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Qi Y, Rezaeian AH, Wang J, Huang D, Chen H, Inuzuka H, Wei W. Molecular insights and clinical implications for the tumor suppressor role of SCF FBXW7 E3 ubiquitin ligase. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189140. [PMID: 38909632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
FBXW7 is one of the most well-characterized F-box proteins, serving as substrate receptor subunit of SKP1-CUL1-F-box (SCF) E3 ligase complexes. SCFFBXW7 is responsible for the degradation of various oncogenic proteins such as cyclin E, c-MYC, c-JUN, NOTCH, and MCL1. Therefore, FBXW7 functions largely as a major tumor suppressor. In keeping with this notion, FBXW7 gene mutations or downregulations have been found and reported in many types of malignant tumors, such as endometrial, colorectal, lung, and breast cancers, which facilitate the proliferation, invasion, migration, and drug resistance of cancer cells. Therefore, it is critical to review newly identified FBXW7 regulation and tumor suppressor function under physiological and pathological conditions to develop effective strategies for the treatment of FBXW7-altered cancers. Since a growing body of evidence has revealed the tumor-suppressive activity and role of FBXW7, here, we updated FBXW7 upstream and downstream signaling including FBXW7 ubiquitin substrates, the multi-level FBXW7 regulatory mechanisms, and dysregulation of FBXW7 in cancer, and discussed promising cancer therapies targeting FBXW7 regulators and downstream effectors, to provide a comprehensive picture of FBXW7 and facilitate the study in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihang Qi
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Abdol-Hossein Rezaeian
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jingchao Wang
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Daoyuan Huang
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hong Chen
- Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Inuzuka
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Hu JS, Malik R, Sohal VS, Rubenstein JL, Vogt D. Tsc1 Loss in VIP-Lineage Cortical Interneurons Results in More VIP+ Interneurons and Enhanced Excitability. Cells 2023; 13:52. [PMID: 38201256 PMCID: PMC10777938 DOI: 10.3390/cells13010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is a powerful regulator of cell proliferation, growth, synapse maintenance and cell fate. While intensely studied for its role in cancer, the role of mTOR signaling is just beginning to be uncovered in specific cell types that are implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders. Previously, loss of the Tsc1 gene, which results in hyperactive mTOR, was shown to affect the function and molecular properties of GABAergic cortical interneurons (CINs) derived from the medial ganglionic eminence. To assess if other important classes of CINs could be impacted by mTOR dysfunction, we deleted Tsc1 in a caudal ganglionic eminence-derived interneuron group, the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)+ subtype, whose activity disinhibits local circuits. Tsc1 mutant VIP+ CINs reduced their pattern of apoptosis from postnatal days 15-20, resulting in increased VIP+ CINs. The mutant CINs exhibited synaptic and electrophysiological properties that could contribute to the high rate of seizure activity in humans that harbor Tsc1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Sheng Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ruchi Malik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, 1550 4th St., San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, 1550 4th St., San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Vikaas S. Sohal
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, 1550 4th St., San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Sloan-Swartz Center for Theoretical Neurobiology, University of California San Francisco, 1550 4th St., San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - John L. Rubenstein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Daniel Vogt
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Zou Q, Liu M, Liu K, Zhang Y, North BJ, Wang B. E3 ubiquitin ligases in cancer stem cells: key regulators of cancer hallmarks and novel therapeutic opportunities. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2023; 46:545-570. [PMID: 36745329 PMCID: PMC10910623 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-023-00777-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human malignancies are composed of heterogeneous subpopulations of cancer cells with phenotypic and functional diversity. Among them, a unique subset of cancer stem cells (CSCs) has both the capacity for self-renewal and the potential to differentiate and contribute to multiple tumor properties. As such, CSCs are promising cellular targets for effective cancer therapy. At the molecular level, hyper-activation of multiple stemness regulatory signaling pathways and downstream transcription factors play critical roles in controlling CSCs establishment and maintenance. To regulate CSC properties, these stemness pathways are controlled by post-translational modifications including, but not limited to phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, and ubiquitination. CONCLUSION In this review, we focus on E3 ubiquitin ligases and their roles and mechanisms in regulating essential hallmarks of CSCs, such as self-renewal, invasion and metastasis, metabolic reprogramming, immune evasion, and therapeutic resistance. Moreover, we discuss emerging therapeutic approaches to eliminate CSCs through targeting E3 ubiquitin ligases by chemical inhibitors and proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTACs) which are currently under development at the discovery, preclinical, and clinical stages. Several outstanding issues such as roles for E3 ubiquitin ligases in heterogeneity and phenotypical/functional evolution of CSCs remain to be studied under pathologically and clinically relevant conditions. With the rapid application of functional genomic and proteomic approaches at single cell, spatiotemporal, and even single molecule levels, we anticipate that more specific and precise functions of E3 ubiquitin ligases will be delineated in dictating CSC properties. Rational design and proper translation of these mechanistic understandings may lead to novel therapeutic modalities for cancer procession medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Tumor Center, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing University Medical School, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
- Department of Gastroenterology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Digestive Malignancies, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Digestive Malignancies, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing University Medical School, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Kewei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Digestive Malignancies, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Pancreatic Tumor Center, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing University Medical School, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Brian J North
- Biomedical Sciences Department, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, 68178, USA.
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Digestive Malignancies, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), 10 Changjiang Branch Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400042, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Pathology and Southwest Cancer Center, and Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunopathology of Ministry of Education of China, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China.
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, People's Republic of China.
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Xie Y, Lei X, Zhao G, Guo R, Cui N. mTOR in programmed cell death and its therapeutic implications. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 71-72:66-81. [PMID: 37380596 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase, is involved in cellular metabolism, protein synthesis, and cell death. Programmed cell death (PCD) assists in eliminating aging, damaged, or neoplastic cells, and is indispensable for sustaining normal growth, fighting pathogenic microorganisms, and maintaining body homeostasis. mTOR has crucial functions in the intricate signaling pathway network of multiple forms of PCD. mTOR can inhibit autophagy, which is part of PCD regulation. Cell survival is affected by mTOR through autophagy to control reactive oxygen species production and the degradation of pertinent proteins. Additionally, mTOR can regulate PCD in an autophagy-independent manner by affecting the expression levels of related genes and phosphorylating proteins. Therefore, mTOR acts through both autophagy-dependent and -independent pathways to regulate PCD. It is conceivable that mTOR exerts bidirectional regulation of PCD, such as ferroptosis, according to the complexity of signaling pathway networks, but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully explained. This review summarizes the recent advances in understanding mTOR-mediated regulatory mechanisms in PCD. Rigorous investigations into PCD-related signaling pathways have provided prospective therapeutic targets that may be clinically beneficial for treating various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Xie
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xianli Lei
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Guoyu Zhao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Guo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Na Cui
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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Hogh-Binder SA, Klein D, Wolfsperger F, Huber SM, Hennenlotter J, Stenzl A, Rudner J. Protein Levels of Anti-Apoptotic Mcl-1 and the Deubiquitinase USP9x Are Cooperatively Upregulated during Prostate Cancer Progression and Limit Response of Prostate Cancer Cells to Radiotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15092496. [PMID: 37173959 PMCID: PMC10177233 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15092496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy constitutes an important therapeutic option for prostate cancer. However, prostate cancer cells often acquire resistance during cancer progression, limiting the cytotoxic effects of radiotherapy. Among factors regulating sensitivity to radiotherapy are members of the Bcl-2 protein family, known to regulate apoptosis at the mitochondrial level. Here, we analyzed the role of anti-apoptotic Mcl-1 and USP9x, a deubiquitinase stabilizing Mcl-1 protein levels, in prostate cancer progression and response to radiotherapy. METHODS Changes in Mcl-1 and USP9x levels during prostate cancer progression were determined by immunohistochemistry. Neutralization of Mcl-1 and USP9x was achieved by siRNA-mediated knockdown. We analyzed Mcl-1 stability after translational inhibition by cycloheximide. Cell death was determined by flow cytometry using an exclusion assay of mitochondrial membrane potential-sensitive dye. Changes in the clonogenic potential were examined by colony formation assay. RESULTS Protein levels of Mcl-1 and USP9x increased during prostate cancer progression, and high protein levels correlated with advanced prostate cancer stages. The stability of Mcl-1 reflected Mcl-1 protein levels in LNCaP and PC3 prostate cancer cells. Moreover, radiotherapy itself affected Mcl-1 protein turnover in prostate cancer cells. Particularly in LNCaP cells, the knockdown of USP9x expression reduced Mcl-1 protein levels and increased sensitivity to radiotherapy. CONCLUSION Posttranslational regulation of protein stability was often responsible for high protein levels of Mcl-1. Moreover, we demonstrated that deubiquitinase USP9x as a factor regulating Mcl-1 levels in prostate cancer cells, thus limiting cytotoxic response to radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia A Hogh-Binder
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Diana Klein
- Institute for Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 173, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Frederik Wolfsperger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stephan M Huber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Hennenlotter
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Justine Rudner
- Institute for Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 173, 45147 Essen, Germany
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Kim G, Jang SK, Kim YJ, Jin HO, Bae S, Hong J, Park IC, Lee JH. Inhibition of Glutamine Uptake Resensitizes Paclitaxel Resistance in SKOV3-TR Ovarian Cancer Cell via mTORC1/S6K Signaling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158761. [PMID: 35955892 PMCID: PMC9369036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a carcinoma that affects women and that has a high mortality rate. Overcoming paclitaxel resistance is important for clinical application. However, the effect of amino acid metabolism regulation on paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer is still unknown. In this study, the effect of an amino acid-deprived condition on paclitaxel resistance in paclitaxel-resistant SKOV3-TR cells was analyzed. We analyzed the cell viability of SKOV3-TR in culture conditions in which each of the 20 amino acids were deprived. As a result, the cell viability of the SKOV3-TR was significantly reduced in cultures deprived of arginine, glutamine, and lysine. Furthermore, we showed that the glutamine-deprived condition inhibited mTORC1/S6K signaling. The decreased cell viability and mTORC1/S6K signaling under glutamine-deprived conditions could be restored by glutamine and α-KG supplementation. Treatment with PF-4708671, a selective S6K inhibitor, and the selective glutamine transporter ASCT2 inhibitor V-9302 downregulated mTOR/S6K signaling and resensitized SKOV3-TR to paclitaxel. Immunoblotting showed the upregulation of Bcl-2 phosphorylation and a decrease in Mcl-1 expression in SKOV3-TR via the cotreatment of paclitaxel with PF-4708671 and V-9302. Collectively, this study demonstrates that the inhibition of glutamine uptake can resensitize SKOV3-TR to paclitaxel and represents a promising therapeutic target for overcoming paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeongmi Kim
- Division of Fusion Radiology Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, Korea
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Se-Kyeong Jang
- Division of Fusion Radiology Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, Korea
- Department of Food and Microbial Technology, Seoul Women’s University, 621 Hwarangro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01797, Korea
| | - Yu Jin Kim
- Division of Fusion Radiology Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, Korea
- Department of Biological Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Ok Jin
- KIRAMS Radiation Biobank, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, Korea
| | - Seunghee Bae
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jungil Hong
- Department of Food and Microbial Technology, Seoul Women’s University, 621 Hwarangro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01797, Korea
| | - In-Chul Park
- Division of Fusion Radiology Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, 75 Nowon-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01812, Korea
- Correspondence: (I.-C.P.); (J.H.L.)
| | - Jae Ho Lee
- Department of Cosmetics Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: (I.-C.P.); (J.H.L.)
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7
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Fan J, Bellon M, Ju M, Zhao L, Wei M, Fu L, Nicot C. Clinical significance of FBXW7 loss of function in human cancers. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:87. [PMID: 35346215 PMCID: PMC8962602 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01548-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
FBXW7 (F-Box and WD Repeat Domain Containing 7) (also referred to as FBW7 or hCDC4) is a component of the Skp1-Cdc53 / Cullin-F-box-protein complex (SCF/β-TrCP). As a member of the F-box protein family, FBXW7 serves a role in phosphorylation-dependent ubiquitination and proteasome degradation of oncoproteins that play critical role(s) in oncogenesis. FBXW7 affects many regulatory functions involved in cell survival, cell proliferation, tumor invasion, DNA damage repair, genomic instability and telomere biology. This thorough review of current literature details how FBXW7 expression and functions are regulated through multiple mechanisms and how that ultimately drives tumorigenesis in a wide array of cell types. The clinical significance of FBXW7 is highlighted by the fact that FBXW7 is frequently inactivated in human lung, colon, and hematopoietic cancers. The loss of FBXW7 can serve as an independent prognostic marker and is significantly correlated with the resistance of tumor cells to chemotherapeutic agents and poorer disease outcomes. Recent evidence shows that genetic mutation of FBXW7 differentially affects the degradation of specific cellular targets resulting in a distinct and specific pattern of activation/inactivation of cell signaling pathways. The clinical significance of FBXW7 mutations in the context of tumor development, progression, and resistance to therapies as well as opportunities for targeted therapies is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong Province, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.,Liaoning Province, China Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Marcia Bellon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Pathogenesis, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Mingyi Ju
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.,Liaoning Province, China Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.,Liaoning Province, China Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Minjie Wei
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.,Liaoning Province, China Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Anti-Tumor Drug Development and Evaluation, Liaoning Cancer Immune Peptide Drug Engineering Technology Research Center, Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors, Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Liwu Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Christophe Nicot
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Pathogenesis, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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Liu C, Qian L, Vallega KA, Ma G, Zong D, Chen L, Wang S, Ramalingam SR, Qin Z, Sun SY. The novel BET degrader, QCA570, is highly active against the growth of human NSCLC cells and synergizes with osimertinib in suppressing osimertinib-resistant EGFR-mutant NSCLC cells. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:779-792. [PMID: 35261801 PMCID: PMC8900006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide despite advances in knowledge in cancer biology and options of various targeted therapies. Efforts in identifying innovative and effective therapies are still highly appreciated. Targeting bromodomain and extra terminal (BET) proteins that function as epigenetic readers and master transcription coactivators is now a potential cancer therapeutic strategy. The current study evaluates the therapeutic efficacies of the novel BET degrader, QCA570, in lung cancer and explores its underlying mechanisms. QCA570 at low nanomolar ranges effectively decreased the survival of a panel of human lung cancer cell lines with induction of apoptosis in vitro. As expected, it potently induced degradation of BET proteins including BRD4, BRD3 and BRD2. Moreover, it potently decreased Mcl-1 levels due to transcriptional suppression and protein degradation; this event is critical for mediating apoptosis induced by QCA570. Moreover, QCA570 synergized with osimertinib in suppressing the growth of osimertinib-resistant cells in vitro and in vivo, suggesting potential in overcoming acquired resistance to osimertinib. These preclinical findings support the potential of QCA570 in treatment of lung cancer either as a single agent or in combination with others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyuan Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha 410011, Hunan, China
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer InstituteAtlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Luxi Qian
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer InstituteAtlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Karin A Vallega
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer InstituteAtlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Guangzhi Ma
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer InstituteAtlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Dan Zong
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer InstituteAtlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Luxiao Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health of Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Suresh R Ramalingam
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer InstituteAtlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zhaohui Qin
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health of Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shi-Yong Sun
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer InstituteAtlanta, GA 30322, USA
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Yang Q, Zhao J, Chen D, Wang Y. E3 ubiquitin ligases: styles, structures and functions. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2021; 2:23. [PMID: 35006464 PMCID: PMC8607428 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-021-00043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
E3 ubiquitin ligases are a large family of enzymes that join in a three-enzyme ubiquitination cascade together with ubiquitin activating enzyme E1 and ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2. E3 ubiquitin ligases play an essential role in catalyzing the ubiquitination process and transferring ubiquitin protein to attach the lysine site of targeted substrates. Importantly, ubiquitination modification is involved in almost all life activities of eukaryotes. Thus, E3 ligases might be involved in regulating various biological processes and cellular responses to stress signal associated with cancer development. Thanks to their multi-functions, E3 ligases can be a promising target of cancer therapy. A deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of E3 ligases in tumorigenesis will help to find new prognostic markers and accelerate the growth of anticancer therapeutic approaches. In general, we mainly introduce the classifications of E3 ligases and their important roles in cancer progression and therapeutic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Yang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Jinyao Zhao
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
| | - Yang Wang
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China.
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Zhao L, Zhu L, Oh YT, Qian G, Chen Z, Sun SY. Rictor, an essential component of mTOR complex 2, undergoes caspase-mediated cleavage during apoptosis induced by multiple stimuli. Apoptosis 2021; 26:338-347. [PMID: 33905036 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-021-01676-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Caspase-mediated cleavage of proteins ensures the irreversible commitment of cells to undergo apoptosis, and is thus a hallmark of apoptosis. Rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR (rictor) functions primarily as a core and essential component of mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) to critically regulate cellular homeostasis. However, its role in the regulation of apoptosis is largely unknown. In the current study, we found that rictor was cleaved to generate two small fragments at ~ 50 kD and ~ 130 kD in cells undergoing apoptosis upon treatment with different stimuli such as the death ligand, TRAIL, and the small molecule, AZD9291. This cleavage was abolished when caspases were inhibited and could be reproduced when directly incubating rictor protein and caspase-3 in vitro. Furthermore, the cleavage site of caspase-3 on rictor was mapped at D1244 (VGVD). These findings together robustly demonstrate that rictor is a substrate of caspase-3 and undergoes cleavage during apoptosis. These results add new information for understanding the biology of rictor in the regulation of cell survival and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Zhao
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, 1365-C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, 1365-C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.,Research Institute for Pharmaceutical Screening & Evaluation, Wannan Medical College School of Pharmacy and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Active Biological Macromolecules, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - You-Take Oh
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, 1365-C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Guoqing Qian
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, 1365-C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Zhen Chen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, 1365-C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Shi-Yong Sun
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, 1365-C Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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11
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Saoudaoui S, Bernard M, Cardin GB, Malaquin N, Christopoulos A, Rodier F. mTOR as a senescence manipulation target: A forked road. Adv Cancer Res 2021; 150:335-363. [PMID: 33858600 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence, cancer and aging are highly interconnected. Among many important molecular machines that lie at the intersection of this triad, the mechanistic (formerly mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central regulator of cell metabolism, proliferation, and survival. The mTOR signaling cascade is essential to maintain cellular homeostasis in normal biological processes or in response to stress, and its dysregulation is implicated in the progression of many disorders, including age-associated diseases. Accordingly, the pharmacological implications of mTOR inhibition using rapamycin or others rapalogs span the treatment of various human diseases from immune disorders to cancer. Importantly, rapamycin is one of the only known pan-species drugs that can extend lifespan. The molecular and cellular mechanisms explaining the phenotypic consequences of mTOR are vast and heavily studied. In this review, we will focus on the potential role of mTOR in the context of cellular senescence, a tumor suppressor mechanism and a pillar of aging. We will explore the link between senescence, autophagy and mTOR and discuss the opportunities to exploit senescence-associated mTOR functions to manipulate senescence phenotypes in age-associated diseases and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Saoudaoui
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada; Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Monique Bernard
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada; Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guillaume B Cardin
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada; Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Malaquin
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada; Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Apostolos Christopoulos
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada; Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Service, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Francis Rodier
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada; Institut du cancer de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada; Université de Montréal, Département de radiologie, radio-oncologie et médicine nucléaire, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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12
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Chawsheen MA, Dash PR. mTOR modulates resistance to gemcitabine in lung cancer in an MTORC2 dependent mechanism. Cell Signal 2021; 81:109934. [PMID: 33545231 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.109934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer has a poor prognosis partly due to a lack of response to treatments such as the chemotherapy drug gemcitabine. Combinations of chemotherapy drugs with signal transduction inhibitors may be more effective treatments. In this study we have investigated the impact of targeting the mTOR signalling pathway on the efficacy of gemcitabine in different cancer cell lines. METHODS Time-lapse microscopy, immuno-staining, and western blot techniques were used to evaluate the efficacy of applied treatments either in measuring phosphorylation levels of mTOR down-stream targets or in tracking down the fate of targeted cells. Reactive oxygen species and relative levels of protein phosphorylation were also quantified. For comparison between treated groups t-test and analysis of variance test were applied. RESULTS Our data showed that mTORC1 has no role in sensitising A549 lung cancer cells to gemcitabine. However, targeting mTORC1/2 with the pharmacological inhibitor torin1 or by over-expressing Deptor, the negative regulator of mTOR signalling, sensitised these cells to gemcitabine. Silencing mTORC2, but not mTORC1, induced apoptosis and significantly improved the apoptosis-inducing effects of gemcitabine. Results also suggest that Rictor is required to maintain cell survival through modulating p38α, ERK1/2, RSK1/2/3 and the transcription factor STAT3. Multiple cell line comparisons revealed that PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells were also sensitive to mTOR inhibition, but MCF7 breast cancer, MCF10A breast epithelial and H727 lung cancer cell lines were more resistant to the treatment. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of mTORC2 may have benefits in the treatment of gemcitabine resistant cancers, and the genetic background of the cell line may determine its response to mTOR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip R Dash
- University of Reading, School of Biological Sciences, Reading, UK
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13
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mTOR-targeted cancer therapy: great target but disappointing clinical outcomes, why? Front Med 2020; 15:221-231. [PMID: 33165737 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-020-0812-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) critically regulates several essential biological functions, such as cell growth, metabolism, survival, and immune response by forming two important complexes, namely, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and complex 2 (mTORC2). mTOR signaling is often dysregulated in cancers and has been considered an attractive cancer therapeutic target. Great efforts have been made to develop efficacious mTOR inhibitors, particularly mTOR kinase inhibitors, which suppress mTORC1 and mTORC2; however, major success has not been achieved. With the strong scientific rationale, the intriguing question is why cancers are insensitive or not responsive to mTOR-targeted cancer therapy in clinics. Beyond early findings on induced activation of PI3K/Akt, MEK/ERK, and Mnk/eIF4E survival signaling pathways that compromise the efficacy of rapalog-based cancer therapy, recent findings on the essential role of GSK3 in mediating cancer cell response to mTOR inhibitors and mTORC1 inhibition-induced upregulation of PD-L1 in cancer cells may provide some explanations. These new findings may also offer us the opportunity to rationally utilize mTOR inhibitors in cancer therapy. Further elucidation of the biology of complicated mTOR networks may bring us the hope to develop effective therapeutic strategies with mTOR inhibitors against cancer.
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14
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Synergistic apoptotic effects in cancer cells by the combination of CLK and Bcl-2 family inhibitors. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240718. [PMID: 33064779 PMCID: PMC7567398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that alternative splicing plays a critical role in cancer progression through abnormal expression or mutation of splicing factors. Small-molecule splicing modulators have recently attracted considerable attention as a novel class of cancer therapeutics. CDC-like kinases (CLKs) are central to exon recognition in mRNA splicing and CLK inhibitors exhibit anti-tumour activities. Most importantly, molecular mechanism-based combination strategies for cancer therapy must be considered. However, it remains unclear whether CLK inhibitors modulate expression and splicing of apoptosis-related genes, and whether CLK inhibitors enhance cytotoxicity in combination with apoptosis inducers. Here we report an appropriate mechanism-based drug combination approach. Unexpectedly, we found that the CLK inhibitor T3 rapidly induced apoptosis in A2780 cells and G2/M cell cycle arrest in HCT116 cells. Regardless of the different phenotypes of the two cancer cell types, T3 decreased the levels of anti-apoptotic proteins (cIAP1, cIAP2, XIAP, cFLIP and Mcl-1) for a short period of exposure and altered the splicing of the anti-apoptotic MCL1L and CFLAR isoform in A2780 and HCT116 cells. In contrast, other members of the Bcl-2 family (i.e., Bcl-xL and Bcl-2) were resistant to T3-induced expression and splicing modulation. T3 and a Bcl-xL/Bcl-2 inhibitor synergistically induced apoptosis. Taken together, the use of a CLK inhibitor is a novel therapeutic approach to sensitise cancer cells to Bcl-xL/Bcl-2 inhibitors.
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15
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Sun SY. Searching for the real function of mTOR signaling in the regulation of PD-L1 expression. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100847. [PMID: 32854033 PMCID: PMC7451686 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), via forming two important complexes: mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and complex 2 (mTORC2), plays an important role in the regulation of immunity in addition to exerting many other biological funcions. Beyond its regulatory effects on immune cells, the mTOR axis also regulates the expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) in cancer cells; accordingly, inhibition of mTOR alters PD-L1 levels in different cancer cell types. However, the currently published studies on mTOR inhibition-induced PD-L1 alteration have generated conflicting results. This review will focus on summarizing current findings in this regard and discussing possible reasons for the discrepancies and their potential implications for PD-L1 modulation in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yong Sun
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University of School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America.
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16
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Inde Z, Forcina GC, Denton K, Dixon SJ. Kinetic Heterogeneity of Cancer Cell Fractional Killing. Cell Rep 2020; 32:107845. [PMID: 32640215 PMCID: PMC7409774 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lethal drugs can induce incomplete cell death in a population of cancer cells, a phenomenon referred to as fractional killing. Here, we show that high-throughput population-level time-lapse imaging can be used to quantify fractional killing in response to hundreds of different drug treatments in parallel. We find that stable intermediate levels of fractional killing are uncommon, with many drug treatments resulting in complete or near-complete eradication of all cells, if given enough time. The kinetics of fractional killing over time vary substantially as a function of drug, drug dose, and genetic background. At the molecular level, the antiapoptotic protein MCL1 is an important determinant of the kinetics of fractional killing in response to MAPK pathway inhibitors but not other lethal stimuli. These studies suggest that fractional killing is governed by diverse lethal stimulus-specific mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zintis Inde
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Kyle Denton
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Scott J Dixon
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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17
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Gonatopoulos-Pournatzis T, Aregger M, Brown KR, Farhangmehr S, Braunschweig U, Ward HN, Ha KCH, Weiss A, Billmann M, Durbic T, Myers CL, Blencowe BJ, Moffat J. Genetic interaction mapping and exon-resolution functional genomics with a hybrid Cas9-Cas12a platform. Nat Biotechnol 2020; 38:638-648. [PMID: 32249828 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-020-0437-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Systematic mapping of genetic interactions (GIs) and interrogation of the functions of sizable genomic segments in mammalian cells represent important goals of biomedical research. To advance these goals, we present a CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-based screening system for combinatorial genetic manipulation that employs coexpression of CRISPR-associated nucleases 9 and 12a (Cas9 and Cas12a) and machine-learning-optimized libraries of hybrid Cas9-Cas12a guide RNAs. This system, named Cas Hybrid for Multiplexed Editing and screening Applications (CHyMErA), outperforms genetic screens using Cas9 or Cas12a editing alone. Application of CHyMErA to the ablation of mammalian paralog gene pairs reveals extensive GIs and uncovers phenotypes normally masked by functional redundancy. Application of CHyMErA in a chemogenetic interaction screen identifies genes that impact cell growth in response to mTOR pathway inhibition. Moreover, by systematically targeting thousands of alternative splicing events, CHyMErA identifies exons underlying human cell line fitness. CHyMErA thus represents an effective screening approach for GI mapping and the functional analysis of sizable genomic regions, such as alternative exons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Aregger
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin R Brown
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaghayegh Farhangmehr
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Henry N Ward
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kevin C H Ha
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexander Weiss
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maximilian Billmann
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Tanja Durbic
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chad L Myers
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Benjamin J Blencowe
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jason Moffat
- Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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18
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Zong D, Gu J, Cavalcante GC, Yao W, Zhang G, Wang S, Owonikoko TK, He X, Sun SY. BRD4 Levels Determine the Response of Human Lung Cancer Cells to BET Degraders That Potently Induce Apoptosis through Suppression of Mcl-1. Cancer Res 2020; 80:2380-2393. [PMID: 32156781 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-3674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer consists of approximately 80% non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and 20% small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide despite advances in early diagnosis, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. Thus, novel therapies are still urgently needed. Bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) proteins, primarily comprised of BRD2, BRD3, and BRD4 proteins, function as epigenetic readers and master transcription coactivators and are now recognized cancer therapeutic targets. BET degraders such as ZBC260 and dBET represent a novel class of BET inhibitors that act by inducing BET degradation. The current study demonstrates the therapeutic efficacies of BET degraders, particularly ZBC260, against lung cancer, as well as understanding the underlying mechanisms and identifying molecular markers that determine cell sensitivity to BET degraders. A panel of NSCLC cell lines possessed similar response patterns to ZBC260 and dBET but different responses to BET inhibitor JQ-1. BRD levels, particularly BRD4, correlated positively with high sensitivity to BET degraders but not to JQ-1. BET degraders potently induced apoptosis in sensitive NSCLC cells and were accompanied by reduction of Mcl-1 and c-FLIP levels, which are critical for mediating induction of apoptosis and enhancement of TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Accordingly, ZBC260 exerted more potent activity than JQ-1 in vivo against the growth of NSCLC xenografts and patient-derived xenografts. These findings warrant future clinical validation of the efficacy of BET degraders in NSCLC, particularly those with high levels of BRD proteins, especially BRD4. SIGNIFICANCE: The current study demonstrates the potential of novel BET degraders in the treatment of lung cancer and warrants clinical validation of BET degraders in lung cancer with high levels of BRD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zong
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jiajia Gu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Giovanna C Cavalcante
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia.,Laboratory of Human and Medical Genetics, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Weilong Yao
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Gastroenterology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Guojing Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacology and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Taofeek K Owonikoko
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Xia He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Shi-Yong Sun
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia.
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19
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Zang H, Qian G, Arbiser J, Owonikoko TK, Ramalingam SS, Fan S, Sun SY. Overcoming acquired resistance of EGFR-mutant NSCLC cells to the third generation EGFR inhibitor, osimertinib, with the natural product honokiol. Mol Oncol 2020; 14:882-895. [PMID: 32003107 PMCID: PMC7138398 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of acquired resistance to osimertinib (Osim) (AZD9291 or TAGRISSOTM), an FDA‐approved third‐generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor for the treatment of EGFR‐mutant nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), limits the long‐term benefits for patients. Thus, effective treatment options are urgently needed. To this end, we explored whether honokiol (HNK), a natural product with potential antitumor activity, may be used to overcome Osim resistance. The combination of HNK and Osim synergistically decreased the survival of several Osim ‐resistant cell lines with enhanced effects on inhibiting cell colony formation and growth and on inducing apoptosis. This combination also showed greater growth suppression of Osim‐resistant xenograft tumors including those with 19del, T790M, and C797S triple mutations in nude mice. Mechanistically, the augmented induction of apoptosis by the combination is largely due to enhanced Mcl‐1 reduction through facilitating its degradation. A synthetic HNK derivative exerted similar effects with greater efficacy. Our findings warrant further study of HNK and its derivatives in overcoming Osim resistance in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjing Zang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Guoqing Qian
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jack Arbiser
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Taofeek K Owonikoko
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Suresh S Ramalingam
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Songqing Fan
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shi-Yong Sun
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
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20
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Saga of Mcl-1: regulation from transcription to degradation. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:405-419. [PMID: 31907390 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The members of the Bcl-2 family are the central regulators of various cell death modalities. Some of these proteins contribute to apoptosis, while others counteract this type of programmed cell death, thus balancing cell demise and survival. A disruption of this balance leads to the development of various diseases, including cancer. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms that underlie the regulation of proteins of the Bcl-2 family is of great importance for biomedical research. Among the members of the Bcl-2 family, antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1 is characterized by a short half-life, which renders this protein highly sensitive to changes in its synthesis or degradation. Hence, the regulation of Mcl-1 is of particular scientific interest, and the study of Mcl-1 modulators could aid in the understanding of the mechanisms of disease development and the ways of their treatment. Here, we summarize the present knowledge regarding the regulation of Mcl-1, from transcription to degradation, focusing on aspects that have not yet been described in detail.
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21
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Deng L, Qian G, Zhang S, Zheng H, Fan S, Lesinski GB, Owonikoko TK, Ramalingam SS, Sun SY. Inhibition of mTOR complex 1/p70 S6 kinase signaling elevates PD-L1 levels in human cancer cells through enhancing protein stabilization accompanied with enhanced β-TrCP degradation. Oncogene 2019; 38:6270-6282. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0877-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Li X, Zhang N, Zhang Y, Jia P, Guo Y, Tian Y, You S, Wu S, Sun Y. E3 ligase Fbw7 participates in oxidative stress‑induced myocardial cell injury via interacting with Mcl‑1. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:1561-1568. [PMID: 31257502 PMCID: PMC6625382 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress participates in several heart diseases and is an important mechanism contributing to the pathological alterations of myocardial cell injury. In recent years, ubiquitylation has been demonstrated to be an important biochemical reaction associated with apoptosis. To investigate the effects and interactions of the E3 ligase F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7 (Fbw7) and MCL1 apoptosis regulator, BCL2 family member (Mcl-1) in myocardial cells during oxidative stress, Cell Counting Kit-8, flow cytometry, western blot, reactive oxygen species and co-immunoprecipitation assays were conducted. The current study revealed that Fbw7 may facilitate apoptosis via the Mcl-1-Bax pathway in oxidative stress-induced myocardial H9c2 cell injury. Mcl-1 inhibits the functions of Bcl-2 family members, including the mitochondrial apoptosis factor Bax, to maintain cell viability; however, the present study suggested that Fbw7 may degrade Mcl-1 and impaired this process. Therefore, it may be hypothesized that Fbw-7 promotes myocardial cell injury via interacting with Mcl-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Naijin Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Translational Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Pengyu Jia
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yuxuan Guo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yichen Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Shilong You
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Shaojun Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Yingxian Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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23
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Zhang S, Qian G, Zhang QQ, Yao Y, Wang D, Chen ZG, Wang LJ, Chen M, Sun SY. mTORC2 Suppresses GSK3-Dependent Snail Degradation to Positively Regulate Cancer Cell Invasion and Metastasis. Cancer Res 2019; 79:3725-3736. [PMID: 31142514 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) positively regulates cell invasion and metastasis by enhancing translation of Snail. A connection between mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2) and cell invasion and metastasis has also been suggested, yet the underlying biology or mechanism is largely unknown and thus is the focus of this study. Inhibition of mTOR with both mTOR inhibitors and knockdown of key components of mTORC, including rictor, Sin1, and raptor, decreased Snail protein levels. Inhibition of mTOR enhanced the rate of Snail degradation, which could be rescued by inhibition of the proteasome. Critically, inhibition of mTORC2 (by knocking down rictor) but not mTORC1 (by knocking down raptor) enhanced Snail degradation. Therefore, only mTORC2 inhibition induces Snail proteasomal degradation, resulting in eventual Snail reduction. Interestingly, inhibition of GSK3 but not SCF/β-TrCP rescued the Snail reduction induced by mTOR inhibitors, suggesting GSK3-dependent, but SCF/β-TrCP-independent proteasomal degradation of Snail. Accordingly, mTOR inhibitors elevated E-cadherin levels and suppressed cancer cell migration and invasion in vitro and metastasis in vivo. Collectively, this study reveals that mTORC2 positively regulates Snail stability to control cell invasion and metastasis. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings delineate a new regulation mechanism of Snail, an important master regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and invasion in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhang
- First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China.,Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Guoqing Qian
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Qian-Qian Zhang
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Basic Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yuying Yao
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Basic Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Zhuo G Chen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Li-Jing Wang
- Vascular Biology Research Institute, School of Basic Science, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Mingwei Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Yong Sun
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia.
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24
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Zhu ZC, Liu JW, Yang C, Zhao M, Xiong ZQ. XPO1 inhibitor KPT-330 synergizes with Bcl-xL inhibitor to induce cancer cell apoptosis by perturbing rRNA processing and Mcl-1 protein synthesis. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:395. [PMID: 31113936 PMCID: PMC6529444 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1627-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
XPO1 (exportin1) mediates nuclear export of proteins and RNAs and is frequently overexpressed in cancers. In this study, we show that the orally bioavailable XPO1 inhibitor KPT-330 reduced Mcl-1 protein level, by which it synergized with Bcl-xL inhibitor A-1331852 to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. KPT-330/A-1331852 combination disrupted bindings of Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL to Bax, Bak, and/or Bim, elicited mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, and triggered apoptosis. KPT-330 generally mitigated mRNA expression and protein synthesis rather than mRNA nuclear export or protein stability of Mcl-1. KPT-330 inhibited mTORC1/4E-BP1 and Mnk1/eIF4E axes, which disrupted the eIF4F translation initiation complex but was dispensable for Mcl-1 reduction and KPT-330/A-1331852 combination-induced apoptosis. Mature rRNAs are integral components of the ribosome that determines protein synthesis ability. KPT-330 impeded nucleolar rRNA processing and reduced total levels of multiple mature rRNAs. Reconstitution of XPO1 by expressing degradation-resistant C528S mutant retained rRNA amount, Mcl-1 expression, and Bcl-xL inhibitor resistance upon KPT-330 treatment. KPT-330/A-1331852 combination suppressed growth and enhanced apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer xenografts. Therefore, we clarify the reason of apoptosis resistance of cancer cells to XPO1 inhibition and develop a potential strategy for treating solid tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Benzothiazoles/pharmacology
- Benzothiazoles/therapeutic use
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Drug Synergism
- Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4F/metabolism
- Humans
- Hydrazines/pharmacology
- Hydrazines/therapeutic use
- Isoquinolines/pharmacology
- Isoquinolines/therapeutic use
- Karyopherins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Karyopherins/genetics
- Karyopherins/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein/antagonists & inhibitors
- Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein/genetics
- Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Triazoles/pharmacology
- Triazoles/therapeutic use
- Exportin 1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Chuan Zhu
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Wei Liu
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Can Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Qi Xiong
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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25
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Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Qian J, Zhang X, Yu K. A Novel mTORC1/2 Inhibitor (MTI-31) Inhibits Tumor Growth, Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition, Metastases, and Improves Antitumor Immunity in Preclinical Models of Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:3630-3642. [PMID: 30796032 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-2548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to investigate efficacy and mechanism of MTI-31 (LXI-15029), a novel mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibitor currently in human trial (NCT03125746), in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) models of multiple driver mutations and tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI)-resistance. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Gene depletion, inhibitor treatment, immunological, flow cytometry, cellular, and animal studies were performed to determine in vitro and in vivo efficacy in NSCLC models of driver mutations and elucidate roles by mTOR complexes in regulating migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis, intracranial tumor growth, and immune-escape. RESULTS MTI-31 potently inhibited cell proliferation (IC50 <1 μmol/L) and in vivo tumor growth in multiple NSCLC models of EGFR/T790M, EML4-ALK, c-Met, or KRAS (MED <10 mg/kg). In EGFR-mutant and/or EML4-ALK-driven NSCLC, MTI-31 or disruption of mTORC2 reduced cell migration, hematogenous metastasis to the lung, and abrogated morphological and functional traits of EMT. Disruption of mTORC2 inhibited EGFR/T790M-positive tumor growth in mouse brain and prolonged animal survival correlating a diminished tumor angiogenesis and recruitment of IBA1+ microglia/macrophages in tumor microenvironment. MTI-31 also suppressed programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in EGFR- and ALK-driven NSCLC, mediated in part by mTORC2/AKT/GSK3β-dependent proteasomal degradation. Depletion of mTOR protein or disruption of mTOR complexes profoundly downregulated PD-L1 and alleviated apoptosis in Jurkat T and primary human T cells in a tumor-T cell coculture system. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight mTOR as a multifaceted regulator of tumor growth, metastasis, and immune-escape in EGFR/ALK-mutant and TKI-resistant NSCLC cells. The newly characterized mechanisms mediated by the rapamycin-resistant mTORC2 warrant clinical investigation of mTORC1/mTORC2 inhibitors in patients with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqing Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianchang Qian
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuesai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Ker Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China.
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26
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Li QR, Zhao H, Zhang XS, Lang H, Yu K. Novel-smoothened inhibitors for therapeutic targeting of naïve and drug-resistant hedgehog pathway-driven cancers. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:257-267. [PMID: 29777201 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) smoothened (SMO) is a key signaling component of the sonic hedgehog (Hh) pathway and a clinically validated target for cancer treatment. The FDA-approved SMO inhibitors GDC-0449/Vismodegib and LDE225/Sonidegib demonstrated clinical antitumor efficacy. Nevertheless, relatively high percentage of treated patients would eventually develop acquired cross resistance to both drugs. Here, based on published structure and activity of GDC-0449 inhibitor class, we replaced its amide core with benzimidazole which retained bulk of the SMO-targeting activity as measured in our Hh/SMO/Gli1-reporter system. Synthesis and screening of multiple series of benzimidazole derivatives identified HH-1, HH-13, and HH-20 with potent target suppression (IC50: <0.1 μmol/L) in the reporter assays. In NIH3T3 cells stimulated with a secreted Hh (SHH), these inhibitors dose dependently reduced mRNA and protein expression of the endogenous pathway components PTCH-1, Gli1, and cyclin D1 resulting in growth inhibition via G0/G1 arrest. Mechanistically, the SMO-targeted growth inhibition involved downregulation of mTOR signaling inputs and readouts consistent with diminished mTORC1/mTORC2 functions and apoptosis. In mice, as with GDC-0449, orally administered HH inhibitors blocked paracrine activation of stromal Hh pathway in Calu-6 tumor microenvironment and attenuated growth of PTCH+/-/P53-/- medulloblastoma allograft tumors. Furthermore, HH-13 and HH-20 potently targeted the drug-resistant smoothened SMO-D473H (IC50: <0.2 μmol/L) compared to the poor inhibition by GDC-0449 (IC50: >60 μmol/L). These results identify HH-13 and HH-20 as potent inhibitors capable of targeting naïve and drug-resistant Hh/SMO-driven cancers. The current leads may be optimized to improve pharmaceutical property for potential development of new therapy for treatment of Hh pathway-driven cancers.
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27
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Mattoo AR, Joun A, Jessup JM. Repurposing of mTOR Complex Inhibitors Attenuates MCL-1 and Sensitizes to PARP Inhibition. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 17:42-53. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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28
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Torrealba N, Rodriguez-Berriguete G, Fraile B, Olmedilla G, Martínez-Onsurbe P, Sánchez-Chapado M, Paniagua R, Royuela M. PI3K pathway and Bcl-2 family. Clinicopathological features in prostate cancer. Aging Male 2018; 21:211-222. [PMID: 29316844 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2018.1424130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mTOR pathways and Bcl-2 family play a central role in prostate cancer (PC). The aim was to determine influence in the biochemical progression in PC. To evaluate the association between clinic pathological and immunohistochemical variables, Spearman's test was performed. Log-rank test and Kaplan-Meier curves were used for survival comparisons. To explore the correlation of the studied immunohistochemical parameters and the established prognostic variables with biochemical progression, univariate and multivariate Cox proportional Hazard regression analyses were performed. Spearman analysis showed correlation between stroma expression and tumor expression of PI3K with biochemical progression (p = .009, p = .004), respectively, and tumor immunohistochemical score with biochemical progression (p = .051). In the multivariate Cox regression model, only PI3K was retained as independent predictors of biochemical progression. In stroma expression, PI3K is (HR 0.172, 95% CI 0.065-0.452, p = .000); tumor expression, PI3K is (HR 0.087, 95% CI 0.026-0.293, p = .000), and tumor immunohistochemical score (HR 0.382, 95% CI 0.209-0.697 p = .002). Our results suggest a role for prostatic expression of PI3K was prognostic markers for PC. PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Bcl-2 family are becoming an important therapeutic target and predictive biomarkers of onset and progression of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norelia Torrealba
- a Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology , University of Alcalá , Alcalá de Henares , Spain
| | | | - Benito Fraile
- a Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology , University of Alcalá , Alcalá de Henares , Spain
| | - Gabriel Olmedilla
- b Department of Pathology , University of Alcalá , Alcalá de Henares , Spain
| | | | | | - Ricardo Paniagua
- a Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology , University of Alcalá , Alcalá de Henares , Spain
| | - Mar Royuela
- a Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology , University of Alcalá , Alcalá de Henares , Spain
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29
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Yeh CH, Bellon M, Nicot C. FBXW7: a critical tumor suppressor of human cancers. Mol Cancer 2018; 17:115. [PMID: 30086763 PMCID: PMC6081812 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-018-0857-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is involved in multiple aspects of cellular processes, such as cell cycle progression, cellular differentiation, and survival (Davis RJ et al., Cancer Cell 26:455-64, 2014; Skaar JR et al., Nat Rev Drug Discov 13:889-903, 2014; Nakayama KI and Nakayama K, Nat Rev Cancer 6:369-81, 2006). F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7 (FBXW7), also known as Sel10, hCDC4 or hAgo, is a member of the F-box protein family, which functions as the substrate recognition component of the SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase. FBXW7 is a critical tumor suppressor and one of the most commonly deregulated ubiquitin-proteasome system proteins in human cancer. FBXW7 controls proteasome-mediated degradation of oncoproteins such as cyclin E, c-Myc, Mcl-1, mTOR, Jun, Notch and AURKA. Consistent with the tumor suppressor role of FBXW7, it is located at chromosome 4q32, a genomic region deleted in more than 30% of all human cancers (Spruck CH et al., Cancer Res 62:4535-9, 2002). Genetic profiles of human cancers based on high-throughput sequencing have revealed that FBXW7 is frequently mutated in human cancers. In addition to genetic mutations, other mechanisms involving microRNA, long non-coding RNA, and specific oncogenic signaling pathways can inactivate FBXW7 functions in cancer cells. In the following sections, we will discuss the regulation of FBXW7, its role in oncogenesis, and the clinical implications and prognostic value of loss of function of FBXW7 in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hung Yeh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Pathogenesis, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Marcia Bellon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Pathogenesis, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Christophe Nicot
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Viral Pathogenesis, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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30
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Qian J, Chen Y, Meng T, Ma L, Meng L, Wang X, Yu T, Zask A, Shen J, Yu K. Molecular regulation of apoptotic machinery and lipid metabolism by mTORC1/mTORC2 dual inhibitors in preclinical models of HER2+/PIK3CAmut breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:67071-67086. [PMID: 27563814 PMCID: PMC5341858 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a rational target for cancer treatment. While the mTORC1-selective rapalogs have shown significant benefits in the clinic, antitumor response may be further improved by inhibiting both mTORC1 and mTORC2. Herein, we established target profile of a novel mTOR kinase inhibitor (mTOR-KI) MTI-31 and employed it to study new therapeutic mechanism in breast cancer. MTI-31 demonstrated a potent mTOR binding affinity with >5000 fold selectivity over the related PI3K family isoforms. MTI-31 inhibited mTORC1- and mTORC2 function at ≤120 nM in cellular assays or 5 mg/kg orally in tumor-bearing mice. In a panel of breast cancer lines, the antitumor efficacy of MTI-31 was dependent on HER2+ and/or PIK3CAmut (HER2+/PIK3CAmut) status of the tumors and required mTORC2-specific modulation of Bim, MCL-1 and GSK3. Inactivation of Bim or GSK3 each attenuated apoptotic death resulting in mTOR-KI resistance. The antitumor response also required a suppression of lipid metabolism in therapy-sensitive tumors. Treatment with MTI-31 or AZD8055 substantially reduced lipogenesis and acetyl-CoA homeostasis, which was mechanistically linked to a blockade of mTORC2-dependent glucose-to-lipid conversion rate. We also found that the basal levels of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A and lipid catabolism were elevated in HER2+/PIK3CAmut breast cells and were inhibited upon mTOR-KI treatment. A CPT1A inhibitor etomoxir mimicked MTI-31 action in selective downregulation of cellular lipid catabolism. Co-treatments with MTI-31 and etomoxir enhanced the suppression of cyclin D1, c-Myc and cell growth in HER2+/PIK3CAmut tumors. These new mechanistic findings provide a rationale for targeting mTORC1 and mTORC2 in HER2+/PIK3CAmut breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchang Qian
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqing Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Meng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lanping Ma
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lanfang Meng
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Arie Zask
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jingkang Shen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ker Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Fudan University School of Pharmacy, Shanghai, China
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31
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Zhen MC, Wang FQ, Wu SF, Zhao YL, Liu PG, Yin ZY. Identification of mTOR as a primary resistance factor of the IAP antagonist AT406 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:9466-9475. [PMID: 28036295 PMCID: PMC5354745 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins (IAPs) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is often associated with poor prognosis. Here we showed that AT406, an IAP antagonist, was cytotoxic and pro-apoptotic to both established (HepG2, SMMC-7721 lines) and primary HCC cells. Activation of mTOR could be a key resistance factor of AT406 in HCC cells. mTOR inhibition (by OSI-027), kinase-dead mutation or knockdown remarkably enhanced AT406-induced lethality in HCC cells. Reversely, forced-activation of mTOR by adding SC79 or exogenous expressing a constitutively active S6K1 (T389E) attenuated AT406-induced cytotoxicity against HCC cells. We showed that AT406 induced degradation of IAPs (cIAP-1 and XIAP), but didn't affect another anti-apoptosis protein Mcl-1. Co-treatment of OSI-027 caused simultaneous Mcl-1 downregulation to overcome AT406's resistance. Significantly, shRNA knockdown of Mcl-1 remarkably facilitated AT406-induced apoptosis in HCC cells. In vivo, AT406 oral administration suppressed HepG2 tumor growth in nude mice. Its activity was potentiated with co-administration of OSI-027. We conclude that mTOR could be a key resistance factor of AT406 in HCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Chuan Zhen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Xiamen, Fujian, 361004, China
| | - Fu-Qiang Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Xiamen, Fujian, 361004, China
| | - Shao-Feng Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Xiamen, Fujian, 361004, China
| | - Yi-Lin Zhao
- Department of Tumor Interventional Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361004, China
| | - Ping-Guo Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Xiamen, Fujian, 361004, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Yin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Chronic Liver Disease and Hepatocellular Carcinoma, Xiamen, Fujian, 361004, China
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32
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Hermida MA, Dinesh Kumar J, Leslie NR. GSK3 and its interactions with the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling network. Adv Biol Regul 2017; 65:5-15. [PMID: 28712664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 (GSK3 or GSK-3) is a promiscuous protein kinase and its phosphorylation of its diverse substrates has major influences on many areas of physiology and pathology, including cellular metabolism, lineage commitment and neuroscience. GSK3 was one of the first identified substrates of the heavily studied oncogenic kinase AKT, phosphorylation by which inhibits GSK3 activity via the formation of an autoinhibitory pseudosubstrate sequence. This has led to investigation of the role of GSK3 inhibition as a key component of the cellular responses to growth factors and insulin, which stimulate the class I PI 3-Kinases and in turn AKT activity and GSK3 phosphorylation. GSK3 has been shown to phosphorylate several upstream and downstream components of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling network, including AKT itself, RICTOR, TSC1 and 2, PTEN and IRS1 and 2, with the potential to apply feedback control within the network. However, it has been clear for some time that functionally distinct, insulated pools of GSK3 exist which are regulated independently, so that for some GSK3 substrates such as β-catenin, phosphorylation by GSK3 is not controlled by input from PI3K and AKT. Instead, as almost all GSK3 substrates require a priming phosphorylated residue to be 4 amino acids C-terminal to the Ser/Thr phosphorylated by GSK3, the predominant form of regulation of the activity of GSK3 often appears to be through control over these priming events, specific to individual substrates. Therefore, a major role of GSK3 can be viewed as an amplifier of the electrostatic effects on protein function which are caused by these priming phosphorylation events. Here we discuss these different aspects to GSK3 regulation and function, and the functions of GSK3 as it integrates with signalling through the PI3K-AKT-mTOR signalling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Hermida
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - J Dinesh Kumar
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Nick R Leslie
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
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33
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Wang J, Xu-Monette ZY, Jabbar KJ, Shen Q, Manyam GC, Tzankov A, Visco C, Wang J, Montes-Moreno S, Dybkær K, Tam W, Bhagat G, Hsi ED, van Krieken JH, Ponzoni M, Ferreri AJM, Wang S, Møller MB, Piris MA, Medeiros LJ, Li Y, Pham LV, Young KH. AKT Hyperactivation and the Potential of AKT-Targeted Therapy in Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017. [PMID: 28627414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AKT signaling is important for proliferation and survival of tumor cells. The clinical significance of AKT activation in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is not well analyzed. Here, we assessed expression of phosphorylated AKT (p-AKT) in 522 DLBCL patients. We found that high levels of p-AKT nuclear expression, observed in 24.3% of the study cohort, were associated with significantly worse progression-free survival and Myc and Bcl-2 overexpression. However, multivariate analysis indicated that AKT hyperactivation was not an independent factor. miRNA profiling analysis demonstrated that 63 miRNAs directly or indirectly related to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT/mechanistic target of rapamycin pathway were differentially expressed between DLBCLs with high and low p-AKT nuclear expression. We further targeted AKT signaling using a highly selective AKT inhibitor MK-2206 in 26 representative DLBCL cell lines and delineated signaling alterations using a reverse-phase protein array. MK-2206 treatment inhibited lymphoma cell viability, and MK-2206 sensitivity correlated with AKT activation status in DLBCL cells. On MK-2206 treatment, p-AKT levels and downstream targets of AKT signaling were significantly decreased, likely because of the decreased feedback repression; Rictor and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase expression and other compensatory pathways were also induced. This study demonstrates the clinical and therapeutic implications of AKT hyperactivation in DLBCL and suggests that AKT inhibitors need to be combined with other targeted agents for DLBCL to achieve optimal clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfen Wang
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; Department of Pathology, Shanxi Cancer Hospital, Shanxi, China
| | - Zijun Y Xu-Monette
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kausar J Jabbar
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Qi Shen
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ganiraju C Manyam
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Carlo Visco
- Department of Hematology, San Bortolo Hospital, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Karen Dybkær
- Department of Hematology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Wayne Tam
- Department of Pathology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York
| | - Govind Bhagat
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Eric D Hsi
- Department of Pathology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - J Han van Krieken
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Shi Wang
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Michael B Møller
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Miguel A Piris
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - L Jeffrey Medeiros
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Lan V Pham
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ken H Young
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas; University of Texas School of Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas.
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Li MR, Zhu CC, Ling TL, Zhang YQ, Xu J, Zhao EH, Zhao G. FBXW7 expression is associated with prognosis and chemotherapeutic outcome in Chinese patients with gastric adenocarcinoma. BMC Gastroenterol 2017; 17:60. [PMID: 28464881 PMCID: PMC5414332 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-017-0616-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background FBXW7, a component of the Skp-Cullin1-F-box, mediates target protein recognition. It is a tumor suppressor gene that plays a role in the regulation of cell cycle exit and reentry via c-Myc, c-Jun and Notch degradation. There are few studies, particularly involving a large patient cohort, that have evaluated FBXW7 during gastric cancer progression. Methods Our study aimed to evaluate the value of FBXW7 as a clinical marker in gastric adenocarcinoma (GC) patients including a subset treated with postoperative chemotherapy. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) assay was used to measure FBXW7 transcript levels in tumors paired with normal gastric tissue in 24 gastric adenocarcinoma patients. Subsequently, 546 additional GC samples were evaluated from patients that underwent radical gastrectomy, including 118 early stage cases(Stage I) and 428 advanced stage cases (Stages II or III). Amongst the advanced stage patient cases evaluated, 347 received postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy. All 546 gastric adenocarcinoma cases were then evaluated by tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for FBXW7 expression. Clinicopathological features and diagnoses were confirmed by histopathologic evaluation and review of clinical data. Overall survival (OS) was then evaluated in the 546 gastric cancer patients. Results By immunohistologic evaluation, low expression of FBXW7 in primary gastric cancer significantly correlated with poor differentiation of tumor cells. Moreover, low FBXW7 expression was associated with worse survival as well as worse adjuvant chemotherapy response. Conclusion Our findings suggest that FBXW7 may serve as an important predictor in chemotherapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Ran Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Chao Zhu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Long Ling
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye-Qian Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - En-Hao Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, RenJi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 160 Pujian Road, Shanghai, 200127, People's Republic of China.
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Targeting MYC Dependence by Metabolic Inhibitors in Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8040114. [PMID: 28362357 PMCID: PMC5406861 DOI: 10.3390/genes8040114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MYC is a critical growth regulatory gene that is commonly overexpressed in a wide range of cancers. Therapeutic targeting of MYC transcriptional activity has long been a goal, but it has been difficult to achieve with drugs that directly block its DNA-binding ability. Additional approaches that exploit oncogene addiction are promising strategies against MYC-driven cancers. Also, drugs that target metabolic regulatory pathways and enzymes have potential for indirectly reducing MYC levels. Glucose metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation, which can be targeted by multiple agents, promote cell growth and MYC expression. Likewise, modulation of the signaling pathways and protein synthesis regulated by adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) can also be an effective route for suppressing MYC translation. Furthermore, recent data suggest that metabolism of nucleotides, fatty acids and glutamine are exploited to alter MYC levels. Combination therapies offer potential new approaches to overcome metabolic plasticity caused by single agents. Although potential toxicities must be carefully controlled, new inhibitors currently being tested in clinical trials offer significant promise. Therefore, as both a downstream target of metabolism and an upstream regulator, MYC is a prominent central regulator of cancer metabolism. Exploiting metabolic vulnerabilities of MYC-driven cancers is an emerging research area with translational potential.
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Norris JL, Farrow MA, Gutierrez DB, Palmer LD, Muszynski N, Sherrod SD, Pino JC, Allen JL, Spraggins JM, Lubbock ALR, Jordan A, Burns W, Poland JC, Romer C, Manier ML, Nei YW, Prentice BM, Rose KL, Hill S, Van de Plas R, Tsui T, Braman NM, Keller MR, Rutherford SA, Lobdell N, Lopez CF, Lacy DB, McLean JA, Wikswo JP, Skaar EP, Caprioli RM. Integrated, High-Throughput, Multiomics Platform Enables Data-Driven Construction of Cellular Responses and Reveals Global Drug Mechanisms of Action. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:1364-1375. [PMID: 28088864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b01004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of how cells respond to perturbation is essential for biological applications; however, most approaches for profiling cellular response are limited in scope to pre-established targets. Global analysis of molecular mechanism will advance our understanding of the complex networks constituting cellular perturbation and lead to advancements in areas, such as infectious disease pathogenesis, developmental biology, pathophysiology, pharmacology, and toxicology. We have developed a high-throughput multiomics platform for comprehensive, de novo characterization of cellular mechanisms of action. Platform validation using cisplatin as a test compound demonstrates quantification of over 10 000 unique, significant molecular changes in less than 30 days. These data provide excellent coverage of known cisplatin-induced molecular changes and previously unrecognized insights into cisplatin resistance. This proof-of-principle study demonstrates the value of this platform as a resource to understand complex cellular responses in a high-throughput manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Stacy D Sherrod
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - James C Poland
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Raf Van de Plas
- Delft Center for Systems and Control, Delft University of Technology , Delft 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nathaniel M Braman
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University School of Engineering , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - M Ray Keller
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | | | | | - Carlos F Lopez
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University School of Engineering , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | | | - John A McLean
- Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University , Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - John P Wikswo
- Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University School of Engineering , Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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Switon K, Kotulska K, Janusz-Kaminska A, Zmorzynska J, Jaworski J. Molecular neurobiology of mTOR. Neuroscience 2017; 341:112-153. [PMID: 27889578 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine-threonine kinase that controls several important aspects of mammalian cell function. mTOR activity is modulated by various intra- and extracellular factors; in turn, mTOR changes rates of translation, transcription, protein degradation, cell signaling, metabolism, and cytoskeleton dynamics. mTOR has been repeatedly shown to participate in neuronal development and the proper functioning of mature neurons. Changes in mTOR activity are often observed in nervous system diseases, including genetic diseases (e.g., tuberous sclerosis complex, Pten-related syndromes, neurofibromatosis, and Fragile X syndrome), epilepsy, brain tumors, and neurodegenerative disorders (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease). Neuroscientists only recently began deciphering the molecular processes that are downstream of mTOR that participate in proper function of the nervous system. As a result, we are gaining knowledge about the ways in which aberrant changes in mTOR activity lead to various nervous system diseases. In this review, we provide a comprehensive view of mTOR in the nervous system, with a special focus on the neuronal functions of mTOR (e.g., control of translation, transcription, and autophagy) that likely underlie the contribution of mTOR to nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Switon
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 4 Ks. Trojdena Street, Warsaw 02-109, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kotulska
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Children's Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, Warsaw 04-730, Poland
| | | | - Justyna Zmorzynska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 4 Ks. Trojdena Street, Warsaw 02-109, Poland
| | - Jacek Jaworski
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 4 Ks. Trojdena Street, Warsaw 02-109, Poland.
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Wang D, Peng S, Amin ARMR, Rahman MA, Nannapaneni S, Liu Y, Shin DM, Saba NF, Eichler JF, Chen ZG. Antitumor Activity of 2,9-Di-Sec-Butyl-1,10-Phenanthroline. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168450. [PMID: 28033401 PMCID: PMC5199049 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-tumor effect of a chelating phen-based ligand 2,9-di-sec-butyl-1,10-phenanthroline (dsBPT) and its combination with cisplatin were examined in both lung and head and neck cancer cell lines and xenograft animal models in this study. The effects of this agent on cell cycle and apoptosis were investigated. Protein markers relevant to these mechanisms were also assessed. We found that the inhibitory effect of dsBPT on lung and head and neck cancer cell growth (IC50 ranged between 0.1–0.2 μM) was 10 times greater than that on normal epithelial cells. dsBPT alone induced autophagy, G1 cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. Our in vivo studies indicated that dsBPT inhibited tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner in a head and neck cancer xenograft mouse model. The combination of dsBPT with cisplatin synergistically inhibited cancer cell growth with a combination index of 0.3. Moreover, the combination significantly reduced tumor volume as compared with the untreated control (p = 0.0017) in a head and neck cancer xenograft model. No organ related toxicities were observed in treated animals. Our data suggest that dsBPT is a novel and potent antitumor drug that warrants further preclinical and clinical development either as a single agent or in combination with known chemotherapy drugs such as cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Wang
- Department of Hematology and Medicinal Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Shifang Peng
- Department of Hematology and Medicinal Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - A. R. M. Ruhul Amin
- Department of Hematology and Medicinal Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Aminur Rahman
- Department of Hematology and Medicinal Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Sreenivas Nannapaneni
- Department of Hematology and Medicinal Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Shared Resource at WCI, NE, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Dong M. Shin
- Department of Hematology and Medicinal Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Nabil F. Saba
- Department of Hematology and Medicinal Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Jack F. Eichler
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States of America
| | - Zhuo G. Chen
- Department of Hematology and Medicinal Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Roohi A, Hojjat-Farsangi M. Recent advances in targeting mTOR signaling pathway using small molecule inhibitors. J Drug Target 2016; 25:189-201. [PMID: 27632356 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2016.1236112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Targeted-based cancer therapy (TBCT) or personalized medicine is one of the main treatment modalities for cancer that has been developed to decrease the undesirable effects of chemotherapy. Targeted therapy inhibits the growth of tumor cells by interrupting with particular molecules required for tumorigenesis and proliferation of tumor cells rather than interfering with dividing normal cells. Therefore, targeted therapies are anticipated to be more efficient than former tumor treatment agents with minimal side effects on non-tumor cells. Small molecule inhibitors (SMIs) are currently one of the most investigated anti-tumor agents of TBCT. These small organic agents target several vital molecules involved in cell biological processes and induce target cells apoptosis and necrosis. Mechanistic (mammalian) target of rapamycin (mTOR) complexes (mTORC1/2) control different intracellular processes, including growth, proliferation, angiogenesis and metabolism. Signaling pathways, in which mTOR complexes are involved in are usually dysregulated in various tumors and have been shown to be ideal targets for SMIs. Currently, different mTOR-SMIs are in the clinic for the treatment of cancer patients, and several others are in preclinical or clinical settings. In this review, we summarize recent advances in developing different mTOR inhibitors, which are currently in preclinical and clinical investigations or have been approved for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Roohi
- a Department of Immunology, School of Public Health , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
- b Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene therapy Lab , Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institute , Stockholm , Sweden.,c Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Bushehr University of Medical Sciences , Bushehr , Iran
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Cohen PR, Tomson BN, Elkin SK, Marchlik E, Carter JL, Kurzrock R. Genomic portfolio of Merkel cell carcinoma as determined by comprehensive genomic profiling: implications for targeted therapeutics. Oncotarget 2016; 7:23454-67. [PMID: 26981779 PMCID: PMC5029639 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma is an ultra-rare cutaneous neuroendocrine cancer for which approved treatment options are lacking. To better understand potential actionability, the genomic landscape of Merkel cell cancers was assessed. The molecular aberrations in 17 patients with Merkel cell carcinoma were, on physician request, tested in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) laboratory (Foundation Medicine, Cambridge, MA) using next-generation sequencing (182 or 236 genes) and analyzed by N-of-One, Inc. (Lexington, MA). There were 30 genes harboring aberrations and 60 distinct molecular alterations identified in this patient population. The most common abnormalities involved the TP53 gene (12/17 [71% of patients]) and the cell cycle pathway (CDKN2A/B, CDKN2C or RB1) (12/17 [71%]). Abnormalities also were observed in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway (AKT2, FBXW7, NF1, PIK3CA, PIK3R1, PTEN or RICTOR) (9/17 [53%]) and DNA repair genes (ATM, BAP1, BRCA1/2, CHEK2, FANCA or MLH1) (5/17 [29%]). Possible cognate targeted therapies, including FDA-approved drugs, could be identified in most of the patients (16/17 [94%]). In summary, Merkel cell carcinomas were characterized by multiple distinct aberrations that were unique in the majority of analyzed cases. Most patients had theoretically actionable alterations. These results provide a framework for investigating tailored combinations of matched therapies in Merkel cell carcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip R. Cohen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Razelle Kurzrock
- Center for Personalized Cancer Therapy and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA, USA
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Evodiamine induces apoptosis and enhances apoptotic effects of erlotinib in wild-type EGFR NSCLC cells via S6K1-mediated Mcl-1 inhibition. Med Oncol 2016; 33:16. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-015-0726-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Xu W, Taranets L, Popov N. Regulating Fbw7 on the road to cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 36:62-70. [PMID: 26459133 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The F-box protein Fbw7 targets for degradation critical cellular regulators, thereby controlling essential processes in cellular homeostasis, including cell cycle, differentiation and apoptosis. Most Fbw7 substrates are strongly associated with tumorigenesis and Fbw7 can either suppress or promote tumor development in mouse models. Fbw7 activity is controlled at different levels, resulting in specific and tunable regulation of the abundance and activity of its substrates. Here we highlight recent studies on the role of Fbw7 in controlling tumorigenesis and on the mechanisms that modulate Fbw7 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshan Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 5, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lyudmyla Taranets
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 5, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nikita Popov
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University Hospital Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 5, 97078 Würzburg, Germany.
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Fbw7 and its counteracting forces in stem cells and cancer: Oncoproteins in the balance. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 36:52-61. [PMID: 26410034 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fbw7 is well characterised as a stem cell regulator and tumour suppressor, powerfully positioned to control proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis by targeting key transcription factors for ubiquitination and destruction. Evidence in support of these roles continues to accumulate from in vitro studies, mouse models and human patient data. Here we summarise the latest of these findings, highlighting the tumour-suppressive role of Fbw7 in multiple tissues, and the rare circumstances where Fbw7 activity can be oncogenic. We discuss mechanisms that regulate ubiquitination by Fbw7, including ubiquitin-specific proteases such as USP28 that counteract Fbw7 activity and thereby stabilise oncoproteins. Deubiquitination of key Fbw7 substrates to prevent their destruction is beginning to be appreciated as an important pro-tumourigenic mechanism. As the ubiquitin-proteasome system represents a largely untapped field for drug development, the interplay between Fbw7 and its counterpart deubiquitinating enzymes in tumours is likely to attract increasing interest and influence future treatment strategies.
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Sionov RV, Vlahopoulos SA, Granot Z. Regulation of Bim in Health and Disease. Oncotarget 2015; 6:23058-134. [PMID: 26405162 PMCID: PMC4695108 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The BH3-only Bim protein is a major determinant for initiating the intrinsic apoptotic pathway under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Tight regulation of its expression and activity at the transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels together with the induction of alternatively spliced isoforms with different pro-apoptotic potential, ensure timely activation of Bim. Under physiological conditions, Bim is essential for shaping immune responses where its absence promotes autoimmunity, while too early Bim induction eliminates cytotoxic T cells prematurely, resulting in chronic inflammation and tumor progression. Enhanced Bim induction in neurons causes neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. Moreover, type I diabetes is promoted by genetically predisposed elevation of Bim in β-cells. On the contrary, cancer cells have developed mechanisms that suppress Bim expression necessary for tumor progression and metastasis. This review focuses on the intricate network regulating Bim activity and its involvement in physiological and pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Vogt Sionov
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Spiros A. Vlahopoulos
- First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Horemeio Research Laboratory, Thivon and Levadias, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Zvi Granot
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Harnett CC, Abusneina A, Clément J, Gauthier ER. Inhibition of MCL-1 by obatoclax sensitizes Sp2/0-Ag14 hybridoma cells to glutamine deprivation-induced apoptosis. Cell Biochem Funct 2015; 33:334-40. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Curtis C. Harnett
- Biomolecular Sciences Ph.D. program; Laurentian University; Sudbury Ontario Canada
| | | | - Julie Clément
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Laurentian University; Sudbury Ontario Canada
| | - Eric R. Gauthier
- Biomolecular Sciences Ph.D. program; Laurentian University; Sudbury Ontario Canada
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Laurentian University; Sudbury Ontario Canada
- Biology Department; Laurentian University; Sudbury Ontario Canada
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