1
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Arkinson C, Dong KC, Gee CL, Costello SM, Marqusee S, Martin A. Nub1 traps unfolded FAT10 for ubiquitin-independent degradation by the 26S proteasome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.12.598715. [PMID: 38915702 PMCID: PMC11195292 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.12.598715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 targets hundreds of proteins in the mammalian immune system to the 26S proteasome for degradation. This degradation pathway requires the cofactor Nub1, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we reconstituted a minimal in vitro system and revealed that Nub1 utilizes FAT10's intrinsic instability to trap its N-terminal ubiquitin-like domain in an unfolded state and deliver it to the 26S proteasome for engagement, allowing the degradation of FAT10-ylated substrates in a ubiquitin- and p97-independent manner. Through hydrogen-deuterium exchange, structural modeling, and site-directed mutagenesis, we identified the formation of a peculiar complex with FAT10 that activates Nub1 for docking to the 26S proteasome, and our cryo-EM studies visualized the highly dynamic Nub1 complex bound to the proteasomal Rpn1 subunit during FAT10 delivery and the early stages of ATP-dependent degradation. These studies thus identified a novel mode of cofactor-mediated, ubiquitin-independent substrate delivery to the 26S proteasome that relies on trapping partially unfolded states for engagement by the proteasomal ATPase motor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Arkinson
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Ken C. Dong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Christine L. Gee
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
| | - Shawn M. Costello
- Biophysics Graduate Program, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Susan Marqusee
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Martin
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA94720, USA
- Lead contact
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2
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Hong F, Gong Z, Chen C, Hua T, Huang Q, Liu Y, Ma P, Zhang X, Wang H, Chen J. UBDP1 pseudogene and UBD network competitively bind miR‑6072 to promote glioma progression. Int J Oncol 2024; 64:29. [PMID: 38275102 PMCID: PMC10836499 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2024.5617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that pseudogenes play crucial roles in various cancers, yet their functions and regulatory mechanisms in glioma pathogenesis remain enigmatic. In the present study, a novel pseudogene was identified, UBDP1, which is significantly upregulated in glioblastoma and positively correlated with the expression of its parent gene, UBD. Additionally, high levels of these paired genes are linked with a poor prognosis for patients. In the present study, clinical samples were collected followed by various analyses including microarray for long non‑coding RNAs, reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR, fluorescence in situ hybridization and western blotting. Cell lines were authenticated and cultured then subjected to various assays for proliferation, migration, and invasion to investigate the molecular mechanisms. Bioinformatic tools identified miRNA targets, and luciferase reporter assays validated these interactions. A tumor xenograft model in mice was used for in vivo studies. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that UBDP1, localized in the cytoplasm, functions as a tumor‑promoting factor influencing cell proliferation, migration, invasion and tumor growth. Mechanistic investigations have indicated that UBDP1 exerts its oncogenic effects by decoying miR‑6072 from UBD mRNA, thus forming a competitive endogenous RNA network, which results in the enhanced oncogenic activity of UBD. The present findings offered new insights into the role of pseudogenes in glioma progression, suggesting that targeting the UBDP1/miR‑6072/UBD network may serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyu Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, D-81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Tianzhen Hua
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Qilin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Yu'e Liu
- Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Peipei Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Hongxiang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
| | - Juxiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, P.R. China
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3
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Schnell L, Zubrod A, Catone N, Bialas J, Aichem A. Tumor necrosis factor mediates USE1-independent FAT10ylation under inflammatory conditions. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202301985. [PMID: 37604583 PMCID: PMC10442930 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202301985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 is up-regulated in many different cell types by IFNγ and TNFα (TNF) and directly targets proteins for proteasomal degradation. FAT10 gets covalently conjugated to its conjugation substrates by the E1 activating enzyme UBA6, the E2 conjugating enzyme USE1, and E3 ligases including Parkin. To date, USE1 was supposed to be the only E2 enzyme for FAT10ylation, and we show here that a knockout of USE1 strongly diminished FAT10 conjugation. Remarkably, under inflammatory conditions in the presence of TNF, FAT10 conjugation appears to be independent of USE1. We report on the identification of additional E2 conjugating enzymes, which were previously not associated with FAT10. We confirm their capacity to be charged with FAT10 onto their active site cysteine, and to rescue FAT10 conjugation in the absence of USE1. This finding strongly widens the field of FAT10 research by pointing to multiple, so far unknown pathways for the conjugation of FAT10, disclosing novel possibilities for pharmacological interventions to regulate FAT10 conjugation under inflammatory conditions and/or viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Schnell
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
- https://ror.org/0546hnb39 Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Alina Zubrod
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
- https://ror.org/0546hnb39 Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Nicola Catone
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
- https://ror.org/0546hnb39 Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Johanna Bialas
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
- https://ror.org/0546hnb39 Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Annette Aichem
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
- https://ror.org/0546hnb39 Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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4
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Mueller S, Bialas J, Ryu S, Catone N, Aichem A. The ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 covalently modifies HUWE1 and strengthens the interaction of AMBRA1 and HUWE1. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290002. [PMID: 37578983 PMCID: PMC10424871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 is highly upregulated under inflammatory conditions and targets its conjugation substrates to the degradation by the 26S proteasome. This process termed FAT10ylation is mediated by an enzymatic cascade and includes the E1 activating enzyme ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 6 (UBA6), the E2 conjugating enzyme UBA6-specific E2 enzyme 1 (USE1) and E3 ligases, such as Parkin. In this study, the function of the HECT-type ubiquitin E3 ligase HUWE1 was investigated as a putative E3 ligase and/or conjugation substrate of FAT10. Our data provide strong evidence that HUWE1 is FAT10ylated in a UBA6 and FAT10 diglycine-dependent manner in vitro and in cellulo and that the HUWE1-FAT10 conjugate is targeted to proteasomal degradation. Since the mutation of all relevant cysteine residues within the HUWE1 HECT domain did not abolish FAT10 conjugation, a role of HUWE1 as E3 ligase for FAT10ylation is rather unlikely. Moreover, we have identified the autophagy-related protein AMBRA1 as a new FAT10 interaction partner. We show that the HUWE1-FAT10 conjugate formation is diminished in presence of AMBRA1, while the interaction between AMBRA1 and HUWE1 is strengthened in presence of FAT10. This implies a putative interplay of all three proteins in cellular processes such as mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Mueller
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Kontstanz, Germany
| | - Johanna Bialas
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Kontstanz, Germany
| | - Stella Ryu
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Kontstanz, Germany
| | - Nicola Catone
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Annette Aichem
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Kontstanz, Germany
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5
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Ilic D, Magnussen HM, Tirard M. Stress - Regulation of SUMO conjugation and of other Ubiquitin-Like Modifiers. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 132:38-50. [PMID: 34996712 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Stress is unavoidable and essential to cellular and organismal evolution and failure to adapt or restore homeostasis can lead to severe diseases or even death. At the cellular level, stress drives a plethora of molecular changes, of which variations in the profile of protein post-translational modifications plays a key role in mediating the adaptative response of the genome and proteome to stress. In this context, post-translational modification of proteins by ubiquitin-like modifiers, (Ubl), notably SUMO, is an essential stress response mechanism. In this review, aiming to draw universal concepts of the Ubls stress response, we will decipher how stress alters the expression level, activity, specificity and/or localization of the proteins involved in the conjugation pathways of the various type-I Ubls, and how this result in the modification of particular Ubl targets that will translate an adaptive physiological stress response and allow cells to restore homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Ilic
- Department of Epigenetics, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, D-79108 Freiburg; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg; Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, D-37075 Göttingen
| | - Helge M Magnussen
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitination Unit, Sir James Black Center, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
| | - Marilyn Tirard
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, D-37075 Göttingen.
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6
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Wang Y, Zhang H. FAT10 is a Prognostic Biomarker and Correlated With Immune Infiltrates in Skin Cutaneous Melanoma. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:805887. [PMID: 35300113 PMCID: PMC8921645 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.805887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Skin Cutaneous Melanoma (SKCM) is the deadliest cutaneous neoplasm. Previous studies have proposed ubiquitin-like protein FAT10 plays key roles in the initiation and progression of several types of human cancer, but little is known about the interrelation between FAT10 gene expression, tumor immunity, and prognosis of patients with SKCM. Methods: Here, we first performed pan-cancer analysis for FAT10’s expression and prognosis using the Cancer Genome Atlas and the Genotype-Tissue Expression data. Subsequently, we investigated the mRNA expression level, prognostic value, and gene-gene interaction network of FAT10 in SKCM using the Oncomine databases, GEPIA, TIMER, UALCAN, and starBase. The relationship between FAT10 expression and tumor immune invasion was studied by using the TIMER database. Additionally, the expression and functional status of FAT10 in SKCM were evaluated by the single-cell RNA sequencing and CancerSEA databases. Results: In this study, we found that FAT10 expression was increased in SKCM and was correlated with a better survival rate in patients with SKCM. Moreover, we identified FAT10 level was significantly positively associated with immune infiltrates, biomarkers of immune cells, and immune checkpoint expression, and negatively correlated with tumor cell invasion and DNA damage, indicating that increased FAT10 expression in SKCM was a favorable response to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that upregulation of FAT10 correlated with better prognosis and tumor immune infiltration in SKCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haiyue Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jiaxing and The Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
- *Correspondence: Haiyue Zhang,
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7
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Traeger L, Wiegand SB, Sauer AJ, Corman BHP, Peneyra KM, Wunderer F, Fischbach A, Bagchi A, Malhotra R, Zapol WM, Bloch DB. UBA6 and NDFIP1 regulate the degradation of ferroportin. Haematologica 2021; 107:478-488. [PMID: 34320783 PMCID: PMC8804582 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2021.278530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepcidin regulates iron homeostasis by controlling the level of ferroportin, the only membrane channel that facilitates export of iron from within cells. Binding of hepcidin to ferroportin induces the ubiquitination of ferroportin at multiple lysine residues and subsequently causes the internalization and degradation of the ligand-channel complex within lysosomes. The objective of this study was to identify components of the ubiquitin system that are involved in ferroportin degradation. A HepG2 cell line, which inducibly expresses ferroportingreen fluorescent protein (FPN-GFP), was established to test the ability of small interfering (siRNA) directed against components of the ubiquitin system to prevent BMP6- and exogenous hepcidin-induced ferroportin degradation. Of the 88 siRNA directed against components of the ubiquitin pathway that were tested, siRNA-mediated depletion of the alternative E1 enzyme UBA6 as well as the adaptor protein NDFIP1 prevented BMP6- and hepcidin-induced degradation of ferroportin in vitro. A third component of the ubiquitin pathway, ARIH1, indirectly inhibited ferroportin degradation by impairing BMP6-mediated induction of hepcidin. In mice, the AAV-mediated silencing of Ndfip1 in the murine liver increased the level of hepatic ferroportin and increased circulating iron. The results suggest that the E1 enzyme UBA6 and the adaptor protein NDFIP1 are involved in iron homeostasis by regulating the degradation of ferroportin. These specific components of the ubiquitin system may be promising targets for the treatment of iron-related diseases, including iron overload and anemia of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Traeger
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.
| | - Steffen B Wiegand
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Andrew J Sauer
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Benjamin H P Corman
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Kathryn M Peneyra
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Florian Wunderer
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States; Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt
| | - Anna Fischbach
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Aranya Bagchi
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Rajeev Malhotra
- Cardiovascular Research Center and the Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Warren M Zapol
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Donald B Bloch
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States; Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston.
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8
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Xiang S, Shao X, Cao J, Yang B, He Q, Ying M. FAT10: Function and Relationship with Cancer. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 13:182-191. [PMID: 31729307 DOI: 10.2174/1874467212666191113130312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational protein modifications are known to be extensively involved in cancer, and a growing number of studies have revealed that the ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 is directly involved in cancer development. FAT10 was found to be highly upregulated in various cancer types, such as glioma, hepatocellular carcinoma, breast cancer and gastrointestinal cancer. Protein FAT10ylation and interactions with FAT10 lead to the functional change of proteins, including proteasomal degradation, subcellular delocalization and stabilization, eventually having significant effects on cancer cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis and even tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge on FAT10 and discussed its biological functions in cancer, as well as potential therapeutic strategies based on the FAT10 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senfeng Xiang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xuejing Shao
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ji Cao
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Meidan Ying
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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9
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Abstract
Post-translational modifications of cellular substrates with ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs), including ubiquitin, SUMOs, and neural precursor cell-expressed developmentally downregulated protein 8, play a central role in regulating many aspects of cell biology. The UBL conjugation cascade is initiated by a family of ATP-dependent enzymes termed E1 activating enzymes and executed by the downstream E2-conjugating enzymes and E3 ligases. Despite their druggability and their key position at the apex of the cascade, pharmacologic modulation of E1s with potent and selective drugs has remained elusive until 2009. Among the eight E1 enzymes identified so far, those initiating ubiquitylation (UBA1), SUMOylation (SAE), and neddylation (NAE) are the most characterized and are implicated in various aspects of cancer biology. To date, over 40 inhibitors have been reported to target UBA1, SAE, and NAE, including the NAE inhibitor pevonedistat, evaluated in more than 30 clinical trials. In this Review, we discuss E1 enzymes, the rationale for their therapeutic targeting in cancer, and their different inhibitors, with emphasis on the pharmacologic properties of adenosine sulfamates and their unique mechanism of action, termed substrate-assisted inhibition. Moreover, we highlight other less-characterized E1s-UBA6, UBA7, UBA4, UBA5, and autophagy-related protein 7-and the opportunities for targeting these enzymes in cancer. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The clinical successes of proteasome inhibitors in cancer therapy and the emerging resistance to these agents have prompted the exploration of other signaling nodes in the ubiquitin-proteasome system including E1 enzymes. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the biology of different E1 enzymes, their roles in cancer, and how to translate this knowledge into novel therapeutic strategies with potential implications in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir H Barghout
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.H.B., A.D.S.); Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.H.B., A.D.S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt (S.H.B.)
| | - Aaron D Schimmer
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.H.B., A.D.S.); Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (S.H.B., A.D.S.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt (S.H.B.)
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10
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Zhang K, Chen L, Zhang Z, Cao J, He L, Li L. Ubiquitin-like protein FAT10: A potential cardioprotective factor and novel therapeutic target in cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2020; 510:802-811. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Boehm AN, Bialas J, Catone N, Sacristan-Reviriego A, van der Spuy J, Groettrup M, Aichem A. The ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 inhibits retinal PDE6 activity and mediates its proteasomal degradation. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:14402-14418. [PMID: 32817338 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina-specific chaperone aryl hydrocarbon interacting protein-like 1 (AIPL1) is essential for the correct assembly of phosphodiesterase 6 (PDE6), which is a pivotal effector enzyme for phototransduction and vision because it hydrolyzes cGMP. AIPL1 interacts with the cytokine-inducible ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10, which gets covalently conjugated to hundreds of proteins and targets its conjugation substrates for proteasomal degradation, but whether FAT10 affects PDE6 function or turnover is unknown. Here, we show that FAT10 mRNA is expressed in human retina and identify rod PDE6 as a retina-specific substrate of FAT10 conjugation. We found that AIPL1 stabilizes the FAT10 monomer and the PDE6-FAT10 conjugate. Additionally, we elucidated the functional consequences of PDE6 FAT10ylation. On the one hand, we demonstrate that FAT10 targets PDE6 for proteasomal degradation by formation of a covalent isopeptide linkage. On the other hand, FAT10 inhibits PDE6 cGMP hydrolyzing activity by noncovalently interacting with the PDE6 GAFa and catalytic domains. Therefore, FAT10 may contribute to loss of PDE6 and, as a consequence, degeneration of retinal cells in eye diseases linked to inflammation and inherited blindness-causing mutations in AIPL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika N Boehm
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Bialas
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Catone
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Marcus Groettrup
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Annette Aichem
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany .,Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
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12
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Aichem A, Groettrup M. The ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 - much more than a proteasome-targeting signal. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/14/jcs246041. [PMID: 32719056 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.246041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-F adjacent transcript 10 (FAT10) also called ubiquitin D (UBD) is a member of the ubiquitin-like modifier (ULM) family. The FAT10 gene is localized in the MHC class I locus and FAT10 protein expression is mainly restricted to cells and organs of the immune system. In all other cell types and tissues, FAT10 expression is highly inducible by the pro-inflammatory cytokines interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Besides ubiquitin, FAT10 is the only ULM which directly targets its substrates for degradation by the 26S proteasome. This poses the question as to why two ULMs sharing the proteasome-targeting function have evolved and how they differ from each other. This Review summarizes the current knowledge of the special structure of FAT10 and highlights its differences from ubiquitin. We discuss how these differences might result in differential outcomes concerning proteasomal degradation mechanisms and non-covalent target interactions. Moreover, recent insights about the structural and functional impact of FAT10 interacting with specific non-covalent interaction partners are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Aichem
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.,Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marcus Groettrup
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland .,Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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13
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Schregle R, Mueller S, Legler DF, Rossy J, Krueger WA, Groettrup M. FAT10 localises in dendritic cell aggresome-like induced structures and contributes to their disassembly. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs240085. [PMID: 32546531 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.240085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) aggresome-like induced structures (DALIS) are protein aggregates of polyubiquitylated proteins that form transiently during DC maturation. DALIS scatter randomly throughout the cytosol and serve as antigen storage sites synchronising DC maturation and antigen presentation. Maturation of DCs is accompanied by the induction of the ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 (also known as UBD), which localises to aggresomes, structures that are similar to DALIS. FAT10 is conjugated to substrate proteins and serves as a signal for their rapid and irreversible degradation by the 26S proteasome similar to, yet independently of ubiquitin, thereby contributing to antigen presentation. Here, we have investigated whether FAT10 is involved in the formation and turnover of DALIS, and whether proteins accumulating in DALIS can be modified through conjunction to FAT10 (FAT10ylated). We found that FAT10 localises to DALIS in maturing DCs and that this localisation occurs independently of its conjugation to substrates. Additionally, we investigated the DALIS turnover in FAT10-deficient and -proficient DCs, and observed FAT10-mediated disassembly of DALIS. Thus, we report further evidence that FAT10 is involved in antigen processing, which may provide a functional rationale as to why FAT10 is selectively induced upon DC maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Schregle
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefanie Mueller
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Daniel F Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Jérémie Rossy
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | | | - Marcus Groettrup
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
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14
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Jia Y, Ji P, French SW. The Role of FAT10 in Alcoholic Hepatitis Pathogenesis. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8070189. [PMID: 32630199 PMCID: PMC7399975 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8070189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
FAT10 expression is highly up-regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines IFNγ and TNFα in all cell types and tissues. Increased FAT10 expression may induce increasing mitotic non-disjunction and chromosome instability, leading to tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarized others’ and our work on FAT10 expression in liver biopsy samples from patients with alcoholic hepatitis (AH). FAT10 is essential to maintain the function of liver cell protein quality control and Mallory–Denk body (MDB) formation. FAT10 overexpression in AH leads to balloon degeneration and MDB aggregation formation, all of which is prevented in fat10-/- mice. FAT10 causes the proteins’ accumulation, overexpression, and forming MDBs through modulating 26s proteasome’s proteases. The pathway that increases FAT10 expression includes TNFα/IFNγ and the interferon sequence response element (ISRE), followed by NFκB and STAT3, which were all up-regulated in AH. FAT10 was only reported in human and mouse specimens but plays critical role for the development of alcoholic hepatitis. Flavanone derivatives of milk thistle inhibit TNFα/IFNγ, NFκB, and STAT3, then inhibit the expression of FAT10. NFκB is the key nodal hub of the IFNα/TNFα-response genes. Studies on Silibinin and other milk thistle derivatives to treat AH confirms that overexpressed FAT10 is the major key molecule in these networks.
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15
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Regulation of Interferon Induction by the Ubiquitin-Like Modifier FAT10. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060951. [PMID: 32586037 PMCID: PMC7356809 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The revelation that the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I locus encodes a ubiquitin-like protein designated HLA-F adjacent transcript 10 (FAT10) or ubiquitin D (UBD) has attracted increasing attention to the function of this protein. Interestingly, the pro-inflammatory cytokines interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α synergize to strongly induce FAT10 expression, thereby suggesting a role of FAT10 in the immune response. Recent reports that FAT10 downregulates type I interferon production while it upregulates IFN-γ pose mechanistic questions on how FAT10 differentially regulates interferon induction. Several covalent and non-covalent binding partners of FAT10 involved in signal transduction pathways leading to IFN synthesis have been identified. After introducing FAT10, we review here recent insights into how FAT10 affects proteins in the interferon pathways, like the virus-responsive pattern recognition receptor RIG-I, the ubiquitin ligase ZNF598, and the deubiquitylating enzyme OTUB1. Moreover, we outline the consequences of FAT10 deficiency on interferon synthesis and viral expansion in mice and human cells. We discuss the need for covalent isopeptide linkage of FAT10 to the involved target proteins and the concomitant targeting for proteasomal degradation. After years of investigating the elusive biological functions of this fascinating ubiquitin-like modifier, we review the emerging evidence for a novel role of FAT10 in interferon regulation.
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16
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Ubiquitin-like proteins in the DNA damage response: the next generation. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:737-752. [DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDNA suffers constant insult from a variety of endogenous and exogenous sources. To deal with the arising lesions, cells have evolved complex and coordinated pathways, collectively termed the DNA damage response (DDR). Importantly, an improper DDR can lead to genome instability, premature ageing and human diseases, including cancer as well as neurodegenerative disorders. As a crucial process for cell survival, regulation of the DDR is multi-layered and includes several post-translational modifications. Since the discovery of ubiquitin in 1975 and the ubiquitylation cascade in the early 1980s, a number of ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs) have been identified as post-translational modifiers. However, while the importance of ubiquitin and the UBLs SUMO and NEDD8 in DNA damage repair and signalling is well established, the roles of the remaining UBLs in the DDR are only starting to be uncovered. Herein, we revise the current status of the UBLs ISG15, UBL5, FAT10 and UFM1 as emerging co-regulators of DDR processes. In fact, it is becoming clear that these post-translational modifiers play important pleiotropic roles in DNA damage and/or associated stress-related cellular responses. Expanding our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying these emerging UBL functions will be fundamental for enhancing our knowledge of the DDR and potentially provide new therapeutic strategies for various human diseases including cancer.
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17
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Kandel-Kfir M, Garcia-Milan R, Gueta I, Lubitz I, Ben-Zvi I, Shaish A, Shir L, Harats D, Mahajan M, Canaan A, Kamari Y. IFNγ potentiates TNFα/TNFR1 signaling to induce FAT10 expression in macrophages. Mol Immunol 2020; 117:101-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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18
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Reznik N, Kozer N, Eisenberg-Lerner A, Barr H, Merbl Y, London N. Phenotypic Screen Identifies JAK2 as a Major Regulator of FAT10 Expression. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:2538-2545. [PMID: 31794190 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
FAT10 is a ubiquitin-like protein suggested to target proteins for proteasomal degradation. It is highly upregulated upon pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely, TNFα, IFNγ, and IL6, and was found to be highly expressed in various epithelial cancers. Evidence suggests that FAT10 is involved in cancer development and may have a pro-tumorigenic role. However, its biological role is still unclear, as well as its biochemical and cellular regulation. To identify pathways underlying FAT10 expression in the context of pro-inflammatory stimulation, which characterizes the cancerous environment, we implemented a phenotypic transcriptional reporter screen with a library of annotated compounds. We identified AZ960, a potent JAK2 inhibitor, which significantly downregulates FAT10 under pro-inflammatory cytokines induction, in an NFκB-independent manner. We validated JAK2 as a major regulator of FAT10 expression via knockdown, and we suggest that the transcriptional effects are mediated through pSTAT1/3/5. Overall, we have elucidated a pathway regulating FAT10 transcription and discovered a tool compound to chemically downregulate FAT10 expression, and to further study its biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nava Reznik
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Noga Kozer
- Wohl Institute for Drug Discovery of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | | | - Haim Barr
- Wohl Institute for Drug Discovery of the Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Yifat Merbl
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Nir London
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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19
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Ageta H, Tsuchida K. Post-translational modification and protein sorting to small extracellular vesicles including exosomes by ubiquitin and UBLs. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:4829-4848. [PMID: 31363817 PMCID: PMC11105257 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, a type of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), are secreted membrane vesicles that are derived from various cell types, including cancer cells, mesenchymal stem cells, and immune cells via multivesicular bodies (MVBs). These sEVs contain RNAs (mRNA, miRNA, lncRNA, and rRNA), lipids, DNA, proteins, and metabolites, all of which mediate cell-to-cell communication. This communication is known to be implicated in a diverse set of diseases such as cancers and their metastases and degenerative diseases. The molecular mechanisms, by which proteins are modified and sorted to sEVs, are not fully understood. Various cellular processes, including degradation, transcription, DNA repair, cell cycle, signal transduction, and autophagy, are known to be associated with ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs). Recent studies have revealed that ubiquitin and UBLs also regulate MVBs and protein sorting to sEVs. Ubiquitin-like 3 (UBL3)/membrane-anchored Ub-fold protein (MUB) acts as a post-translational modification (PTM) factor to regulate efficient protein sorting to sEVs. In this review, we focus on the mechanism of PTM by ubiquitin and UBLs and the pathway of protein sorting into sEVs and discuss the potential biological significance of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ageta
- Division for Therapies Against Intractable Diseases, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Tsuchida
- Division for Therapies Against Intractable Diseases, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi, 470-1192, Japan.
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20
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Li J, Johnson JA, Su H. Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-like proteins in cardiac disease and protection. Curr Drug Targets 2019; 19:989-1002. [PMID: 26648080 DOI: 10.2174/1389450117666151209114608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Post-translational modification represents an important mechanism to regulate protein function in cardiac cells. Ubiquitin (Ub) and ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs) are a family of protein modifiers that share a certain extent of sequence and structure similarity. Conjugation of Ub or UBLs to target proteins is dynamically regulated by a set of UBL-specific enzymes and modulates the physical and physiological properties of protein substrates. Ub and UBLs control a strikingly wide spectrum of cellular processes and not surprisingly are involved in the development of multiple human diseases including cardiac diseases. Further identification of novel UBL targets will expand our understanding of the functional diversity of UBL pathways in physiology and pathology. Here we review recent findings on the mechanisms, proteome and functions of a subset of UBLs and highlight their potential impacts on the development and progression of various forms of cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - John A Johnson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Huabo Su
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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21
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Aichem A, Sailer C, Ryu S, Catone N, Stankovic-Valentin N, Schmidtke G, Melchior F, Stengel F, Groettrup M. The ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 interferes with SUMO activation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4452. [PMID: 31575873 PMCID: PMC6773726 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12430-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The covalent attachment of the cytokine-inducible ubiquitin-like modifier HLA-F adjacent transcript 10 (FAT10) to hundreds of substrate proteins leads to their rapid degradation by the 26 S proteasome independently of ubiquitylation. Here, we identify another function of FAT10, showing that it interferes with the activation of SUMO1/2/3 in vitro and down-regulates SUMO conjugation and the SUMO-dependent formation of promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML) bodies in cells. Mechanistically, we show that FAT10 directly binds to and impedes the activity of the heterodimeric SUMO E1 activating enzyme AOS1/UBA2 by competing very efficiently with SUMO for activation and thioester formation. Nevertheless, activation of FAT10 by AOS1/UBA2 does not lead to covalent conjugation of FAT10 with substrate proteins which relies on its cognate E1 enzyme UBA6. Hence, we report that one ubiquitin-like modifier (FAT10) inhibits the conjugation and function of another ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) by impairing its activation. FAT10 is an ubiquitin-like modifier that targets proteins to proteasomal degradation. Here, the authors show that FAT10 also regulates SUMO activation in vitro and in cells, providing evidence for functional crosstalk between two ubiquitin-like modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Aichem
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland. .,Department of Biology, Division of Immunology, University of Konstanz, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - Carolin Sailer
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stella Ryu
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, Division of Immunology, University of Konstanz, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Nicola Catone
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Stankovic-Valentin
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gunter Schmidtke
- Department of Biology, Division of Immunology, University of Konstanz, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Frauke Melchior
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Stengel
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marcus Groettrup
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.,Department of Biology, Division of Immunology, University of Konstanz, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany
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22
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Kudriaeva AA, Belogurov AA. Proteasome: a Nanomachinery of Creative Destruction. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:S159-S192. [PMID: 31213201 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919140104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In the middle of the 20th century, it was postulated that degradation of intracellular proteins is a stochastic process. More than fifty years of intense studies have finally proven that protein degradation is a very complex and tightly regulated in time and space process that plays an incredibly important role in the vast majority of metabolic pathways. Degradation of more than a half of intracellular proteins is controlled by a hierarchically aligned and evolutionarily perfect system consisting of many components, the main ones being ubiquitin ligases and proteasomes, together referred to as the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). The UPS includes more than 1000 individual components, and most of them are critical for the cell functioning and survival. In addition to the well-known signaling functions of ubiquitination, such as modification of substrates for proteasomal degradation and DNA repair, polyubiquitin (polyUb) chains are involved in other important cellular processes, e.g., cell cycle regulation, immunity, protein degradation in mitochondria, and even mRNA stability. This incredible variety of ubiquitination functions is related to the ubiquitin ability to form branching chains through the ε-amino group of any of seven lysine residues in its sequence. Deubiquitination is accomplished by proteins of the deubiquitinating enzyme family. The second main component of the UPS is proteasome, a multisubunit proteinase complex that, in addition to the degradation of functionally exhausted and damaged proteins, regulates many important cellular processes through controlled degradation of substrates, for example, transcription factors and cyclins. In addition to the ubiquitin-dependent-mediated degradation, there is also ubiquitin-independent degradation, when the proteolytic signal is either an intrinsic protein sequence or shuttle molecule. Protein hydrolysis is a critically important cellular function; therefore, any abnormalities in this process lead to systemic impairments further transforming into serious diseases, such as diabetes, malignant transformation, and neurodegenerative disorders (multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and Huntington's disease). In this review, we discuss the mechanisms that orchestrate all components of the UPS, as well as the plurality of the fine-tuning pathways of proteasomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Kudriaeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia.
| | - A A Belogurov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia. .,Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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23
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Wang F, Zhao B. UBA6 and Its Bispecific Pathways for Ubiquitin and FAT10. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092250. [PMID: 31067743 PMCID: PMC6539292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Questions have been raised since the discovery of UBA6 and its significant coexistence with UBE1 in the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS). The facts that UBA6 has the dedicated E2 enzyme USE1 and the E1–E2 cascade can activate and transfer both ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like protein FAT10 have attracted a great deal of attention to the regulational mechanisms of the UBA6–USE1 cascade and to how FAT10 and ubiquitin differentiate with each other. This review recapitulates the latest advances in UBA6 and its bispecific UBA6–USE1 pathways for both ubiquitin and FAT10. The intricate networks of UBA6 and its interplays with ubiquitin and FAT10 are briefly reviewed, as are their individual and collective functions in diverse physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengting Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Bo Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Cell and Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, and School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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24
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Mah MM, Basler M, Groettrup M. The ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 is required for normal IFN-γ production by activated CD8+ T cells. Mol Immunol 2019; 108:111-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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25
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Kawamoto A, Nagata S, Anzai S, Takahashi J, Kawai M, Hama M, Nogawa D, Yamamoto K, Kuno R, Suzuki K, Shimizu H, Hiraguri Y, Yui S, Oshima S, Tsuchiya K, Nakamura T, Ohtsuka K, Kitagawa M, Okamoto R, Watanabe M. Ubiquitin D is Upregulated by Synergy of Notch Signalling and TNF-α in the Inflamed Intestinal Epithelia of IBD Patients. J Crohns Colitis 2019; 13:495-509. [PMID: 30395194 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjy180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The intestinal epithelium of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] patients is exposed to various pro-inflammatory cytokines, most notably tumour necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]. We have previously shown that the Notch signalling pathway is also upregulated in such an epithelium, contributing to intestinal epithelial cell [IEC] proliferation and regeneration. We aimed to reproduce such environment in vitro and explore the gene regulation involved. METHODS Human IEC cell lines or patient-derived organoids were used to analyse Notch- and TNF-α-dependent gene expression. Immunohistochemistry was performed to analyse expression of ubiquitin D [UBD] in various patient-derived intestinal tissues. RESULTS In human IEC cell lines, we found that Notch signalling and TNF-α-induced NFκB signalling are reciprocally regulated to promote expression of a specific gene subset. Global gene expression analysis identified UBD to be one of the most highly upregulated genes, due to synergy of Notch and TNF-α. The synergistic expression of UBD was regulated at the transcriptional level, whereas the UBD protein had an extremely short half-life due to post-translational, proteasomal degradation. In uninflamed intestinal tissues from IBD patients, UBD expression was limited to IECs residing at the crypt bottom. In contrast, UBD-expressing IECs were seen throughout the crypt in inflamed tissues, indicating substantial induction by the local inflammatory environment. Analysis using patient-derived organoids consistently confirmed conserved Notch- and TNF-α-dependent expression of UBD. Notably, post-infliximab [IFX] downregulation of UBD reflected favourable outcome in IBD patients. CONCLUSION We propose that UBD is a novel inflammatory-phase protein expressed in IECs, with a highly rapid responsiveness to anti-TNF-α treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Kawamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Nagata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sho Anzai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mao Kawai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minami Hama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daichi Nogawa
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouhei Yamamoto
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Kuno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yui Hiraguri
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiro Yui
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Oshima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Advanced Therapeutics in GI Diseases, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ohtsuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kitagawa
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Okamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Bialas J, Boehm AN, Catone N, Aichem A, Groettrup M. The ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 stimulates the activity of deubiquitylating enzyme OTUB1. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:4315-4330. [PMID: 30718280 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The deubiquitylation of target proteins is mediated by deubiquitylating enzymes (DUB) such as OTUB1, which plays an important role in immune response, cell cycle progression, and DNA repair. Within these processes, OTUB1 reduces the ubiquitylation of target proteins in two distinct ways, either by using its catalytic DUB activity or in a noncatalytic manner by inhibiting the E2-conjugating enzyme. Here, we show that the ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 regulates OTUB1 stability and functionality in different ways. Covalent FAT10ylation of OTUB1 resulted in its proteasomal degradation, whereas a noncovalent interaction stabilized OTUB1. We provide evidence that OTUB1 interacts directly with FAT10 and the E2-conjugating enzyme USE1. This interaction strongly stimulated OTUB1 DUB activity toward Lys-48-linked diubiquitin. Furthermore, the noncovalent interaction between FAT10 and OTUB1 not only enhanced its isopeptidase activity toward Lys-48-linked ubiquitin moieties but also strengthened its noncatalytic activity in reducing Lys-63 polyubiquitylation of its target protein TRAF3 (TNF receptor-associated factor 3). Additionally, the cellular clearance of overall polyubiquitylation by OTUB1 was strongly stimulated through the presence of FAT10. The addition of FAT10 also led to an increased interaction between OTUB1 and its cognate E2 UbcH5B, implying a function of FAT10 in the inhibition of polyubiquitylation. Overall, these data indicate that FAT10 not only plays a role in covalent modification, leading its substrates to proteasomal degradation, but also regulates the stability and functionality of target proteins by interacting in a noncovalent manner. FAT10 is thereby able to exert a major influence on ubiquitylation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Bialas
- From the Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany and.,the Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, 8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Annika N Boehm
- From the Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany and.,the Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, 8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Catone
- the Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, 8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Annette Aichem
- From the Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany and .,the Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, 8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Groettrup
- From the Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany and.,the Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, 8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
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Chaly Y, Barr JY, Sullivan DA, Thomas HE, Brodnicki TC, Lieberman SM. Type I Interferon Signaling Is Required for Dacryoadenitis in the Nonobese Diabetic Mouse Model of Sjögren Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3259. [PMID: 30347820 PMCID: PMC6214106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice spontaneously develop lacrimal and salivary gland autoimmunity similar to human Sjögren syndrome. In both humans and NOD mice, the early immune response that drives T-cell infiltration into lacrimal and salivary glands is poorly understood. In NOD mice, lacrimal gland autoimmunity spontaneously occurs only in males with testosterone playing a role in promoting lacrimal gland inflammation, while female lacrimal glands are protected by regulatory T cells (Tregs). The mechanisms of this male-specific lacrimal gland autoimmunity are not known. Here, we studied the effects of Treg depletion in hormone-manipulated NOD mice and lacrimal gland gene expression to determine early signals required for lacrimal gland inflammation. While Treg-depletion was not sufficient to drive dacryoadenitis in castrated male NOD mice, chemokines (Cxcl9, Ccl19) and other potentially disease-relevant genes (Epsti1, Ubd) were upregulated in male lacrimal glands. Expression of Cxcl9 and Ccl19, in particular, remained significantly upregulated in the lacrimal glands of lymphocyte-deficient NOD-severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice and their expression was modulated by type I interferon signaling. Notably, Ifnar1-deficient NOD mice did not develop dacryoadenitis. Together these data identify disease-relevant genes upregulated in the context of male-specific dacryoadenitis and demonstrate a requisite role for type I interferon signaling in lacrimal gland autoimmunity in NOD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Chaly
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Jennifer Y Barr
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - David A Sullivan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
| | - Helen E Thomas
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, St. Vincent's Institute, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia.
| | - Thomas C Brodnicki
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, St. Vincent's Institute, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia.
| | - Scott M Lieberman
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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28
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Jia Y, French B, Tillman B, French S. Different roles of FAT10, FOXO1, and ADRA2A in hepatocellular carcinoma tumorigenesis in patients with alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) vs non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Exp Mol Pathol 2018; 105:144-149. [PMID: 30009772 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide. Among others, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) are the two major risk factors as both of them may develop cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) if left untreated. However, patients with NASH progress to HCC at a rate around 0.5% annually, while 3-10% ASH patients may progress to HCC annually. The present study is to demonstrate the molecular differences in oncogenesis pathway between NASH and ASH. By using immunofluorescence study and quantitating the fluorescence intensity morphometrically in liver biopsied specimens from NASH and ASH patients, the protein expression of candidate molecules within hepatocytes cytoplasm are studied, including two HCC-related molecules FAT10 and FOXO1, and one GPCR pathway related molecule ADRA2A. Compared with the control group patients, the expression levels of all the molecules were upregulated in the ASH group of patients (p < 0.001 in all molecules), while FAT10 and ADRA2A were upregulated, FOXO1 did not change in the NASH group of patients. The most important finding is that compared with the ASH group of patients, the expression levels of all three molecules were significantly lower than in the NASH group of patients (p < 0.001 in all molecules). These results confirmed our previous finding that there are significant differences of molecules change in ASH compared to NASH. Thus, we conclude that there are significantly different molecules and pathways involved during the pathogenesis of HCC development in ASH compared to NASH which could help explain why the tumorigenic rate is different in ASH and NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Jia
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Torrance, CA 90502, United States.
| | - Barbara French
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Torrance, CA 90502, United States
| | - Brittany Tillman
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Torrance, CA 90502, United States
| | - Samuel French
- Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Department of Pathology, Torrance, CA 90502, United States
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29
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Investigating the Promoter of FAT10 Gene in HCC Patients. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9070319. [PMID: 29949944 PMCID: PMC6070910 DOI: 10.3390/genes9070319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
FAT10, which is also known as diubiquitin, has been implicated to play important roles in immune regulation and tumorigenesis. Its expression is up-regulated in the tumors of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) and other cancer patients. High levels of FAT10 in cells have been shown to result in increased mitotic non-disjunction and chromosome instability, leading to tumorigenesis. To evaluate whether the aberrant up-regulation of the FAT10 gene in the tumors of HCC patients is due to mutations or the aberrant methylation of CG dinucleotides at the FAT10 promoter, sequencing and methylation-specific sequencing of the promoter of FAT10 was performed. No mutations were found that could explain the differential expression of FAT10 between the tumor and non-tumorous tissues of HCC patients. However, six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including one that has not been previously reported, were identified at the promoter of the FAT10 gene. Different haplotypes of these SNPs were found to significantly mediate different FAT10 promoter activities. Consistent with the experimental observation, differential FAT10 expression in the tumors of HCC patients carrying haplotype 1 was generally higher than those carrying haplotype II. Notably, the methylation status of this promoter was found to correlate with FAT10 expression levels. Hence, the aberrant overexpression of the FAT10 gene in the tumors of HCC patients is likely due to aberrant methylation, rather than mutations at the FAT10 promoter.
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30
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Chen Z, Zhang W, Yun Z, Zhang X, Gong F, Wang Y, Ji S, Leng L. Ubiquitin‑like protein FAT10 regulates DNA damage repair via modification of proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:7487-7496. [PMID: 29620277 PMCID: PMC5983939 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to DNA damage, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) has an important role as a positive regulator and as a scaffold protein associated with DNA damage bypass and repair pathways by serving as a platform for the recruitment of associated components. As demonstrated in the present study, the ubiquitin-like modifier human leukocyte antigen F locus adjacent transcript 10 (FAT10), which binds to PCNA but has not previously been demonstrated to be associated with the DNA damage response (DDR), is induced by ultraviolet/ionizing radiation and VP-16 treatment in HeLa cells. Furthermore, DNA damage enhances FAT10 expression. Immunoprecipitation analysis suggested PCNA is modified by FAT10, and the degradation of FATylated PCNA located in the cytoplasm is regulated by the 26S proteasome, which is also responsible for the upregulation of nuclear foci formation. Furthermore, immunofluorescence experiment suggested FAT10 co-localizes with PCNA in nuclear foci, thus suggesting that FATylation of PCNA may affect DDR via the induction of PCNA degradation in the cytoplasm or nucleus. In addition, immunohistochemistry experiment suggested the expression levels of FAT10 and PCNA are enhanced in HCC tissues compared with healthy liver tissues; however, the expression of FAT10 is suppressed in regenerated liver tissues, which express high levels of PCNA, thus suggesting that the association between FAT10 and PCNA expression is only exhibited in tumor tissues. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggest that FAT10 may be involved in DDR and therefore the progression of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenchuan Chen
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Zhimin Yun
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Feng Gong
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Yunfang Wang
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Shouping Ji
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Ling Leng
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Lab, Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
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31
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Abstract
People of recent African ancestry develop kidney disease at much higher rates than most other groups. Two specific coding variants in the Apolipoprotein-L1 gene APOL1 termed G1 and G2 are the causal drivers of much of this difference in risk, following a recessive pattern of inheritance. However, most individuals with a high-risk APOL1 genotype do not develop overt kidney disease, prompting interest in identifying those factors that interact with APOL1 We performed an admixture mapping study to identify genetic modifiers of APOL1-associated kidney disease. Individuals with two APOL1 risk alleles and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) have significantly increased African ancestry at the UBD (also known as FAT10) locus. UBD is a ubiquitin-like protein modifier that targets proteins for proteasomal degradation. African ancestry at the UBD locus correlates with lower levels of UBD expression. In cell-based experiments, the disease-associated APOL1 alleles (known as G1 and G2) lead to increased abundance of UBD mRNA but to decreased levels of UBD protein. UBD gene expression inversely correlates with G1 and G2 APOL1-mediated cell toxicity, as well as with levels of G1 and G2 APOL1 protein in cells. These studies support a model whereby inflammatory stimuli up-regulate both UBD and APOL1, which interact in a functionally important manner. UBD appears to mitigate APOL1-mediated toxicity by targeting it for destruction. Thus, genetically encoded differences in UBD and UBD expression appear to modify the APOL1-associated kidney phenotype.
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32
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Schregle R, Mah MM, Mueller S, Aichem A, Basler M, Groettrup M. The expression profile of the ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 in immune cells suggests cell type-specific functions. Immunogenetics 2018; 70:429-438. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-018-1055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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33
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Zhao C, Yao X, Chen X, Wu W, Xi F, Yang G, Yu T. Knockdown of ubiquitin D inhibits adipogenesis during the differentiation of porcine intramuscular and subcutaneous preadipocytes. Cell Prolif 2017; 51:e12401. [PMID: 29171111 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Intramuscular fat (IMF) has a significant influence on porcine meat quality. Ubiquitin D (UBD) is involved in the management of diverse intracellular processes. However, its physiological functions in adipose cell differentiation and proliferation are still poorly defined. MATERIALS AND METHODS Intramuscular and subcutaneous preadipocytes were isolated from the longissimus dorsi and neck subcutaneous deposits of Chinese native Guanzhong Black piglets (3-5 days old), respectively. Lentivirus with short hairpin RNA (shRNA) for UBD was applied to knockdown UBD expression. We used real-time PCR and Western blot analysis to detect gene expression. Lipid droplets were dyed with Oil Red O, and cell proliferation was assessed using flow cytometry, 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation and cell counting assays. RESULTS Lipogenesis through the Akt/mTOR pathway was inhibited when preadipocytes were transfected with UBD shRNA. The expression of adipogenic genes and the number of lipid droplets were obviously diminished. Moreover, repression of UBD attenuated cell proliferation. UBD downregulation resulted in cell cycle arrest because of a decreased proportion of S-phase cells, and the expression of positive cell proliferation markers was significantly decreased. CONCLUSION These observations illustrated that knockdown of UBD partially suppressed porcine intramuscular and subcutaneous preadipocyte adipogenesis through the Akt/mTOR signalling and inhibited cell proliferation, suggesting the essential role of UBD in the differentiation of preadipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhao
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiangping Yao
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaochang Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Wenjing Wu
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Fengxue Xi
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Gongshe Yang
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Taiyong Yu
- Laboratory of Animal Fat Deposition & Muscle Development, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Shaanxi, 712100, China
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34
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Liu X, Sun L, Gursel DB, Cheng C, Huang S, Rademaker AW, Khan SA, Yin J, Kiyokawa H. The non-canonical ubiquitin activating enzyme UBA6 suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition of mammary epithelial cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:87480-87493. [PMID: 29152096 PMCID: PMC5675648 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination plays critical roles in the regulation of oncoproteins and tumor suppressors during carcinogenesis. The two ubiquitin activating enzymes (E1) in human genome, UBA1 and UBA6, initiate ubiquitination by ATP-dependent activation of ubiquitin. Recent evidence suggests that UBA1 and UBA6 play partially overlapped yet distinct roles in controlling the proteome. Here we demonstrate that ubiquitination pathways initiated specifically by UBA6 set a suppressive barrier against critical steps of mammary carcinogenesis such as loss of polarity, anoikis resistance and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Mammary epithelial MCF-10A cells expressing shRNA against UBA6 fail in establishing cell cycle arrest in response to detachment from extracellular matrix, confluency with fully engaged cell-cell contact or growth factor deprivation. Moreover, UBA6-deficient MCF-10A cells undergo spontaneous EMT under growth factor deprivation and exhibit accelerated kinetics of TGF-β-induced EMT. The Rho-GTPase CDC42 is one of the specific targets of UBA6-initiated ubiquitination and plays a key role in the function of UBA6 in controlling epithelial homeostasis, since a CDC42 inhibitor, ML141, rescues UBA6-deficient cells from the EMT phenotype. Immunohistochemical analysis of human breast cancer tissues demonstrates that 38% of invasive carcinomas express low or undetectable expression of UBA6, suggesting that downregulation of this non-canonical E1 plays a role in breast cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianpeng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Limin Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Demirkan B Gursel
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Chonghui Cheng
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.,Current/Present address: Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sui Huang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Alfred W Rademaker
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Seema A Khan
- Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Hiroaki Kiyokawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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35
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Wang Z, Zhu WG, Xu X. Ubiquitin-like modifications in the DNA damage response. Mutat Res 2017; 803-805:56-75. [PMID: 28734548 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Genomic DNA is damaged at an extremely high frequency by both endogenous and environmental factors. An improper response to DNA damage can lead to genome instability, accelerate the aging process and ultimately cause various human diseases, including cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. The mechanisms that underlie the cellular DNA damage response (DDR) are complex and are regulated at many levels, including at the level of post-translational modification (PTM). Since the discovery of ubiquitin in 1975 and ubiquitylation as a form of PTM in the early 1980s, a number of ubiquitin-like modifiers (UBLs) have been identified, including small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMOs), neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated 8 (NEDD8), interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15), human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-F adjacent transcript 10 (FAT10), ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 (UFRM1), URM1 ubiquitin-related modifier-1 (URM1), autophagy-related protein 12 (ATG12), autophagy-related protein 8 (ATG8), fan ubiquitin-like protein 1 (FUB1) and histone mono-ubiquitylation 1 (HUB1). All of these modifiers have known roles in the cellular response to various forms of stress, and delineating their underlying molecular mechanisms and functions is fundamental in enhancing our understanding of human disease and longevity. To date, however, the molecular mechanisms and functions of these UBLs in the DDR remain largely unknown. This review summarizes the current status of PTMs by UBLs in the DDR and their implication in cancer diagnosis, therapy and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Wei-Guo Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China
| | - Xingzhi Xu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Stability & Disease Prevention, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response, Capital Normal University College of Life Sciences, Beijing 100048, China.
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36
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Liu X, Zhao B, Sun L, Bhuripanyo K, Wang Y, Bi Y, Davuluri RV, Duong DM, Nanavati D, Yin J, Kiyokawa H. Orthogonal ubiquitin transfer identifies ubiquitination substrates under differential control by the two ubiquitin activating enzymes. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14286. [PMID: 28134249 PMCID: PMC5290280 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination is mediated sequentially by ubiquitin activating enzyme E1, ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 and ubiquitin ligase E3. Uba1 was thought to be the only E1 until the recent identification of Uba6. To differentiate the biological functions of Uba1 and Uba6, we applied an orthogonal ubiquitin transfer (OUT) technology to profile their ubiquitination targets in mammalian cells. By expressing pairs of an engineered ubiquitin and engineered Uba1 or Uba6 that were generated for exclusive interactions, we identified 697 potential Uba6 targets and 527 potential Uba1 targets with 258 overlaps. Bioinformatics analysis reveals substantial differences in pathways involving Uba1- and Uba6-specific targets. We demonstrate that polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of ezrin and CUGBP1 require Uba6, but not Uba1, and that Uba6 is involved in the control of ezrin localization and epithelial morphogenesis. These data suggest that distinctive substrate pools exist for Uba1 and Uba6 that reflect non-redundant biological roles for Uba6. The transfer of ubiquitin (UB) to cellular targets is mediated sequentially by three groups of enzymes, UB activating enzyme (E1), UB conjugating enzyme (E2) and UB ligase (E3). Here the authors provide evidence that the two mammalian E1 enzymes, Uba1 and Uba6, exert biologically distinct functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianpeng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.,School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 20040, China
| | - Limin Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Karan Bhuripanyo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics &Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Yiyang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics &Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Yingtao Bi
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Ramana V Davuluri
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Duc M Duong
- Integrated Proteomics Core, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Dhaval Nanavati
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.,Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics &Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303, USA
| | - Hiroaki Kiyokawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.,Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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37
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Xue F, Zhu L, Meng QW, Wang L, Chen XS, Zhao YB, Xing Y, Wang XY, Cai L. FAT10 is associated with the malignancy and drug resistance of non-small-cell lung cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:4397-409. [PMID: 27499634 PMCID: PMC4959415 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s98410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer has become one of the leading causes of cancer mortality worldwide, and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for ~85% of all lung cancer cases. Currently, platinum-based chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin and carboplatin, are the most effective treatment for NSCLC. However, the clinical efficacy of chemotherapy is markedly reduced later in the treatment because drug resistance develops during the treatment. Recently, a series of studies has suggested the involvement of FAT10 in the development and malignancy of multiple cancer types. In this study, we focused our research on the function of FAT10 in NSCLC, which has not been previously reported in the literature. We found that the expression levels of FAT10 were elevated in quick chemoresistance NSCLC tissues, and we demonstrated that FAT10 promotes NSCLC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Furthermore, the protein levels of FAT10 were elevated in cisplatin- and carboplatin-resistant NSCLC cells, and knockdown of FAT10 reduced the drug resistance of NSCLC cells. In addition, we gained evidence that FAT10 regulates NSCLC malignancy and drug resistance by modulating the activity of the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xue
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital; Department of Medical Oncology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Wei Meng
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Liyan Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital
| | - Xue-Song Chen
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Yan-Bin Zhao
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Ying Xing
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Xiao-Yun Wang
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Li Cai
- The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital
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38
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The ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 in cancer development. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 79:451-461. [PMID: 27393295 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During the last years it has emerged that the ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 is directly involved in cancer development. FAT10 expression is highly up-regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α in all cell types and tissues and it was also found to be up-regulated in many cancer types such as glioma, colorectal, liver or gastric cancer. While pro-inflammatory cytokines within the tumor microenvironment probably contribute to FAT10 overexpression, an increasing body of evidence argues that pro-malignant capacities of FAT10 itself largely underlie its broad and intense overexpression in tumor tissues. FAT10 thereby regulates pathways involved in cancer development such as the NF-κB- or Wnt-signaling. Moreover, FAT10 directly interacts with and influences downstream targets such as MAD2, p53 or β-catenin, leading to enhanced survival, proliferation, invasion and metastasis formation of cancer cells but also of non-malignant cells. In this review we will provide an overview of the regulation of FAT10 expression as well as its function in carcinogenesis.
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39
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Nguyen NT, Now H, Kim WJ, Kim N, Yoo JY. Ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 attenuates RIG-I mediated antiviral signaling by segregating activated RIG-I from its signaling platform. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23377. [PMID: 26996158 PMCID: PMC4800306 DOI: 10.1038/srep23377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
RIG-I is a key cytosolic RNA sensor that mediates innate immune defense against RNA virus. Aberrant RIG-I activity leads to severe pathological states such as autosomal dominant multi-system disorder, inflammatory myophathies and dermatomyositis. Therefore, identification of regulators that ensure efficient defense without harmful immune-pathology is particularly critical to deal with RIG-I-associated diseases. Here, we presented the inflammatory inducible FAT10 as a novel negative regulator of RIG-I-mediated inflammatory response. In various cell lines, FAT10 protein is undetectable unless it is induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines. FAT10 non-covalently associated with the 2CARD domain of RIG-I, and inhibited viral RNA-induced IRF3 and NF-kB activation through modulating the RIG-I protein solubility. We further demonstrated that FAT10 was recruited to RIG-I-TRIM25 to form an inhibitory complex where FAT10 was stabilized by E3 ligase TRIM25. As the result, FAT10 inhibited the antiviral stress granules formation contains RIG-I and sequestered the active RIG-I away from the mitochondria. Our study presented a novel mechanism to dampen RIG-I activity. Highly accumulated FAT10 is observed in various cancers with pro-inflammatory environment, therefore, our finding which uncovered the suppressive effect of the accumulated FAT10 during virus-mediated inflammatory response may also provide molecular clue to understand the carcinogenesis related with infection and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhung T.H. Nguyen
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea Hyoja-dong 31, Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Hesung Now
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea Hyoja-dong 31, Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jong Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea Hyoja-dong 31, Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Nari Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea Hyoja-dong 31, Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Yeon Yoo
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea Hyoja-dong 31, Pohang, 790-784, Republic of Korea
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Buerger S, Herrmann VL, Mundt S, Trautwein N, Groettrup M, Basler M. The Ubiquitin-like Modifier FAT10 Is Selectively Expressed in Medullary Thymic Epithelial Cells and Modifies T Cell Selection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4106-16. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Gao Y, Theng SS, Mah WC, Lee CGL. Silibinin down-regulates FAT10 and modulate TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced chromosomal instability and apoptosis sensitivity. Biol Open 2015; 4:961-9. [PMID: 26142316 PMCID: PMC4542280 DOI: 10.1242/bio.011189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleiotropic pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IFN-γ (TI), play important yet diverse roles in cell survival, proliferation, and death. Recent evidence highlights FAT10 as a downstream molecule in the pathway of inflammation-induced tumorigenesis through mediating the effect of cytokines in causing numerical CIN and protecting cells from cytokines-induced cell death. cDNA microarray analysis of cells treated with TI revealed 493 deregulated genes with FAT10 being the most up-regulated (85.7-fold) gene and NF-κB being the key nodal hub of TI-response genes. Silibinin is reported to be a powerful antioxidant and has anti-C effects against various carcinomas by affecting various signaling molecules/pathways including MAPK, NF-κB and STATs. As NF-κB signaling pathway is a major mediator of the tumor-promoting activities of TI, we thus examine the effects of silibinin on TI-induced FAT10 expression and CIN. Our data showed that silibinin inhibited expression of FAT10, TI-induced chromosome instability (CIN) as well as sensitizes cells to TI-induced apoptosis. Significantly, silibinin suppressed intra-tumorally injected TNF-α-induced tumor growth. This represents the first report associating silibinin with FAT10 and demonstrating that silibinin can modulate TI-induced CIN, apoptosis sensitivity and suppressing TNF-α-induced tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Gao
- Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 169610, Singapore
| | - Steven Setiawan Theng
- NUS Graduate School of Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 119077, Singapore Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Way-Champ Mah
- Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 169610, Singapore NUS Graduate School of Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Caroline G L Lee
- Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 169610, Singapore NUS Graduate School of Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 119077, Singapore Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119077, Singapore Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, 169547, Singapore
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The ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 in antigen processing and antimicrobial defense. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:129-32. [PMID: 25983082 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-like modifier (ULM) HLA-F adjacent transcript 10 (FAT10) is encoded in the MHC locus, is up-regulated during dendritic cell maturation, is highly expressed in lymphoid tissues, and strongly induced by interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. FAT10 is the only ULM known to date which directly targets its hundreds of substrates for degradation by the proteasome. This implies a role for FAT10 in antigen presentation. Indeed, fusion of FAT10 to viral proteins enhanced their presentation along the proteasome dependent MHC class I presentation pathway. In this review we discuss the FAT10 conjugation system as an alternative and distinct pathway for MHC class I and II antigen processing. Furthermore, we review the recent finding that FAT10 plays a role in antimicrobial defense against intracellular pathogens.
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Bialas J, Groettrup M, Aichem A. Conjugation of the ubiquitin activating enzyme UBE1 with the ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 targets it for proteasomal degradation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120329. [PMID: 25768649 PMCID: PMC4359146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-like modifier HLA-F adjacent transcript 10 (FAT10) directly targets its substrates for proteasomal degradation by becoming covalently attached via its C-terminal diglycine motif to internal lysine residues of its substrate proteins. The conjugation machinery consists of the bispecific E1 activating enzyme Ubiquitin-like modifier activating enzyme 6 (UBA6), the likewise bispecific E2 conjugating enzyme UBA6-specific E2 enzyme 1 (USE1), and possibly E3 ligases. By mass spectrometry analysis the ubiquitin E1 activating enzyme ubiquitin-activating enzyme 1 (UBE1) was identified as putative substrate of FAT10. Here, we confirm that UBE1 and FAT10 form a stable non-reducible conjugate under overexpression as well as under endogenous conditions after induction of endogenous FAT10 expression with proinflammatory cytokines. FAT10ylation of UBE1 depends on the diglycine motif of FAT10. By specifically downregulating FAT10, UBA6 or USE1 with siRNAs, we show that UBE1 modification depends on the FAT10 conjugation pathway. Furthermore, we confirm that UBE1 does not act as a second E1 activating enzyme for FAT10 but that FAT10ylation of UBE1 leads to its proteasomal degradation, implying a putative regulatory role of FAT10 in the ubiquitin conjugation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Bialas
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Unterseestrasse 47, CH-8280, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marcus Groettrup
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Unterseestrasse 47, CH-8280, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Annette Aichem
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, Unterseestrasse 47, CH-8280, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Spinnenhirn V, Farhan H, Basler M, Aichem A, Canaan A, Groettrup M. The ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 decorates autophagy-targeted Salmonella and contributes to Salmonella resistance in mice. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:4883-93. [PMID: 25271057 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.152371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial invasion of eukaryotic cells is counteracted by cell-autonomous innate immune mechanisms including xenophagy. The decoration of cytosolic bacteria by ubiquitylation and binding of galectin-8 leads to recruitment of autophagy adaptors like p62 (also known as SQSTM1), NDP52 (also known as CALCOCO2) and optineurin, which initiate the destruction of bacteria by xenophagy. Here, we show that the functionally barely characterized IFNγ- and TNFα-inducible ubiquitin-like modifier FAT10 (also known as ubiquitin D, UBD), which binds to the autophagy adaptor p62, but has not been shown to associate with pathogens before, is recruited to cytosolic Salmonella Typhimurium in human cells. FAT10-decorated S. Typhimurium were simultaneously decorated with ubiquitin, p62, NDP52 and the autophagy marker LC3B (MAP1LC3B). FAT10 colocalized with p62-positive microdomains on S. Typhimurium, whereas colocalization with NDP52 was only partial. A kinetic analysis revealed an early, but only transient, decoration of bacteria by FAT10, which resembled that of p62. Although bacterial replication was not detectably altered in FAT10-depleted or overexpressing cells in vitro, survival experiments revealed that NRAMP1-transgenic mice that were FAT10-deficient had a higher susceptibility to orally inoculated S. Typhimurium bacteria than NRAMP1-transgenic mice that were wild-type for FAT10. Taken together, our data suggest a role for FAT10 in the intracellular defense against bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Spinnenhirn
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Hesso Farhan
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Basler
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Annette Aichem
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Allon Canaan
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Marcus Groettrup
- Division of Immunology, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, CH-8280 Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
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Rebane A, Runnel T, Aab A, Maslovskaja J, Rückert B, Zimmermann M, Plaas M, Kärner J, Treis A, Pihlap M, Haljasorg U, Hermann H, Nagy N, Kemeny L, Erm T, Kingo K, Li M, Boldin MP, Akdis CA. MicroRNA-146a alleviates chronic skin inflammation in atopic dermatitis through suppression of innate immune responses in keratinocytes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 134:836-847.e11. [PMID: 24996260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic skin inflammation in atopic dermatitis (AD) is associated with elevated expression of proinflammatory genes and activation of innate immune responses in keratinocytes. microRNAs (miRNAs) are short, single-stranded RNA molecules that silence genes via the degradation of target mRNAs or inhibition of translation. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the role of miR-146a in skin inflammation in AD. METHODS RNA and protein expression was analyzed using miRNA and mRNA arrays, RT-quantitative PCR, Western blotting, and immunonohistochemistry. Transfection of miR-146a precursors and inhibitors into human primary keratinocytes, luciferase assays, and MC903-dependent mouse model of AD were used to study miR-146a function. RESULTS We show that miR-146a expression is increased in keratinocytes and chronic lesional skin of patients with AD. miR-146a inhibited the expression of numerous proinflammatory factors, including IFN-γ-inducible and AD-associated genes CCL5, CCL8, and ubiquitin D (UBD) in human primary keratinocytes stimulated with IFN-γ, TNF-α, or IL-1β. In a mouse model of AD, miR-146a-deficient mice developed stronger inflammation characterized by increased accumulation of infiltrating cells in the dermis, elevated expression of IFN-γ, CCL5, CCL8, and UBD in the skin, and IFN-γ, IL-1β, and UBD in draining lymph nodes. Both tissue culture and in vivo experiments in mice demonstrated that miR-146a-mediated suppression in allergic skin inflammation partially occurs through direct targeting of upstream nuclear factor kappa B signal transducers caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 10 and IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1. In addition, human CCL5 was determined as a novel, direct target of miR-146a. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrate that miR-146a controls nuclear factor kappa B-dependent inflammatory responses in keratinocytes and chronic skin inflammation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rebane
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland; Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Toomas Runnel
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland; Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alar Aab
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland; Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Julia Maslovskaja
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland; Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Beate Rückert
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Maya Zimmermann
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Mario Plaas
- Transgenic Technology Core Laboratory, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaanika Kärner
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland; Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Angela Treis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Maire Pihlap
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Uku Haljasorg
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Helen Hermann
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nikoletta Nagy
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Dermatological Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lajos Kemeny
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary; Dermatological Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Triin Erm
- Department of Pathology, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Külli Kingo
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Dermatology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mei Li
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Mark P Boldin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, Calif
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zürich, Davos, Switzerland
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Abstract
The HLA-F adjacent transcript 10 (FAT10) is a member of the ubiquitin-like gene family that alters protein function/stability through covalent ligation. Although FAT10 is induced by inflammatory mediators and implicated in immunity, the physiological functions of FAT10 are poorly defined. We report the discovery that FAT10 regulates lifespan through pleiotropic actions on metabolism and inflammation. Median and overall lifespan are increased 20% in FAT10ko mice, coincident with elevated metabolic rate, preferential use of fat as fuel, and dramatically reduced adiposity. This phenotype is associated with metabolic reprogramming of skeletal muscle (i.e., increased AMP kinase activity, β-oxidation and -uncoupling, and decreased triglyceride content). Moreover, knockout mice have reduced circulating glucose and insulin levels and enhanced insulin sensitivity in metabolic tissues, consistent with elevated IL-10 in skeletal muscle and serum. These observations suggest novel roles of FAT10 in immune metabolic regulation that impact aging and chronic disease.
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47
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Aichem A, Catone N, Groettrup M. Investigations into the auto-FAT10ylation of the bispecific E2 conjugating enzyme UBA6-specific E2 enzyme 1. FEBS J 2014; 281:1848-59. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annette Aichem
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz; Kreuzlingen Switzerland
| | - Nicola Catone
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz; Kreuzlingen Switzerland
| | - Marcus Groettrup
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz; Kreuzlingen Switzerland
- Division of Immunology; Department of Biology; University of Konstanz; Germany
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Cort L, Habib M, Eberwine RA, Hessner MJ, Mordes JP, Blankenhorn EP. Diubiquitin (Ubd) is a susceptibility gene for virus-triggered autoimmune diabetes in rats. Genes Immun 2014; 15:168-75. [PMID: 24452267 PMCID: PMC4260472 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2013.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genetic studies of type 1 diabetes (T1D) have been advanced by comparative analysis of multiple susceptible and resistant rat strains with a permissive class II MHC haplotype, RT1(u). LEW.1WR1 (but not resistant LEW.1W or WF) rats are susceptible to T1D induced by a TLR3 agonist polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid followed by infection with parvovirus. We have mapped genetic loci for virus-induced T1D susceptibility, identifying a major susceptibility locus (Iddm37) near the MHC. The Iddm37 homologs on mouse and human chromosomes are also diabetes linked. We report that a major effect gene within Iddm37 is diubiquitin (Ubd). Gene expression profiling of pancreatic lymph nodes in susceptible and resistant rats during disease induction showed differences in Ubd transcript abundance. The LEW.1WR1 Ubd promoter allele leads to higher inducible levels of UBD than that of LEW.1W or WF. Using zinc-finger nucleases , we deleted a segment of the LEW.1WR1 Ubd gene and eliminated its expression. UBD-deficient rats show substantially reduced diabetes after viral infection. Complementary studies show that there may be another diabetes gene in addition to Ubd in the Iddm37 interval. These data prove that Ubd is a diabetes susceptibility gene, providing insight into the interplay of multiple genes and environmental factors in T1D susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cort
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Habib
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - R A Eberwine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M J Hessner
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - J P Mordes
- Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - E P Blankenhorn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Gao Y, Theng SS, Zhuo J, Teo WB, Ren J, Lee CGL. FAT10, an ubiquitin-like protein, confers malignant properties in non-tumorigenic and tumorigenic cells. Carcinogenesis 2013; 35:923-34. [PMID: 24325913 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
FAT10 (HLA-F-adjacent transcript 10) is an ubiquitin-like modifier, which has been implicated in immune response and cancer development. In particular, the hypothesis of FAT10 as a mediator of tumorigenesis stems from its ability to associate with a spindle checkpoint protein Mad2 during mitosis and cause aneuploidy, a hallmark of cancer cells. Furthermore, FAT10 is overexpressed in several carcinomas types, including that of liver and colon. Nevertheless, direct evidence linking FAT10 to cell malignant transformation and progression is lacking. Here, we demonstrate that high FAT10 expression enhanced the proliferative, invasive, migratory and adhesive functions of the transformed cell line, HCT116. These observations were consistently demonstrated in an immortalized, non-tumorigenic liver cell line NeHepLxHT. Importantly, FAT10 can induce malignant transformation as evidenced from the anchorage-independent growth as well as in vivo tumor-forming abilities of FAT10-overexpressing NeHepLxHT cells, whereas in rapidly proliferating HCT116, increased FAT10 further augmented tumor growth. FAT10 was found to activate nuclear factor-κB (NFκB), which in turn upregulated the chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7. Importantly, small interfering RNA depletion of CXCR7 and CXCR4 attenuated cell invasion of FAT10-overexpressing cells, indicating that the CXCR4/7 is crucial for the FAT10-dependent malignant phenotypes. Taken together, our data reveal novel functions of FAT10 in malignant transformation and progression, via the NFκB-CXCR4/7 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Gao
- Division of Medical Sciences, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore 169610, Singapore
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Hottenrott MC, Wedel J, Gaertner S, Stamellou E, Kraaij T, Mandel L, Loesel R, Sticht C, Hoeger S, Ait-Hsiko L, Schedel A, Hafner M, Yard B, Tsagogiorgas C. N-octanoyl dopamine inhibits the expression of a subset of κB regulated genes: potential role of p65 Ser276 phosphorylation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73122. [PMID: 24023820 PMCID: PMC3759419 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Catechol containing compounds have anti-inflammatory properties, yet for catecholamines these properties are modest. Since we have previously demonstrated that the synthetic dopamine derivative N-octanoyl dopamine (NOD) has superior anti-inflammatory properties compared to dopamine, we tested NOD in more detail and sought to elucidate the molecular entities and underlying mechanism by which NOD down-regulates inflammation. Experimental Approach Genome wide gene expression profiling of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was performed after stimulation with TNF-α or in the combination with NOD. Confirmation of these differences, NFκB activation and the molecular entities that were required for the anti-inflammatory properties were assessed in subsequent experiments. Key Results Down regulation of inflammatory genes by NOD occurred predominantly for κB regulated genes, however not all κB regulated genes were affected. These findings were explained by inhibition of RelA phosphorylation at Ser276. Leukocyte adherence to TNF-α stimulated HUVECs was inhibited by NOD and was reflected by a diminished expression of adhesion molecules on HUVECs. NOD induced HO-1 expression, but this was not required for inhibition of NFκB. The anti-inflammatory effect of NOD seems to involve the redox active catechol structure, although the redox active para-dihydroxy benzene containing compounds also displayed anti-inflammatory effects, provided that they were sufficiently hydrophobic. Conclusions and Implications The present study highlighted important mechanisms and molecular entities by which dihydroxy benzene compounds exert their potential anti-inflammatory action. Since NOD does not have hemodynamic properties, NOD seems to be a promising candidate drug for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilia C. Hottenrott
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Johannes Wedel
- Vth. Medical Department, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sophie Gaertner
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Eleni Stamellou
- Vth. Medical Department, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tineke Kraaij
- Vth. Medical Department, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Linda Mandel
- Vth. Medical Department, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ralf Loesel
- Department of Applied Chemistry, George-Simon-Ohm Hochschule, Nuernberg, Germany
| | - Carsten Sticht
- Centre for Medical Research (ZMF), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Simone Hoeger
- Vth. Medical Department, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lamia Ait-Hsiko
- Vth. Medical Department, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Angelika Schedel
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Mathias Hafner
- Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, Mannheim University of Applied Sciences, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Benito Yard
- Vth. Medical Department, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Charalambos Tsagogiorgas
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Centre Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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