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Xiang X, Wu Y, Lv XQ, Xu RQ, Liu Y, Pan SH, He M, Lai GQ. Hepatitis B Virus Infection Promotes M2 Polarization of Macrophages by Upregulating the Expression of B7x In Vivo and In Vitro. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:597-608. [PMID: 36099202 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have reported that hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is mediated by macrophages and that the B7x (B7-H4, VTCN-1) protein plays an important role in immune regulation in HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HBV-HCC). However, the relationship among HBV, macrophages, and B7x has not been studied. In this study, HBV-infected mouse model and coculture of HBV cell lines and macrophages were used to observe the changes in macrophages and the role of B7x after HBV infection. The expression of HBV markers (HBeAg, HBsAg), negative regulator of immunity (B7x), T-helper 17 (Th17)/T-regulatory (Treg)-related cytokines, and macrophage markers, as well as changes in the apoptosis and cell cycle of macrophages were analyzed through reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blot, and flow cytometry. The expression of HBsAg, HBeAg, and B7x increased and the levels of macrophage surface marker and Treg cells secrete related cytokines (IL-10 and TGF-β) were altered after HBV infection both in vivo and in vitro. Apoptosis of macrophages increased, and cell cycle arrest occurred in vitro. These effects, except those in the cell cycle, were reversed when B7x was knocked down. Thus, HBV infection can promote the expression of B7x, which in turn regulates the Th17/Treg balance and affects the expression of HBsAg and HBeAg. The mechanism used by B7x likely involves the promotion of macrophage polarization and apoptosis. These results suggest that B7x is a novel target for HBV immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xiang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Epigenetics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Lv
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ru-Qing Xu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Suo-Han Pan
- The First Clinical College of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Miao He
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guo-Qi Lai
- Laboratory Animal Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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2
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Bączkowska M, Dutsch-Wicherek MM, Przytuła E, Faryna J, Wojtyła C, Ali M, Knafel A, Ciebiera M. Expression of the Costimulatory Molecule B7-H4 in the Decidua and Placental Tissues in Patients with Placental Abruption. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040918. [PMID: 35453668 PMCID: PMC9033103 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
B7 homolog 4 protein (B7-H4), a member of the B7 family, is a immunomodulatory membrane protein. The aim of the study was to evaluate the expression of this protein in the decidua and placental tissues in case of placental abruption (PA) compared to cases of retained placental tissue (RPT) and controls. Tissue samples were obtained from 47 patients with PA, 60 patients with RPT, and 41 healthy controls. The samples were stained for B7-H4 expression, analyzed by an expert pathologist, and a semi-quantitative scale was applied. A statistical analysis revealed that the expression of B7-H4 was significantly higher in the decidua in PA samples compared to samples from patients with RPT (p-value < 0.001) and healthy controls (p-value < 0.001). The expression of B7-H4 in the placental chorionic villus was significantly higher in PA samples in relation to samples from healthy controls (p-value < 0.001) but not in relation to RPT samples (p-value = 0.0853). This finding suggests that B7-H4 might play an important role in mechanisms restoring reproductive tract homeostasis. Further research is necessary in regard to the role of B7-H4 in PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bączkowska
- Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.); (A.K.)
| | | | - Ewa Przytuła
- Department of Pathology, Bielański Hospital, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland; (E.P.); (J.F.)
| | - Jan Faryna
- Department of Pathology, Bielański Hospital, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland; (E.P.); (J.F.)
| | - Cezary Wojtyła
- International Prevention Research Institute-Collaborating Centre, Calisia University, 62-800 Kalisz, Poland;
| | - Mohamed Ali
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
| | - Anna Knafel
- Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Michał Ciebiera
- Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 01-809 Warsaw, Poland; (M.B.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-607-155-177
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3
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Miao G, Sun X. Development of a novel anti-B7-H4 antibody enhances anti-tumor immune response of human T cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111913. [PMID: 34328096 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND B7-H4 is a member of the B7 superfamily that is expressed on the surface of tumors and exhibits limited expression on normal tissue. B7-H4 negatively regulates tumor immunity by interacting with the B7-H4 receptor, which is expressed by activated CD8 + T cells. Hence, we sought to generate an immunomodulatory antibody that targets B7-H4 and blocks the immunosuppressive activity of B7-H4. METHODS Anti-B7-H4 antibodies were generated using the hybridoma technique and screened by a binding assay based on B7-H4-expressing tumor cells. The B7-H4 antagonistic antibodies were further screened based on their checkpoint blockade activity using a SEB-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) assay, which comprised B7-H4-expressing antigen presenting cells (APCs) and activated T cells. To assess the immunomodulatory activity of anti-B7-H4 antibodies, activated human CD8+ T cells were cultured in B7-H4 protein-coated plates, and the production of IL-2 and the proliferation rate of CD8+ T cells were measured. In addition, we evaluated the ADCC effect of anti-B7-H4 antibodies against tumor cell lines. The in vivo antitumor efficacy of the anti-B7-H4 antibody was also evaluated in human T cell-engrafted NOG mice. RESULTS A panel of anti-B7-H4 antibodies was generated. The top 23 antibodies were screened to identify antibodies that disabled B7-H4-mediated inhibition. Antibody 17 exhibited the greatest induction of the production of IL-2 and IFN-gamma in SEB-stimulated PBMCs. Antibody 17 was constructed as a chimeric antibody (CH17) with a human IgG1 constant domain. CH17 showed high affinity for human B7-H4 and fully cross-reacted with cynomolgus B7-H4. Additionally, CH17 mediated potent antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) against different B7-H4-positive tumor cell lines. More importantly, CH17 relieved B7-H4-mediated T cell suppression by enhancing IL2 production and promoting T cell proliferation. In an MDA-MB-468-bearing mouse model in which human pan-T cells were engrafted, CH17 delayed tumor growth by engaging T cells and exerted a synergistic effect in combination with an anti-human PD-1 antibody. CONCLUSIONS We successfully generated an immunomodulatory antibody targeting B7-H4 that possesses both T cell immune checkpoint inhibitory activity and ADCC activity in B7-H4-positive tumors. B7-H4-targeting antibodies might represent a promising immunotherapy for B7-H4-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojuan Miao
- Department of pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou 311200, China
| | - Xiuhong Sun
- Department of pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou 311200, China.
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Duan L, Reisch B, Iannaccone A, Hadrovic E, Wu Y, Vogtmann R, Winterhager E, Kimmig R, Köninger A, Mach P, Gellhaus A. Abnormal expression of the costimulatory molecule B7-H4 in placental chorionic villous and decidual basalis tissues of patients with preeclampsia and HELLP syndrome. Am J Reprod Immunol 2021; 86:e13430. [PMID: 33864713 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND B7-H4, a checkpoint molecule of the B7 family, regulates a broad spectrum such as T-cell activation, cytokine secretion, tumour progression, and invasion capacities. Our previous data revealed that soluble B7-H4 (sB7-H4) blood serum levels are elevated in women at high risk for the hypertensive pregnancy disorder preeclampsia (PE) in the first trimester, as well as in patients with confirmed early/late-onset PE. AIM We here aim to investigate the expression pattern of B7-H4 in placental tissues of PE and HELLP Syndrome versus control group. METHODS B7-H4 protein expression and localization were investigated by immunoblotting and co-immunohistochemistry in placental chorionic villous and decidual basalis tissues. RESULTS B7-H4 protein was prominently expressed at the cell membrane, in the cytoplasm of the syncytiotrophoblast (STB) and interstitial extravillous trophoblast (EVT). B7-H4 protein levels in placental chorionic villous tissue were significantly higher in women with early-onset/late-onset PE and HELLP, while it was decreased in decidual basalis tissues of early-onset PE and HELLP compared with controls. CONCLUSION B7-H4 was inversely expressed in placental chorionic villous and decidual basalis tissues of PE and HELLP patients. The increase in B7-H4 in the STB in PE and HELLP may lead to excessive apical expression and release of soluble B7-H4 in the maternal circulation. In contrast, the decrease in B7-H4 in decidual basalis tissues could be related to the decrease in invasion ability of the EVT in PE. Thus, the current results strongly suggest that B7-H4 is involved in the pathogenesis of PE and HELLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Duan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Beatrix Reisch
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Antonella Iannaccone
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elina Hadrovic
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Yuqing Wu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Rebekka Vogtmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Rainer Kimmig
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Angela Köninger
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinic of the Order of St. John, St. Hedwigs Clinic, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Pawel Mach
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Gellhaus
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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5
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Qiu MJ, Xia Q, Chen YB, Fang XF, Li QT, Zhu LS, Jiang X, Xiong ZF, Yang SL. The Expression of Three Negative Co-Stimulatory B7 Family Molecules in Small Cell Lung Cancer and Their Effect on Prognosis. Front Oncol 2021; 11:600238. [PMID: 33937019 PMCID: PMC8082063 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.600238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown significant effects in a variety of solid tumors. However, due to the low incidence of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and its unclear mechanism, immune checkpoints in SCLC have not been fully studied. Methods We evaluated the expression of PD-L1, B7-H3, and B7-H4 in 115 SCLC tissue specimens using immunohistochemistry. The clinical data of patients with SCLC were retrospectively reviewed to investigate three negative co-stimulatory B7 family molecules’ ability to affect the prognosis of SCLC. Results Among the SCLC patients with complete follow-up data (n = 107), sixty-nine (64.49%) expressed moderate to high B7-H3 levels, which correlated positively with tumor sizes (P < 0.001). Eighty (74.77%) patients expressed moderate to high B7-H4 levels, which correlated positively with metastases (P = 0.049). The positive expression of B7-H3 and B7-H4 correlated significantly with shortened overall survival (OS) (B7-H3, P = 0.006; B7-H4, P = 0.019). PD-L1 was positively expressed only in 13.08% of cancer tissues, and there was no significant correlation with prognosis. The Cox proportional hazards regression showed that B7-H3 was an independent prognostic indicator of OS (P = 0.028; HR = 2.125 [95% CI = 0.985-4.462]). Conclusions Our results suggest that B7-H3 has a negative predictive effect on SCLC. This outcome provides a theoretical basis for the subsequent research on immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting B7-H3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jun Qiu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Xia
- Institute of Pathology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao-Bing Chen
- Institute of Pathology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xie-Fan Fang
- Department of Toxicology, Charles River Laboratories, Inc., Reno, NV, United States
| | - Qiu-Ting Li
- Division of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Sheng Zhu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Fan Xiong
- Division of Gastroenterology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sheng-Li Yang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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6
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The B7x Immune Checkpoint Pathway: From Discovery to Clinical Trial. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019; 40:883-896. [PMID: 31677920 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
B7x (B7 homolog x, also known as B7-H4, B7S1, and VTCN1) was discovered by ourselves and others in 2003 as the seventh member of the B7 family. It is an inhibitory immune checkpoint of great significance to human disease. Tissue-expressed B7x minimizes autoimmune and inflammatory responses. It is overexpressed in a broad spectrum of human cancers, where it suppresses antitumor immunity. Further, B7x and PD-L1 tend to have mutually exclusive expression in cancer cells. Therapeutics targeting B7x are effective in animal models of cancers and autoimmune disorders, and early-phase clinical trials are underway to determine the efficacy and safety of targeting B7x in human diseases. It took 15 years moving from the discovery of B7x to clinical trials. Further studies will be necessary to identify its receptors, reveal its physiological functions in organs, and combine therapies targeting B7x with other treatments.
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7
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Pourmaleki M, Young JH, Socci ND, Chiang S, Edelweiss M, Li Y, Zhang M, Roshal L, Chi DS, Busam KJ, Mellinghoff IK, Hollmann TJ. Extramammary Paget disease shows differential expression of B7 family members B7-H3, B7-H4, PD-L1, PD-L2 and cancer/testis antigens NY-ESO-1 and MAGE-A. Oncotarget 2019; 10:6152-6167. [PMID: 31692889 PMCID: PMC6817453 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is a rare cutaneous adenocarcinoma of the anogenital region most commonly treated with surgical excision. Surgical margin clearance is often problematic and recurrence rates remain high indicating the need for additional therapeutic options. Topical immunomodulators have been used with reported success suggesting EMPD may respond to other immunotherapies. This study investigates EMPD protein expression of targetable B7 family members and cancer/testis antigens (CTAs) B7-H3, B7-H4, PD-L1, PD-L2, MAGE-A, and NY-ESO-1 and components of antigen presenting machinery B2M and MHC-I. Fifty-seven specimens from 48 patients (31 female and 17 male), representing in situ, invasive, and metastatic disease of primary and secondary origin were stained and scored (627 total slides). The percentage of cases expressing each immune regulatory molecule in the in situ followed by invasive tumor components was: B7-H3 (94, 90), B7-H4 (82, 78), PD-L1 (6, 10), MAGE-A (39, 50), NY-ESO-1 (16, 20), B2M (100, 89), and MHC-I (78, 79). PD-L2 was negative in all cases. There was high correlation between marker expression within the in situ and invasive tumor components of the same case. B7-H4 was preferentially expressed in primary cutaneous EMPD. Co-expression of B7 family members B7-H3 and B7-H4 was found within the in situ and invasive tumor components of 74% and 48% of cases, respectively. These findings provide an initial characterization of EMPD tumor cell expression of B7-H3, B7-H4, PD-L1, PD-L2, MAGE-A, and NY-ESO-1 and indicate the potential for new immunotherapeutic options for patients with EMPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Pourmaleki
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jonathan H Young
- Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Present address: School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Nicholas D Socci
- Bioinformatics Core, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sarah Chiang
- Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marcia Edelweiss
- Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yanyun Li
- Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mianlei Zhang
- Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lev Roshal
- Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dennis S Chi
- Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Klaus J Busam
- Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ingo K Mellinghoff
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Neurology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Travis J Hollmann
- Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Chapoval AI, Chapoval SP, Shcherbakova NS, Shcherbakov DN. Immune Checkpoints of the B7 Family. Part 2. Representatives of the B7 Family B7-H3, B7-H4, B7-H5, B7-H6, B7-H7, and ILDR2 and Their Receptors. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162019050091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Yuan X, Liu Y, Li G, Lan Z, Ma M, Li H, Kong J, Sun J, Hou G, Hou X, Ma Y, Ren F, Zhou F, Gao S. Blockade of Immune-Checkpoint B7-H4 and Lysine Demethylase 5B in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Confers Protective Immunity against P. gingivalis Infection. Cancer Immunol Res 2019; 7:1440-1456. [PMID: 31350278 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens are capable of hijacking immune defense mechanisms, thereby creating a tolerogenic environment for hypermutated malignant cells that arise within the site of infection. Immune checkpoint-oriented immunotherapies have shown considerable promise. Equally important, the epigenetic reprogramming of an immune-evasive phenotype that activates the immune system in a synergistic manner can improve immunotherapy outcomes. These advances have led to combinations of epigenetic- and immune-based therapeutics. We previously demonstrated that Porphyromonas gingivalis isolated from esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) lesions represents a major pathogen associated with this deadly disease. In this study, we examined the mechanisms associated with host immunity during P. gingivalis infection and demonstrated that experimentally infected ESCC responds by increasing the expression of B7-H4 and lysine demethylase 5B, which allowed subsequent in vivo analysis of the immunotherapeutic effects of anti-B7-H4 and histone demethylase inhibitors in models of chronic infection and immunity against xenografted human tumors. Using three different preclinical mouse models receiving combined therapy, we showed that mice mounted strong resistance against P. gingivalis infection and tumor challenge. This may have occurred via generation of a T cell-mediated response in the microenvironment and formation of immune memory. In ESCC subjects, coexpression of B7-H4 and KDM5B correlated more significantly with bacterial load than with the expression of either molecule alone. These results highlight the unique ability of P. gingivalis to evade immunity and define potential targets that can be exploited therapeutically to improve the control of P. gingivalis infection and the development of associated neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yuan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yiwen Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Guifang Li
- Department of Pulmonary Tumor Surgery, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zijun Lan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Mingyang Ma
- Department of Pulmonary Tumor Surgery, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Huaxu Li
- Queen Mary College, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jinyu Kong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jiangtao Sun
- Department of Pulmonary Tumor Surgery, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Gaochao Hou
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xurong Hou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yingjian Ma
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Feng Ren
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Fuyou Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Anyang Tumor Hospital, Anyang, Henan, China.
| | - Shegan Gao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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10
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Abstract
Immune responses are controlled by the optimal balance between protective immunity and immune tolerance. T-cell receptor (TCR) signals are modulated by co-signaling molecules, which are divided into co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory molecules. By expression at the appropriate time and location, co-signaling molecules positively and negatively control T-cell differentiation and function. For example, ligation of the CD28 on T cells provides a critical secondary signal along with TCR ligation for naive T-cell activation. In contrast, co-inhibitory signaling by the CD28-B7 family is important to regulate immune homeostasis and host defense, as these signals limit the strength and duration of immune responses to prevent autoimmunity. At the same time, microorganisms or tumor cells can use these pathways to establish an immunosuppressive environment to inhibit the immune responses against themselves. Understanding these co-inhibitory pathways will support the development of new immunotherapy for the treatment of tumors and autoimmune and infectious diseases. Here, we introduce diverse molecules belonging to the members of the CD28-B7 family.
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11
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Tan Z, Shen W. Prognostic role of B7-H4 in patients with non-small cell lung cancer: A meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:27137-27144. [PMID: 28404927 PMCID: PMC5432323 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
B7 homolog 4 (B7-H4) has been recently reported to be a prognostic marker in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in some studies. However, the results remained conflicting. Thus, we aimed to comprehensively assess the association between B7-H4 expression and prognosis of NSCLC patients by performing a meta-analysis. Relevant publications were thoroughly searched of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). The pooled odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were applied to evaluate the effects. A total of 9 studies comprising 1444 patients were included in this meta-analysis. B7-H4 overexpression was associated with presence of lymph node metastasis (OR=3.59, 95%CI=2.39-5.38, p<0.001; fixed effect), advanced TNM stage (OR=2.36, 95%CI=1.2-4.67, p=0.013; random effect), and poor differentiation (OR=2.11, 95%CI=1.12-3.99, p=0.021; fixed effect). However, B7-H4 had no significant correlation with gender, age or histology in NSCLC. Furthermore, in a fixed effects model, the results indicated that B7-H4 overexpression was significantly associated with poor OS (HR=2.03, 95%CI=1.41-2.92, p<0.001). This meta-analysis demonstrated that high B7-H4 expression is an unfavorable prognostic factor in NSCLC. Because few studies were included for meta-analysis and almost all included studies were performed on Chinese patients, therefore; large scale prospective studies are needed to verify our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Tan
- Department of Oncology, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Weixi Shen
- Department of Oncology, Shenzhen Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, P.R. China
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12
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Xiao ZX, Zheng X, Hu L, Wang J, Olsen N, Zheng SG. Immunosuppressive Effect of B7-H4 Pathway in a Murine Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Model. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1765. [PMID: 29321778 PMCID: PMC5732181 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
B7-H4, one of the co-stimulatory molecules of the B7 family, has been shown to play an important role in negatively regulating the adaptive immune response by inhibiting the proliferation, activation, and cytokine production of T cells. In this study, we investigate the role of B7-H4 in development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We investigated a murine model of SLE using transfer of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) that were incubated with activated syngeneic lymphocyte-derived DNA. The recipient mouse produced anti-ds-DNA antibodies as well as displayed splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy as shown by significantly increased weights, and the kidneys showed lupus-like pathological changes include urine protein and glomerulonephritis with hyperplasia in glomeruli and increased mesangial cells and vasculitis with perivascular cell infiltration, glomerular deposition of IgG and complement C3. We showed that B7-H4 deficiency in BMDCs could cause greater production of anti-ds-DNA antibodies in transferred mice, and the lymph tissue swelling and the kidney lesions were also exacerbated with B7-H4 deficiency. Treatment with a B7-H4 antagonist antibody also aggravated the lupus model. Conversely, B7-H4 Ig alleviated the lupus manifestations. Therefore, we conclude that B7-H4 is a negative check point for the development of SLE in this murine model. These results suggest that this approach may have a clinical potential in treating human SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Xiu Xiao
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Third Hospital at Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Zheng
- Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Hu
- Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Julie Wang
- Division of Rheumatology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center at Penn State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Nancy Olsen
- Division of Rheumatology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center at Penn State University, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Third Hospital at Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Division of Rheumatology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center at Penn State University, Hershey, PA, United States
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13
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Schildberg FA, Klein SR, Freeman GJ, Sharpe AH. Coinhibitory Pathways in the B7-CD28 Ligand-Receptor Family. Immunity 2017; 44:955-72. [PMID: 27192563 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses need to be controlled for optimal protective immunity and tolerance. Coinhibitory pathways in the B7-CD28 family provide critical inhibitory signals that regulate immune homeostasis and defense and protect tissue integrity. These coinhibitory signals limit the strength and duration of immune responses, thereby curbing immune-mediated tissue damage, regulating resolution of inflammation, and maintaining tolerance to prevent autoimmunity. Tumors and microbes that cause chronic infections can exploit these coinhibitory pathways to establish an immunosuppressive microenvironment, hindering their eradication. Advances in understanding T cell coinhibitory pathways have stimulated a new era of immunotherapy with effective drugs to treat cancer, autoimmune and infectious diseases, and transplant rejection. In this review we discuss the current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying the coinhibitory functions of pathways in the B7-CD28 family, the diverse functional consequences of these inhibitory signals on immune responses, and the overlapping and unique functions of these key immunoregulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A Schildberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sarah R Klein
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Arlene H Sharpe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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14
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Leung J, St-Onge P, Stagg J, Suh WK. Synergistic effects of host B7-H4 deficiency and gemcitabine treatment on tumor regression and anti-tumor T cell immunity in a mouse model. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2017; 66:491-502. [PMID: 28074226 PMCID: PMC11028495 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1950-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
B7-H4 (B7x/B7S1), a B7 family inhibitor of T cell activity, is expressed in multiple human cancers and correlates with decreased infiltrating lymphocytes and poor prognosis. In murine models, tumor-expressed B7-H4 enhances tumor growth and reduces T cell immunity, and blockade of tumor-B7-H4 rescues T cell activity and lowers tumor burden. This implicates B7-H4 as a target for cancer immunotherapy, yet limits the efficacy of B7-H4 blockade exclusively to patients with B7-H4+ tumors. Given the expression of B7-H4 on host immune cells, we have previously shown that BALB/c mice lacking host B7-H4 have enhanced anti-tumor profiles, yet similar 4T1 tumor growth relative to control. Given that T cell-mediated immunotherapies work best for tumors presenting tumor-associated neoantigens, we further investigated the function of host B7-H4 in the growth of a more immunogenic derivative, 4T1-12B, which is known to elicit strong anti-tumor CD8 T cell responses due to expression of a surrogate tumor-specific antigen, firefly luciferase. Notably, B7-H4 knockout hosts not only mounted greater tumor-associated anti-tumor T cell responses, but also displayed reduced tumors. Additionally, B7-H4-deficiency synergized with gemcitabine to further inhibit tumor growth, often leading to tumor eradication and the generation of protective T cell immunity. These findings imply that inhibition of host B7-H4 can enhance anti-tumor T cell immunity in immunogenic cancers, and can be combined with other anti-cancer therapies to further reduce tumor burden regardless of tumor-B7-H4 positivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Leung
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), 110 avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe St-Onge
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), 110 avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada
- Département de Médecine (Programmes de Biologie Moléculaire), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - John Stagg
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Woong-Kyung Suh
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), 110 avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Département de Médecine (Programmes de Biologie Moléculaire), Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie, et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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15
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MacGregor HL, Ohashi PS. Molecular Pathways: Evaluating the Potential for B7-H4 as an Immunoregulatory Target. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:2934-2941. [PMID: 28325750 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With the clinical success of CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockade in treating malignancies, there is tremendous interest in finding new ways to augment antitumor responses by targeting other inhibitory molecules. In this review, we describe one such molecule. B7-H4, a member of the B7 family of immunoregulatory proteins, inhibits T cell proliferation and cytokine production through ligation of an unknown receptor expressed by activated T cells. Notably, B7-H4 protein expression is observed in a high proportion of patients' tumors across a wide variety of malignancies. This high expression by tumors in combination with its low or absent protein expression in normal tissues makes B7-H4 an attractive immunotherapeutic target. Preclinical investigation into B7-H4-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, antibody-mediated blockade of B7-H4, and anti-B7-H4 drug conjugates has shown antitumor efficacy in mouse models. The first clinical trials have been completed to assess the safety and efficacy of a B7-H4 fusion protein in ameliorating rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Cancer Res; 23(12); 2934-41. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L MacGregor
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pamela S Ohashi
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ni
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine; Tsinghua University; Beijing China
| | - Chen Dong
- Institute for Immunology and School of Medicine; Tsinghua University; Beijing China
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17
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Smith JB, Lanitis E, Dangaj D, Buza E, Poussin M, Stashwick C, Scholler N, Powell DJ. Tumor Regression and Delayed Onset Toxicity Following B7-H4 CAR T Cell Therapy. Mol Ther 2016; 24:1987-1999. [PMID: 27439899 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2016.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
B7-H4 protein is frequently overexpressed in ovarian cancer. Here, we engineered T cells with novel B7-H4-specific chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) that recognized both human and murine B7-H4 to test the hypothesis that B7-H4 CAR T cell therapy can be applied safely in preclinical models. B7-H4 CAR T cells specifically secreted IFN-γ and lysed B7-H4(+) targets. In vivo, B7-H4 CAR T cells displayed antitumor reactivity against B7-H4(+) human ovarian tumor xenografts. Unexpectedly, B7-H4 CAR T cell treatment reproducibly showed delayed, lethal toxicity 6-8 weeks after therapy. Comprehensive assessment of murine B7-H4 protein distribution uncovered expression in ductal and mucosal epithelial cells in normal tissues. Postmortem analysis revealed the presence of widespread histologic lesions that correlated with B7-H4(+) expression, and were inconsistent with graft versus host disease. Lastly, expression patterns of B7-H4 protein in normal human tissue were comparable to distribution in mice, advancing our understanding of B7-H4. We conclude that B7-H4 CAR therapy mediates control of cancer outgrowth. However, long-term engraftment of B7-H4 CAR T cells mediates lethal, off-tumor toxicity that is likely due to wide expression of B7-H4 in healthy mouse organs. This model system provides a unique opportunity for preclinical evaluation of safety approaches that limit CAR-mediated toxicity after tumor destruction in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenessa B Smith
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Evripidis Lanitis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Denarda Dangaj
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elizabeth Buza
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mathilde Poussin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Caitlin Stashwick
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Lancaster General Health, Penn Medicine, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nathalie Scholler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; SRI Biosciences, Menlo Park, California, USA
| | - Daniel J Powell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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18
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Mach P, Köninger A, Wicherek L, Kimmig R, Kasimir-Bauer S, Birdir C, Schmidt B, Gellhaus A. Serum concentrations of soluble B7-H4 in early pregnancy are elevated in women with preterm premature rupture of fetal membranes. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016; 76:149-54. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Mach
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Angela Köninger
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Lukasz Wicherek
- Chair of Oncology, Radiotherapy and Gynecologic Oncology of the Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz; Nicolaus Copernicus University; Bydgoszcz Poland
| | - Rainer Kimmig
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Sabine Kasimir-Bauer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Cahit Birdir
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Börge Schmidt
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE); University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
| | - Alexandra Gellhaus
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics; University of Duisburg-Essen; Essen Germany
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19
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Guo Y, Wang AY. Novel Immune Check-Point Regulators in Tolerance Maintenance. Front Immunol 2015; 6:421. [PMID: 26347744 PMCID: PMC4539525 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The great success of anti-cytotoxic lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) and anti-programed cell death protein 1 (PD1) in cancer treatment has encouraged more effort in harnessing the immune response through immunomodulatory molecules in various diseases. The immunoglobulin (Ig) super family comprises the majority of immunomodulatory molecules. Discovery of novel Ig super family members has brought novel insights into the function of different immune cells in tolerance maintenance. In this review, we discuss the function of newly identified B7 family molecules, B7-H4 and V-domain Ig Suppressor of T cell Activation (VISTA), and the butyrophilin/butyrophilin-like family members. We discuss the current stages of immunomodulatory molecules in clinical trials of organ transplantation. The potential of engaging the novel Ig superfamily members in tolerance maintenance is also discussed. We conclude with the challenges remaining to manipulate these molecules in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Guo
- Merck Research Laboratories , Palo Alto, CA , USA
| | - Adele Y Wang
- Merck Research Laboratories , Palo Alto, CA , USA
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20
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Milioli HH, Vimieiro R, Riveros C, Tishchenko I, Berretta R, Moscato P. The Discovery of Novel Biomarkers Improves Breast Cancer Intrinsic Subtype Prediction and Reconciles the Labels in the METABRIC Data Set. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129711. [PMID: 26132585 PMCID: PMC4488510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prediction of breast cancer intrinsic subtypes has been introduced as a valuable strategy to determine patient diagnosis and prognosis, and therapy response. The PAM50 method, based on the expression levels of 50 genes, uses a single sample predictor model to assign subtype labels to samples. Intrinsic errors reported within this assay demonstrate the challenge of identifying and understanding the breast cancer groups. In this study, we aim to: a) identify novel biomarkers for subtype individuation by exploring the competence of a newly proposed method named CM1 score, and b) apply an ensemble learning, as opposed to the use of a single classifier, for sample subtype assignment. The overarching objective is to improve class prediction. METHODS AND FINDINGS The microarray transcriptome data sets used in this study are: the METABRIC breast cancer data recorded for over 2000 patients, and the public integrated source from ROCK database with 1570 samples. We first computed the CM1 score to identify the probes with highly discriminative patterns of expression across samples of each intrinsic subtype. We further assessed the ability of 42 selected probes on assigning correct subtype labels using 24 different classifiers from the Weka software suite. For comparison, the same method was applied on the list of 50 genes from the PAM50 method. CONCLUSIONS The CM1 score portrayed 30 novel biomarkers for predicting breast cancer subtypes, with the confirmation of the role of 12 well-established genes. Intrinsic subtypes assigned using the CM1 list and the ensemble of classifiers are more consistent and homogeneous than the original PAM50 labels. The new subtypes show accurate distributions of current clinical markers ER, PR and HER2, and survival curves in the METABRIC and ROCK data sets. Remarkably, the paradoxical attribution of the original labels reinforces the limitations of employing a single sample classifiers to predict breast cancer intrinsic subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa Helena Milioli
- Priority Research Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- School of Environmental and Life Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Renato Vimieiro
- Priority Research Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- Centro de Informática, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Carlos Riveros
- Priority Research Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Inna Tishchenko
- Priority Research Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Regina Berretta
- Priority Research Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Pablo Moscato
- Priority Research Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomarker Discovery and Information-Based Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
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21
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Mu N, Liu N, Hao Q, Xu Y, Li J, Li W, Wu S, Zhang C, Su H. Inhibition of mouse SP2/0 myeloma cell growth by the B7-H4 protein vaccine. BMB Rep 2015; 47:399-404. [PMID: 24314141 PMCID: PMC4163849 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2014.47.7.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
B7-H4 is a member of B7 family of co-inhibitory molecules and B7-H4 protein is found to be overexpressed in many human cancers and which is usually associated with poor survival. In this study, we developed a therapeutic vaccine made from a fusion protein composed of a tetanus toxoid (TT) T-helper cell epitope and human B7-H4IgV domain (TT-rhB7-H4IgV). We investigated the anti-tumor effect of the TT-rhB7-H4IgV vaccine in BALB/c mice and SP2/0 myeloma growth was significantly suppressed in mice. The TT-rhB7-H4IgV vaccine induced high-titer specific antibodies in mice. Further, the antibodies induced by TT-rhB7-H4IgV vaccine were capable of depleting SP2/0 cells through complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) in vitro. On the other hand, the poor cellular immune response was irrelevant to the therapeutic efficacy. These results indicate that the recombinant TT-rhB7-H4IgV vaccine might be a useful candidate of immunotherapy for the treatment of some tumors associated with abnormal expression of B7-H4. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(7): 399-404]
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 17 Changle West Road, 710032 Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Nannan Liu
- Experiment Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, The Fourth Military Medical University, 17 Changle West Road, 710032 Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 17 Changle West Road, 710032 Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 17 Changle West Road, 710032 Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 17 Changle West Road, 710032 Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Weina Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 17 Changle West Road, 710032 Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shouzhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 17 Changle West Road, 710032 Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Cun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, 17 Changle West Road, 710032 Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Haichuan Su
- Department of Oncology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, 710038, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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22
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Leung J, Suh WK. The CD28-B7 Family in Anti-Tumor Immunity: Emerging Concepts in Cancer Immunotherapy. Immune Netw 2014; 14:265-76. [PMID: 25550693 PMCID: PMC4275384 DOI: 10.4110/in.2014.14.6.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions between B7 molecules and CD28-family receptors are crucial in the regulation of adaptive cellular immunity. In cancer, the aberrant expression of co-inhibitory B7 molecules has been attributed to reduced anti-tumor immunity and cancer immune evasion, prompting the development of cancer therapeutics that can restore T cell function. Murine tumor models have provided significant support for the targeting of multiple immune checkpoints involving CTLA-4, PD-1, ICOS, B7-H3 and B7-H4 during tumor growth, and clinical studies investigating the therapeutic effects of CTLA-4 and PD-1 blockade have shown exceptionally promising results in patients with advanced melanoma and other cancers. The expression pattern of co-inhibitory B7 ligands in the tumor microenvironment has also been largely correlated with poor patient prognosis, and recent evidence suggests that the presence of several B7 molecules may predict the responsiveness of immunotherapies that rely on pre-existing tumor-associated immune responses. While monotherapies blocking T cell co-inhibition have beneficial effects in reducing tumor burden, combinatorial immunotherapy targeting multiple immune checkpoints involved in various stages of the anti-tumor response has led to the most substantial impact on tumor reduction. In this review, we will examine the contributions of B7- and CD28-family members in the context of cancer development, and discuss the implications of current human findings in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Leung
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada. ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Woong-Kyung Suh
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada. ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada. ; Department of Medicine; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology, and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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Rahbar R, Lin A, Ghazarian M, Yau HL, Paramathas S, Lang PA, Schildknecht A, Elford AR, Garcia-Batres C, Martin B, Berman HK, Leong WL, McCready DR, Reedijk M, Done SJ, Miller N, Youngson B, Suh WK, Mak TW, Ohashi PS. B7-H4 expression by nonhematopoietic cells in the tumor microenvironment promotes antitumor immunity. Cancer Immunol Res 2014; 3:184-95. [PMID: 25527357 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The B7 family plays a critical role in both positive and negative regulation of immune responses by engaging a variety of receptors on lymphocytes. Importantly, blocking coinhibitory molecules using antibodies specific for CTLA-4 and PD-1 enhances tumor immunity in a subset of patients. Therefore, it is critical to understand the role of different B7 family members since they may be suitable therapeutic targets. B7-H4 is another member that inhibits T-cell function, and it is also upregulated on a variety of tumors and has been proposed to promote tumor growth. Here, we investigate the role of B7-H4 in tumor development and show that B7-H4 expression inhibits tumor growth in two mouse models. Furthermore, we show that B7-H4 expression is required for antitumor immune responses in a mouse model of mammary tumorigenesis. We found that the expression levels of B7-H4 correlate with MHC class I expression in both mouse and human samples. We show that IFNγ upregulates B7-H4 expression on mouse embryo fibroblasts and that the upregulation of B7-H4 on tumors is dependent on T cells. Notably, patients with breast cancer with increased B7-H4 expression show a prolonged time to recurrence. These studies demonstrate a positive role for B7-H4 in promoting antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramtin Rahbar
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Albert Lin
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Magar Ghazarian
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Helen-Loo Yau
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sangeetha Paramathas
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philipp A Lang
- Department of Molecular Medicine II, Heinrich Heine University Dösseldorf, Dösseldorf, Germany
| | - Anita Schildknecht
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alisha R Elford
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carlos Garcia-Batres
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bernard Martin
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hal K Berman
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wey L Leong
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David R McCready
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Reedijk
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan J Done
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Naomi Miller
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce Youngson
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Woong-Kyung Suh
- Immune Regulation Laboratory, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montreal (IRCM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tak W Mak
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pamela S Ohashi
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Guo G, Cao D, Xu H, Ruan Z, Fei L, Xie Z, Wu Y, Chen Y. The characteristic expression of B7-H3 and B7-H4 in liver biopsies from patients with HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure. Pathol Int 2014; 62:665-74. [PMID: 23005593 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2012.02856.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major public health problem, and HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF) has an extremely poor prognosis due to a lack of effective treatments. B7-H3 and B7-H4 are two novel members of the B7 superfamily that are actively involved in regulating the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. However, the intrahepatic expression of both members in HBV-ACLF patients has yet to be described. In this study, we analyzed the expression of B7-H3 and B7-H4 in HBV-ACLF biopsies by immunohistochemistry. Our results showed that both members were observed in all HBV-ACLF samples, and their expression was chiefly observed on infiltrating inflammatory cells and the damaged bile ducts. Immunofluorescence double staining showed that B7-H4 was expressed chiefly on CD3(+) T cells, CD68(+) macrophages, CK-18(+) bile ducts, and CD31(+) endothelial cells, while B7-H3 was found on all cell types detected. The expression of the programmed death (PD)-1 ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, was also detected in these liver tissues and they were found to be co-expressed with B7-H3 and B7-H4. These results suggest that the B7-family signaling is most likely to affect the pathogenesis of this disease, and a clear understanding of their functional roles may further elucidate the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoning Guo
- Department of Emergency, South-West Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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25
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Liu WH, Chen YY, Zhu SX, Li YN, Xu YP, Wu XJ, Guo YH, Wang JL. B7-H4 expression in bladder urothelial carcinoma and immune escape mechanisms. Oncol Lett 2014; 8:2527-2534. [PMID: 25364421 PMCID: PMC4214455 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
B7-H4 is a recently identified member of the B7 family considered to negatively regulate the immune response, and has been associated with the occurrence and development of certain types of tumor. However, little is known regarding the importance of human B7-H4 expression in bladder urothelial carcinoma. In the present study, B7-H4 expression in the tissues and sera of patients with bladder urothelial carcinoma was investigated, along with the clinical significance. In addition, the effects of activated T-lymphocyte in vitro cytotoxicity in the BIU-87 bladder cancer cell line following the blockade of the B7-H4 signaling pathway were also analyzed. The results showed that in normal bladder tissues, B7-H4 was not detected, but in the bladder urothelial carcinoma tissue samples, B7-H4 was detected in 24/49 (49.0%) specimens. Additionally, positive B7-H4 expression was significantly associated with increased TNM stage and pathological grade (P<0.05). Compared with the healthy control group, the serum-B7-H4 (sB7-H4) concentrations in the patients were also significantly increased (P<0.05). The sB7-H4 concentrations in cases with high-grade histology were significantly higher than those in patients with low-grade histology (P<0.05). Following the blockade of the B7-H4 antigen in BIU-87 cells, the cytotoxic activity of activated T cells against such BIU-87 cells was significantly enhanced compared with that against the control BIU-87 cells. This occurred in a T cell density-dependent and blocking antibody dose-dependent manner. These observations suggest that B7-H4 is involved in tumor occurrence, and the development and immune escape of bladder urothelial carcinoma cells. Therefore, B7-H4 may be an important target in the diagnosis and/or treatment of bladder urothelial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hui Liu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Yu Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Xing Zhu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Ning Li
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Peng Xu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Jing Wu
- Department of Pathology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Hong Guo
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Liang Wang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian 362000, P.R. China
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B7-H4 as a potential target for immunotherapy for gynecologic cancers: a closer look. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 134:181-189. [PMID: 24657487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.03.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
B7-H4 is a transmembrane protein that binds an unknown receptor on activated T cells resulting in inhibition of T-cell effector function via cell cycle arrest, decreased proliferation, and reduced IL-2 production. B7-H4 is up-regulated on the surface of cancer cells and immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in a variety of human cancers. Notably, B7-H4 expression levels inversely correlate with patient survival in ovarian cancer, making B7-H4 an attractive candidate for therapeutic intervention. Here, we summarize the experimental data and methodologies that have revealed B7-H4's mRNA and protein expression and function in both mice and humans since its discovery in 2003, with a specific focus on B7-H4's role in ovarian cancer. We also underscore the discrepancies in published data due to high variability in methodology and use of different antibodies, most of which are not commercially available. Finally, since B7-H4 is expressed on tumor cells and TAMs in various cancer types, directing therapeutics against B7-H4 could have tremendous synergistic outcomes in favorably altering the tumor micro-environment and eliminating cancer cells. We highlight the therapeutic potential of targeting B7-H4, both by comparing other negative immune modulators such as PD-1 and CTLA-4 and by identifying novel methods to target B7-H4 directly or indirectly to overcome B7-H4-mediated T-cell inhibition.
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27
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Zhang C, Wang W, Qin X, Xu Y, Huang T, Hao Q, Li W, Wu S, Zhang Y. B7-H1 protein vaccine induces protective and therapeutic antitumor responses in SP2/0 myeloma-bearing mice. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:2442-8. [PMID: 23970300 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
B7-H1 is a co-inhibitory molecule belonging to the B7 family. The B7-H1 protein is only expressed on macrophage lineage of cells in normal tissues, but is overexpressed in most types of tumor. The aberrant expression of cell surface B7-H1 on cancer cells is generally associated with high-risk prognostic factors. The tumor-associated B7-H1 increases apoptosis of antigen-specific T cells through interaction with its receptor PD-1 on CD8+ T cells and contributes to tumor immune evasion. These features suggest that B7-H1 may be a therapeutic target for the B7-H1-expressing tumors. We developed a therapeutic vaccine by coupling a tetanus toxoid T-helper cell epitope with the N-terminal of B7-H1 IgV-like domain. This vaccine was able to induce high titers of antibodies against B7-H1 in mice which were able to bind to native cell surface B7-H1. We chose the B7-H1-expressing SP2/0 myeloma and its syngeneic host (the BALB/c mouse) as the model to study the antitumor activity of the rhB7-H1M vaccine. Vaccination with this modified B7-H1 protein resulted in almost complete protection from SP2/0 tumor challenge and efficiently eliminated pre-established tumors in mice. In addition, B7-H1 vaccination was able to decrease the percentage of CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in tumor-bearing mice and which might improve antitumor immunity. These data demonstrate the potential of B7-H1-based vaccine as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer overexpressing B7-H1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Biotechnology Center, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P.R. China
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28
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Sohrabi Y, Havelková H, Kobets T, Šíma M, Volkova V, Grekov I, Jarošíková T, Kurey I, Vojtíšková J, Svobodová M, Demant P, Lipoldová M. Mapping the genes for susceptibility and response to Leishmania tropica in mouse. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2282. [PMID: 23875032 PMCID: PMC3708836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background L. tropica can cause both cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in humans. Although the L. tropica-induced cutaneous disease has been long known, its potential to visceralize in humans was recognized only recently. As nothing is known about the genetics of host responses to this infection and their clinical impact, we developed an informative animal model. We described previously that the recombinant congenic strain CcS-16 carrying 12.5% genes from the resistant parental strain STS/A and 87.5% genes from the susceptible strain BALB/c is more susceptible to L. tropica than BALB/c. We used these strains to map and functionally characterize the gene-loci regulating the immune responses and pathology. Methods We analyzed genetics of response to L. tropica in infected F2 hybrids between BALB/c×CcS-16. CcS-16 strain carries STS-derived segments on nine chromosomes. We genotyped these segments in the F2 hybrid mice and tested their linkage with pathological changes and systemic immune responses. Principal Findings We mapped 8 Ltr (Leishmania tropica response) loci. Four loci (Ltr2, Ltr3, Ltr6 and Ltr8) exhibit independent responses to L. tropica, while Ltr1, Ltr4, Ltr5 and Ltr7 were detected only in gene-gene interactions with other Ltr loci. Ltr3 exhibits the recently discovered phenomenon of transgenerational parental effect on parasite numbers in spleen. The most precise mapping (4.07 Mb) was achieved for Ltr1 (chr.2), which controls parasite numbers in lymph nodes. Five Ltr loci co-localize with loci controlling susceptibility to L. major, three are likely L. tropica specific. Individual Ltr loci affect different subsets of responses, exhibit organ specific effects and a separate control of parasite load and organ pathology. Conclusion We present the first identification of genetic loci controlling susceptibility to L. tropica. The different combinations of alleles controlling various symptoms of the disease likely co-determine different manifestations of disease induced by the same pathogen in individual mice. Leishmaniasis, a disease caused by Leishmania ssp. is among the most neglected infectious diseases. In humans, L. tropica causes cutaneous form of leishmaniasis, but can damage internal organs too. The reasons for this variability are not known, and its genetic basis was never investigated. Therefore, analysis of genes affecting host's responses to this infection can elucidate the characteristics of individual host-parasite interactions. Recombinant congenic strain CcS-16 carries 12.5% genes from the mouse strain STS/A on genetic background of the strain BALB/c, and it is more susceptible than BALB/c. In F2 hybrids between BALB/c and CcS-16 we detected and mapped eight gene-loci, Ltr1-8 (Leishmania tropica response 1-8) that control various manifestations of disease: skin lesions, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, parasite numbers in spleen, liver, and inguinal lymph nodes, and serum level of CCL3, CCL5, and CCL7 after L. tropica infection. These loci are functionally heterogeneous - each influences a different set of responses to the pathogen. Five loci co-localize with the previously described loci that control susceptibility to L. major, three are species-specific. Ltr2 co-localizes not only with Lmr14 (Leishmania major response 14), but also with Ir2 influencing susceptibility to L. donovani and might therefore carry a common gene controlling susceptibility to leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Sohrabi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Havelková
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tetyana Kobets
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matyáš Šíma
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Valeriya Volkova
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Grekov
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Taťána Jarošíková
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Iryna Kurey
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jarmila Vojtíšková
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Peter Demant
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Marie Lipoldová
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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Leung J, Suh WK. Host B7-H4 Regulates Antitumor T Cell Responses through Inhibition of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in a 4T1 Tumor Transplantation Model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:6651-61. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Allograft rejection is one of the main obstacles for islet transplantation. B7-H4 plays a key role in maintaining T-cell homeostasis by reducing T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. In this study, we investigated whether the endogenous expression of B7-H4 in β cells from B7-H4 transgenic mice enhances islet allograft survival. METHODS B7-H4 transgenic C57BL/6 (B6) mice (RIP.B7-H4) were developed by inserting the entire B7-H4 open reading frame under the rat insulin promoter (RIP). B7-H4 protein expression was examined by flow cytometric analysis and immunohistochemical staining. Islet allograft survival was investigated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic recipient BALB/c (H-2d) mice transplanted with 400 islets from RIP.B7-H4 (H-2b) mice under the kidney capsule. The recipient control group received islets from wild-type B6 donors. RESULTS B7-H4 protein was significantly up-regulated in isolated islets from RIP.B7-H4 compared with wild-type B6 mice (56%±23% vs. 3%±1.2%). B7-H4 was coexpressed with insulin, but not glucagon, suggesting that B7-H4 is expressed in a β-cell-specific manner. Recipient BALB/c mice transplanted with RIP.B7-H4 islets established euglycemia for 42.3±18.4 days (mean±SD; n=9) compared with controls at 23.1±7.8 days (mean±SD; n=12; P<0.004, log-rank test). CONCLUSIONS The endogenous expression of B7-H4 in donor β cells from transgenic mice prolongs islet allograft survival, confirming the negative role of B7-H4 in regulating alloreactive T-cell responses.
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Bakdash G, Sittig SP, van Dijk T, Figdor CG, de Vries IJM. The nature of activatory and tolerogenic dendritic cell-derived signal II. Front Immunol 2013; 4:53. [PMID: 23450201 PMCID: PMC3584294 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are central in maintaining the intricate balance between immunity and tolerance by orchestrating adaptive immune responses. Being the most potent antigen presenting cells, DCs are capable of educating naïve T cells into a wide variety of effector cells ranging from immunogenic CD4+ T helper cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells to tolerogenic regulatory T cells. This education is based on three fundamental signals. Signal I, which is mediated by antigen/major histocompatibility complexes binding to antigen-specific T cell receptors, guarantees antigen specificity. The co-stimulatory signal II, mediated by B7 family molecules, is crucial for the expansion of the antigen-specific T cells. The final step is T cell polarization by signal III, which is conveyed by DC-derived cytokines and determines the effector functions of the emerging T cell. Although co-stimulation is widely recognized to result from the engagement of T cell-derived CD28 with DC-expressed B7 molecules (CD80/CD86), other co-stimulatory pathways have been identified. These pathways can be divided into two groups based on their impact on primed T cells. Whereas pathways delivering activatory signals to T cells are termed co-stimulatory pathways, pathways delivering tolerogenic signals to T cells are termed co-inhibitory pathways. In this review, we discuss how the nature of DC-derived signal II determines the quality of ensuing T cell responses and eventually promoting either immunity or tolerance. A thorough understanding of this process is instrumental in determining the underlying mechanism of disorders demonstrating distorted immunity/tolerance balance, and would help innovating new therapeutic approaches for such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghaith Bakdash
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Mocellin S, Benna C, Pilati P. Coinhibitory molecules in cancer biology and therapy. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2013; 24:147-61. [PMID: 23380546 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune response is controlled by checkpoints represented by coinhibitory molecules, which are crucial for maintaining self-tolerance and minimizing collateral tissue damage under physiological conditions. A growing body of preclinical evidence supports the hypothesis that unleashing this immunological break might be therapeutically beneficial in the fight against cancer, as it would elicit an effective antitumor immune response. Remarkably, recent clinical trials have demonstrated that this novel strategy can be highly effective in the treatment of patients with cancer, as shown by the paradigmatic case of ipilimumab (a monoclonal antibody blocking the coinhibitory molecule cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4 [CTLA4]) that is opening a new era in the therapeutic approach to a chemoresistant tumor such as cutaneous melanoma. In this review we summarize the biology of coinhibitory molecules, overview the experimental and clinical attempts to interfere with these immune checkpoints to treat cancer and critically discuss the challenges posed by such a promising antitumor modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Mocellin
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, via Giustiniani 2, 35128 Padova, Italy.
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Rasmussen SB, Kosicki M, Svendsen SG, Claesson MH, Kristensen NN. <i>In vitro</i> activity and function of B7-H4-Ig fusion protein. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/oji.2013.31004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Xu H, Cao D, Guo G, Ruan Z, Wu Y, Chen Y. The intrahepatic expression and distribution of BTLA and its ligand HVEM in patients with HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure. Diagn Pathol 2012; 7:142. [PMID: 23067542 PMCID: PMC3488509 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-7-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective It has been demonstrated that signals from the inhibitory receptor B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) are involved in regulating the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. However, the expression and anatomical distribution of BTLA and its ligand, the herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM), have not yet been determined in cases of HBV-related acute-on-chronic liver failure (HBV-ACLF) patients. Methods In this study, the expression of BTLA and HVEM in liver tissues from HBV-ACLF, chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients and healthy individuals was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Results The results of this analysis demonstrated that both molecules were observed in the HBV-ACLF samples and that their expression was chiefly in the infiltrating inflammatory cells and the damaged bile ducts. However, they were absent in liver sections from CHB patients and healthy controls. Immunofluorescence double-staining indicated that BTLA was found on CK-18+ epithelial cells, CD31+ endothelial cells, CD68+ macrophages, CD56+ NK cells, CD16+ monocytes, CD3+ , CD8+ T cells, and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg). By contrast, HVEM expression was restricted to CK18+ epithelial cells and CD68+ macrophages. Moreover, the expression of several members of the B7 superfamily, including PD-L1, PD-L2, B7-H3 and B7-H4, was also detected in these liver tissues, and these proteins were co-expressed with HVEM. Interestingly, the expression of fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2), a virus-induced procoagulant molecule, was also found in liver sections from HBV-ACLF, this molecule also co-expresses with BTLA and HVEM. Conclusions These results suggest that BTLA-HVEM signaling is likely to affect the pathogenesis of HBV-ACLF, a clear understanding of the functional roles of these proteins should further elucidate the disease process. Virtual slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here:
http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/8080806838149123
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Xu
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China.
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Hofmeyer KA, Scandiuzzi L, Ghosh K, Pirofski LA, Zang X. Tissue-expressed B7x affects the immune response to and outcome of lethal pulmonary infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:3054-63. [PMID: 22855708 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
B7x (B7-H4 or B7S1), a member of the B7 family, inhibits in vitro T cell proliferation and cytokine production by binding to an unidentified receptor on activated T cells, but its in vivo function remains largely unclear. We show that B7x protein was expressed in epithelial cells of the lung, but not in lymphoid tissues. To investigate the role of B7x in the lung, we determined the susceptibility of B7x-deficient (B7x(-/-)) mice to a lethal pulmonary infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae. B7x(-/-), but not B7-H3-deficient, mice were significantly more resistant to S. pneumoniae pulmonary infection than their wild-type (Wt) counterparts. B7x(-/-) mice had significantly lower bacterial burdens and levels of inflammatory cytokines in lungs as early as 12 h postinfection. They also had milder immunopathology that was localized in alveolar spaces, whereas Wt mice had severe inflammation that was perivascular. Control of infection in B7x(-/-) mice was associated with a marked increase in activated CD4 and CD8 T cells and fewer neutrophils in lungs, whereas the susceptible Wt mice had the opposite cellular profile. In B7x(-/-)Rag1(-/-) mice that lack T cells, reduction in bacterial burden was no longer observed. Control of S. pneumoniae and the increased survival observed was specific to the lung, because systemically infected B7x(-/-) mice were not resistant to infection. These data indicate that lung-expressed B7x negatively regulates T cells, and that in its absence, in B7x(-/-) mice, an enhanced T cell response contributed to reduced lethality in a pulmonary infection model with S. pneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Hofmeyer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Wang X, Hao J, Metzger DL, Mui A, Lee IF, Akhoundsadegh N, Chen CL, Ou D, Ao Z, Verchere CB, Warnock GL. Blockade of both B7-H4 and CTLA-4 co-signaling pathways enhances mouse islet allograft survival. Islets 2012; 4:284-95. [PMID: 22878670 PMCID: PMC3496653 DOI: 10.4161/isl.21239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Costimulation blockade is an effective way to prevent allograft rejection. In this study, we tested the efficacy of two negative co-signaling molecules in protecting islet allograft function. We used local expression of B7-H4 by adenoviral transduction of islets (Ad-B7-H4) and systemic administration of CTLA-4.Ig to investigate the outcomes of allograft survival. Five groups of streptozotocin-induced diabetic C57BL/6 mice received 400 islets each from BALB/c donors. The groups consisted of control (G1); CTLA-4.Ig (G2); Ad-LacZ (G3); Ad-B7-H4 (G4); and Ad-B7-H4 and CTLA-4.Ig combined (G5). G1 and G3 developed graft failure on average of two weeks. G2, G4 and G5 survived for 43.8 ± 34.8, 54.7 ± 31.2 and 77.8 ± 21.5 d, respectively. Activated T and B cells in the lymph nodes were significantly controlled by CTLA-4.Ig treatment. Significantly reduced infiltrates were also detected in the allografts of G2 compared with G1. By contrast, B7-H4 significantly inhibited Th1-associated IFN-gamma secretion in the early stage and increased Foxp3 (+) T cells in the long-term surviving allografts. Our study suggests that CTLA-4 and B7-H4 inhibit alloimmune responses through distinct mechanisms, and that combination therapy which activates two negative co-signaling pathways can further enhance islet allograft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Surgery; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Jianqiang Hao
- Department of Surgery; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Daniel L. Metzger
- Department of Pediatrics; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Alice Mui
- Department of Surgery; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - I-Fang Lee
- Department of Surgery; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | | | - C. Lieping Chen
- Department of Immunobiology; Yale University School of Medicine; New Haven, CT USA
| | - Dawei Ou
- Department of Surgery; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Ziliang Ao
- Department of Surgery; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - C. Bruce Verchere
- 4Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Garth L. Warnock
- Department of Surgery; University of British Columbia; Vancouver, BC Canada
- Correspondence to: Garth L. Warnock,
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Sun SQ, Jiang CG, Lin Y, Jin YL, Huang PL. Enhanced T Cell Immunity by B7-H4 Downregulation in Nonsmall-Cell Lung Cancer Cell Lines. J Int Med Res 2012; 40:497-506. [PMID: 22613410 DOI: 10.1177/147323001204000211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: T cell immunity plays a critical role in host immune surveillance of tumour cell growth and metastatic spread. This study used small hairpin (sh)RNA-mediated gene silencing to target VTCN1 (B7-H4) expression in a nonsmall-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line (A549) and evaluated the effects on T cell immune activity using an in vitro coculture system. METHODS: VTCN1-specific shRNA-expressing plasmid was transfected into A549 cells. Mock transfected and empty plasmid-transfected A549 cells served as controls. VTCN1 expression in A549 cells was determined by reverse transcription– polymerase chain reaction (RT—PCR) for VTCN1 mRNA and Western blotting for B7-H4 protein. Transfected A549 cells were cocultured with Jurkat cells. Jurkat cells were examined for proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle distribution and intracellular cytokine mRNA and protein levels. RESULTS: VTCN1-specific shRNA efficiently knocked down VTCN1 mRNA and B7-H4 protein levels in A549 cells. This downregulation led to enhanced Jurkat cell proliferation, decreased apoptosis, stimulated cell cycle progression and elevated production of interferon-γ, interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-2. CONCLUSIONS: B7-H4 negatively regulates T cell-mediated antitumour immunity in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-Q Sun
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - C-G Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Y Lin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Y-L Jin
- Department of Medicine, Affiliated Nanjing Second Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - P-L Huang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Nanjing Second Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Wang X, Hao J, Metzger DL, Mui A, Ao Z, Akhoundsadegh N, Langermann S, Liu L, Chen L, Ou D, Verchere CB, Warnock GL. Early treatment of NOD mice with B7-H4 reduces the incidence of autoimmune diabetes. Diabetes 2011; 60:3246-55. [PMID: 21984581 PMCID: PMC3219946 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autoimmune diabetes is a T cell-mediated disease in which insulin-producing β-cells are destroyed. Autoreactive T cells play a central role in mediating β-cell destruction. B7-H4 is a negative cosignaling molecule that downregulates T-cell responses. In this study, we aim to determine the role of B7-H4 on regulation of β-cell-specific autoimmune responses. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Prediabetic (aged 3 weeks) female NOD mice (group 1, n = 21) were treated with intraperitoneal injections of B7-H4.Ig at 7.5 mg/kg, with the same amount of mouse IgG (group 2, n = 24), or with no protein injections (group 3, n = 24), every 3 days for 12 weeks. RESULTS B7-H4.Ig reduced the incidence of autoimmune diabetes, compared with the control groups (diabetic mice 28.6% of group 1, 66.7% of group 2 [P = 0.0081], and 70.8% of group 3 [group 1 vs. 3, P = 0.0035]). Histological analysis revealed that B7-H4 treatment did not block islet infiltration but rather suppressed further infiltrates after 9 weeks of treatment (group 1 vs. 2, P = 0.0003). B7-H4 treatment also reduced T-cell proliferation in response to GAD65 stimulation ex vivo. The reduction of diabetes is not due to inhibition of activated T cells in the periphery but rather to a transient increase of Foxp3(+) CD4(+) T-cell population at one week posttreatment (12.88 ± 1.29 vs. 11.58 ± 1.46%; n = 8; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate the protective role of B7-H4 in the development of autoimmune diabetes, suggesting a potential means of preventing type 1 diabetes by targeting the B7-H4 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jianqiang Hao
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel L. Metzger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alice Mui
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ziliang Ao
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Noushin Akhoundsadegh
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Linda Liu
- Amplimmune, Inc., Rockville, Maryland
| | - Lieping Chen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Dawei Ou
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - C. Bruce Verchere
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Garth L. Warnock
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Lu B, Chen L, Liu L, Zhu Y, Wu C, Jiang J, Zhang X. T-cell-mediated tumor immune surveillance and expression of B7 co-inhibitory molecules in cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Immunol Res 2011; 50:269-75. [PMID: 21717068 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-011-8227-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumorigenesis can induce adaptive T-cell-mediated immune responses against malignant cells. Such cellular immune responses are actively suppressed by cancer cells via mechanisms of immune tolerance. We studied T-cell responses against tumor growth by examining tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in upper gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. The number of T-bet(+) TILs correlates with better survival of esophageal cancer patients. Using well-defined mouse models, we have further shown that T-bet and Eomes are both required for the adaptive anti-tumor immunity by regulating T-cell trafficking into the tumor tissue and their effector functions inside the tumor microenvironment. In order to gain further insight into the tumor immune microenvironment in the upper GI cancer, we have also studied expression levels of co-inhibitory molecules such as B7-H1/PD-L1 and B7-H4 in tissue specimens of esophageal and gastric cancers. These inhibitory B7 molecules were expressed at high but variable levels by cancer cells. The overexpression of these molecules correlates with poor clinicopathological parameters and shorter patient survival time. The number of CD3(+) and CD8(+) TILs correlates inversely with expression levels of B7-H4 in samples from esophageal cancer, supporting a role of active immune suppression by inhibitory B7 molecules in the tumor microenvironment. In addition, TILs show functional exhaustion and express high levels of PD-1 and Tim-3. We propose that metabolic competition mediated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) characterizes the immune suppression within cancer tissues. Future tumor vaccine design should combine blockade of B7 inhibitory molecules and enhancement of T-bet and Eomes levels within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binfeng Lu
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, E1047 BST, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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B7-H4 Pathway in Islet Transplantation and β-Cell Replacement Therapies. J Transplant 2011; 2011:418902. [PMID: 22028949 PMCID: PMC3196026 DOI: 10.1155/2011/418902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease and characterized by absolute insulin deficiency. β-cell replacement by islet cell transplantation has been established as a feasible treatment option for T1D. The two main obstacles after islet transplantation are alloreactive T-cell-mediated graft rejection and recurrence of autoimmune diabetes mellitus in recipients. T cells play a central role in determining the outcome of both autoimmune responses and allograft survival. B7-H4, a newly identified B7 homolog, plays a key role in maintaining T-cell homeostasis by reducing T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. The relationship between B7-H4 and allograft survival/autoimmunity has been investigated recently in both islet transplantation and the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse models. B7-H4 protects allograft survival and generates donor-specific tolerance. It also prevents the development of autoimmune diabetes. More importantly, B7-H4 plays an indispensable role in alloimmunity in the absence of the classic CD28/CTLA-4 : B7 pathway, suggesting a synergistic/additive effect with other agents such as CTLA-4 on inhibition of unwanted immune responses.
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41
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The inhibitory role of b7-h4 in antitumor immunity: association with cancer progression and survival. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:695834. [PMID: 22013483 PMCID: PMC3195678 DOI: 10.1155/2011/695834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
B7-H4 is one of the most recently identified members of B7 superfamily of costimulatory molecules serving as an inhibitory modulator of T-cell response. B7-H4 is broadly expressed in human peripheral tissues and inducibly expressed in immune cells. The expression of B7-H4 has been observed in various types of human cancer tissues, and its soluble form has been detected in blood samples from cancer patients. However, its precise physiological role is still elusive, as its receptor has not been identified and the expression levels are not consistent. This paper summarizes the pertinent data on the inhibitory role of B7-H4 in antitumor immunity and its association with cancer progression and survival in human patients. The paper also discusses the clinical significance of investigating B7-H4 as potential markers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, and as therapeutic targets.
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Wang X, Hao J, Metzger DL, Mui A, Ao Z, Verchere CB, Chen L, Ou D, Warnock GL. B7-H4 induces donor-specific tolerance in mouse islet allografts. Cell Transplant 2011; 21:99-111. [PMID: 21929869 DOI: 10.3727/096368911x582750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Negative cosignaling molecules play an important role in regulating T-cell responses to alloantigen stimulation. We recently reported that adenoviral-mediated transduction of islet allografts with B7-H4 inhibits allograft rejection. In this study, we investigate the mechanism for B7-H4-induced prolongation of mouse islet allograft survival. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic C57BL/6 mice were rendered normoglycemic by renal subcapsular implants of B7-H4-transduced BALB/c islets. Grafts and spleens were removed after days 2, 10, and 60 (n = 8 each) for characterization of kinetics of Foxp3 and interleukin 10 (IL-10) expression. Mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) was done at day 60. Ten mice were subjected to nephrectomy at 60 days and then five were implanted with secondary BALB/c islets and five were given third-party CBA/J islets. An increase in Foxp3 and IL-10 mRNA expression was detected in recipients' spleens at day 60 and this was associated with increased quantities of Foxp3(+) cells. Splenocytes at day 60 showed hyporesponsiveness during MLR to alloantigen stimulation. Proliferation was partially restored after CD25(+) T-cell depletion. Secondary BALB/c islets survived for 79 ± 29 days compared with 21 ± 3.6 days for CBA/J islets (p < 0.001). Local expression of B7-H4 induces long-term unresponsiveness to donor-specific alloantigens, and is associated with T regulatory cells, suggesting the development of tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Mohammed JP, Fusakio ME, Rainbow DB, Moule C, Fraser HI, Clark J, Todd JA, Peterson LB, Savage PB, Wills-Karp M, Ridgway WM, Wicker LS, Mattner J. Identification of Cd101 as a susceptibility gene for Novosphingobium aromaticivorans-induced liver autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:337-49. [PMID: 21613619 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental and genetic factors define the susceptibility of an individual to autoimmune disease. Although common genetic pathways affect general immunological tolerance mechanisms in autoimmunity, the effects of such genes could vary under distinct immune challenges within different tissues. In this study, we demonstrate this by observing that autoimmune type 1 diabetes-protective haplotypes at the insulin-dependent diabetes susceptibility region 10 (Idd10) introgressed from chromosome 3 of C57BL/6 (B6) and A/J mice onto the NOD background increase the severity of autoimmune primary biliary cirrhosis induced by infection with Novosphingobium aromaticivorans, a ubiquitous alphaproteobacterium, when compared with mice having the NOD and NOD.CAST Idd10 type 1 diabetes-susceptible haplotypes. Substantially increased liver pathology in mice having the B6 and A/J Idd10 haplotypes correlates with reduced expression of CD101 on dendritic cells, macrophages, and granulocytes following infection, delayed clearance of N. aromaticivorans, and the promotion of overzealous IFN-γ- and IL-17-dominated T cell responses essential for the adoptive transfer of liver lesions. CD101-knockout mice generated on the B6 background also exhibit substantially more severe N. aromaticivorans-induced liver disease correlating with increased IFN-γ and IL-17 responses compared with wild-type mice. These data strongly support the hypothesis that allelic variation of the Cd101 gene, located in the Idd10 region, alters the severity of liver autoimmunity induced by N. aromaticivorans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javid P Mohammed
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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Maresh JG, Campen MJ, Reed MD, Darrow AL, Shohet RV. Hypercholesterolemia potentiates aortic endothelial response to inhaled diesel exhaust. Inhal Toxicol 2011; 23:1-10. [PMID: 21222557 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2010.535572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhalation of diesel exhaust induces vascular effects including impaired endothelial function and increased atherosclerosis. OBJECTIVE To examine the in vivo effects of subchronic diesel exhaust exposure on endothelial cell transcriptional responses in the presence of hypercholesterolemia. METHODS ApoE (-/-) and ApoE (+/+) mice inhaled diesel exhaust diluted to particulate matter levels of 300 or 1000 μg/m³ vs. filtered air. After 30 days, endothelial cells were harvested from dispersed aortic cells by fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS). Relative mRNA abundance was evaluated by microarray analysis to measure strain-specific transcriptional responses in mice exposed to dilute diesel exhaust vs. filtered air. RESULTS Forty-nine transcripts were significantly dysregulated by >2.8-fold in the endothelium of ApoE (-/-) mice receiving diesel exhaust at 300 or 1000 μg/m³. These included transcripts with roles in plasminogen activation, endothelial permeability, inflammation, genomic stability, and atherosclerosis; similar responses were not observed in ApoE (+/+) mice. CONCLUSIONS The potentiation of diesel exhaust-related endothelial gene regulation by hypercholesterolemia helps to explain air pollution-induced vascular effects in animals and humans. The observed regulated transcripts implicate pathways important in the acceleration of atherosclerosis by air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gregory Maresh
- Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
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Yamaura K, Watanabe T, Boenisch O, Yeung M, Yang S, Magee CN, Padera R, Datta S, Schatton T, Kamimura Y, Azuma M, Najafian N. In vivo function of immune inhibitory molecule B7-H4 in alloimmune responses. Am J Transplant 2010; 10:2355-62. [PMID: 21143433 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2010.03250.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
B7 ligands deliver both costimulatory and coinhibitory signals to the CD28 family of receptors on T lymphocytes, the balance between which determines the ultimate immune response. Although B7-H4, a recently discovered member of the B7 family, is known to negatively regulate T cell immunity in autoimmunity and cancer, its role in solid organ allograft rejection and tolerance has not been established. Targeting the B7-H4 molecule by a blocking antibody or use of B7-H4(-/-) mice as recipients of fully MHC-mismatched cardiac allografts did not affect graft survival. However, B7-H4 blockade resulted in accelerated allograft rejection in CD28-deficient recipients. B7-1/B7-2-double-deficient recipients are truly independent of CD28/CTLA-4:B7 signals and usually accept MHC-mismatched heart allografts. Blockade of B7-H4 in these mice also precipitated rejection, demonstrating regulatory function of this molecule independent of an intact CD28/CTLA-4:B7 costimulatory pathway. Accelerated allograft rejection was always accompanied by increased frequencies of alloreactive IFN-γ-, IL-4- and Granzyme B-producing splenocytes. Finally, intact recipient, but not donor, B7-H4 is essential for prolongation of allograft survival by blocking CD28/CTLA4:B7 pathway using CTLA4-Ig. These data are the first to provide evidence of the regulatory effects of B7-H4 in alloimmune responses in a murine model of solid organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yamaura
- Transplantation Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Petroff MG, Perchellet A. B7 family molecules as regulators of the maternal immune system in pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63:506-19. [PMID: 20384620 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00841.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Placental and fetal growth and development are associated with chronic exposure of the maternal immune system to fetally derived, paternally inherited antigens. Because maternal lymphocytes are aware of fetal antigens, active tolerance mechanisms are required to ensure unperturbed progression of pregnancy and delivery of a healthy newborn. These mechanisms of tolerance may include deletion, receptor downregulation, and anergy of fetal antigen-specific cells in lymphoid tissues, as well as regulation at the maternal-fetal interface by a variety of locally expressed immunoregulatory molecules. The B7 family of costimulatory molecules comprises one group of immunoregulatory molecules present in the decidua and placenta. B7 family members mediate both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on T-cell activation and effector functions and may play a critical role in maintaining tolerance to the fetus. Here, we review the known functions of the B7 family proteins in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret G Petroff
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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Kamimura Y, Kobori H, Piao J, Hashiguchi M, Matsumoto K, Hirose S, Azuma M. Possible involvement of soluble B7-H4 in T cell-mediated inflammatory immune responses. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 389:349-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.08.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Azuma T, Zhu G, Xu H, Rietz AC, Drake CG, Matteson EL, Chen L. Potential role of decoy B7-H4 in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis: a mouse model informed by clinical data. PLoS Med 2009; 6:e1000166. [PMID: 19841745 PMCID: PMC2760136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A pathogenic hallmark of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is persistent inflammatory responses in target tissues and organs. Immune responses mediated by T cells and autoantibodies are known to play pivotal roles. A possible interpretation for this observation is a loss of negative regulation of autoimmune responses. Here we sought to investigate whether B7-H4, a cell surface inhibitory molecule of the B7-CD28 signaling pathway, may play a role in the pathogenesis of RA. METHODS AND FINDINGS In a cross-sectional study of a clinical convenience sample using monoclonal antibodies against human B7-H4 molecules, we detected high levels of the soluble form of B7-H4 (sH4) in the sera of 65% of patients with RA (n = 68) versus only 13% of healthy donors (n = 24). Elevated sH4 was associated with an increased disease severity score (DAS28) in a cross-sectional analysis. In a mouse model of RA, transgenic expression of sH4 or genetic deletion of B7-H4 accelerated the progression of collagen-induced arthritis, accompanied by enhanced T and B cell-mediated autoimmune responses as well as increased activity of neutrophils. Expression in vivo of an agonist, a B7-H4-immunoglobulin Fc fusion protein, profoundly suppressed disease progression in the mouse model. CONCLUSIONS Our findings in mice indicate that sH4 acts as a decoy molecule to block the inhibitory functions of cell-surface B7-H4, leading to exacerbation of collagen-induced arthritis. If the preliminary correlation between sH4 levels and disease activity in patients with RA can be confirmed to reflect a similar mechanism, these findings suggest a novel target for treatment approaches. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Azuma
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Gefeng Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Haiying Xu
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - A. Cecilia Rietz
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Charles G. Drake
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eric L. Matteson
- Division of Rheumatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Lieping Chen
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
SUMMARY B7-H3 and B7-H4 belong to a new class of immune regulatory molecules, which primarily execute their functions in peripheral tissues to fine tune immune responses in target organs. In normal circumstances, while the mRNA for both molecules is broadly distributed, tight control at the post-transcriptional level is imposed. Under a pathogenic environment, such as inflammation and cancer, the control is often aberrant. Upon engaging their receptors, these molecules regulate the immune response in positive or negative ways depending on the expression and type of cells bearing the receptors. Thus, manipulation of the expression of these molecules and/or their receptors may represent a realistic opportunity to fine tune immune responses and to design new immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung H Yi
- Department of Oncology and the Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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Nurieva RI, Liu X, Dong C. Yin-Yang of costimulation: crucial controls of immune tolerance and function. Immunol Rev 2009; 229:88-100. [PMID: 19426216 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2009.00769.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY In addition to signals from the T-cell receptor complex, it has been recognized for many years that a 'second' signal, most notably from CD28, is also important in T-cell activation. In the recent years, many new members of CD28 family as well as the molecules that share structural homology to CD28 ligands CD80 and CD86 have been discovered. Interestingly, some of these proteins function to dampen T-cell activation and regulate the induction of T-cell tolerance. Therefore, positive and negative costimulation are the two sides of the coin to fine tune T-cell receptor signaling to determine the outcome of T-cell receptor engagement-tolerance versus function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roza I Nurieva
- Department of Immunology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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