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Santos RF, de Sousa Linhares A, Steinberger P, Davis SJ, Oliveira L, Carmo AM. The CD6 interactome orchestrates ligand-independent T cell inhibitory signaling. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:286. [PMID: 38790044 PMCID: PMC11127300 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01658-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T-cell membrane scaffold proteins are pivotal in T cell function, acting as versatile signaling hubs. While CD6 forms a large intracellular signalosome, it is distinguished from typical scaffolds like LAT or PAG by possessing a substantial ectodomain that binds CD166, a well-characterized ligand expressed on most antigen-presenting cells (APC), through the third domain (d3) of the extracellular region. Although the intact form of CD6 is the most abundant in T cells, an isoform lacking d3 (CD6∆d3) is transiently expressed on activated T cells. Still, the precise character of the signaling transduced by CD6, whether costimulatory or inhibitory, and the influence of its ectodomain on these activities are unclear. METHODS We expressed CD6 variants with extracellular deletions or cytosolic mutations in Jurkat cells containing eGFP reporters for NF-κB and NF-AT transcription factor activation. Cell activation was assessed by eGFP flow cytometry following Jurkat cell engagement with superantigen-presenting Raji cells. Using imaging flow cytometry, we evaluated the impact of the CD6-CD166 pair on cell adhesiveness during the antigen-dependent and -independent priming of T cells. We also examined the role of extracellular or cytosolic sequences on CD6 translocation to the immunological synapse, using immunofluorescence-based imaging. RESULTS Our investigation dissecting the functions of the extracellular and cytosolic regions of CD6 revealed that CD6 was trafficked to the immunological synapse and exerted tonic inhibition wholly dependent on its cytosolic tail. Surprisingly, however, translocation to the synapse occurred independently of the extracellular d3 and of engagement to CD166. On the other hand, CD6 binding to CD166 significantly increased T cell:APC adhesion. However, this activity was most evident in the absence of APC priming with superantigen, and thus, in the absence of TCR engagement. CONCLUSIONS Our study identifies CD6 as a novel 'on/off' scaffold-receptor capable of modulating responsiveness in two ways. Firstly, and independently of ligand binding, it establishes signaling thresholds through tonic inhibition, functioning as a membrane-bound scaffold. Secondly, CD6 has the capacity for alternative splicing-dependent variable ligand engagement, modulating its checkpoint-like activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita F Santos
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Porto, Portugal
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ESS - IPP School of Health, Polytechnic of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Annika de Sousa Linhares
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Steinberger
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon J Davis
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Medical Research Council, Human Immunology Unit, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Liliana Oliveira
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Porto, Portugal
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandre M Carmo
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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2
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Louloudes-Lázaro A, Rojas JM, García-García I, Rodríguez-Martín D, Morel E, Martín V, Sevilla N. Comprehensive immune profiling reveals that Orbivirus infection activates immune checkpoints during acute T cell immunosuppression. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1255803. [PMID: 37920474 PMCID: PMC10619675 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1255803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an arbovirus transmitted by the bite of infected Culicoides midges that affects domestic and wild ruminants producing great economic losses. The infection induces an IFN response, followed by an adaptive immune response that is essential in disease clearance. BTV can nonetheless impair IFN and humoral responses. The main goal of this study was to gain a more detailed understanding of BTV pathogenesis and its effects on immune cell populations. To this end, we combined flow cytometry and transcriptomic analyses of several immune cells at different times post-infection (pi). Four sheep were infected with BTV serotype 8 and blood samples collected at days 0, 3, 7 and 15pi to perform transcriptomic analysis of B-cell marker+, CD4+, CD8+, and CD14+ sorted peripheral mononuclear cells. The maximum number of differentially expressed genes occurred at day 7pi, which coincided with the peak of infection. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that genes belonging to virus sensing and immune response initiation pathways were enriched at day 3 and 7 pi in all 4 cell population analyzed. Transcriptomic analysis also showed that at day 7pi T cell exhaustion pathway was enriched in CD4+ cells, while CD8+ cells downregulated immune response initiation pathways. T cell functional studies demonstrated that BTV produced an acute inhibition of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation at the peak of replication. This coincided with PD-L1 upregulation on the surface of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as monocytes. Taken together, these data indicate that BTV could exploit the PD1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint to impair T cell responses. These findings identify several mechanisms in the interaction between host and BTV, which could help develop better tools to combat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Louloudes-Lázaro
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Rojas
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel García-García
- Departamento de Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Unidad de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Rodríguez-Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Morel
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Martín
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Sevilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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3
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Ruminski K, Celis-Gutierrez J, Jarmuzynski N, Maturin E, Audebert S, Malissen M, Camoin L, Voisinne G, Malissen B, Roncagalli R. Mapping the SLP76 interactome in T cells lacking each of the GRB2-family adaptors reveals molecular plasticity of the TCR signaling pathway. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1139123. [PMID: 37006259 PMCID: PMC10057548 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1139123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The propagation and diversification of signals downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR) involve several adaptor proteins that control the assembly of multimolecular signaling complexes (signalosomes). The global characterization of changes in protein-protein interactions (PPI) following genetic perturbations is critical to understand the resulting phenotypes. Here, by combining genome editing techniques in T cells and interactomics studies based on affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry (AP-MS) analysis, we determined and quantified the molecular reorganization of the SLP76 interactome resulting from the ablation of each of the three GRB2-family adaptors. Our data showed that the absence of GADS or GRB2 induces a major remodeling of the PPI network associated with SLP76 following TCR engagement. Unexpectedly, this PPI network rewiring minimally affects proximal molecular events of the TCR signaling pathway. Nevertheless, during prolonged TCR stimulation, GRB2- and GADS-deficient cells displayed a reduced level of activation and cytokine secretion capacity. Using the canonical SLP76 signalosome, this analysis highlights the plasticity of PPI networks and their reorganization following specific genetic perturbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilian Ruminski
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Javier Celis-Gutierrez
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
- Centre d’Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Jarmuzynski
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
- Centre d’Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Marseille, France
| | - Emilie Maturin
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Stephane Audebert
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Marseille Protóomique, Marseille, France
| | - Marie Malissen
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
- Centre d’Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Marseille, France
| | - Luc Camoin
- Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, INSERM, Marseille Protóomique, Marseille, France
| | - Guillaume Voisinne
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
- Centre d’Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Marseille, France
- *Correspondence: Romain Roncagalli, ; Bernard Malissen,
| | - Romain Roncagalli
- Centre d’Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
- *Correspondence: Romain Roncagalli, ; Bernard Malissen,
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4
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Henriques SN, Oliveira L, Santos RF, Carmo AM. CD6-mediated inhibition of T cell activation via modulation of Ras. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:184. [PMID: 36414966 PMCID: PMC9682754 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00998-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD6 is one of many cell surface receptors known to regulate signal transduction upon T cell activation. However, whether CD6 mediates costimulatory or inhibitory signals is controversial. When T cells engage with antigen presenting cells (APCs), CD6 interacts with its ligand CD166 at the cell-cell interface while the cytosolic tail assembles a complex signalosome composed of adaptors and effector enzymes, that may either trigger activating signaling cascades, or instead modulate the intensity of signaling. Except for a few cytosolic adaptors that connect different components of the CD6 signalosome, very little is known about the mechanistic effects of the cytosolic effectors that bind CD6. METHODS Jurkat model T cells were transfected to express wild-type (WT) CD6, or a cytoplasmic truncation, signaling-disabled mutant, CD6Δcyt. The two resulting cell lines were directly activated by superantigen (sAg)-loaded Raji cells, used as APCs, to assess the net signaling function of CD6. The Jurkat cell lines were further adapted to express a FRET-based unimolecular HRas biosensor that reported the activity of this crucial GTPase at the immunological synapse. RESULTS We show that deletion of the cytosolic tail of CD6 enhances T-cell responses, indicating that CD6 restrains T-cell activation. One component of the CD6-associated inhibitory apparatus was found to be the GTPase activating protein of Ras (RasGAP), that we show to associate with CD6 in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. The FRET HRas biosensor that we developed was demonstrated to be functional and reporting the activation of the T cell lines. This allowed to determine that the presence of the cytosolic tail of CD6 results in the down-regulation of HRas activity at the immunological synapse, implicating this fundamental GTPase as one of the targets inhibited by CD6. CONCLUSIONS This study provides the first description of a mechanistic sequence of events underlying the CD6-mediated inhibition of T-cell activation, involving the modulation of the MAPK pathway at several steps, starting with the coupling of RasGAP to the CD6 signalosome, the repression of the activity of Ras, and culminating in the reduction of ERK1/2 phosphorylation and of the expression of the T-cell activation markers CD69 and IL-2R α chain. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia N. Henriques
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226Programa Doutoral em Biologia Molecular e Celular (MCbiology), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Liliana Oliveira
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita F. Santos
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandre M. Carmo
- grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal ,grid.5808.50000 0001 1503 7226IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
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5
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Orlik C, Berschneider KM, Jahraus B, Niesler B, Balta E, Schäkel K, Schröder-Braunstein J, Souto-Carneiro MM, Samstag Y. Keratinocyte-induced costimulation of human T cells through CD6 - but not CD2 - activates mTOR and prevents oxidative stress. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1016112. [PMID: 36353616 PMCID: PMC9639098 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1016112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In psoriasis and other inflammatory skin diseases, keratinocytes (KCs) secrete chemokines that attract T cells, which, in turn, cause epidermal hyperplasia by secreting proinflammatory cytokines. To date, it remains unclear whether skin-homing T cells, particularly memory T cells, can also be activated by direct cell contact with KCs. In this study, we demonstrated the ability of primary human KCs to activate human memory T cells directly by transmitting costimulatory signals through the CD6/CD166/CD318 axis. Interestingly, despite being negative for CD80/CD86, KCs initiate a metabolic shift within T cells. Blockade of the CD6/CD166/CD318 axis prevents mammalian target of rapamycin activation and T cell proliferation but promotes oxidative stress and aerobic glycolysis. In addition, it diminishes formation of central memory T cells. Importantly, although KC-mediated costimulation by CD2/CD58 also activates T cells, it cannot compensate for the lack of CD6 costimulation. Therefore, KCs likely differentially regulate T cell functions in the skin through two distinct costimulatory receptors: CD6 and CD2. This may at least in part explain the divergent effects observed when treating inflammatory skin diseases with antibodies to CD6 versus CD2. Moreover, our findings may provide a molecular basis for selective interference with either CD6/CD166/CD318, or CD2/CD58, or both to specifically treat different types of inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Orlik
- Institute of Immunology, Section Molecular Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karina M. Berschneider
- Institute of Immunology, Section Molecular Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beate Jahraus
- Institute of Immunology, Section Molecular Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beate Niesler
- Institute of Human Genetics, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and nCounter Core Facility, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Emre Balta
- Institute of Immunology, Section Molecular Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Knut Schäkel
- Department of Dermatology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jutta Schröder-Braunstein
- Institute of Immunology, Section Molecular Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Yvonne Samstag
- Institute of Immunology, Section Molecular Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Yvonne Samstag,
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6
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Blocking FSTL1 boosts NK immunity in treatment of osteosarcoma. Cancer Lett 2022; 537:215690. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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7
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Chalmers SA, Ayilam Ramachandran R, Garcia SJ, Der E, Herlitz L, Ampudia J, Chu D, Jordan N, Zhang T, Parodis I, Gunnarsson I, Ding H, Shen N, Petri M, Mok CC, Saxena R, Polu KR, Connelly S, Ng CT, Mohan C, Putterman C. The CD6/ALCAM pathway promotes lupus nephritis via T cell-mediated responses. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e147334. [PMID: 34981775 PMCID: PMC8718154 DOI: 10.1172/jci147334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are central to the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis (LN), a common complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). CD6 and its ligand, activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM), are involved in T cell activation and trafficking. Previously, we showed that soluble ALCAM is increased in urine (uALCAM) of patients with LN, suggesting that this pathway contributes to disease. To investigate, uALCAM was examined in 1038 patients with SLE and LN from 5 ethnically diverse cohorts; CD6 and ALCAM expression was assessed in LN kidney cells; and disease contribution was tested via antibody blockade of CD6 in murine models of SLE and acute glomerulonephritis. Extended cohort analysis offered resounding validation of uALCAM as a biomarker that distinguishes active renal involvement in SLE, irrespective of ethnicity. ALCAM was expressed by renal structural cells whereas CD6 expression was exclusive to T cells, with elevated numbers of CD6+ and ALCAM+ cells in patients with LN. CD6 blockade in models of spontaneous lupus and immune-complex glomerulonephritis revealed significant decreases in immune cells, inflammatory markers, and disease measures. Our data demonstrate the contribution of the CD6/ALCAM pathway to LN and SLE, supporting its use as a disease biomarker and therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A. Chalmers
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | - Sayra J. Garcia
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Evan Der
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Leal Herlitz
- Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Nicole Jordan
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ioannis Parodis
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute and Department of Gastroenterology, Dermatology and Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Iva Gunnarsson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute and Department of Gastroenterology, Dermatology and Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Huihua Ding
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Shen
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Michelle Petri
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Ramesh Saxena
- Division of Nephrology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | - Chandra Mohan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Chaim Putterman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
- Research Institute, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
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Mori D, Grégoire C, Voisinne G, Celis-Gutierrez J, Aussel R, Girard L, Camus M, Marcellin M, Argenty J, Burlet-Schiltz O, Fiore F, Gonzalez de Peredo A, Malissen M, Roncagalli R, Malissen B. The T cell CD6 receptor operates a multitask signalosome with opposite functions in T cell activation. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211516. [PMID: 33125054 PMCID: PMC7608068 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the respective contribution of the LAT transmembrane adaptor and CD5 and CD6 transmembrane receptors to early TCR signal propagation, diversification, and termination, we describe a CRISPR/Cas9-based platform that uses primary mouse T cells and permits establishment of the composition of their LAT, CD5, and CD6 signalosomes in only 4 mo using quantitative mass spectrometry. We confirmed that positive and negative functions can be solely assigned to the LAT and CD5 signalosomes, respectively. In contrast, the TCR-inducible CD6 signalosome comprised both positive (SLP-76, ZAP70, VAV1) and negative (UBASH3A/STS-2) regulators of T cell activation. Moreover, CD6 associated independently of TCR engagement to proteins that support its implication in inflammatory pathologies necessitating T cell transendothelial migration. The multifaceted role of CD6 unveiled here accounts for past difficulties in classifying it as a coinhibitor or costimulator. Congruent with our identification of UBASH3A within the CD6 signalosome and the view that CD6 constitutes a promising target for autoimmune disease treatment, single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with human autoimmune diseases have been found in the Cd6 and Ubash3a genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Mori
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Claude Grégoire
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Guillaume Voisinne
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Javier Celis-Gutierrez
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Rudy Aussel
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Laura Girard
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Mylène Camus
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Marlène Marcellin
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Jérémy Argenty
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Fiore
- Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Anne Gonzalez de Peredo
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Romain Roncagalli
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
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Dinur-Schejter Y, Zaidman I, Mor-Shaked H, Stepensky P. The Clinical Aspect of Adaptor Molecules in T Cell Signaling: Lessons Learnt From Inborn Errors of Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 12:701704. [PMID: 34456914 PMCID: PMC8397411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptor molecules lack enzymatic and transcriptional activities. Instead, they exert their function by linking multiple proteins into intricate complexes, allowing for transmitting and fine-tuning of signals. Many adaptor molecules play a crucial role in T-cell signaling, following engagement of the T-cell receptor (TCR). In this review, we focus on Linker of Activation of T cells (LAT) and SH2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 KDa (SLP-76). Monogenic defects in these adaptor proteins, with known roles in T-cell signaling, have been described as the cause of human inborn errors of immunity (IEI). We describe the current knowledge based on defects in cell lines, murine models and human patients. Germline mutations in Adhesion and degranulation adaptor protein (ADAP), have not resulted in a T-cell defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Dinur-Schejter
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,The Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy Department, Hadassah Ein Kerem Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Hadassah Ein-Kerem Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Irina Zaidman
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,The Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy Department, Hadassah Ein Kerem Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hagar Mor-Shaked
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,Monique and Jacques Roboh Department of Genetic Research, Hadassah Ein Kerem Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Polina Stepensky
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.,The Bone Marrow Transplantation and Cancer Immunotherapy Department, Hadassah Ein Kerem Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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10
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Bernardo-Faura M, Rinas M, Wirbel J, Pertsovskaya I, Pliaka V, Messinis DE, Vila G, Sakellaropoulos T, Faigle W, Stridh P, Behrens JR, Olsson T, Martin R, Paul F, Alexopoulos LG, Villoslada P, Saez-Rodriguez J. Prediction of combination therapies based on topological modeling of the immune signaling network in multiple sclerosis. Genome Med 2021; 13:117. [PMID: 34271980 PMCID: PMC8284018 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00925-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a major health problem, leading to a significant disability and patient suffering. Although chronic activation of the immune system is a hallmark of the disease, its pathogenesis is poorly understood, while current treatments only ameliorate the disease and may produce severe side effects. Methods Here, we applied a network-based modeling approach based on phosphoproteomic data to uncover the differential activation in signaling wiring between healthy donors, untreated patients, and those under different treatments. Based in the patient-specific networks, we aimed to create a new approach to identify drug combinations that revert signaling to a healthy-like state. We performed ex vivo multiplexed phosphoproteomic assays upon perturbations with multiple drugs and ligands in primary immune cells from 169 subjects (MS patients, n=129 and matched healthy controls, n=40). Patients were either untreated or treated with fingolimod, natalizumab, interferon-β, glatiramer acetate, or the experimental therapy epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). We generated for each donor a dynamic logic model by fitting a bespoke literature-derived network of MS-related pathways to the perturbation data. Last, we developed an approach based on network topology to identify deregulated interactions whose activity could be reverted to a “healthy-like” status by combination therapy. The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mouse model of MS was used to validate the prediction of combination therapies. Results Analysis of the models uncovered features of healthy-, disease-, and drug-specific signaling networks. We predicted several combinations with approved MS drugs that could revert signaling to a healthy-like state. Specifically, TGF-β activated kinase 1 (TAK1) kinase, involved in Transforming growth factor β-1 proprotein (TGF-β), Toll-like receptor, B cell receptor, and response to inflammation pathways, was found to be highly deregulated and co-druggable with all MS drugs studied. One of these predicted combinations, fingolimod with a TAK1 inhibitor, was validated in an animal model of MS. Conclusions Our approach based on donor-specific signaling networks enables prediction of targets for combination therapy for MS and other complex diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13073-021-00925-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marti Bernardo-Faura
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, UK.,Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Melanie Rinas
- Joint Research Center for Computational Biomedicine (JRC-COMBINE), Faculty of Medicine, RWTH-Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jakob Wirbel
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, UK.,Joint Research Center for Computational Biomedicine (JRC-COMBINE), Faculty of Medicine, RWTH-Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Inna Pertsovskaya
- Institut d' Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicky Pliaka
- School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Greece
| | | | - Gemma Vila
- Institut d' Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Pernilla Stridh
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Janina R Behrens
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomas Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Friedemann Paul
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonidas G Alexopoulos
- School of Mechanical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Greece. .,ProtATonce Ltd., Athens, Greece.
| | - Pablo Villoslada
- Institut d' Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Julio Saez-Rodriguez
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Cambridge, UK. .,Joint Research Center for Computational Biomedicine (JRC-COMBINE), Faculty of Medicine, RWTH-Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. .,Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Heidelberg University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg University, Bioquant, Heidelberg, Germany.
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11
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Contribution of Evolutionary Selected Immune Gene Polymorphism to Immune-Related Disorders: The Case of Lymphocyte Scavenger Receptors CD5 and CD6. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105315. [PMID: 34070159 PMCID: PMC8158487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens are one of the main selective pressures that ancestral humans had to adapt to. Components of the immune response system have been preferential targets of natural selection in response to such pathogen-driven pressure. In turn, there is compelling evidence showing that positively selected immune gene variants conferring increased resistance to past or present infectious agents are today associated with increased risk for autoimmune or inflammatory disorders but decreased risk of cancer, the other side of the same coin. CD5 and CD6 are lymphocytic scavenger receptors at the interphase of the innate and adaptive immune responses since they are involved in both: (i) microbial-associated pattern recognition; and (ii) modulation of intracellular signals mediated by the clonotypic antigen-specific receptor present in T and B cells (TCR and BCR, respectively). Here, we review available information on CD5 and CD6 as targets of natural selection as well as on the role of CD5 and CD6 variation in autoimmunity and cancer.
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12
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Kureel AK, Saini S, Singh B, Singh K, Rai AK. Compromised levels of CD6 and reduced T cell activation in the aged immune system. Biomarkers 2021; 26:483-490. [PMID: 33913383 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2021.1921030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The CD6 molecule, a cell surface marker, is involved in immunological synapse formation between T cell and antigen-presenting cell and T lymphocyte activation for adequate immune response. Geriatric individuals fail to mount a satisfactory immunological response against pathogens thus, insights into the functionality of CD6 may provide information for competence building in elderly immune cells. However, limited information is available regarding the status of CD6 in geriatric individuals. In this study, various isoforms of CD6 were analysed in aged mononuclear cells (MNCs) and compared with young individuals. In geriatric individuals, protein and mRNA expressions of CD6 molecule/isoforms were found to be decreased compared to their young counterparts. Furthermore, geriatric MNCs failed to show any change in CD6 levels and its isoforms upon polyclonal activation compared to young MNCs, marked by reduced Ca++ release and IL-2 expression. We suggest an overall decrease in CD6 levels in geriatric MNCs and T cells with suboptimal T cell activation in aged individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Kureel
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT) Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Sheetal Saini
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT) Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Bharat Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT) Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
| | - Kulwant Singh
- Stem Cell Facility, Department of Hematology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences (SGPGIMS), Lucknow, India
| | - Ambak Kumar Rai
- Department of Biotechnology, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology (MNNIT) Allahabad, Prayagraj, India
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13
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Parodis I, Gokaraju S, Zickert A, Vanarsa K, Zhang T, Habazi D, Botto J, Serdoura Alves C, Giannopoulos P, Larsson A, Svenungsson E, Gunnarsson I, Mohan C. ALCAM and VCAM-1 as urine biomarkers of activity and long-term renal outcome in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 59:2237-2249. [PMID: 31722419 PMCID: PMC7449816 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kez528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) Vascular CAM 1 (VCAM-1) and Activated Leucocyte CAM (ALCAM) as urinary biomarkers in SLE patients with and without renal involvement. METHODS Female SLE patients (n = 111) and non-SLE population-based controls (n = 99) were enrolled. We measured renal activity using the renal domain of the BILAG index and urine (U) and plasma (P) concentrations of soluble (s)VCAM 1 and U-sALCAM using ELISA. U-sCAM levels were next corrected by U-creatinine. RESULTS U-sVCAM-1/creatinine and U-sALCAM/creatinine ratios were higher in SLE patients vs non-SLE controls (P < 0.001 for both), as well as in patients with active/low-active (BILAG A-C; n = 11) vs quiescent (BILAG D; n = 19) LN (P = 0.023 and P = 0.001, respectively). U-sALCAM/creatinine but not U-sVCAM-1/creatinine ratios were higher in patients with nephritis history (BILAG A-D; n = 30) vs non-renal SLE (BILAG E; n = 79) (P = 0.014). Patients with baseline U-sVCAM-1/creatinine ratios ≥75th percentile showed a 23-fold increased risk of a deterioration in estimated glomerular filtration rate by ≥25% during a 10-year follow-up (odds ratio: 22.9; 95% CI: 2.8, 189.2; P = 0.004); this association remained significant after adjustments for age, disease duration and organ damage. Traditional markers including anti-dsDNA antibodies did not predict this outcome. CONCLUSION While high U-sVCAM-1 levels appear to reflect SLE disease activity, sALCAM might have particular importance in renal SLE. Both U-sVCAM-1 and U-sALCAM showed ability to distinguish SLE patients with active renal involvement from patients with quiescent or no prior nephritis. High U-sVCAM-1 levels may indicate patients at increased risk for long-term renal function loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Parodis
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet.,Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sirisha Gokaraju
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Agneta Zickert
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet.,Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kamala Vanarsa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Deena Habazi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - João Botto
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet.,Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Clara Serdoura Alves
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet.,Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Panagiotis Giannopoulos
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet.,Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Larsson
- Department of Medical Sciences/Clinical Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Svenungsson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet.,Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Iva Gunnarsson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet.,Rheumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chandra Mohan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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14
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Corrigendum. Immunology 2020; 159:242. [PMID: 31926026 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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15
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Yablonski D. Bridging the Gap: Modulatory Roles of the Grb2-Family Adaptor, Gads, in Cellular and Allergic Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1704. [PMID: 31402911 PMCID: PMC6669380 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen receptor signaling pathways are organized by adaptor proteins. Three adaptors, LAT, Gads, and SLP-76, form a heterotrimeric complex that mediates signaling by the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and by the mast cell high affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI). In both pathways, antigen recognition triggers tyrosine phosphorylation of LAT and SLP-76. The recruitment of SLP-76 to phospho-LAT is bridged by Gads, a Grb2 family adaptor composed of two SH3 domains flanking a central SH2 domain and an unstructured linker region. The LAT-Gads-SLP-76 complex is further incorporated into larger microclusters that mediate antigen receptor signaling. Gads is positively regulated by dimerization, which promotes its cooperative binding to LAT. Negative regulation occurs via phosphorylation or caspase-mediated cleavage of the linker region of Gads. FcεRI-mediated mast cell activation is profoundly impaired in LAT- Gads- or SLP-76-deficient mice. Unexpectedly, the thymic developmental phenotype of Gads-deficient mice is much milder than the phenotype of LAT- or SLP-76-deficient mice. This distinction suggests that Gads is not absolutely required for TCR signaling, but may modulate its sensitivity, or regulate a particular branch of the TCR signaling pathway; indeed, the phenotypic similarity of Gads- and Itk-deficient mice suggests a functional connection between Gads and Itk. Additional Gads binding partners include costimulatory proteins such as CD28 and CD6, adaptors such as Shc, ubiquitin regulatory proteins such as USP8 and AMSH, and kinases such as HPK1 and BCR-ABL, but the functional implications of these interactions are not yet fully understood. No interacting proteins or function have been ascribed to the evolutionarily conserved N-terminal SH3 of Gads. Here we explore the biochemical and functional properties of Gads, and its role in regulating allergy, T cell development and T-cell mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Yablonski
- The Immune Cell Signaling Lab, Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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16
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Santos RF, Oliveira L, Brown MH, Carmo AM. Domain-specific CD6 monoclonal antibodies identify CD6 isoforms generated by alternative-splicing. Immunology 2019; 157:296-303. [PMID: 31162836 PMCID: PMC6620187 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The characterization of the architecture, structure and extracellular interactions of the CD6 glycoprotein, a transmembrane receptor expressed in medullary thymocytes and all mature T‐cell populations, has been enhanced by the existence of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that specifically recognize the various scavenger receptor cysteine‐rich (SRCR) domains of the ectodomain. Using engineered isoforms of CD6 including or excluding each of the three SRCR domains, either expressed at the membranes of cells or in soluble forms, we provide conclusive and definitive evidence that domain 2 of CD6, previously not identifiable, can be recognized by the CD6 mAbs OX125 and OX126, and that OX124 targets domain 3 and can block the interaction at the cell surface of CD6 with its major ligand CD166. Alternative splicing‐dependent CD6 isoforms can now be confidently identified. We confirm that following T‐cell activation there is a partial replacement of full‐length CD6 by the CD6Δd3 isoform, which lacks the CD166‐binding domain, and we find no evidence for the expression of other CD6 isoforms at the mRNA or protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita F Santos
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.,Programa Doutoral em Biologia Molecular e Celular (MCbiology), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Liliana Oliveira
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marion H Brown
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexandre M Carmo
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
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17
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Ma C, Wu W, Lin R, Ge Y, Zhang C, Sun S, Cong Y, Li X, Liu Z. Critical Role of CD6highCD4+ T Cells in Driving Th1/Th17 Cell Immune Responses and Mucosal Inflammation in IBD. J Crohns Colitis 2019; 13:510-524. [PMID: 30395204 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS CD6 is a crucial regulator of T cell activation and is implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple autoimmune diseases. ALCAM is the first identified endogenous ligand of CD6. We sought to investigate potential roles of CD6 in regulating intestinal mucosal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease [IBD]. METHODS We analysed the expression of CD6 and ALCAM in the inflamed mucosa of IBD patients using qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Phenotypic properties of CD6low/- and CD6highCD4+ T cells were determined by flow cytometry, qRT-PCR, and ELISA. ALCAM Fc chimeric protein was used to evaluate the role of CD6-ALCAM engagement in regulating IBD CD4+ T cell activation and differentiation. RESULTS Expression of CD6 and its ligand ALCAM was markedly increased in the inflamed mucosa of IBD patients compared with that in normal controls, and was significantly correlated with disease activity indices of IBD patients. Interestingly, CD6highCD4+ T cells of IBD patients exhibited significantly higher pathogenicity compared with CD6low/-CD4+ T cells, characterized by enhanced T cell activation and preferential Th1 and Th17 cell phenotypes, but a markedly decreased proportion of nTreg [CD25highFoxp3+, CD25highCD127low] cells. Importantly, inclusion of ALCAM Fc chimeric protein significantly facilitated IBD CD4+ T cell, especially CD6highCD4+ T cell, differentiation into Th1/Th17 cells compared with hIgG1 Fc-treated controls. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that overexpression of CD6 and ALCAM in the inflamed mucosa of IBD patients accelerates intestinal mucosal immune responses via promoting CD4+ T cell proliferation and differentiation into Th1/Th17 cells. Thus, CD6 may serve as a novel therapeutic target for treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ritian Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yadong Ge
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cui Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suofeng Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan University School of Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yingzi Cong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston TX, USA
| | - Xiuling Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan University School of Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhanju Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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18
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Oh MS, Hong JY, Kim MN, Kwak EJ, Kim SY, Kim EG, Lee KE, Kim YS, Jee HM, Kim SH, Sol IS, Park CO, Kim KW, Sohn MH. Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule Modulates Th2 Immune Response in Atopic Dermatitis. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2019; 11:677-690. [PMID: 31332979 PMCID: PMC6658408 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2019.11.5.677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM), a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, is highly expressed on dendritic cells. ALCAM and its receptor CD6 are co-stimulatory molecules in the immunological synapse; their interaction is required for T cell activation. While atopic dermatitis (AD) is recognized as a T helper 2 (Th2)-mediated allergic disease, the role of ALCAM in its pathogenesis is unclear. METHODS ALCAM levels were measured in the serum of AD patients and AD-induced murine model by ovalbumin treatment. We next investigated transepidermal water loss, clinical score, Th2-immune responses, skin barrier gene expression and T-cell activation using wild-type (WT) and ALCAM deficiency mice. An oxazolone-induced AD-like model was also established and analyzed using WT- and ALCAM-deficient mice. RESULTS We found that serum ALCAM levels were elevated in pediatric AD patients as well as WT AD mice, whereas Th2-type cytokine production and AD symptoms were suppressed in ALCAM-deficient mice. In addition, CD4⁺ effector T-cell counts in murine skin and skin-draining lymph nodes were lower in ALCAM-deficient mice than in their WT counterparts. ALCAM deficiency was also linked to higher expression of skin barrier genes and number of lamellar bodies. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that ALCAM may contribute to AD pathogenesis by meditating a Th2-dominant immune response and disrupting the barrier function of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Seon Oh
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Yeon Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Na Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Ji Kwak
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Yeon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Gyul Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Eun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Seon Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Mi Jee
- Department of Pediatrics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Seo Hyeong Kim
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Suk Sol
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Ook Park
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Won Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung Hyun Sohn
- Department of Pediatrics, Severance Hospital, Institute of Allergy, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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19
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Yablonski D. Bridging the Gap: Modulatory Roles of the Grb2-Family Adaptor, Gads, in Cellular and Allergic Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1704. [PMID: 31402911 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01704/full] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen receptor signaling pathways are organized by adaptor proteins. Three adaptors, LAT, Gads, and SLP-76, form a heterotrimeric complex that mediates signaling by the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) and by the mast cell high affinity receptor for IgE (FcεRI). In both pathways, antigen recognition triggers tyrosine phosphorylation of LAT and SLP-76. The recruitment of SLP-76 to phospho-LAT is bridged by Gads, a Grb2 family adaptor composed of two SH3 domains flanking a central SH2 domain and an unstructured linker region. The LAT-Gads-SLP-76 complex is further incorporated into larger microclusters that mediate antigen receptor signaling. Gads is positively regulated by dimerization, which promotes its cooperative binding to LAT. Negative regulation occurs via phosphorylation or caspase-mediated cleavage of the linker region of Gads. FcεRI-mediated mast cell activation is profoundly impaired in LAT- Gads- or SLP-76-deficient mice. Unexpectedly, the thymic developmental phenotype of Gads-deficient mice is much milder than the phenotype of LAT- or SLP-76-deficient mice. This distinction suggests that Gads is not absolutely required for TCR signaling, but may modulate its sensitivity, or regulate a particular branch of the TCR signaling pathway; indeed, the phenotypic similarity of Gads- and Itk-deficient mice suggests a functional connection between Gads and Itk. Additional Gads binding partners include costimulatory proteins such as CD28 and CD6, adaptors such as Shc, ubiquitin regulatory proteins such as USP8 and AMSH, and kinases such as HPK1 and BCR-ABL, but the functional implications of these interactions are not yet fully understood. No interacting proteins or function have been ascribed to the evolutionarily conserved N-terminal SH3 of Gads. Here we explore the biochemical and functional properties of Gads, and its role in regulating allergy, T cell development and T-cell mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Yablonski
- The Immune Cell Signaling Lab, Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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20
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Gonçalves CM, Henriques SN, Santos RF, Carmo AM. CD6, a Rheostat-Type Signalosome That Tunes T Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2994. [PMID: 30619347 PMCID: PMC6305463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Following T cell receptor triggering, T cell activation is initiated and amplified by the assembly at the TCR/CD3 macrocomplex of a multitude of stimulatory enzymes that activate several signaling cascades. The potency of signaling is, however, modulated by various inhibitory components already at the onset of activation, long before co-inhibitory immune checkpoints are expressed to help terminating the response. CD5 and CD6 are surface glycoproteins of T cells that have determinant roles in thymocyte development, T cell activation and immune responses. They belong to the superfamily of scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) glycoproteins but whereas the inhibitory role of CD5 has been established for long, there is still controversy on whether CD6 may have similar or antagonistic functions on T cell signaling. Analysis of the structure and molecular associations of CD5 and CD6 indicates that these molecules assemble at the cytoplasmic tail a considerable number of signaling effectors that can putatively transduce diverse types of intracellular signals. Biochemical studies have concluded that both receptors can antagonize the flow of TCR-mediated signaling; however, the impact that CD5 and CD6 have on T cell development and T cell-mediated immune responses may be different. Here we analyze the signaling function of CD6, the common and also the different properties it exhibits comparing with CD5, and interpret the functional effects displayed by CD6 in recent animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carine M Gonçalves
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia N Henriques
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita F Santos
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar and Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandre M Carmo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Porto, Portugal
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21
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Breuning J, Brown MH. A sequence conserved between CD5 and CD6 binds an FERM domain and exerts a restraint on T-cell activation. Immunology 2018; 156:270-276. [PMID: 30460991 PMCID: PMC6376265 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD5 and CD6 are related surface receptors that limit and promote T‐cell responses. Co‐stimulatory effects of CD6 depend on binding a cell surface ligand, CD166, and recruitment of the intracellular adaptor proteins GADS and SLP‐76 by C‐terminal phosphotyrosines. We have continued to identify interactions of CD5 and CD6 to understand their roles in T‐cell activation. In a screen to identify binding partners for peptides containing a cytoplasmic sequence, SDSDY conserved between CD5 and CD6, we identified ezrin radixin moesin (ERM) proteins, which link plasma membrane proteins to actin. Purified radixin FERM domain bound directly to CD5 and CD6 SDSDY peptides in a phosphorylation‐dependent manner (KD = 0·5‐2 μm) at 37°. In human T‐cell blasts, mutation of the CD6 SDSDY sequence enhanced CD69 expression in response to CD3 monoclonal antibody. In this proximal readout, interactions of the SDSDY sequence were dominant compared with the C‐terminal tyrosines of CD6. In contrast, in a more downstream readout, interleukin‐2 expression, in response to immobilized CD3 and CD6 monoclonal antibodies, the C‐terminal tyrosines were dominant. The data suggest that varying functional effects of CD6 and potentially CD5 depend on interactions of different cytoplasmic regions with the cytoskeleton and alter depending on the stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Breuning
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marion H Brown
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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22
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Breuning J, Philip B, Brown MH. Addition of the C-terminus of CD6 to a chimeric antigen receptor enhances cytotoxicity and does not compromise expression. Immunology 2018; 156:130-135. [PMID: 30300924 PMCID: PMC6328988 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are a promising new cancer immunotherapy that has now reached the clinic. CARs are synthetic receptors that redirect T cells towards a tumour‐associated antigen and activate them through various fused signalling regions, for example derived from CD3ζ, 4‐1BB or CD28. Analysis of the optimal combination of CAR components including signalling domains is not yet comprehensive and may vary with the particular application. The C‐terminus of the T‐cell surface receptor CD6 is critical for its co‐stimulatory effects and signals through two phospho‐tyrosine motifs that bind to the intracellular adaptor proteins GADS and SLP‐76. Addition of the C terminus of CD6 did not compromise CAR expression, showing it was a stable moiety that can be used independently of the native receptor. A third‐generation CAR containing 4‐1BB, CD3ζ and the C terminus of CD6 (4‐1BBz‐CD6) enhanced interferon‐γ release and cytotoxicity when compared with the second‐generation 4‐1BB CD3ζ (4‐1BBz) CAR. The CD6 C terminus is a valuable addition to potential components for modular design of CARs to improve effector function, particularly cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Philip
- Cancer Institute, University College, London, UK
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23
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Meddens MBM, Mennens SFB, Celikkol FB, Te Riet J, Kanger JS, Joosten B, Witsenburg JJ, Brock R, Figdor CG, Cambi A. Biophysical Characterization of CD6-TCR/CD3 Interplay in T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2333. [PMID: 30356797 PMCID: PMC6189472 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the T cell receptor (TCR) on the T cell through ligation with antigen-MHC complex of an antigen-presenting cell (APC) is an essential process in the activation of T cells and induction of the subsequent adaptive immune response. Upon activation, the TCR, together with its associated co-receptor CD3 complex, assembles in signaling microclusters that are transported to the center of the organizational structure at the T cell-APC interface termed the immunological synapse (IS). During IS formation, local cell surface receptors and associated intracellular molecules are reorganized, ultimately creating the typical bull's eye-shaped pattern of the IS. CD6 is a surface glycoprotein receptor, which has been previously shown to associate with CD3 and co-localize to the center of the IS in static conditions or stable T cell-APC contacts. In this study, we report the use of different experimental set-ups analyzed with microscopy techniques to study the dynamics and stability of CD6-TCR/CD3 interaction dynamics and stability during IS formation in more detail. We exploited antibody spots, created with microcontact printing, and antibody-coated beads, and could demonstrate that CD6 and the TCR/CD3 complex co-localize and are recruited into a stimulatory cluster on the cell surface of T cells. Furthermore, we demonstrate, for the first time, that CD6 forms microclusters co-localizing with TCR/CD3 microclusters during IS formation on supported lipid bilayers. These co-localizing CD6 and TCR/CD3 microclusters are both radially transported toward the center of the IS formed in T cells, in an actin polymerization-dependent manner. Overall, our findings further substantiate the role of CD6 during IS formation and provide novel insight into the dynamic properties of this CD6-TCR/CD3 complex interplay. From a methodological point of view, the biophysical approaches used to characterize these receptors are complementary and amenable for investigation of the dynamic interactions of other membrane receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein B M Meddens
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Svenja F B Mennens
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - F Burcu Celikkol
- Department of Nano-BioPhysics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Joost Te Riet
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Johannes S Kanger
- Department of Nano-BioPhysics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Ben Joosten
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - J Joris Witsenburg
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Roland Brock
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Carl G Figdor
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Cambi
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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24
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Meyer A, Kofler DM. Failure of a T cell regulator: CD6 contributes to the aggravation of autoimmune inflammation. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 16:733-734. [PMID: 30002450 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-018-0089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Meyer
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50937, Germany
| | - David M Kofler
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, 50937, Germany.
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25
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Gaud G, Roncagalli R, Chaoui K, Bernard I, Familiades J, Colacios C, Kassem S, Monsarrat B, Burlet-Schiltz O, de Peredo AG, Malissen B, Saoudi A. The costimulatory molecule CD226 signals through VAV1 to amplify TCR signals and promote IL-17 production by CD4 + T cells. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/538/eaar3083. [PMID: 29991650 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aar3083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The activation of T cells requires the guanine nucleotide exchange factor VAV1. Using mice in which a tag for affinity purification was attached to endogenous VAV1 molecules, we analyzed by quantitative mass spectrometry the signaling complex that assembles around activated VAV1. Fifty VAV1-binding partners were identified, most of which had not been previously reported to participate in VAV1 signaling. Among these was CD226, a costimulatory molecule of immune cells. Engagement of CD226 induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of VAV1 and synergized with T cell receptor (TCR) signals to specifically enhance the production of interleukin-17 (IL-17) by primary human CD4+ T cells. Moreover, co-engagement of the TCR and a risk variant of CD226 that is associated with autoimmunity (rs763361) further enhanced VAV1 activation and IL-17 production. Thus, our study reveals that a VAV1-based, synergistic cross-talk exists between the TCR and CD226 during both physiological and pathological T cell responses and provides a rational basis for targeting CD226 for the management of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Gaud
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Romain Roncagalli
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Karima Chaoui
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5089, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Bernard
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Julien Familiades
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Céline Colacios
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Sahar Kassem
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, Toulouse 31300, France
| | - Bernard Monsarrat
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5089, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5089, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Anne Gonzalez de Peredo
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5089, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France.,Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Abdelhadi Saoudi
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, Toulouse 31300, France.
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26
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Garner LI, Hartland A, Breuning J, Brown MH. CD6 monoclonal antibodies differ in epitope, kinetics and mechanism of action. Immunology 2018; 155:273-282. [PMID: 29772075 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CD6 is a type I T-cell surface receptor that modulates antigen receptor signalling. Its activity is regulated by binding of its membrane proximal domain (domain 3) to a cell surface ligand, CD166. CD6 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for the membrane distal domain (domain 1) perturb CD6 function including itolizumab (Alzumab™), which has reached the clinic for treatment of autoimmune disease. We characterized molecular and functional properties of several CD6 mAbs including itolizumab to define potential mechanisms of action. Epitope mapping using the crystal structure of CD6 to design mutants identified two distinct binding sites on different faces of domain 1, one containing residue R77, crucial for MT605 and T12.1 binding and the other, E63, which is crucial for itolizumab and MEM98. Analysis of binding kinetics revealed that itolizumab has a lower affinity compared with other CD6 domain 1 mAbs. We compared potential agonistic (triggering) and antagonistic (blocking) properties of CD6 mAbs in assays where the mechanism of action was well defined. CD6 domain 1 and 3 mAbs were equally effective in triggering interleukin-2 production by a cell line expressing a chimeric antigen receptor containing the extracellular region of CD6. CD6 domain 1 mAbs hindered binding of multivalent immobilized CD166 but were inferior compared with blocking by soluble CD166 or a CD6 domain 3 mAb. Characterization of CD6 mAbs provides an insight into how their functional effects in vivo may be interpreted and their therapeutic use optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee I Garner
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford, UK
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27
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Consuegra-Fernández M, Lin F, Fox DA, Lozano F. Clinical and experimental evidence for targeting CD6 in immune-based disorders. Autoimmun Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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28
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Freitas CMT, Johnson DK, Weber KS. T Cell Calcium Signaling Regulation by the Co-Receptor CD5. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1295. [PMID: 29701673 PMCID: PMC5983667 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium influx is critical for T cell effector function and fate. T cells are activated when T cell receptors (TCRs) engage peptides presented by antigen-presenting cells (APC), causing an increase of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) concentration. Co-receptors stabilize interactions between the TCR and its ligand, the peptide-major histocompatibility complex (pMHC), and enhance Ca2+ signaling and T cell activation. Conversely, some co-receptors can dampen Ca2+ signaling and inhibit T cell activation. Immune checkpoint therapies block inhibitory co-receptors, such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 (PD-1), to increase T cell Ca2+ signaling and promote T cell survival. Similar to CTLA-4 and PD-1, the co-receptor CD5 has been known to act as a negative regulator of T cell activation and to alter Ca2+ signaling and T cell function. Though much is known about the role of CD5 in B cells, recent research has expanded our understanding of CD5 function in T cells. Here we review these recent findings and discuss how our improved understanding of CD5 Ca2+ signaling regulation could be useful for basic and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Tellez Freitas
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84604, USA.
| | - Deborah K Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84604, USA.
| | - K Scott Weber
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84604, USA.
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29
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Prognostic Significance of Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule (ALCAM) in Association with Promoter Methylation of the ALCAM Gene in Breast Cancer. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23010131. [PMID: 29315254 PMCID: PMC6017653 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) has been implicated in tumorigenesis. In this study, we studied DNA methylation status of the ALCAM gene using pyrosequencing in breast cancer tissues. We analyzed the association between the methylation status of the ALCAM gene and its expression. Also, the effects of inflammation on the ALCAM gene methylation and its expression were investigated. The ALCAM gene methylation was associated with the ALCAM transcripts in tumor tissues. The methylation status of the ALCAM gene was not significantly different between tumor and normal tissues. The level of ALCAM transcripts was associated with the expression of TNFα, NF-κB p50, IL-4, and intratumoral inflammation. The IHC expression of ALCAM was associated with histologic grade, HER2 overexpression and molecular subtype. The expression of TNFα, NF-κB p50, and IL-4 showed significant association with the clinicopathologic characteristics. In conclusion, the ALCAM gene methylation was related to the level of ALCAM transcripts. Also, the level of ALCAM transcripts was associated with the inflammatory markers in breast cancer. Our results suggest that the methylation of the ALCAM gene contributes to the decreased expression of ALCAM. Also, ALCAM is linked to the inflammatory response in breast cancer.
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30
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Abstract
Stromal cells like synovial fibroblasts gained great interest over the years, since it has become clear that they strongly influence their environment and neighbouring cells. The current review describes the role of synovial fibroblasts as cells of the innate immune system and expands on their involvement in inflammation and cartilage destruction in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Furthermore, epigenetic changes in RA synovial fibroblasts and studies that focused on the identification of different subsets of synovial fibroblasts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ospelt
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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31
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Xiang Z, Tu W. Dual Face of Vγ9Vδ2-T Cells in Tumor Immunology: Anti- versus Pro-Tumoral Activities. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1041. [PMID: 28894450 PMCID: PMC5581348 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2-T cells are considered as potent effector cells for tumor immunotherapy through directly killing tumor cells and indirectly regulating other innate and adaptive immune cells to establish antitumoral immunity. The antitumoral activity of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells is governed by a complicated set of activating and inhibitory cell receptors. In addition, cytokine milieu in tumor microenvironment can also induce the pro-tumoral activities and functional plasticity of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells. Here, we review the anti- versus pro-tumoral activities of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells and discuss the mechanisms underlying the recognition, activation, differentiation and regulation of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells in tumor immunosurveillance. The comprehensive understanding of the dual face of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells in tumor immunology may improve the therapeutic efficacy and clinical outcomes of Vγ9Vδ2-T cell-based tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xiang
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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32
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Willrodt AH, Beffinger M, Vranova M, Protsyuk D, Schuler K, Jadhav M, Heikenwalder M, van den Broek M, Borsig L, Halin C. Stromal Expression of Activated Leukocyte Cell Adhesion Molecule Promotes Lung Tumor Growth and Metastasis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:2558-2569. [PMID: 28822802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule (ALCAM) is expressed on various cell types, including leukocytes, endothelial cells, and certain tumor cells. Although ALCAM expression on tumor cells has been linked to tumor invasion and metastatic spread, the contribution of ALCAM expressed in cells forming the tumor stroma to cancer progression has not been investigated. In this study, ALCAM-deficient (ALCAM-/-) mice were used to evaluate the role of ALCAM in lung tumor growth and metastasis. ALCAM-/- mice displayed an altered blood vascular network in the lung and the diaphragm, indicative of an angiogenetic defect. The absence of ALCAM expression in cells forming the stromal tumor microenvironment profoundly affected lung tumor growth in three different i.v. metastasis models. In the case of Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC), an additional defect in tumor cell homing to the lungs and a resulting reduction in the number of lung tumor nodules were observed. Similarly, when LLC cells were implanted subcutaneously for the study of spontaneous tumor cell metastasis, the rate of LLC metastasis to the lungs was profoundly reduced in ALCAM-/- mice. Taken together, our work demonstrates for the first time the in vivo contribution of ALCAM to angiogenesis and reveals a novel role of stromally expressed ALCAM in supporting tumor growth and metastatic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Helen Willrodt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michal Beffinger
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martina Vranova
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Darya Protsyuk
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katja Schuler
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maria Jadhav
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Heikenwalder
- Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Lubor Borsig
- Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Halin
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Zurich, Switzerland.
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33
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Bughani U, Saha A, Kuriakose A, Nair R, Sadashivarao RB, Venkataraman R, Patel S, Deshchougule AT, S. SK, Montero E, Pai HV, Palanivelu DV, Melarkode R, Nair P. T cell activation and differentiation is modulated by a CD6 domain 1 antibody Itolizumab. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180088. [PMID: 28672038 PMCID: PMC5495335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CD6 is associated with T-cell modulation and is implicated in several autoimmune diseases. We previously demonstrated that Itolizumab, a CD6 domain 1 (CD6D1) specific humanized monoclonal antibody, inhibited the proliferation and cytokine production by T lymphocytes stimulated with anti-CD3 antibody or when co-stimulated with ALCAM. Aberrant IL-17 producing CD4+ helper T-cells (Th17) have been identified as pivotal for the pathogenesis of certain inflammatory autoimmune disorders, including psoriasis. Itolizumab has demonstrated efficacy in human diseases known to have an IL-17 driven pathogenesis. Here, in in vitro experiments we show that by day 3 of human PBMC activation using anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 co-stimulation in a Th17 polarizing milieu, 15-35% of CD4+ T-cells overexpress CD6 and there is an establishment of differentiated Th17 cells. Addition of Itolizumab reduces the activation and differentiation of T cells to Th17 cells and decreases production of IL-17. These effects are associated with the reduction of key transcription factors pSTAT3 and RORγT. Further, transcription analysis studies in these conditions indicate that Itolizumab suppressed T cell activation by primarily reducing cell cycle, DNA transcription and translation associated genes. To understand the mechanism of this inhibition, we evaluated the effect of this anti-human CD6D1 mAb on ALCAM-CD6 as well as TCR-mediated T cell activation. We show that Itolizumab but not its F(ab')2 fragment directly inhibits CD6 receptor hyper-phosphorylation and leads to subsequent decrease in associated ZAP70 kinase and docking protein SLP76. Since Itolizumab binds to CD6 expressed only on human and chimpanzee, we developed an antibody binding specifically to mouse CD6D1. This antibody successfully ameliorated the incidence of experimental autoimmune encephalitis in the mice model. These results position CD6 as a key molecule in sustaining the activation and differentiation of T cells and an important target for modulating autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usha Bughani
- Research and Development, Biocon Research Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Arindam Saha
- Research and Development, Biocon Research Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Anshu Kuriakose
- Research and Development, Biocon Research Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Reshmi Nair
- Research and Development, Biocon Research Limited, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Swati Patel
- Research and Development, Biocon Research Limited, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Satish Kumar S.
- Research and Development, Biocon Research Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Enrique Montero
- Research and Development, Biocon Research Limited, Bangalore, India
| | - Harish V. Pai
- Research and Development, Biocon Research Limited, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Pradip Nair
- Research and Development, Biocon Research Limited, Bangalore, India
- * E-mail:
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Carrasco E, Escoda-Ferran C, Climent N, Miró-Julià C, Simões IT, Martínez-Florensa M, Sarukhan A, Carreras E, Lozano F. Human CD6 Down-Modulation following T-Cell Activation Compromises Lymphocyte Survival and Proliferative Responses. Front Immunol 2017; 8:769. [PMID: 28713387 PMCID: PMC5492662 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Available evidence indicates that the CD6 lymphocyte surface receptor is involved in T-cell developmental and activation processes, by facilitating cell-to-cell adhesive contacts with antigen-presenting cells and likely modulating T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling. Here, we show that in vitro activation of human T cells under different TCR-ligation conditions leads to surface downregulation of CD6 expression. This phenomenon was (i) concomitant to increased levels of soluble CD6 (sCD6) in culture supernatants, (ii) partially reverted by protease inhibitors, (iii) not associated to CD6 mRNA down-regulation, and (iv) reversible by stimulus removal. CD6 down-modulation inversely correlated with the upregulation of CD25 in both FoxP3− (Tact) and FoxP3+ (Treg) T-cell subsets. Furthermore, ex vivo analysis of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with activated (CD25+) or effector memory (effector memory T cell, CD45RA−CCR7−) phenotype present lower CD6 levels than their naïve or central memory (central memory T cell, CD45RA−CCR7+) counterparts. CD6lo/− T cells resulting from in vitro T-cell activation show higher apoptosis and lower proliferation levels than CD6hi T cells, supporting the relevance of CD6 in the induction of proper T-cell proliferative responses and resistance to apoptosis. Accordingly, CD6 transfectants also showed higher viability when exposed to TCR-independent apoptosis-inducing conditions in comparison with untransfected cells. Taken together, these results provide insight into the origin of sCD6 and the previously reported circulating CD6-negative T-cell subset in humans, as well as into the functional consequences of CD6 down-modulation on ongoing T-cell responses, which includes sensitization to apoptotic events and attenuation of T-cell proliferative responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Carrasco
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Escoda-Ferran
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Climent
- IDIBAPS-AIDS Research Group, HIVACAT, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Miró-Julià
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inês T Simões
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Martínez-Florensa
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adelaida Sarukhan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
| | - Esther Carreras
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Grup d'Immunoreceptors del Sistema Innat i Adaptatiu, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Servei d'Immunologia, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Biomedicina, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Freitas CMT, Hamblin GJ, Raymond CM, Weber KS. Naïve helper T cells with high CD5 expression have increased calcium signaling. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178799. [PMID: 28562659 PMCID: PMC5451127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune response is orchestrated by T helper cells and their function is dependent upon interactions between the T cell receptor (TCR), peptide MHC (pMHC) and co-receptors. TCR-pMHC interactions initiate calcium signaling cascades which determine T cell activation, survival, proliferation and differentiation. CD5 is a co-receptor that plays an important role in regulating T cell signaling and fate during thymocyte education. CD5 surface expression on mature single positive thymocytes correlates with the TCR signal strength for positive selecting self-ligands. CD5 also plays a role in T cell function after thymic development is complete. Peripheral T cells with higher CD5 expression respond better to foreign antigen than those with lower CD5 expression and CD5-high T cells are enriched in memory populations. In our study, we examined the role of CD5 expression and calcium signaling in the primary response of T cells using two Listeria monocytogenes specific T helper cells (LLO118 and LLO56). These T cells recognize the same immunodominant epitope (LLO190-205) of L. monocytogenes and have divergent primary and secondary responses and different levels of CD5 expression. We found that each T cell has unique calcium mobilization in response to in vitro stimulation with LLO190-205 and that CD5 expression levels in these cells changed over time following stimulation. LLO56 naïve T helper cells, which expresses higher levels of CD5, have higher calcium mobilization than naïve LLO118 T cells. Three days after in vitro stimulation, LLO118 T cells had more robust calcium mobilization than LLO56 and there were no differences in calcium mobilization 8 days after in vitro stimulation. To further evaluate the role of CD5, we measured calcium signaling in CD5 knockout LLO118 and LLO56 T cells at these three time points and found that CD5 plays a significant role in promoting the calcium signaling of naïve CD5-high LLO56 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M. Tellez Freitas
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Garrett J. Hamblin
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - Carlee M. Raymond
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
| | - K. Scott Weber
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Consuegra-Fernández M, Martínez-Florensa M, Aranda F, de Salort J, Armiger-Borràs N, Lozano T, Casares N, Lasarte JJ, Engel P, Lozano F. Relevance of CD6-Mediated Interactions in the Regulation of Peripheral T-Cell Responses and Tolerance. Front Immunol 2017; 8:594. [PMID: 28611770 PMCID: PMC5447708 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD6 lymphocyte receptor has been involved in the pathophysiology of different autoimmune disorders and is now considered a feasible target for their treatment. In vitro data show the relevance of CD6 in the stabilization of adhesive contacts between T-cell and antigen-presenting cells, and the modulation of T-cell receptor signals. However, the in vivo consequences of such a function are yet undisclosed due to the lack of suitable genetically modified animal models. Here, the in vitro and in vivo challenge of CD6-deficient (CD6-/-) cells with allogeneic cells was used as an approach to explore the role of CD6 in immune responses under relative physiological stimulatory conditions. Mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) assays showed lower proliferative responses of splenocytes from CD6-/- mice together with higher induction of regulatory T cells (Treg, CD4+CD25+FoxP3+) with low suppressive activity on T and B-cell proliferation. In line with these results, CD6-/- mice undergoing a lupus-like disorder induced by chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGvHD) showed higher serum titers of anti-double-stranded DNA and nucleosome autoantibodies. This occurred together with reduced splenomegaly, which was associated with lower in vivo bromodesoxyuridine incorporation of spleen cells and with increased percentages of spleen follicular B cells (B2, CD21+CD23hi) and Treg cells. Interestingly, functional analysis of in vivo-generated CD6-/- Treg cells exhibited defective suppressive activity. In conclusion, the data from MLR and cGvHD-induced lupus-like models in CD6-/- mice illustrate the relevance of CD6 in T (and B) cell proliferative responses and, even more importantly, Treg induction and suppressive function in the in vivo maintenance of peripheral tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Consuegra-Fernández
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Martínez-Florensa
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Aranda
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José de Salort
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noelia Armiger-Borràs
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Lozano
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Noelia Casares
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan José Lasarte
- Program of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pablo Engel
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Immunoreceptors of the Innate and Adaptive System Group, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Immunology Department, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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T Cell Costimulation by CD6 Is Dependent on Bivalent Binding of a GADS/SLP-76 Complex. Mol Cell Biol 2017; 37:MCB.00071-17. [PMID: 28289074 PMCID: PMC5440646 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00071-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell surface receptor CD6 regulates T cell activation in both activating and inhibitory manners. The adaptor protein SLP-76 is recruited to the phosphorylated CD6 cytoplasmic Y662 residue during T cell activation, providing an activating signal to T cells. In this study, a biochemical approach identified the SH2 domain-containing adaptor protein GADS as the dominant interaction partner for the CD6 cytoplasmic Y629 residue. Functional experiments in human Jurkat and primary T cells showed that both mutations Y629F and Y662F abolished costimulation by CD6. In addition, a restraint on T cell activation by CD6 was revealed in primary T cells expressing CD6 mutated at Y629 and Y662. These data are consistent with a model in which bivalent recruitment of a GADS/SLP-76 complex is required for costimulation by CD6.
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Hem CD, Ekornhol M, Granum S, Sundvold-Gjerstad V, Spurkland A. CD6 and Linker of Activated T Cells are Potential Interaction Partners for T Cell-Specific Adaptor Protein. Scand J Immunol 2017; 85:104-112. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. D. Hem
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - M. Ekornhol
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - S. Granum
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - V. Sundvold-Gjerstad
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - A. Spurkland
- Department of Molecular Medicine; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
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Smith NR, Davies PS, Levin TG, Gallagher AC, Keene DR, Sengupta SK, Wieghard N, El Rassi E, Wong MH. Cell Adhesion Molecule CD166/ALCAM Functions Within the Crypt to Orchestrate Murine Intestinal Stem Cell Homeostasis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 3:389-409. [PMID: 28462380 PMCID: PMC5404029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intestinal epithelial homeostasis is maintained by active-cycling and slow-cycling stem cells confined within an instructive crypt-based niche. Exquisite regulating of these stem cell populations along the proliferation-to-differentiation axis maintains a homeostatic balance to prevent hyperproliferation and cancer. Although recent studies focus on how secreted ligands from mesenchymal and epithelial populations regulate intestinal stem cells (ISCs), it remains unclear what role cell adhesion plays in shaping the regulatory niche. Previously we have shown that the cell adhesion molecule and cancer stem cell marker, CD166/ALCAM (activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule), is highly expressed by both active-cycling Lgr5+ ISCs and adjacent Paneth cells within the crypt base, supporting the hypothesis that CD166 functions to mediate ISC maintenance and signal coordination. METHODS Here we tested this hypothesis by analyzing a CD166-/- mouse combined with immunohistochemical, flow cytometry, gene expression, and enteroid culture. RESULTS We found that animals lacking CD166 expression harbored fewer active-cycling Lgr5+ ISCs. Homeostasis was maintained by expansion of the transit-amplifying compartment and not by slow-cycling Bmi1+ ISC stimulation. Loss of active-cycling ISCs was coupled with deregulated Paneth cell homeostasis, manifested as increased numbers of immature Paneth progenitors due to decreased terminal differentiation, linked to defective Wnt signaling. CD166-/- Paneth cells expressed reduced Wnt3 ligand expression and depleted nuclear β-catenin. CONCLUSIONS These data support a function for CD166 as an important cell adhesion molecule that shapes the signaling microenvironment by mediating ISC-niche cell interactions. Furthermore, loss of CD166 expression results in decreased ISC and Paneth cell homeostasis and an altered Wnt microenvironment.
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Key Words
- BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine
- CD166
- CLEM, correlative light and electron microscopy
- FACS, fluorescence-activated cell sorting
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HBSS, Hank’s balanced salt solution
- Homeostasis
- IHC, immunohistochemistry
- ISC, intestinal stem cell
- Intestinal Stem Cell
- Lyz, lysozyme
- Muc2, mucin 2
- Paneth Cell
- SEM, standard error of the mean
- Stem Cell Niche
- TA, transit-amplifying
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- WT, wild-type
- qRT-PCR, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R. Smith
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Paige S. Davies
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Trevor G. Levin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Alexandra C. Gallagher
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | - Sidharth K. Sengupta
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Nikki Wieghard
- Department of Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Edward El Rassi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Melissa H. Wong
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology and Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA,OHSU Stem Cell Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Melissa H. Wong, PhD, Oregon Health & Science University, Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Mail Code L215, Portland, Oregon 97239. fax: (503) 494-4253.Oregon Health & Science UniversityDepartment of CellDevelopmental and Cancer Biology3181 SW Sam Jackson Park RoadMail Code L215PortlandOregon 97239
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Zhang MS, Sandouk A, Houtman JCD. Glycerol Monolaurate (GML) inhibits human T cell signaling and function by disrupting lipid dynamics. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30225. [PMID: 27456316 PMCID: PMC4960522 DOI: 10.1038/srep30225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycerol Monolaurate (GML) is a naturally occurring fatty acid widely utilized in food, cosmetics, and homeopathic supplements. GML is a potent antimicrobial agent that targets a range of bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses but select findings suggest that GML also has immunomodulatory functions. In this study, we have mechanistically examined if GML affects the signaling and functional output of human primary T cells. We found that GML potently altered order and disorder dynamics in the plasma membrane that resulted in reduced formation of LAT, PLC-γ, and AKT microclusters. Altered membrane events induced selective inhibition of TCR-induced phosphorylation of regulatory P85 subunit of PI3K and AKT as well as abrogated calcium influx. Ultimately, GML treatment potently reduced TCR-induced production of IL-2, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-10. Our data reveal that the widely used anti-microbial agent GML also alters the lipid dynamics of human T cells, leading to their defective signaling and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Aline Sandouk
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Jon C D Houtman
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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41
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Orta-Mascaró M, Consuegra-Fernández M, Carreras E, Roncagalli R, Carreras-Sureda A, Alvarez P, Girard L, Simões I, Martínez-Florensa M, Aranda F, Merino R, Martínez VG, Vicente R, Merino J, Sarukhan A, Malissen M, Malissen B, Lozano F. CD6 modulates thymocyte selection and peripheral T cell homeostasis. J Exp Med 2016; 213:1387-97. [PMID: 27377588 PMCID: PMC4986531 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Orta-Mascaró, Lozano, and collaborators provide the first analysis of CD6-deficient mice, showing that this molecule modulates T cell receptor signaling and the threshold for thymocyte and peripheral T cell subset selection. The CD6 glycoprotein is a lymphocyte surface receptor putatively involved in T cell development and activation. CD6 facilitates adhesion between T cells and antigen-presenting cells through its interaction with CD166/ALCAM (activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule), and physically associates with the T cell receptor (TCR) at the center of the immunological synapse. However, its precise role during thymocyte development and peripheral T cell immune responses remains to be defined. Here, we analyze the in vivo consequences of CD6 deficiency. CD6−/− thymi showed a reduction in both CD4+ and CD8+ single-positive subsets, and double-positive thymocytes exhibited increased Ca2+ mobilization to TCR cross-linking in vitro. Bone marrow chimera experiments revealed a T cell–autonomous selective disadvantage of CD6−/− T cells during development. The analysis of TCR-transgenic mice (OT-I and Marilyn) confirmed that abnormal T cell selection events occur in the absence of CD6. CD6−/− mice displayed increased frequencies of antigen-experienced peripheral T cells generated under certain levels of TCR signal strength or co-stimulation, such as effector/memory (CD4+TEM and CD8+TCM) and regulatory (T reg) T cells. The suppressive activity of CD6−/− T reg cells was diminished, and CD6−/− mice presented an exacerbated autoimmune response to collagen. Collectively, these data indicate that CD6 modulates the threshold for thymocyte selection and the generation and/or function of several peripheral T cell subpopulations, including T reg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Orta-Mascaró
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Esther Carreras
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Romain Roncagalli
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7280, 13402 Marseille, France
| | | | - Pilar Alvarez
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Laura Girard
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7280, 13402 Marseille, France
| | - Inês Simões
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Fernando Aranda
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón Merino
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | | | | | - Jesús Merino
- Departmento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Valdecilla, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Adelaida Sarukhan
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 75654 Paris, France
| | - Marie Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7280, 13402 Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université UM2, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR7280, 13402 Marseille, France
| | - Francisco Lozano
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, 08036 Barcelona, Spain Servei d'Immunologia, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain Departament de Biologia Cellular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
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Cell Adhesion Molecules and Ubiquitination-Functions and Significance. BIOLOGY 2015; 5:biology5010001. [PMID: 26703751 PMCID: PMC4810158 DOI: 10.3390/biology5010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily represent the biggest group of cell adhesion molecules. They have been analyzed since approximately 40 years ago and most of them have been shown to play a role in tumor progression and in the nervous system. All members of the Ig superfamily are intensively posttranslationally modified. However, many aspects of their cellular functions are not yet known. Since a few years ago it is known that some of the Ig superfamily members are modified by ubiquitin. Ubiquitination has classically been described as a proteasomal degradation signal but during the last years it became obvious that it can regulate many other processes including internalization of cell surface molecules and lysosomal sorting. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about the ubiquitination of cell adhesion molecules of the Ig superfamily and to discuss its potential physiological roles in tumorigenesis and in the nervous system.
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Margraf S, Garner LI, Wilson TJ, Brown MH. A polymorphism in a phosphotyrosine signalling motif of CD229 (Ly9, SLAMF3) alters SH2 domain binding and T-cell activation. Immunology 2015. [PMID: 26221972 PMCID: PMC4610628 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Signalling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family members regulate activation and inhibition in the innate and adaptive immune systems. Genome‐wide association studies identified their genetic locus (1q23) as highly polymorphic and associated with susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Here we show that the Val602 variant of the non‐synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs509749 in the SLAM family member CD229 (Ly9, SLAMF3) has a two‐fold lower affinity compared with the SLE‐associated Met602 variant for the small adaptor protein SAP. Comparison of the two variants in T‐cell lines revealed the Val602 variant to be significantly more highly expressed than CD229 Met602. Activation was diminished in cells expressing CD229 Val602 compared with CD229 Met602 as measured by up‐regulation of CD69. There was no correlation between homozygosity at rs509749 and activation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors. These findings identify potential mechanisms by which a single SNP can perturb fine‐tuning in the immune system with significant functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Margraf
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lee I Garner
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Timothy J Wilson
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marion H Brown
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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44
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da Silva JM, Giachetto PF, da Silva LOC, Cintra LC, Paiva SR, Caetano AR, Yamagishi MEB. Genomic Variants Revealed by Invariably Missing Genotypes in Nelore Cattle. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136035. [PMID: 26305794 PMCID: PMC4549312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
High density genotyping panels have been used in a wide range of applications. From population genetics to genome-wide association studies, this technology still offers the lowest cost and the most consistent solution for generating SNP data. However, in spite of the application, part of the generated data is always discarded from final datasets based on quality control criteria used to remove unreliable markers. Some discarded data consists of markers that failed to generate genotypes, labeled as missing genotypes. A subset of missing genotypes that occur in the whole population under study may be caused by technical issues but can also be explained by the presence of genomic variations that are in the vicinity of the assayed SNP and that prevent genotyping probes from annealing. The latter case may contain relevant information because these missing genotypes might be used to identify population-specific genomic variants. In order to assess which case is more prevalent, we used Illumina HD Bovine chip genotypes from 1,709 Nelore (Bos indicus) samples. We found 3,200 missing genotypes among the whole population. NGS re-sequencing data from 8 sires were used to verify the presence of genomic variations within their flanking regions in 81.56% of these missing genotypes. Furthermore, we discovered 3,300 novel SNPs/Indels, 31% of which are located in genes that may affect traits of importance for the genetic improvement of cattle production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Manoel da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias, Biológicas e Sociais Aplicadas, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Nova Xavantina, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular–Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Poliana Fernanda Giachetto
- Laboratório Multiusuário de Bioinformática (LMB)—Embrapa Informática Agropecuária, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Leandro Carrijo Cintra
- Laboratório Multiusuário de Bioinformática (LMB)—Embrapa Informática Agropecuária, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samuel Rezende Paiva
- Embrapa–Secretaria de Relações Internacionais, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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45
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Chappell PE, Garner LI, Yan J, Metcalfe C, Hatherley D, Johnson S, Robinson CV, Lea SM, Brown MH. Structures of CD6 and Its Ligand CD166 Give Insight into Their Interaction. Structure 2015; 23:1426-1436. [PMID: 26146185 PMCID: PMC4533223 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CD6 is a transmembrane protein with an extracellular region containing three scavenger receptor cysteine rich (SRCR) domains. The membrane proximal domain of CD6 binds the N-terminal immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) domain of another cell surface receptor, CD166, which also engages in homophilic interactions. CD6 expression is mainly restricted to T cells, and the interaction between CD6 and CD166 regulates T-cell activation. We have solved the X-ray crystal structures of the three SRCR domains of CD6 and two N-terminal domains of CD166. This first structure of consecutive SRCR domains reveals a nonlinear organization. We characterized the binding sites on CD6 and CD166 and showed that a SNP in CD6 causes glycosylation that hinders the CD6/CD166 interaction. Native mass spectrometry analysis showed that there is competition between the heterophilic and homophilic interactions. These data give insight into how interactions of consecutive SRCR domains are perturbed by SNPs and potential therapeutic reagents. First structure of consecutive scavenger receptor cysteine rich domains in CD6 Structure of the two N-terminal domains of CD166 which is the ligand for CD6 Mapping binding sites on CD6 and CD166 Insight into how CD6 and its interactions are perturbed by polymorphisms and mAbs
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Chappell
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Lee I Garner
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Clive Metcalfe
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Deborah Hatherley
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Steven Johnson
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Carol V Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Susan M Lea
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Marion H Brown
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
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46
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Abstract
Autoimmune diseases affect up to approximately 10% of the population. While rare Mendelian autoimmunity syndromes can result from monogenic mutations disrupting essential mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance, more common human autoimmune diseases are complex disorders that arise from the interaction between polygenic risk factors and environmental factors. Although the risk attributable to most individual nucleotide variants is modest, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have the potential to provide an unbiased view of biological pathways that drive human autoimmune diseases. Interpretation of GWAS requires integration of multiple genomic datasets including dense genotyping, cis-regulatory maps of primary immune cells, and genotyped studies of gene expression in relevant cell types and cellular conditions. Improved understanding of the genetic basis of autoimmunity may lead to a more sophisticated understanding of underlying cellular phenotypes and, eventually, novel diagnostics and targeted therapies.
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47
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Bilal MY, Zhang EY, Dinkel B, Hardy D, Yankee TM, Houtman JCD. GADS is required for TCR-mediated calcium influx and cytokine release, but not cellular adhesion, in human T cells. Cell Signal 2015; 27:841-50. [PMID: 25636200 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
GRB2 related adaptor protein downstream of Shc (GADS) is a member of the GRB2 family of adaptors and is critical for TCR-induced signaling. The current model is that GADS recruits SLP-76 to the LAT complex, which facilitates the phosphorylation of SLP-76, the activation of PLC-γ1, T cell adhesion and cytokine production. However, this model is largely based on studies of disruption of the GADS/SLP-76 interaction and murine T cell differentiation in GADS deficient mice. The role of GADS in mediating TCR-induced signals in human CD4+ T cells has not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we have suppressed the expression of GADS in human CD4+ HuT78 T cells. GADS deficient HuT78 T cells displayed similar levels of TCR-induced SLP-76 and PLC-γ1 phosphorylation but exhibited substantial decrease in TCR-induced IL-2 and IFN-γ release. The defect in cytokine production occurred because of impaired calcium mobilization due to reduced recruitment of SLP-76 and PLC-γ1 to the LAT complex. Surprisingly, both GADS deficient HuT78 and GADS deficient primary murine CD8+ T cells had similar TCR-induced adhesion when compared to control T cells. Overall, our results show that GADS is required for calcium influx and cytokine production, but not cellular adhesion, in human CD4+ T cells, suggesting that the current model for T cell regulation by GADS is incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmood Y Bilal
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Elizabeth Y Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Brittney Dinkel
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Daimon Hardy
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Thomas M Yankee
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Jon C D Houtman
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
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48
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da Glória VG, Martins de Araújo M, Mafalda Santos A, Leal R, de Almeida SF, Carmo AM, Moreira A. T cell activation regulates CD6 alternative splicing by transcription dynamics and SRSF1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:391-9. [PMID: 24890719 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The T cell-surface glycoprotein CD6 is a modulator of cellular responses and has been implicated in several autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and psoriasis. During Ag presentation, CD6 is targeted to the immunological synapse in a ligand binding-dependent manner, in which CD6 domain 3 directly contacts CD166, expressed on the APC. T cell activation results in the induction of CD6Δd3, an alternatively spliced isoform that lacks the ligand-binding domain and thus no longer localizes at the immunological synapse. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms regulating the expression of CD6Δd3 upon human primary T cell activation. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we observed an increase in RNA polymerase II occupancy along the CD6 gene and augmented CD6 transcription. We showed that activation leads to transcription-related chromatin modifications, revealed by higher CD6 acetylation levels. Modulation of chromatin conformation using a histone deacetylase inhibitor that increases transcription rate causes an increase of exon 5 skipping. We further showed that the splicing factor SRSF1 binds to a regulatory element in CD6 intron 4, activating exon 5 splicing and promoting exon 5 inclusion. Concomitant with T cell activation-induced exon 5 skipping, we observed a downregulation of SRSF1. Using RNA immunoprecipitation, we showed that in activated T cells, SRSF1 recruitment to the CD6 transcript is impaired by increased chromatin acetylation levels. We propose that upon T cell activation, SRSF1 becomes limiting, and its function in CD6 exon 5 splicing is countered by an increase in CD6 transcription, dependent on chromatin acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia G da Glória
- Grupo Regulação Genética, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Martins de Araújo
- Grupo Activação Celular e Expressão Genética, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação em Ciências da Vida e da Saude, Escola de Ciências da Saude, Universidade do Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal; ICVS/3B's Laboratório Associado, Braga/Guimarães 4806-909, Portugal
| | - Ana Mafalda Santos
- Grupo Activação Celular e Expressão Genética, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal
| | - Rafaela Leal
- Grupo Regulação Genética, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal
| | - Sérgio F de Almeida
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Lisboa, Lisboa 1649-028, Portugal; and
| | - Alexandre M Carmo
- Grupo Activação Celular e Expressão Genética, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4050-313, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Moreira
- Grupo Regulação Genética, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto 4150-180, Portugal;
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49
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Wilson TJ, Garner LI, Metcalfe C, King E, Margraf S, Brown MH. Fine specificity and molecular competition in SLAM family receptor signalling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92184. [PMID: 24642916 PMCID: PMC3958483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
SLAM family receptors regulate activation and inhibition in immunity through recruitment of activating and inhibitory SH2 domain containing proteins to immunoreceptor tyrosine based switch motifs (ITSMs). Binding of the adaptors, SAP and EAT-2 to ITSMs in the cytoplasmic regions of SLAM family receptors is important for activation. We analysed the fine specificity of SLAM family receptor phosphorylated ITSMs and the conserved tyrosine motif in EAT-2 for SH2 domain containing signalling proteins. Consistent with the literature describing dependence of CRACC (SLAMF7) on EAT-2, CRACC bound EAT-2 (KD = 0.003 μM) with approximately 2 orders of magnitude greater affinity than SAP (KD = 0.44 μM). RNA interference in cytotoxicity assays in NK92 cells showed dependence of CRACC on SAP in addition to EAT-2, indicating selectivity of SAP and EAT-2 may depend on the relative concentrations of the two adaptors. The concentration of SAP was four fold higher than EAT-2 in NK92 cells. Compared with SAP, the significance of EAT-2 recruitment and its downstream effectors are not well characterised. We identified PLCγ1 and PLCγ2 as principal binding partners for the EAT-2 tail. Both PLCγ1 and PLCγ2 are functionally important for cytotoxicity in NK92 cells through CD244 (SLAMF4), NTB-A (SLAMF6) and CRACC. Comparison of the specificity of SH2 domains from activating and inhibitory signalling mediators revealed a hierarchy of affinities for CD244 (SLAMF4) ITSMs. While binding of phosphatase SH2 domains to individual ITSMs of CD244 was weak compared with SAP or EAT-2, binding of tandem SH2 domains of SHP-2 to longer peptides containing tandem phosphorylated ITSMs in human CD244 increased the affinity ten fold. The concentration of the tyrosine phosphatase, SHP-2 was in the order of a magnitude higher than the adaptors, SAP and EAT-2. These data demonstrate a mechanism for direct recruitment of phosphatases in inhibitory signalling by ITSMs, while explaining competitive dominance of SAP and EAT-2.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Binding Sites
- Binding, Competitive
- Cell Line
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate
- Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-Based Activation Motif
- Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-Based Inhibition Motif
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phospholipase C gamma/genetics
- Phospholipase C gamma/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Non-Receptor Type 11/metabolism
- Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 3/genetics
- Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 3/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family
- Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family Member 1
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Wilson
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lee I. Garner
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Clive Metcalfe
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elliott King
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stefanie Margraf
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marion H. Brown
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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50
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Roncagalli R, Hauri S, Fiore F, Liang Y, Chen Z, Sansoni A, Kanduri K, Joly R, Malzac A, Lähdesmäki H, Lahesmaa R, Yamasaki S, Saito T, Malissen M, Aebersold R, Gstaiger M, Malissen B. Quantitative proteomics analysis of signalosome dynamics in primary T cells identifies the surface receptor CD6 as a Lat adaptor-independent TCR signaling hub. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:384-392. [PMID: 24584089 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
T cell antigen receptor (TCR)-mediated activation of T cells requires the interaction of dozens of proteins. Here we used quantitative mass spectrometry and activated primary CD4(+) T cells from mice in which a tag for affinity purification was knocked into several genes to determine the composition and dynamics of multiprotein complexes that formed around the kinase Zap70 and the adaptors Lat and SLP-76. Most of the 112 high-confidence time-resolved protein interactions we observed were previously unknown. The surface receptor CD6 was able to initiate its own signaling pathway by recruiting SLP-76 and the guanine nucleotide-exchange factor Vav1 regardless of the presence of Lat. Our findings provide a more complete model of TCR signaling in which CD6 constitutes a signaling hub that contributes to the diversification of TCR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Roncagalli
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,INSERM U1104, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Simon Hauri
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Competence Center for Systems Physiology and Metabolic Diseases, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fréderic Fiore
- Centre d'Immunophénomique, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,INSERM US012, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMS3367, Marseille, France
| | - Yinming Liang
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,INSERM U1104, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Zhi Chen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Amandine Sansoni
- Centre d'Immunophénomique, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,INSERM US012, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMS3367, Marseille, France
| | - Kartiek Kanduri
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Rachel Joly
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,INSERM U1104, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Aurélie Malzac
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,INSERM U1104, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Harri Lähdesmäki
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,Department of Information and Computer Science, Aalto University, Finland
| | - Riitta Lahesmaa
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Saito
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Japan
| | - Marie Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,INSERM U1104, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Gstaiger
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Competence Center for Systems Physiology and Metabolic Diseases, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,INSERM U1104, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMR7280, Marseille, France.,Centre d'Immunophénomique, UM2 Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,INSERM US012, Marseille, France.,CNRS UMS3367, Marseille, France
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