications for regenerative medicine and beyond. Development 2018; 145:145/1/dev151423. [PMID: 29321181 DOI: 10.1242/dev.151423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hemoglobin-expressing erythrocytes (red blood cells) act as fundamental metabolic regulators by providing oxygen to cells and tissues throughout the body. Whereas the vital requirement for oxygen to support metabolically active cells and tissues is well established, almost nothing is known regarding how erythrocyte development and function impact regeneration. Furthermore, many questions remain unanswered relating to how insults to hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and erythrocytes can trigger a massive regenerative process termed 'stress erythropoiesis' to produce billions of erythrocytes. Here, we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing erythrocyte development and regeneration, and discuss the potential links between these events and other regenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emery H Bresnick
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Kyle J Hewitt
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Charu Mehta
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Sunduz Keles
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Robert F Paulson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kirby D Johnson
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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Hepatic dysfunction and thrombocytopenia induced by excess sFlt1 in mice lacking endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Sci Rep 2018; 8:102. [PMID: 29311569 PMCID: PMC5758763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18260-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver dysfunction is a major problem in patients with severe preeclampsia (PE), hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome, or in patients receiving anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy. Excessive soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) that antagonizes VEGF has been implicated in the pathogenesis of PE. VEGF increases the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and activates it. eNOS polymorphisms that cause reduced NO production are associated with PE. The aim of this study was to clarify the role on hepatic function by excess sFlt1 in the absence of eNOS gene product. We first overexpressed sFlt1 using adenovirus in eNOS−/− and eNOS+/+ mice. Excessive sFlt1 and lack of eNOS synergistically increased plasma levels of liver transaminases, exacerbated infiltration of inflammatory cells, elevated expression levels of cytokines in the liver, and aggravated oxidative stress and coagulation abnormalities. Lack of eNOS in the presence of excess sFlt1 also induced thrombocytopenia, whereas eNOS+/+ mice with excess sFlt1 alone showed no or modest liver phenotype. Taken together, excessive sFlt1 and lack of eNOS synergistically induce hepatic dysfunction and thrombocytopenia, suggesting a novel role for VEGF and nitric oxide signaling in hepatocyte-endothelial cross-talk in health and in liver injury states.
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Del Vecchio L, Locatelli F. Roxadustat in the treatment of anaemia in chronic kidney disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 27:125-133. [PMID: 29254377 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2018.1417386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anaemia is one of the hallmarks of advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD); it correlates with a lower quality of life and increased cardiovascular risk. Currently its management is based on iron and erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) therapy. Given safety issues on ESA therapy and excessive iron use, anaemia management is still suboptimal. Areas covered: The inhibitors of the prolyl-hydroxylases domain (PHD) are oral drugs which activate the hypoxia-inducible factors (HIF) and stimulate the production of endogenous erythropoietin. Roxadustat (FG-4592) is a second-generation PHD inhibitor; it is undergoing now phase-III clinical development. Expert opinion: Phase-II clinical trials have shown that roxadustat is effective and save in the short term in either non-dialysis or dialysis CKD patients. Roxadustat is a chemical drug and thus has the potential of being cheaper than traditional ESAs. Given that the peaks of endogenous EPO are much lower than those observed with traditional ESA, it is possible to speculate the roxadustat (and more in general PHD inhibitors) will be safer than ESA on cardiovascular safety end-points. Considering that HIFs are involved in different pathways, with possible promotion of relevant side effects, their safety must be proven in long-term studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Del Vecchio
- a Department of Nephrology and Dialysis , A. Manzoni Hospital , Lecco , Italy
| | - Francesco Locatelli
- a Department of Nephrology and Dialysis , A. Manzoni Hospital , Lecco , Italy
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40
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Therapeutic targeting of the HIF oxygen-sensing pathway: Lessons learned from clinical studies. Exp Cell Res 2017; 356:160-165. [PMID: 28483447 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The oxygen-sensitive hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway plays a central role in the control of erythropoiesis and iron metabolism. The discovery of prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) proteins as key regulators of HIF activity has led to the development of inhibitory compounds that are now in phase 3 clinical development for the treatment of renal anemia, a condition that is commonly found in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease. This review provides a concise overview of clinical effects associated with pharmacologic PHD inhibition and was written in memory of Professor Lorenz Poellinger.
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41
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Panjeta M, Tahirović I, Sofić E, Ćorić J, Dervišević A. Interpretation of Erythropoietin and Haemoglobin Levels in Patients with Various Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease. J Med Biochem 2017; 36:145-152. [PMID: 28680358 PMCID: PMC5471647 DOI: 10.1515/jomb-2017-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production of erythrocytes is regulated by the hormone erythropoietin (EPO), which maintains the blood haemoglobin (Hb) levels constant under normal conditions. Human EPO is a glycoprotein hormone and its synthesis is controlled by the hypoxia-inducible transcription factor. The aim of this study was to establish EPO and Hb levels in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), as well as in control subjects, and to investigate the relationship between these parameters. METHODS This cross-sectional, observational study included 356 subjects with CKD divided into 4 subgroups according to their glomerular filtration rate (GFR). The control group consisted of 206 age and sex matched healthy subjects with GFR rate ≥90 mL/min/1.73 m2. EPO, Hb and serum creatinine levels were determined by using immunochemical and spectrophotometric methods. GFR was determined using the MDRD formula. RESULTS The CKD patients had significantly lower levels of haemoglobin (p<0.0005) and hematocrit (p<0.0005) compared to control group. Our results showed that Hb levels decreased, whereas serum creatinine increased with the increasing renal failure. The CKD patients in all four groups had significantly lower (p<0.0005) Hb levels, and significantly higher (p<0.0005) creatinine levels compared to the control group. The median EPO in group I and II were significantly higher (p=0.002; p=0.018), while median EPO in group III and IV were significantly lower (p=0.03; p=0.011) compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS In patients with CKD, GFR positively correlated with Hb and EPO, while the correlation between GFR and serum creatinine was negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirsad Panjeta
- University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Ismet Tahirović
- University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Emin Sofić
- University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Jozo Ćorić
- Clinical Center University of Sarajevo, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Amela Dervišević
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Suzuki N, Gradin K, Poellinger L, Yamamoto M. Regulation of hypoxia-inducible gene expression after HIF activation. Exp Cell Res 2017; 356:182-186. [PMID: 28286304 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia causes dramatic changes in the expression profiles of genes that encode glycolytic enzymes, vascular endothelial growth factors, erythropoietin, and other factors in a tissue-specific manner through activating hypoxia-inducible transcription factors (HIFs) such as HIF1α and HIF2α. It has been elucidated that the activity of HIFs is fundamentally regulated by their protein stability in an oxygen-dependent manner. However, little is known about how stabilized HIFs regulate transcription of their target genes in hypoxic cells. Additionally, the roles of HIF3α, the third member of the HIFs, are still enigma due to its various splicing variants and the complicated phenotypes of Hif3a-gene modified mouse lines. Here, we summarize how molecular systems fine-tune hypoxia-inducible transcription with the cooperation of HIFs and their negative regulators, including IPAS, one of the HIF3α splicing variants. Since epigenetic mechanisms contribute to stress-inducible and cell-type specific gene regulation, the HIF-dependent reorganization of nucleosome structures in hypoxia-inducible gene promoters is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Suzuki
- Division of Oxygen Biology, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden.
| | - Katarina Gradin
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Lorenz Poellinger
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden; Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Locatelli F, Fishbane S, Block GA, Macdougall IC. Targeting Hypoxia-Inducible Factors for the Treatment of Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. Am J Nephrol 2017; 45:187-199. [PMID: 28118622 DOI: 10.1159/000455166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anemia, a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD), has previously been attributed primarily to decreased production of erythropoietin. More recently, it has become apparent that the etiology of anemia involves several other factors, most notably dysfunctional iron metabolism, mediated via increased hepcidin activity and reduced clearance. Current management of anemia in patients with advanced CKD is based on erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and iron supplementation, along with red blood cell transfusions when necessary; however, safety considerations associated with these therapies highlight the need to pursue alternative treatment options targeting other mechanisms such as hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) that act as central regulators of erythropoiesis by coordinating a series of graded hypoxic responses. SUMMARY This review discusses the discovery of the HIF pathway and its regulation via HIF prolyl hydroxylase enzymes in the context of erythropoiesis and iron metabolism. The rationale for targeting this pathway and the clinical development of HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors are reviewed, with a commentary on the potential implications of this class of agents in CKD anemia management. Key Messages: Pharmacologic activation of the HIF pathway results in a transient pseudo-hypoxic state that stimulates erythropoiesis in CKD patients with anemia. Results from clinical studies of a number of HIF prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors are increasingly available and provide support for the continued evaluation of the risk-benefit ratio of this novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of anemia in CKD.
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Nakano D. Erythropoietin-producing cells. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2016; 148:281. [PMID: 27803443 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.148.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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45
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Prolyl-4-hydroxylase 2 and 3 coregulate murine erythropoietin in brain pericytes. Blood 2016; 128:2550-2560. [PMID: 27683416 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-05-713545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A classic response to systemic hypoxia is the increased production of red blood cells due to hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-mediated induction of erythropoietin (EPO). EPO is a glycoprotein hormone that is essential for normal erythropoiesis and is predominantly synthesized by peritubular renal interstitial fibroblast-like cells, which express cellular markers characteristic of neuronal cells and pericytes. To investigate whether the ability to synthesize EPO is a general functional feature of pericytes, we used conditional gene targeting to examine the von Hippel-Lindau/prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain (PHD)/HIF axis in cell-expressing neural glial antigen 2, a known molecular marker of pericytes in multiple organs. We found that pericytes in the brain synthesized EPO in mice with genetic HIF activation and were capable of responding to systemic hypoxia with the induction of Epo. Using high-resolution multiplex in situ hybridization, we determined that brain pericytes represent an important cellular source of Epo in the hypoxic brain (up to 70% of all Epo-expressing cells). We furthermore determined that Epo transcription in brain pericytes was HIF-2 dependent and cocontrolled by PHD2 and PHD3, oxygen- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent prolyl-4-hydroxylases that regulate HIF activity. In summary, our studies provide experimental evidence that pericytes in the brain have the ability to function as oxygen sensors and respond to hypoxia with EPO synthesis. Our findings furthermore suggest that the ability to synthesize EPO may represent a functional feature of pericytes in the brain and kidney.
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46
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Liang R, Ghaffari S. Advances in understanding the mechanisms of erythropoiesis in homeostasis and disease. Br J Haematol 2016; 174:661-73. [PMID: 27442953 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Anaemia or decreased blood haemoglobin is the most common blood disorder often characterized by reduced red blood cell (RBC) numbers. RBCs are produced from differentiation and commitment of haematopoietic stem cells to the erythroid lineage by a process called erythropoiesis. Coordination of erythropoietin receptor signalling with several erythroid transcription factors including GATA1 is essential for this process. A number of additional players that are critical for RBC production have been identified in recent years. Major technological advances, such as the development of RNA interference, genetically modified animals, including zebrafish, and imaging flow cytometry have led to these discoveries; the emergence of -omics approaches in combination with the optimization of ex vivo erythroid cultures have also produced a more comprehensive understanding of erythropoiesis. Here we summarize studies describing novel regulators of erythropoiesis that modulate erythroid cell production in the context of human erythroid disorders involving hypoxia, iron regulation, immune-related molecules, and the transcription factor FOXO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond Liang
- Department of Developmental & Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Multidisciplinary Training Area, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Saghi Ghaffari
- Department of Developmental & Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Multidisciplinary Training Area, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase 1 (PHD1) deficiency promotes hepatic steatosis and liver-specific insulin resistance in mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24618. [PMID: 27094951 PMCID: PMC4837354 DOI: 10.1038/srep24618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with local tissue hypoxia and elevated hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α) in metabolic tissues. Prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) play an important role in regulating HIF-α isoform stability. In the present study, we investigated the consequence of whole-body PHD1 gene (Egln2) inactivation on metabolic homeostasis in mice. At baseline, PHD1-/- mice exhibited higher white adipose tissue (WAT) mass, despite lower body weight, and impaired insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance when compared to age-matched wild-type (WT) mice. When fed a synthetic low-fat diet, PHD1-/- mice also exhibit a higher body weight gain and WAT mass along with glucose intolerance and systemic insulin resistance compared to WT mice. PHD1 deficiency led to increase in glycolytic gene expression, lipogenic proteins ACC and FAS, hepatic steatosis and liver-specific insulin resistance. Furthermore, gene markers of inflammation were also increased in the liver, but not in WAT or skeletal muscle, of PHD1-/- mice. As expected, high-fat diet (HFD) promoted obesity, hepatic steatosis, tissue-specific inflammation and systemic insulin resistance in WT mice but these diet-induced metabolic alterations were not exacerbated in PHD1-/- mice. In conclusion, PHD1 deficiency promotes hepatic steatosis and liver-specific insulin resistance but does not worsen the deleterious effects of HFD on metabolic homeostasis.
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Kobayashi H, Liu Q, Binns TC, Urrutia AA, Davidoff O, Kapitsinou PP, Pfaff AS, Olauson H, Wernerson A, Fogo AB, Fong GH, Gross KW, Haase VH. Distinct subpopulations of FOXD1 stroma-derived cells regulate renal erythropoietin. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1926-38. [PMID: 27088801 DOI: 10.1172/jci83551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal peritubular interstitial fibroblast-like cells are critical for adult erythropoiesis, as they are the main source of erythropoietin (EPO). Hypoxia-inducible factor 2 (HIF-2) controls EPO synthesis in the kidney and liver and is regulated by prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain (PHD) dioxygenases PHD1, PHD2, and PHD3, which function as cellular oxygen sensors. Renal interstitial cells with EPO-producing capacity are poorly characterized, and the role of the PHD/HIF-2 axis in renal EPO-producing cell (REPC) plasticity is unclear. Here we targeted the PHD/HIF-2/EPO axis in FOXD1 stroma-derived renal interstitial cells and examined the role of individual PHDs in REPC pool size regulation and renal EPO output. Renal interstitial cells with EPO-producing capacity were entirely derived from FOXD1-expressing stroma, and Phd2 inactivation alone induced renal Epo in a limited number of renal interstitial cells. EPO induction was submaximal, as hypoxia or pharmacologic PHD inhibition further increased the REPC fraction among Phd2-/- renal interstitial cells. Moreover, Phd1 and Phd3 were differentially expressed in renal interstitium, and heterozygous deficiency for Phd1 and Phd3 increased REPC numbers in Phd2-/- mice. We propose that FOXD1 lineage renal interstitial cells consist of distinct subpopulations that differ in their responsiveness to Phd2 inactivation and thus regulation of HIF-2 activity and EPO production under hypoxia or conditions of pharmacologic or genetic PHD inactivation.
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Abstract
Oxygen represents one of the major molecules required for the development and maintenance of life. An adequate response to hypoxia is therefore required for the functioning of the majority of living organisms and relies on the activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway. HIF prolyl hydroxylase domain-2 (PHD2) has long been recognized as the major regulator of this response, controlling a myriad of outcomes that range from cell death to proliferation. However, this enzyme has been associated with more pathways, making the role of this protein remarkably complex under distinct pathologies. While a protective role seems to exist in physiological conditions such as erythropoiesis; the picture is more complex during pathologies such as cancer. Since the regulation of this enzyme and its closest family members is currently considered as a possible therapy for various diseases, understanding the different particular roles of this protein is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Meneses
- Heisenberg Research Group, Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ben Wielockx
- Heisenberg Research Group, Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Ribeiro S, Garrido P, Fernandes J, Vala H, Rocha-Pereira P, Costa E, Belo L, Reis F, Santos-Silva A. Renal risk-benefit determinants of recombinant human erythropoietin therapy in the remnant kidney rat model - hypertension, anaemia, inflammation and drug dose. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 43:343-54. [PMID: 26889660 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies showed that high doses of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) used to correct anaemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) hyporesponsive patients may lead to deleterious effects. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of rHuEPO in doses usually used to correct CKD-anaemia (100, 200 IU/kg body weight (BW) per week) and in higher doses used in the treatment of hyporesponsive patients (400, 600 IU/kg BW per week), focusing on renal damage, hypoxia, inflammation and fibrosis. Male Wistar rats with chronic renal failure (CRF) induced by 5/6 nephrectomy were treated with rHuEPO or with vehicle, over a 3-week period. Haematological, biochemical and renal function analyses were performed. Kidney and liver mRNA levels were evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and protein expression by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Kidney histopathological evaluations were also performed. The CRF group developed anaemia, hypertension and a high score of renal histopathologic lesions. Correction of anaemia was achieved with all rHuEPO doses, with improvement in hypertension, renal function and renal lesions. In addition, the higher rHuEPO doses also improved inflammation. Blood pressure was reduced in all rHuEPO-treated groups, compared to the CRF group, but increased in a dose-dependent manner. The current study showed that rHuEPO treatment corrected anaemia and improved urinary albumin excretion, particularly at lower doses. In addition, it is suggested that a short-term treatment with high doses, used to overcome an episode of hyporesponsiveness to rHuEPO therapy, can present benefits by reducing inflammation, without worsening of renal lesions; however, the pro-hypertensive effect should be considered, and carefully managed to avoid a negative cardiorenal impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ribeiro
- Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), REQUIMTE, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Garrido
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology - Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI) Research Unit, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Fernandes
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology - Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI) Research Unit, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Helena Vala
- Centre for Studies in Education, Technologies and Health (CI&DETS), CITAB, Agrarian School of Viseu, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal
| | - Petronila Rocha-Pereira
- Health Sciences Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Elísio Costa
- Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), REQUIMTE, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Belo
- Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), REQUIMTE, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Flávio Reis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Centre for Neuroscience and Cell Biology - Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI) Research Unit, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alice Santos-Silva
- Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), REQUIMTE, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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