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Nguyen H, Kim SH, Juang U, Gwon S, Jung W, Huang Q, Lee S, Lee B, Kwon SH, Park J. Overview of carboxyl‑terminal modulator protein 1 and its importance in various metabolic regulations (Review). Mol Med Rep 2024; 30:158. [PMID: 38994770 PMCID: PMC11258604 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2024.13282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Acyl‑coenzyme A thioesterases (ACOTs) are crucial in mediating lipid metabolic functions, including energy expenditure, hepatic gluconeogenesis and neuronal function. The two distinct types are type I and II ACOTs, the latter of which are 'hotdog' fold superfamily members. Type II ACOTs include carboxyl‑terminal modulator protein 1 (CTMP1), also termed thioesterase superfamily member 4 (THEM4), and CTMP2, also termed THEM5. Due to their similar structural features and distinct sequence homology, CTMP1 and CTMP2 stand out from other type II ACOTs. CTMP1 was initially known as a protein kinase B (PKB) inhibitor that attenuates PKB phosphorylation. PKB is the central regulator of various cellular functions, including survival, proliferation, growth and metabolism. Therefore, by inhibiting PKB, CTMP1 can affect various cellular processes. Various other functions of CTMP1 have been revealed, including functions in cancer, brain injury, mitochondrial function and lipid metabolism. CTMP2 is a paralog of CTMP1 and was first identified as a cardiolipin remodeling factor involved in the development of fatty liver. As the functions of CTMP1 and CTMP2 were discovered separately, a review to summarize and connect these findings is essential. The current review delineates the intricate complexity of CTMP regulation across different metabolic pathways and encapsulates the principal discoveries concerning CTMP until the present day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huonggiang Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Hwan Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Uijin Juang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhwan Gwon
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Woohyeong Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Qingzhi Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyeon Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Beomwoo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - So Hee Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Metabolic Syndrome and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Institute for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
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Xie W, Liu W, Wang L, Zhu B, Zhao C, Liao Z, Li Y, Jiang X, Liu J, Ren C. Roles of THEM4 in the Akt pathway: a double-edged sword. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2024; 25:541-556. [PMID: 39011675 PMCID: PMC11254685 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2300457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
The protein kinase B (Akt) pathway can regulate the growth, proliferation, and metabolism of tumor cells and stem cells through the activation of multiple downstream target genes, thus affecting the development and treatment of a range of diseases. Thioesterase superfamily member 4 (THEM4), a member of the thioesterase superfamily, is one of the Akt kinase-binding proteins. Some studies on the mechanism of cancers and other diseases have shown that THEM4 binds to Akt to regulate its phosphorylation. Initially, THEM4 was considered an endogenous inhibitor of Akt, which can inhibit the phosphorylation of Akt in diseases such as lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, and liver cancer, but subsequently, THEM4 was shown to promote the proliferation of tumor cells by positively regulating Akt activity in breast cancer and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, which contradicts previous findings. Considering these two distinct views, this review summarizes the important roles of THEM4 in the Akt pathway, focusing on THEM4 as an Akt-binding protein and its regulatory relationship with Akt phosphorylation in various diseases, especially cancer. This work provides a better understanding of the roles of THEM4 combined with Akt in the treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xie
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Weidong Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Lei Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Cong Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Ziling Liao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Yihan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Xingjun Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Hainan Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Hainan Province Clinical Medical Center, Sanya 572013, China. ,
| | - Caiping Ren
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
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Sun B, Sun Y, Sun Y, Zhou X, Han X, Han Y, Ma Q. Leucine Supplementation Modulates Lipid Metabolism and Inflammation in Early Weaning Piglets. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38842880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Early weaning can induce the programmed dysregulation of glycolipid metabolism and inflammation in adult animals. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of leucine supplementation administered promptly after early weaning in mitigating these adverse effects in piglets. At day 21, 24 piglets were randomly selected and divided into 3 groups: EW group where the piglets were weaned at day 21 and fed basal diet, EWL group where the piglets were weaned at day 21 and fed the basal diet with supplementation of 1% leucine, and C group where the piglets were fed basal diet and weaned at 28 days. Each group contained eight replicates, with one piglet per replicate. The results indicated that early weaning had an impact on gut health and could activate the inhibitor of the kappa B kinase gamma/inhibitor kappa B alpha/NF-kappa-B (IKKγ/IκBα/NF-κB) signaling pathway to ameliorate pro-inflammatory factor and apoptosis levels. Furthermore, early weaning reduced the activity of fatty acid β oxidation (FAβO) and affected genes linked with lipid metabolism. Supplementing with leucine can improve the effects of these factors. In summary, leucine may alleviate the influences of early weaning on the lipid metabolism and inflammation in piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yuchen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yutong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xinbo Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xuesong Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yixin Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Qingquan Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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Bai L, Yang P, Han B, Kong L. Progress of the acyl-Coenzyme A thioester hydrolase family in cancer. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1374094. [PMID: 38562172 PMCID: PMC10982514 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1374094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the acyl-Coenzyme A thioester hydrolase family (ACOTs) has received wide attention as a key link in lipid metabolism. This family is a class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of fatty acyl-Coenzyme A, disrupting the thioester bond present within acyl-CoA ester molecules to produce free fatty acids (FFA) and the corresponding coenzyme A (CoA). Such enzymes play a very important role in lipid metabolism through maintaining appropriate levels of intracellular FFA and fatty acyl-CoA as well as CoA. It is broadly divided into two distinct subgroups, the type-I α/β-hydrolase fold enzyme superfamily and the type-II 'hot dog' fold superfamily. There are currently four human type-I genes and eight human type-II genes. Although the two subgroups catalyze the same reaction, they are not structurally similar, do not share the same sequence homology, and differ greatly in protein executive functions. This review summarizes the classification of the acyl-CoA thioester hydrolase family, an overview of the structural sequences, and advances in digestive, respiratory, and urinary systemic tumors. In order to explore potential specific drug targets and effective interventions, to provide new strategies for tumor prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Bai
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Pengjie Yang
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Bater Han
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Linghui Kong
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
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5
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Sun Y, Sun B, Han X, Shan A, Ma Q. Leucine Supplementation Ameliorates Early-Life Programming of Obesity in Rats. Diabetes 2023; 72:1409-1423. [PMID: 37196349 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The advanced cessation of lactation elevates the risk of programmed obesity and obesity-related metabolic disorders in adulthood. This study used multiomic analysis to investigate the mechanism behind this phenomenon and the effects of leucine supplementation on ameliorating programmed obesity development. Wistar/SD rat offspring were subjected to early weaning (EW) at day 17 (EWWIS and EWSD groups) or normal weaning at day 21 (CWIS and CSD groups). Half of the rats from the EWSD group were selected to create a new group with 2-month leucine supplementation at day 150. The results showed that EW impaired lipid metabolic gene expression and increased insulin, neuropeptide Y, and feed intake, inducing obesity in adulthood. Six lipid metabolism-related genes (Acot1, Acot2, Acot4, Scd, Abcg8, and Cyp8b1) were influenced by EW during the entire experimental period. Additionally, adult early-weaned rats exhibited cholesterol and fatty acid β-oxidation disorders, liver taurine reduction, cholestasis, and insulin and leptin resistance. Leucine supplementation partly alleviated these metabolic disorders and increased liver L-carnitine, retarding programmed obesity development. This study provides new insights into the mechanism of programmed obesity development and the potential benefits of leucine supplementation, which may offer suggestions for life planning and programmed obesity prevention. ARTICLE HIGHLIGHTS Early-weaned adult rats showed excess lipid accumulation and metabolic defects. Early weaning disrupts lipid metabolism and secretion of neuropeptide Y and insulin. The altered lipid metabolic gene expression in this study is vital in programming. Leucine mitigates metabolic disorders and hampers programmed obesity development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Bo Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuesong Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Anshan Shan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Qingquan Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Jiang X, Hu R, Huang Y, Xu Y, Zheng Z, Shi Y, Miao J, Liu Y. Fructose aggravates copper-deficiency-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 119:109402. [PMID: 37311490 PMCID: PMC11186518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is the most common cause of chronic liver disease, affecting 24% of the global population. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that copper deficiency (CuD) is implicated in the development of NAFLD, besides, high fructose consumption by promoting inflammation contributes to NAFLD. However, how CuD and/or fructose (Fru) causes NAFLD is not clearly delineated. The present study aims to investigate the role of CuD and/or fructose supplement on hepatic steatosis and hepatic injury. We established a CuD rat model by feeding weaning male Sprague-Dawley rats for 4 weeks with CuD diet. Fructose was supplemented in drinking water. We found the promoting role of CuD or Fructose (Fru) in the progress of NAFLD, which was aggravated by combination of the two. Furthermore, we presented the alteration of hepatic lipid profiles (including content, composition, and saturation), especially ceramide (Cer), cardiolipin (CL), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was closely associated with CuD and/or Fru fed induced-NAFLD in rat models. In conclusion, insufficient copper intake or excessive fructose supplement resulted in adverse effects on the hepatic lipid profile, and fructose supplement causes a further hepatic injury in CuD-induced NAFLD, which illuminated a better understanding of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jiang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ruixiang Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yipu Huang
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yi Xu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhirui Zheng
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuansen Shi
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ji Miao
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Yun Liu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.
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7
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Alfano R, Zugna D, Barros H, Bustamante M, Chatzi L, Ghantous A, Herceg Z, Keski-Rahkonen P, de Kok TM, Nawrot TS, Relton CL, Robinson O, Roumeliotaki T, Scalbert A, Vrijheid M, Vineis P, Richiardi L, Plusquin M. Cord blood epigenome-wide meta-analysis in six European-based child cohorts identifies signatures linked to rapid weight growth. BMC Med 2023; 21:17. [PMID: 36627699 PMCID: PMC9831885 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02685-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid postnatal growth may result from exposure in utero or early life to adverse conditions and has been associated with diseases later in life and, in particular, with childhood obesity. DNA methylation, interfacing early-life exposures and subsequent diseases, is a possible mechanism underlying early-life programming. METHODS Here, a meta-analysis of Illumina HumanMethylation 450K/EPIC-array associations of cord blood DNA methylation at single CpG sites and CpG genomic regions with rapid weight growth at 1 year of age (defined with reference to WHO growth charts) was conducted in six European-based child cohorts (ALSPAC, ENVIRONAGE, Generation XXI, INMA, Piccolipiù, and RHEA, N = 2003). The association of gestational age acceleration (calculated using the Bohlin epigenetic clock) with rapid weight growth was also explored via meta-analysis. Follow-up analyses of identified DNA methylation signals included prediction of rapid weight growth, mediation of the effect of conventional risk factors on rapid weight growth, integration with transcriptomics and metabolomics, association with overweight in childhood (between 4 and 8 years), and comparison with previous findings. RESULTS Forty-seven CpGs were associated with rapid weight growth at suggestive p-value <1e-05 and, among them, three CpGs (cg14459032, cg25953130 annotated to ARID5B, and cg00049440 annotated to KLF9) passed the genome-wide significance level (p-value <1.25e-07). Sixteen differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified as associated with rapid weight growth at false discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted/Siddak p-values < 0.01. Gestational age acceleration was associated with decreasing risk of rapid weight growth (p-value = 9.75e-04). Identified DNA methylation signals slightly increased the prediction of rapid weight growth in addition to conventional risk factors. Among the identified signals, three CpGs partially mediated the effect of gestational age on rapid weight growth. Both CpGs (N=3) and DMRs (N=3) were associated with differential expression of transcripts (N=10 and 7, respectively), including long non-coding RNAs. An AURKC DMR was associated with childhood overweight. We observed enrichment of CpGs previously reported associated with birthweight. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide evidence of the association between cord blood DNA methylation and rapid weight growth and suggest links with prenatal exposures and association with childhood obesity providing opportunities for early prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Alfano
- Medical Research Council Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Daniela Zugna
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO-Piemonte, Turin, Italy
| | - Henrique Barros
- Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariona Bustamante
- ISGlobal, Institute of Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leda Chatzi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Akram Ghantous
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Zdenko Herceg
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Pekka Keski-Rahkonen
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Theo M de Kok
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tim S Nawrot
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Caroline L Relton
- Μedical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Oliver Robinson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Mohn Centre for Children's Health and Well-being, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Theano Roumeliotaki
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Augustin Scalbert
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Martine Vrijheid
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), 150 Cours Albert Thomas, 69008, Lyon, France
| | - Paolo Vineis
- Medical Research Council Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lorenzo Richiardi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin and CPO-Piemonte, Turin, Italy
| | - Michelle Plusquin
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building D, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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Zheng Y, Zhou Y, Huang Y, Wang H, Guo H, Yuan B, Zhang J. Transcriptome sequencing of black and white hair follicles in the giant panda. Integr Zool 2022; 18:552-568. [PMID: 35500067 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
With the completion of the draft assembly of the giant panda genome sequence, RNA sequencing technology has been widely used in genetic research on giant pandas. We used RNA-seq to examine black and white hair follicle samples from adult pandas. By comparison with the giant panda genome, 75 963 SNP loci were labeled, 2 426 differentially expressed genes were identified, and 2 029 new genes were discovered, among which 631 were functionally annotated. A cluster analysis of the differentially expressed genes showed that they were mainly related to the Wnt signaling pathway, ECM-receptor interaction, the p53 signaling pathway and ribosome processing. The enrichment results showed that there were significant differences in the regulatory networks of hair follicles with different colors during the transitional stage of hair follicle resting growth, which may play a regulatory role in melanin synthesis during growth. In conclusion, our results provide new insights and more data support for research on the color formation in giant pandas. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingmin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of SFGA on Conservation Biology of Rare Animals in The Giant Panda National Park, China
| | - Yijie Huang
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haoqi Wang
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haixiang Guo
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bao Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiabao Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Animals, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Model, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Fröhlich A, Pfaff AL, Bubb VJ, Koks S, Quinn JP. Characterisation of the Function of a SINE-VNTR-Alu Retrotransposon to Modulate Isoform Expression at the MAPT Locus. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:815695. [PMID: 35370538 PMCID: PMC8965460 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.815695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
SINE-VNTR-Alu retrotransposons represent one class of transposable elements which contribute to the regulation and evolution of the primate genome and have the potential to be involved in genetic instability and disease progression. However, these polymorphic elements have not been extensively analysed when addressing the missing heritability of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). SVA_67, a retrotransposon insertion polymorphism, is located in a 1.8 Mb region of high linkage disequilibrium, called the MAPT locus, which is known to contribute to increased risk of developing PD, frontotemporal dementia and other tauopathies. To investigate the role of SVA_67 in directing differential gene expression at this locus, we characterised the impact of SVA_67 allele dosage on isoform expression of several genes in the MAPT locus using the datasets from both the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative and New York Genome Center Consortium Target ALS cohort. The Parkinson’s data was from gene expression in the blood and the ALS data from a variety of CNS regions and allowed us to demonstrate that SVA_67 presence or absence correlated with both isoform- and tissue-specific expression of multiple genes at this locus. This study highlights the importance of addressing SVA polymorphism in disease genetics to gain insight into a better understanding of the role of these regulatory domains to a variety of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Fröhlich
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Alexander Fröhlich,
| | - Abigail L. Pfaff
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Vivien J. Bubb
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sulev Koks
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - John P. Quinn
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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10
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Caswell BT, de Carvalho CC, Nguyen H, Roy M, Nguyen T, Cantu DC. Thioesterase enzyme families: Functions, structures, and mechanisms. Protein Sci 2022; 31:652-676. [PMID: 34921469 PMCID: PMC8862431 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thioesterases are enzymes that hydrolyze thioester bonds in numerous biochemical pathways, for example in fatty acid synthesis. This work reports known functions, structures, and mechanisms of updated thioesterase enzyme families, which are classified into 35 families based on sequence similarity. Each thioesterase family is based on at least one experimentally characterized enzyme, and most families have enzymes that have been crystallized and their tertiary structure resolved. Classifying thioesterases into families allows to predict tertiary structures and infer catalytic residues and mechanisms of all sequences in a family, which is particularly useful because the majority of known protein sequence have no experimental characterization. Phylogenetic analysis of experimentally characterized thioesterases that have structures with the two main structural folds reveal convergent and divergent evolution. Based on tertiary structure superimposition, catalytic residues are predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T. Caswell
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Nevada, RenoRenoNevadaUSA
| | - Caio C. de Carvalho
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Nevada, RenoRenoNevadaUSA
| | - Hung Nguyen
- Department of Computer Science and EngineeringUniversity of Nevada, RenoRenoNevadaUSA
| | - Monikrishna Roy
- Department of Computer Science and EngineeringUniversity of Nevada, RenoRenoNevadaUSA
| | - Tin Nguyen
- Department of Computer Science and EngineeringUniversity of Nevada, RenoRenoNevadaUSA
| | - David C. Cantu
- Department of Chemical and Materials EngineeringUniversity of Nevada, RenoRenoNevadaUSA
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11
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Pagliarulo F, Cheng PF, Brugger L, van Dijk N, van den Heijden M, Levesque MP, Silina K, van den Broek M. Molecular, Immunological, and Clinical Features Associated With Lymphoid Neogenesis in Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 12:793992. [PMID: 35145509 PMCID: PMC8821902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.793992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphoid neogenesis gives rise to tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) in the periphery of multiple cancer types including muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) where it has positive prognostic and predictive associations. Here, we explored molecular, clinical, and histological data of The Cancer Genome Atlas, as well as the IMvigor210 dataset to study factors associated with TLS development and function in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of MIBC. We also analyzed tumor immune composition including TLS in an independent, retrospective MIBC cohort. We found that the combination of TLS density and tumor mutational burden provides a novel independent prognostic biomarker in MIBC. Gene expression profiles obtained from intratumoral regions that rarely contain TLS in MIBC showed poor correlation with the prognostic TLS density measured in tumor periphery. Tumors with high TLS density showed increased gene signatures as well as infiltration of activated lymphocytes. Intratumoral B-cell and CD8+ T-cell co-infiltration was frequent in TLS-high samples, and such regions harbored the highest proportion of PD-1+TCF1+ progenitor-like T cells, naïve T cells, and activated B cells when compared to regions predominantly infiltrated by either B cells or CD8+ T cells alone. We found four TLS maturation subtypes; however, differences in TLS composition appeared to be dictated by the TME and not by the TLS maturation status. Finally, we identified one downregulated and three upregulated non-immune cell-related genes in TME with high TLS density, which may represent candidates for tumor-intrinsic regulation of lymphoid neogenesis. Our study provides novel insights into TLS-associated gene expression and immune contexture of MIBC and indicates towards the relevance of B-cell and CD8+ T-cell interactions in anti-tumor immunity within and outside TLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Pagliarulo
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Phil F. Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laurin Brugger
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nick van Dijk
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Mitchell P. Levesque
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karina Silina
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Karina Silina,
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12
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Sakurai T, Chen Z, Yamahata A, Hayasaka T, Satoh H, Sekiguchi H, Chiba H, Hui SP. A mouse model of short-term, diet-induced fatty liver with abnormal cardiolipin remodeling via downregulated Tafazzin gene expression. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:4995-5001. [PMID: 33543498 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiolipin (CL) helps maintain mitochondrial structure and function. Here we investigated whether a high carbohydrate diet (HCD) fed to mice for a short period (5 days) could modulate the CL level, including that of monolysoCL (MLCL) in the liver. RESULTS Total CL in the HCD group was 22% lower than that in the normal chow diet (NCD) group (P < 0.05). The CL72:8 level strikingly decreased by 93% (P < 0.0001), whereas total nascent CLs (CLs other than CL72:8) increased (P < 0.01) in the HCD group. The total MLCL in the HCD group increased by 2.4-fold compared with that in the NCD group (P < 0.05). Tafazzin expression in the HCD group was significantly downregulated compared with that in the NCD group (P < 0.05). A strong positive correlation between nascent CL and total MLCL (r = 0.955, P < 0.0001), and a negative correlation between MLCL and Tafazzin expression (r = -0.593, P = 0.0883) were observed. CONCLUSION A HCD modulated the fatty acid composition of CL and MLCL via Tafazzin in the liver, which could lead to mitochondrial dysfunction. This model may be useful for elucidating the relationship between fatty liver and mitochondrial dysfunction. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhen Chen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Arisa Yamahata
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Satoh
- Department of Food and Health Research, Life Science Institute Co. Ltd and Nissei Bio Co. Ltd, Center for Food and Medical Innovation, Institute for the Promotion of Business-Regional Collaboration, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Research and Development division, Hokkaido Research Institute, Nissei Bio Co. Ltd, Eniwa, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Sekiguchi
- Department of Food and Health Research, Life Science Institute Co. Ltd and Nissei Bio Co. Ltd, Center for Food and Medical Innovation, Institute for the Promotion of Business-Regional Collaboration, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- R&D Planning and Administration Department, Life Science Institute Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Chiba
- Department of Nutrition, Sapporo University of Health Sciences, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shu-Ping Hui
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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13
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Wu M, Chen L, Chen L, Wang Y. Changes of cardiolipin involve in the occurrence and development of mitochondrial dysfunction associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. ZHONG NAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 46:653-657. [PMID: 34275935 PMCID: PMC10930198 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2021.200583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common liver diseases, which is often accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction. Cardiolipin is a special lipid of mitochondrial inner membrane and any change of cardiolipin may cause series of mitochondria-relevant diseases. Changes in cardiolipin content, fatty acid side chain composition after cardiolipin remodeling, and the content of cardiolipin remodeling enzymes play an important role in the occurrence and development of NAFLD-related mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou Fujian 362000, China.
| | - Lianhui Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou Fujian 362000, China
| | - Langhu Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou Fujian 362000, China
| | - Yongfen Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou Fujian 362000, China.
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14
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Dick F, Nido GS, Alves GW, Tysnes OB, Nilsen GH, Dölle C, Tzoulis C. Differential transcript usage in the Parkinson's disease brain. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1009182. [PMID: 33137089 PMCID: PMC7660910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of differential gene expression have identified several molecular signatures and pathways associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). The role of isoform switches and differential transcript usage (DTU) remains, however, unexplored. Here, we report the first genome-wide study of DTU in PD. We performed RNA sequencing following ribosomal RNA depletion in prefrontal cortex samples of 49 individuals from two independent case-control cohorts. DTU was assessed using two transcript-count based approaches, implemented in the DRIMSeq and DEXSeq tools. Multiple PD-associated DTU events were detected in each cohort, of which 23 DTU events in 19 genes replicated across both patient cohorts. For several of these, including THEM5, SLC16A1 and BCHE, DTU was predicted to have substantial functional consequences, such as altered subcellular localization or switching to non-protein coding isoforms. Furthermore, genes with PD-associated DTU were enriched in functional pathways previously linked to PD, including reactive oxygen species generation and protein homeostasis. Importantly, the vast majority of genes exhibiting DTU were not differentially expressed at the gene-level and were therefore not identified by conventional differential gene expression analysis. Our findings provide the first insight into the DTU landscape of PD and identify novel disease-associated genes. Moreover, we show that DTU may have important functional consequences in the PD brain, since it is predicted to alter the functional composition of the proteome. Based on these results, we propose that DTU analysis is an essential complement to differential gene expression studies in order to provide a more accurate and complete picture of disease-associated transcriptomic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Dick
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gonzalo S. Nido
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Guido Werner Alves
- The Norwegian Center for Movement Disorders and Department of Neurology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Ole-Bjørn Tysnes
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Gry Hilde Nilsen
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Christian Dölle
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Charalampos Tzoulis
- Neuro-SysMed, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
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15
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Liang C, Wang X, Zhang Z, Xiao F, Feng H, Ma Q, Huang J, Qiang G, Zhong D, Liu D. ACOT11 promotes cell proliferation, migration and invasion in lung adenocarcinoma. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2020; 9:1885-1903. [PMID: 33209610 PMCID: PMC7653140 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-19-509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in the word. However, the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. ACOT11 encodes enzymes hydrolyzing the fatty acyl-CoA esters into free fatty acids and CoA. Besides from its role in fatty acid metabolism, the other aspects regarding its function in the progression of lung cancer have not been revealed. Methods We first explored the clinical profile of ACOT11 in tumor samples. Next, we combined gene knockdown in vitro and in vivo and microarray gene profiling analysis to decipher the unknown regulatory role of ACOT11 in lung cancer carcinoma. Furthermore, we explored the potential molecular mechanisms of ACOT11 with immunoprecipitation. Results We found high expression of ACOT11 in tumor samples. High expression of ACOT11 showed significantly poor prognosis in lung squamous carcinoma (LUSC) patients. Knocking down of ACOT11 inhibited the cell proliferation, migration as well as invasion in vitro and in vivo. It also promoted the cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via multiple signaling pathways. Additionally, ACOT11 could bind with CSE1L, which was proved to be an oncogene in lung cancer and speculated to be a potential target of ACOT11. Conclusions The results revealed that ACOT11 regulates proliferation, migration and invasion of lung cancer carcinoma via multiple signaling pathways, indicating its potential value in molecular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Liang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenrong Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxiang Feng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qianli Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guangliang Qiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dingrong Zhong
- Department of Pathology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Deruo Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University China-Japan Friendship School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
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16
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Swarbrick CMD, Nanson JD, Patterson EI, Forwood JK. Structure, function, and regulation of thioesterases. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 79:101036. [PMID: 32416211 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Thioesterases are present in all living cells and perform a wide range of important biological functions by catalysing the cleavage of thioester bonds present in a diverse array of cellular substrates. Thioesterases are organised into 25 families based on their sequence conservation, tertiary and quaternary structure, active site configuration, and substrate specificity. Recent structural and functional characterisation of thioesterases has led to significant changes in our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms that govern enzyme activity and their respective cellular roles. The resulting dogma changes in thioesterase regulation include mechanistic insights into ATP and GDP-mediated regulation by oligomerisation, the role of new key regulatory regions, and new insights into a conserved quaternary structure within TE4 family members. Here we provide a current and comparative snapshot of our understanding of thioesterase structure, function, and regulation across the different thioesterase families.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey D Nanson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Edward I Patterson
- Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases, Departments of Vector Biology and Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Jade K Forwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia.
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17
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Khan R, Raza SHA, Junjvlieke Z, Wang H, Cheng G, Smith SB, Jiang Z, Li A, Zan L. RNA-seq reveal role of bovine TORC2 in the regulation of adipogenesis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 680:108236. [PMID: 31893525 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Low intramuscular adipose tissue (marbling) continues to be challenge for improving beef quality in Chinese cattle. Highly marbled meat is very desirable; hence, methods to increase IMF content have become a key aspect of improving meat quality. Therefore, research on the mechanism of adipogenesis provides invaluable information for the improvement of meat quality. This study investigated the effect of TORC2 and its underlying mechanism on lipid metabolism in bovine adipocytes. The TORC2 gene was downregulated in bovine adipocytes by siRNA, and RNA sequencing was performed. Downregulation of TORC2 negatively affected bovine adipocyte differentiation. In addition, a total of 577 DEGs were found, containing 146 up-regulated and 376 down-regulated genes. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that the DEGs were linked with neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway, calcium signaling pathway, cAMP pathway, chemokine signaling pathway and Wnt signaling pathway. Gene Ontology (GO) term analysis of the DEGs showed that down-regulation of TORC2 gene significantly suppressed the genes regulating important GO terms of adipogenesis-related processes in bovine adipocytes, especially regulation of biological activity, regulation of primary metabolic process, regulation of multicellular organismal process, cell adhesion, lipid metabolic process, secretion, chemical homeostasis, regulation of transport, cell-cell signaling, cAMP metabolic process, cellular calcium ion homeostasis, fat cell differentiation, and cell maturation. In conclusion, our results suggest that TORC2 at least in part regulates lipid metabolism in bovine adipocytes. The results of this study provide a basis for studying the function and molecular mechanism of the TORC2 gene in regulating adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajwali Khan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Sayed Haidar Abbas Raza
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Zainaguli Junjvlieke
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Hongbao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Stephen B Smith
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Zhongliang Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Anning Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Linsen Zan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China; National Beef Cattle Improvement Center, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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18
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Bekeova C, Anderson-Pullinger L, Boye K, Boos F, Sharpadskaya Y, Herrmann JM, Seifert EL. Multiple mitochondrial thioesterases have distinct tissue and substrate specificity and CoA regulation, suggesting unique functional roles. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19034-19047. [PMID: 31676684 PMCID: PMC6916504 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA thioesterases (Acots) hydrolyze fatty acyl-CoA esters. Acots in the mitochondrial matrix are poised to mitigate β-oxidation overload and maintain CoA availability. Several Acots associate with mitochondria, but whether they all localize to the matrix, are redundant, or have different roles is unresolved. Here, we compared the suborganellar localization, activity, expression, and regulation among mitochondrial Acots (Acot2, -7, -9, and -13) in mitochondria from multiple mouse tissues and from a model of Acot2 depletion. Acot7, -9, and -13 localized to the matrix, joining Acot2 that was previously shown to localize there. Mitochondria from heart, skeletal muscle, brown adipose tissue, and kidney robustly expressed Acot2, -9, and -13; Acot9 levels were substantially higher in brown adipose tissue and kidney mitochondria, as was activity for C4:0-CoA, a unique Acot9 substrate. In all tissues, Acot2 accounted for about half of the thioesterase activity for C14:0-CoA and C16:0-CoA. In contrast, liver mitochondria from fed and fasted mice expressed little Acot activity, which was confined to long-chain CoAs and due mainly to Acot7 and Acot13 activities. Matrix Acots occupied different functional niches, based on substrate specificity (Acot9 versus Acot2 and -13) and strong CoA inhibition (Acot7, -9, and -13, but not Acot2). Interpreted in the context of β-oxidation, CoA inhibition would prevent Acot-mediated suppression of β-oxidation, while providing a release valve when CoA is limiting. In contrast, CoA-insensitive Acot2 could provide a constitutive siphon for long-chain fatty acyl-CoAs. These results reveal how the family of matrix Acots can mitigate β-oxidation overload and prevent CoA limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Bekeova
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Lauren Anderson-Pullinger
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Kevin Boye
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Felix Boos
- Division of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Yana Sharpadskaya
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Johannes M Herrmann
- Division of Cellular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Erin L Seifert
- MitoCare Center, Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
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19
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Biochemical characterization of acyl-coenzyme A synthetases involved in mycobacterial steroid side-chain catabolism and molecular design: synthesis of an anti-mycobacterial agent. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:169. [PMID: 30997306 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1703-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of host cholesterol by Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an important factor for both its virulence and pathogenesis. However, the rationale for this cholesterol metabolism has not been fully understood yet. In the present study, we characterized several previously undescribed acyl-CoA synthetases that are involved in the steroid side-chain degradation in Mycobacterium smegmatis, and an analogue of intermediate from steroid degradation, 5'-O-(lithocholoyl sulfamoyl) adenosine (LCA-AMS), was successfully designed and synthesized to be used as a specific anti-mycobacterial agent. The acyl-CoA synthetases exhibited strong preferences for the length of side chain. FadD19 homologs, including FadD19 (MSMEG_5914), FadD19-2 (MSMEG_2241), and FadD19-4 (MSMEG_3687), are unanimously favorable cholesterol with a C8 alkanoate side chain. FadD17 (MSMEG_5908) and FadD1 (MSMEG_4952) showed high preferences for steroids, containing a C5 alkanoate side chain. FadD8 (MSMEG_1098) exhibited specific activity toward cholestenoate with a C8 alkanoate side chain. An acylsulfamoyl analogue of lithocholate, 5'-O-(lithocholoyl sulfamoyl) adenosine (LCA-AMS), was designed and synthesized. As expected, the intermediate analogue not only specifically inhibited those steroid-activated acyl-CoA synthetases, but also selectively inhibited the growth of mycobacterial species, including M. tuberculosis, M. smegmatis, and Mycobacterium neoaurum. Overall, our research advanced our understanding of mycobacterial steroid degradation and provided new insights to develop novel mechanism-based anti-mycobacterial agents.
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Bakshi I, Brown SHJ, Brandon AE, Suryana E, Mitchell TW, Turner N, Cooney GJ. Increasing Acyl CoA thioesterase activity alters phospholipid profile without effect on insulin action in skeletal muscle of rats. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13967. [PMID: 30228369 PMCID: PMC6143561 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32354-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased lipid metabolism in muscle is associated with insulin resistance and therefore, many strategies have been employed to alter fatty acid metabolism and study the impact on insulin action. Metabolism of fatty acid requires activation to fatty acyl CoA by Acyl CoA synthases (ACSL) and fatty acyl CoA can be hydrolysed by Acyl CoA thioesterases (Acot). Thioesterase activity is low in muscle, so we overexpressed Acot7 in muscle of chow and high-fat diet (HFD) rats and investigated effects on insulin action. Acot7 overexpression modified specific phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine species in tibialis muscle of chow rats to levels similar to those observed in control HFD muscle. The changes in phospholipid species did not alter glucose uptake in tibialis muscle under hyperinsulinaemic/euglycaemic clamped conditions. Acot7 overexpression in white extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle increased complete fatty acid oxidation ex-vivo but was not associated with any changes in glucose uptake in-vivo, however overexpression of Acot7 in red EDL reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in-vivo which correlated with increased incomplete fatty acid oxidation ex-vivo. In summary, although overexpression of Acot7 in muscle altered some aspects of lipid profile and metabolism in muscle, this had no major effect on insulin-stimulated glucose uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Bakshi
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Simon H J Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Amanda E Brandon
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Eurwin Suryana
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute, Sydney, Australia
| | - Todd W Mitchell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Nigel Turner
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gregory J Cooney
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute, Sydney, Australia. .,Sydney Medical School, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
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21
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Steensels S, Ersoy BA. Fatty acid activation in thermogenic adipose tissue. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:79-90. [PMID: 29793055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Channeling carbohydrates and fatty acids to thermogenic tissues, including brown and beige adipocytes, have garnered interest as an approach for the management of obesity-related metabolic disorders. Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (β-oxidation) is crucial for the maintenance of thermogenesis. Upon cellular fatty acid uptake or following lipolysis from triglycerides (TG), fatty acids are esterified to coenzyme A (CoA) to form active acyl-CoA molecules. This enzymatic reaction is essential for their utilization in β-oxidation and thermogenesis. The activation and deactivation of fatty acids are regulated by two sets of enzymes called acyl-CoA synthetases (ACS) and acyl-CoA thioesterases (ACOT), respectively. The expression levels of ACS and ACOT family members in thermogenic tissues will determine the substrate availability for β-oxidation, and consequently the thermogenic capacity. Although the role of the majority of ACS and ACOT family members in thermogenesis remains unclear, recent proceedings link the enzymatic activities of ACS and ACOT family members to metabolic disorders and thermogenesis. Elucidating the contributions of specific ACS and ACOT family members to trafficking of fatty acids towards thermogenesis may reveal novel targets for modulating thermogenic capacity and treating metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Steensels
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Baran A Ersoy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
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22
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Abstract
Triglyceride molecules represent the major form of storage and transport of fatty acids within cells and in the plasma. The liver is the central organ for fatty acid metabolism. Fatty acids accrue in liver by hepatocellular uptake from the plasma and by de novo biosynthesis. Fatty acids are eliminated by oxidation within the cell or by secretion into the plasma within triglyceride-rich very low-density lipoproteins. Notwithstanding high fluxes through these pathways, under normal circumstances the liver stores only small amounts of fatty acids as triglycerides. In the setting of overnutrition and obesity, hepatic fatty acid metabolism is altered, commonly leading to the accumulation of triglycerides within hepatocytes, and to a clinical condition known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this review, we describe the current understanding of fatty acid and triglyceride metabolism in the liver and its regulation in health and disease, identifying potential directions for future research. Advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the hepatic fat accumulation are critical to the development of targeted therapies for NAFLD. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:1-22, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Alves-Bezerra
- Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - David E Cohen
- Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
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23
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Tillander V, Alexson SEH, Cohen DE. Deactivating Fatty Acids: Acyl-CoA Thioesterase-Mediated Control of Lipid Metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2017; 28:473-484. [PMID: 28385385 PMCID: PMC5474144 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The cellular uptake of free fatty acids (FFA) is followed by esterification to coenzyme A (CoA), generating fatty acyl-CoAs that are substrates for oxidation or incorporation into complex lipids. Acyl-CoA thioesterases (ACOTs) constitute a family of enzymes that hydrolyze fatty acyl-CoAs to form FFA and CoA. Although biochemically and biophysically well characterized, the metabolic functions of these enzymes remain incompletely understood. Existing evidence suggests regulatory roles in controlling rates of peroxisomal and mitochondrial fatty acyl-CoA oxidation, as well as in the subcellular trafficking of fatty acids. Emerging data implicate ACOTs in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases, suggesting that better understanding their pathobiology could reveal unique targets in the management of obesity, diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Tillander
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 14186, Sweden
| | - Stefan E H Alexson
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, 14186, Sweden
| | - David E Cohen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Joan & Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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24
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Acyl-CoA thioesterase 7 is involved in cell cycle progression via regulation of PKCζ-p53-p21 signaling pathway. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2793. [PMID: 28518146 PMCID: PMC5584527 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA thioesterase 7 (ACOT7) is a major isoform of the ACOT family that catalyzes hydrolysis of fatty acyl-CoAs to free fatty acids and CoA-SH. However, canonical and non-canonical functions of ACOT7 remain to be discovered. In this study, for the first time, ACOT7 was shown to be responsive to genotoxic stresses such as ionizing radiation (IR) and the anti-cancer drug doxorubicin in time- and dose-dependent manners. ACOT7 knockdown induced cytostasis via activation of the p53-p21 signaling pathway without a DNA damage response. PKCζ was specifically involved in ACOT7 depletion-mediated cell cycle arrest as an upstream molecule of the p53-p21 signaling pathway in MCF7 human breast carcinoma and A549 human lung carcinoma cells. Of the other members of the ACOT family, including ACOT1, 4, 8, 9, 11, 12, and 13 that were expressed in human, ACOT4, 8, and 12 were responsive to genotoxic stresses. However, none of those had a role in cytostasis via activation of the PKCζ-p53-p21 signaling pathway. Analysis of the ACOT7 prognostic value revealed that low ACOT7 levels prolonged overall survival periods in breast and lung cancer patients. Furthermore, ACOT7 mRNA levels were higher in lung cancer patient tissues compared to normal tissues. We also observed a synergistic effect of ACOT7 depletion in combination with either IR or doxorubicin on cell proliferation in breast and lung cancer cells. Together, our data suggest that a low level of ACOT7 may be involved, at least in part, in the prevention of human breast and lung cancer development via regulation of cell cycle progression.
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25
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Wall VZ, Barnhart S, Kramer F, Kanter JE, Vivekanandan-Giri A, Pennathur S, Bolego C, Ellis JM, Gijón MA, Wolfgang MJ, Bornfeldt KE. Inflammatory stimuli induce acyl-CoA thioesterase 7 and remodeling of phospholipids containing unsaturated long (≥C20)-acyl chains in macrophages. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1174-1185. [PMID: 28416579 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m076489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA thioesterase 7 (ACOT7) is an intracellular enzyme that converts acyl-CoAs to FFAs. ACOT7 is induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS); thus, we investigated downstream effects of LPS-induced induction of ACOT7 and its role in inflammatory settings in myeloid cells. Enzymatic thioesterase activity assays in WT and ACOT7-deficient macrophage lysates indicated that endogenous ACOT7 contributes a significant fraction of total acyl-CoA thioesterase activity toward C20:4-, C20:5-, and C22:6-CoA, but contributes little activity toward shorter acyl-CoA species. Lipidomic analyses revealed that LPS causes a dramatic increase, primarily in bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate species containing long (≥C20) polyunsaturated acyl-chains in macrophages, and that the limited effect observed by ACOT7 deficiency is restricted to glycerophospholipids containing 20-carbon unsaturated acyl-chains. Furthermore, ACOT7 deficiency did not detectably alter the ability of LPS to induce cytokines or prostaglandin E2 production in macrophages. Consistently, although ACOT7 was induced in macrophages from diabetic mice, hematopoietic ACOT7 deficiency did not alter the stimulatory effect of diabetes on systemic inflammation or atherosclerosis in LDL receptor-deficient mice. Thus, inflammatory stimuli induce ACOT7 and remodeling of phospholipids containing unsaturated long (≥C20)-acyl chains in macrophages, and, although ACOT7 has preferential thioesterase activity toward these lipid species, loss of ACOT7 has no major detrimental effect on macrophage inflammatory phenotypes.≥.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Z Wall
- Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, and Department of Pathology, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Shelley Barnhart
- Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Farah Kramer
- Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jenny E Kanter
- Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | - Chiara Bolego
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Jessica M Ellis
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.,Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Miguel A Gijón
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Michael J Wolfgang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Karin E Bornfeldt
- Department of Medicine, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA .,Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, and Department of Pathology, UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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26
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Histological chorioamnionitis shapes the neonatal transcriptomic immune response. Early Hum Dev 2016; 98:1-6. [PMID: 27318328 PMCID: PMC4947555 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histologic chorioamnionitis (HCA) is commonly associated with preterm birth and deleterious post-natal outcomes including sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis. Transcriptomic analysis has been used to uncover gene signatures that permit diagnosis and prognostication, show new therapeutic targets, and reveal mechanisms that underlie differential outcomes with other complex disease states in neonates such as sepsis. AIMS To define the transcriptomic and inflammatory protein response in peripheral blood among infants with exposure to histologic chorioamnionitis. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, observational study. SUBJECTS Uninfected preterm neonates retrospectively categorized based on placental pathology with no HCA exposure (n=18) or HCA exposure (n=15). OUTCOMES MEASURES We measured the transcriptomic and inflammatory mediator response in prospectively collected whole blood. RESULTS We found 488 significant (p<0.001), differentially expressed genes in whole blood samples among uninfected neonates with HCA exposure that collectively represented activated innate and adaptive immune cellular pathways and revealed a potential regulatory role for the pleotropic microRNA molecule miR-155. Differentially secreted plasma cytokines in patients with HCA exposure compared to patients without HCA included MCP-1, MPO, and MMP-9 (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Exposure to HCA distinctively activates the neonatal immune system in utero with potentially long-term health consequences.
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27
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Kittelmann M, Hawes C, Hughes L. Serial block face scanning electron microscopy and the reconstruction of plant cell membrane systems. J Microsc 2016; 263:200-11. [PMID: 27197647 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Serial block face imaging with the scanning electron microscope has been developed as an alternative to serial sectioning and transmission electron microscopy for the ultrastructural analysis of the three-dimensional organization of cells and tissues. An ultramicrotome within the microscope specimen chamber permits sectioning and imaging to a depth of many microns within resin-embedded specimens. The technology has only recently been adopted by plant microscopists and here we describe some specimen preparation procedures suitable for plant tissue, suggested microscope imaging parameters and discuss the software required for image reconstruction and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kittelmann
- Department of Biological & Medical Science, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - C Hawes
- Department of Biological & Medical Science, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - L Hughes
- Department of Biological & Medical Science, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
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28
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Dolinsky VW, Cole LK, Sparagna GC, Hatch GM. Cardiac mitochondrial energy metabolism in heart failure: Role of cardiolipin and sirtuins. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1544-54. [PMID: 26972373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial oxidation of fatty acids accounts for the majority of cardiac ATP production in the heart. Fatty acid utilization by cardiac mitochondria is controlled at the level of fatty acid uptake, lipid synthesis, mobilization and mitochondrial import and oxidation. Consequently defective mitochondrial function appears to be central to the development of heart failure. Cardiolipin is a key mitochondrial phospholipid required for the activity of the electron transport chain. In heart failure, loss of cardiolipin and tetralinoleoylcardiolipin helps to fuel the generation of excessive reactive oxygen species that are a by-product of inefficient mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes I and III. In this vicious cycle, reactive oxygen species generate lipid peroxides and may, in turn, cause oxidation of cardiolipin catalyzed by cytochrome c leading to cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Hence, preservation of cardiolipin and mitochondrial function may be keys to the prevention of heart failure development. In this review, we summarize cardiac energy metabolism and the important role that fatty acid uptake and metabolism play in this process and how defects in these result in heart failure. We highlight the key role that cardiolipin and sirtuins play in cardiac mitochondrial β-oxidation. In addition, we review the potential of pharmacological modulation of cardiolipin through the polyphenolic molecule resveratrol as a sirtuin-activator in attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction. Finally, we provide novel experimental evidence that resveratrol treatment increases cardiolipin in isolated H9c2 cardiac myocytes and tetralinoleoylcardiolipin in the heart of the spontaneously hypertensive rat and hypothesize that this leads to improvement in mitochondrial function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Heart Lipid Metabolism edited by G.D. Lopaschuk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vernon W Dolinsky
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Canada
| | - Laura K Cole
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Canada
| | - Genevieve C Sparagna
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Grant M Hatch
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Theme, Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM), Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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29
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Planas-Iglesias J, Dwarakanath H, Mohammadyani D, Yanamala N, Kagan VE, Klein-Seetharaman J. Cardiolipin Interactions with Proteins. Biophys J 2015; 109:1282-94. [PMID: 26300339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipins (CL) represent unique phospholipids of bacteria and eukaryotic mitochondria with four acyl chains and two phosphate groups that have been implicated in numerous functions from energy metabolism to apoptosis. Many proteins are known to interact with CL, and several cocrystal structures of protein-CL complexes exist. In this work, we describe the collection of the first systematic and, to the best of our knowledge, the comprehensive gold standard data set of all known CL-binding proteins. There are 62 proteins in this data set, 21 of which have nonredundant crystal structures with bound CL molecules available. Using binding patch analysis of amino acid frequencies, secondary structures and loop supersecondary structures considering phosphate and acyl chain binding regions together and separately, we gained a detailed understanding of the general structural and dynamic features involved in CL binding to proteins. Exhaustive docking of CL to all known structures of proteins experimentally shown to interact with CL demonstrated the validity of the docking approach, and provides a rich source of information for experimentalists who may wish to validate predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Planas-Iglesias
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Himal Dwarakanath
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Dariush Mohammadyani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Naveena Yanamala
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Valerian E Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Judith Klein-Seetharaman
- Division of Metabolic and Vascular Health, Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
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30
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Guo F, Ortega-Pierres G, Argüello-García R, Zhang H, Zhu G. Giardia fatty acyl-CoA synthetases as potential drug targets. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:753. [PMID: 26257723 PMCID: PMC4510421 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Giardiasis caused by Giardia intestinalis (syn. G. lamblia, G. duodenalis) is one of the leading causes of diarrheal parasitic diseases worldwide. Although limited drugs to treat giardiasis are available, there are concerns regarding toxicity in some patients and the emerging drug resistance. By data-mining genome sequences, we observed that G. intestinalis is incapable of synthesizing fatty acids (FA) de novo. However, this parasite has five long-chain fatty acyl-CoA synthetases (GiACS1 to GiACS5) to activate FA scavenged from the host. ACS is an essential enzyme because FA need to be activated to form acyl-CoA thioesters before they can enter subsequent metabolism. In the present study, we performed experiments to explore whether some GiACS enzymes could serve as drug targets in Giardia. Based on the high-throughput datasets and protein modeling analyses, we initially studied the GiACS1 and GiACS2, because genes encoding these two enzymes were found to be more consistently expressed in varied parasite life cycle stages and when interacting with host cells based on previously reported transcriptome data. These two proteins were cloned and expressed as recombinant proteins. Biochemical analysis revealed that both had apparent substrate preference toward palmitic acid (C16:0) and myristic acid (C14:0), and allosteric or Michaelis–Menten kinetics on palmitic acid or ATP. The ACS inhibitor triacsin C inhibited the activity of both enzymes (IC50 = 1.56 μM, Ki = 0.18 μM for GiACS1, and IC50 = 2.28 μM, Ki = 0.23 μM for GiACS2, respectively) and the growth of G. intestinalis in vitro (IC50 = 0.8 μM). As expected from giardial evolutionary characteristics, both GiACSs displayed differences in overall folding structure as compared with their human counterparts. These observations support the notion that some of the GiACS enzymes may be explored as drug targets in this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengguang Guo
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas USA
| | - Guadalupe Ortega-Pierres
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City Mexico
| | - Raúl Argüello-García
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Mexico City Mexico
| | - Haili Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas USA
| | - Guan Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas USA
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31
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Ellis JM, Bowman CE, Wolfgang MJ. Metabolic and tissue-specific regulation of acyl-CoA metabolism. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116587. [PMID: 25760036 PMCID: PMC4356623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA formation initiates cellular fatty acid metabolism. Acyl-CoAs are generated by the ligation of a fatty acid to Coenzyme A mediated by a large family of acyl-CoA synthetases (ACS). Conversely, acyl-CoAs can be hydrolyzed by a family of acyl-CoA thioesterases (ACOT). Here, we have determined the transcriptional regulation of all ACS and ACOT enzymes across tissues and in response to metabolic perturbations. We find patterns of coordinated regulation within and between these gene families as well as distinct regulation occurring in a tissue- and physiologically-dependent manner. Due to observed changes in long-chain ACOT mRNA and protein abundance in liver and adipose tissue, we determined the consequence of increasing cytosolic long-chain thioesterase activity on fatty acid metabolism in these tissues by generating transgenic mice overexpressing a hyperactive mutant of Acot7 in the liver or adipose tissue. Doubling cytosolic acyl-CoA thioesterase activity failed to protect mice from diet-induced obesity, fatty liver or insulin resistance, however, overexpression of Acot7 in adipocytes rendered mice cold intolerant. Together, these data suggest distinct modes of regulation of the ACS and ACOT enzymes and that these enzymes act in a coordinated fashion to control fatty acid metabolism in a tissue-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Ellis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 United States of America
| | - Caitlyn E. Bowman
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 United States of America
| | - Michael J. Wolfgang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research, Baltimore, Maryland 21205 United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Fatty acid signaling: the new function of intracellular lipases. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:3831-55. [PMID: 25674855 PMCID: PMC4346929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16023831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, intracellular triacylglycerols (TAG) stored in the form of cytoplasmic lipid droplets have been considered to be only passive “energy conserves”. Nevertheless, degradation of TAG gives rise to a pleiotropic spectrum of bioactive intermediates, which may function as potent co-factors of transcription factors or enzymes and contribute to the regulation of numerous cellular processes. From this point of view, the process of lipolysis not only provides energy-rich equivalents but also acquires a new regulatory function. In this review, we will concentrate on the role that fatty acids liberated from intracellular TAG stores play as signaling molecules. The first part provides an overview of the transcription factors, which are regulated by fatty acids derived from intracellular stores. The second part is devoted to the role of fatty acid signaling in different organs/tissues. The specific contribution of free fatty acids released by particular lipases, hormone-sensitive lipase, adipose triacylglycerol lipase and lysosomal lipase will also be discussed.
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33
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Perez AJ, Seyedhosseini M, Deerinck TJ, Bushong EA, Panda S, Tasdizen T, Ellisman MH. A workflow for the automatic segmentation of organelles in electron microscopy image stacks. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:126. [PMID: 25426032 PMCID: PMC4224098 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electron microscopy (EM) facilitates analysis of the form, distribution, and functional status of key organelle systems in various pathological processes, including those associated with neurodegenerative disease. Such EM data often provide important new insights into the underlying disease mechanisms. The development of more accurate and efficient methods to quantify changes in subcellular microanatomy has already proven key to understanding the pathogenesis of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, as well as glaucoma. While our ability to acquire large volumes of 3D EM data is progressing rapidly, more advanced analysis tools are needed to assist in measuring precise three-dimensional morphologies of organelles within data sets that can include hundreds to thousands of whole cells. Although new imaging instrument throughputs can exceed teravoxels of data per day, image segmentation and analysis remain significant bottlenecks to achieving quantitative descriptions of whole cell structural organellomes. Here, we present a novel method for the automatic segmentation of organelles in 3D EM image stacks. Segmentations are generated using only 2D image information, making the method suitable for anisotropic imaging techniques such as serial block-face scanning electron microscopy (SBEM). Additionally, no assumptions about 3D organelle morphology are made, ensuring the method can be easily expanded to any number of structurally and functionally diverse organelles. Following the presentation of our algorithm, we validate its performance by assessing the segmentation accuracy of different organelle targets in an example SBEM dataset and demonstrate that it can be efficiently parallelized on supercomputing resources, resulting in a dramatic reduction in runtime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Perez
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA ; Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mojtaba Seyedhosseini
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Thomas J Deerinck
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eric A Bushong
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Satchidananda Panda
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tolga Tasdizen
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mark H Ellisman
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA ; Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA ; Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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34
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Moffat C, Bhatia L, Nguyen T, Lynch P, Wang M, Wang D, Ilkayeva OR, Han X, Hirschey MD, Claypool SM, Seifert EL. Acyl-CoA thioesterase-2 facilitates mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in the liver. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:2458-70. [PMID: 25114170 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m046961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA thioesterase (Acot)2 localizes to the mitochondrial matrix and hydrolyses long-chain fatty acyl-CoA into free FA and CoASH. Acot2 is expressed in highly oxi-dative tissues and is poised to modulate mitochondrial FA oxidation (FAO), yet its biological role is unknown. Using a model of adenoviral Acot2 overexpression in mouse liver (Ad-Acot2), we show that Acot2 increases the utilization of FA substrate during the daytime in ad libitum-fed mice, but the nighttime switch to carbohydrate oxidation is similar to control mice. In further support of elevated FAO in Acot2 liver, daytime serum ketones were higher in Ad-Acot2 mice, and overnight fasting led to minimal hepatic steatosis as compared with control mice. In liver mitochondria from Ad-Acot2 mice, phosphorylating O₂ consumption was higher with lipid substrate, but not with nonlipid substrate. This increase depended on whether FA could be activated on the outer mitochondrial membrane, suggesting that the FA released by Acot2 could be effluxed from mitochondria then taken back up again for oxidation. This circuit would prevent the build-up of inhibitory long-chain fatty acyl-CoA esters. Altogether, our findings indicate that Acot2 can enhance FAO, possibly by mitigating the accumulation of FAO intermediates within the mitochondrial matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Moffat
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Lavesh Bhatia
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Teresa Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Peter Lynch
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Miao Wang
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827
| | - Dongning Wang
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Olga R Ilkayeva
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Xianlin Han
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827
| | - Matthew D Hirschey
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Steven M Claypool
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Erin L Seifert
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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Impact of high dietary lipid intake and related metabolic disorders on the abundance and acyl composition of the unique mitochondrial phospholipid, cardiolipin. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2014; 46:447-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s10863-014-9555-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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36
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Tillander V, Arvidsson Nordström E, Reilly J, Strozyk M, Van Veldhoven PP, Hunt MC, Alexson SEH. Acyl-CoA thioesterase 9 (ACOT9) in mouse may provide a novel link between fatty acid and amino acid metabolism in mitochondria. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:933-48. [PMID: 23864032 PMCID: PMC11114068 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1422-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA thioesterase (ACOT) activities are found in prokaryotes and in several compartments of eukaryotes where they hydrolyze a wide range of acyl-CoA substrates and thereby regulate intracellular acyl-CoA/CoA/fatty acid levels. ACOT9 is a mitochondrial ACOT with homologous genes found from bacteria to humans and in this study we have carried out an in-depth kinetic characterization of ACOT9 to determine its possible physiological function. ACOT9 showed unusual kinetic properties with activity peaks for short-, medium-, and saturated long-chain acyl-CoAs with highest V max with propionyl-CoA and (iso) butyryl-CoA while K cat/K m was highest with saturated long-chain acyl-CoAs. Further characterization of the short-chain acyl-CoA activity revealed that ACOT9 also hydrolyzes a number of short-chain acyl-CoAs and short-chain methyl-branched CoA esters that suggest a role for ACOT9 in regulation also of amino acid metabolism. In spite of markedly different K ms, ACOT9 can hydrolyze both short- and long-chain acyl-CoAs simultaneously, indicating that ACOT9 may provide a novel regulatory link between fatty acid and amino acid metabolism in mitochondria. Based on similar acyl-CoA chain-length specificities of recombinant ACOT9 and ACOT activity in mouse brown adipose tissue and kidney mitochondria, we conclude that ACOT9 is the major mitochondrial ACOT hydrolyzing saturated C2-C20-CoA in these tissues. Finally, ACOT9 activity is strongly regulated by NADH and CoA, suggesting that mitochondrial metabolic state regulates the function of ACOT9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Tillander
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, C1-74, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Arvidsson Nordström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, C1-74, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny Reilly
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, C1-74, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malgorzata Strozyk
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, C1-74, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paul P. Van Veldhoven
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, LIPIT, Campus Gasthuisberg, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mary C. Hunt
- Dublin Institute of Technology, School of Biological Sciences, Kevin Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Stefan E. H. Alexson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska Institutet, C1-74, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
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37
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Formation and regulation of mitochondrial membranes. Int J Cell Biol 2014; 2014:709828. [PMID: 24578708 PMCID: PMC3918842 DOI: 10.1155/2014/709828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial membrane phospholipids are essential for the mitochondrial architecture, the activity of respiratory proteins, and the transport of proteins into the mitochondria. The accumulation of phospholipids within mitochondria depends on a coordinate synthesis, degradation, and trafficking of phospholipids between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria as well as intramitochondrial lipid trafficking. Several studies highlight the contribution of dietary fatty acids to the remodeling of phospholipids and mitochondrial membrane homeostasis. Understanding the role of phospholipids in the mitochondrial membrane and their metabolism will shed light on the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of mitochondrial function and in the mitochondrial-related diseases.
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Guo F, Zhang H, Fritzler JM, Rider SD, Xiang L, McNair NN, Mead JR, Zhu G. Amelioration of Cryptosporidium parvum infection in vitro and in vivo by targeting parasite fatty acyl-coenzyme A synthetases. J Infect Dis 2013; 209:1279-87. [PMID: 24273180 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidium is emerging as 1 of the 4 leading diarrheal pathogens in children in developing countries. Its infections in patients with AIDS can be fatal, whereas fully effective treatments are unavailable. The major goal of this study is to explore parasite fatty acyl-coenzyme A synthetase (ACS) as a novel drug target. METHODS A colorimetric assay was developed to evaluate biochemical features and inhibitory kinetics of Cryptosporidium parvum ACSs using recombinant proteins. Anticryptosporidial efficacies of the ACS inhibitor triacsin C were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS Cryptosporidium ACSs displayed substrate preference toward long-chain fatty acids. The activity of parasite ACSs could be specifically inhibited by triacsin C with the inhibition constant Ki in the nanomolar range. Triacsin C was highly effective against C. parvum growth in vitro (median inhibitory concentration, 136 nmol/L). Most importantly, triacsin C effectively reduced parasite oocyst production up to 88.1% with no apparent toxicity when administered to Cryptosporidium-infected interleukin 12 knockout mice at 8-15 mg/kg/d for 1 week. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study not only validated Cryptosporidium ACS (and related acyl-[acyl-carrier-protein]-ligases) as pharmacological targets but also indicate that triacsin C and analogues can be explored as potential new therapeutics against the virtually untreatable cryptosporidial infection in immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengguang Guo
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station
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39
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Acyl coenzyme A thioesterase 7 regulates neuronal fatty acid metabolism to prevent neurotoxicity. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:1869-82. [PMID: 23459938 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01548-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous neurological diseases are associated with dysregulated lipid metabolism; however, the basic metabolic control of fatty acid metabolism in neurons remains enigmatic. Here we have shown that neurons have abundant expression and activity of the long-chain cytoplasmic acyl coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) thioesterase 7 (ACOT7) to regulate lipid retention and metabolism. Unbiased and targeted metabolomic analysis of fasted mice with a conditional knockout of ACOT7 in the nervous system, Acot7(N-/-), revealed increased fatty acid flux into multiple long-chain acyl-CoA-dependent pathways. The alterations in brain fatty acid metabolism were concomitant with a loss of lean mass, hypermetabolism, hepatic steatosis, dyslipidemia, and behavioral hyperexcitability in Acot7(N-/-) mice. These failures in adaptive energy metabolism are common in neurodegenerative diseases. In agreement, Acot7(N-/-) mice exhibit neurological dysfunction and neurodegeneration. These data show that ACOT7 counterregulates fatty acid metabolism in neurons and protects against neurotoxicity.
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40
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Ohtomo T, Hoshino A, Yajima M, Tsuchiya A, Momose A, Tanonaka K, Toyoda H, Kato T, Yamada J. Expression and distribution of acyl-CoA thioesterases in the white adipose tissue of rats. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 140:223-32. [PMID: 23385637 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Acyl-CoA thioesterases (Acots) are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of fatty acyl-CoAs to free fatty acids and coenzyme A, and have the potential to regulate the intracellular levels of these molecules. In this study, we show that a cytosolic isoform, Acot1, is expressed and distributed in immature adipocytes located in the perivascular region of the white adipose tissue (WAT) of rats. Immunoblot analyses detected Acot1 in all of the WATs examined, while immunohistochemistry revealed positively stained layered structures surrounding the adventitia of blood vessels in the subcutaneous WAT. When the subcutaneous WAT was digested with collagenase and centrifuged, Acot1 was recovered in the stromal vascular fraction (SVF), and not in the large mature adipocytes. In the SVF, undigested cells attached to short tubular fragments of blood vessels showed positive immunostaining, as well as a proportion of the dispersed cells. These fibroblast-like cells contained fine particulate lipid droplets, stained by oil-red O dye, in their cytoplasm, or expressed fatty acid-binding protein 4, an adipocyte marker. After induction of adipocyte differentiation following a 15-day preculture without insulin, the dedifferentiated cells showed increased Acot1 expression with a diffuse distribution throughout the cytosol. These findings suggest that Acot1 expression is transiently upregulated at an early stage of adipocyte maturation, possibly to maintain cytosolic acyl-CoAs below a certain level until the cells acquire their full capability for fat storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Ohtomo
- Department of Pharmacotherapeutics, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
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41
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Abstract
Members of the acyl-CoA thioesterase (Acot) gene family catalyze the hydrolysis of fatty acyl-CoA thioesters. Thioesterase superfamily member (Them) 1 (synonym: Acot11) is enriched in brown adipose tissue and is markedly upregulated when mice are exposed to cold ambient temperatures. In a recent study, we demonstrated that Them1−/− mice exhibit increased energy expenditure and are resistant to diet-induced obesity and its metabolic consequences. This mini-review places these findings in the context of an emerging understanding of Them/Acot genes.
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42
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Taylor WA, Mejia EM, Mitchell RW, Choy PC, Sparagna GC, Hatch GM. Human trifunctional protein alpha links cardiolipin remodeling to beta-oxidation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48628. [PMID: 23152787 PMCID: PMC3494688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a mitochondrial membrane phospholipid which plays a key role in apoptosis and supports mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes involved in the generation of ATP. In order to facilitate its role CL must be remodeled with appropriate fatty acids. We previously identified a human monolysocardiolipin acyltransferase activity which remodels CL via acylation of monolysocardiolipin (MLCL) to CL and was identical to the alpha subunit of trifunctional protein (αTFP) lacking the first 227 amino acids. Full length αTFP is an enzyme that plays a prominent role in mitochondrial β-oxidation, and in this study we assessed the role, if any, which this metabolic enzyme plays in the remodeling of CL. Purified human recombinant αTFP exhibited acyl-CoA acyltransferase activity in the acylation of MLCL to CL with linoleoyl-CoA, oleoyl-CoA and palmitoyl-CoA as substrates. Expression of αTFP increased radioactive linoleate or oleate or palmitate incorporation into CL in HeLa cells. Expression of αTFP in Barth Syndrome lymphoblasts, which exhibit reduced tetralinoleoyl-CL, elevated linoleoyl-CoA acylation of MLCL to CL in vitro, increased mitochondrial respiratory Complex proteins and increased linoleate-containing species of CL. Knock down of αTFP in Barth Syndrome lymphoblasts resulted in greater accumulation of MLCL than those with normal αTFP levels. The results clearly indicate that the human αTFP exhibits MLCL acyltransferase activity for the resynthesis of CL from MLCL and directly links an enzyme of mitochondrial β-oxidation to CL remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A. Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Edgard M. Mejia
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ryan W. Mitchell
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Patrick C. Choy
- Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Genevieve C. Sparagna
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Grant M. Hatch
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Center for Research and Treatment of Atherosclerosis, Manitoba Institute of Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- * E-mail:
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43
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Han S, Cohen DE. Functional characterization of thioesterase superfamily member 1/Acyl-CoA thioesterase 11: implications for metabolic regulation. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2620-31. [PMID: 22993230 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m029538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thioesterase superfamily member 1 (Them1; synonyms acyl-CoA thioesterase 11 and StarD14) is highly expressed in brown adipose tissue and limits energy expenditure in mice. Them1 is a putative fatty acyl-CoA thioesterase that comprises tandem hot dog-fold thioesterase domains and a lipid-binding C-terminal steroidogenic acute regulatory protein-related lipid transfer (START) domain. To better define its role in metabolic regulation, this study examined the biochemical and enzymatic properties of Them1. Purified recombinant Them1 dimerized in solution to form an active fatty acyl-CoA thioesterase. Dimerization was induced by fatty acyl-CoAs, coenzyme A (CoASH), ATP, and ADP. Them1 hydrolyzed a range of fatty acyl-CoAs but exhibited a relative preference for long-chain molecular species. Thioesterase activity varied inversely with temperature, was stimulated by ATP, and was inhibited by ADP and CoASH. Whereas the thioesterase domains of Them1 alone were sufficient to yield active recombinant protein, the START domain was required for optimal enzyme activity. An analysis of subcellular fractions from mouse brown adipose tissue and liver revealed that Them1 contributes principally to the fatty acyl-CoA thioesterase activity of microsomes and nuclei. These findings suggest that under biological conditions, Them1 functions as a lipid-regulated fatty acyl-CoA thioesterase that could be targeted for the management of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Han
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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