1
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Qin S, Kitty I, Hao Y, Zhao F, Kim W. Maintaining Genome Integrity: Protein Kinases and Phosphatases Orchestrate the Balancing Act of DNA Double-Strand Breaks Repair in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10212. [PMID: 37373360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most lethal DNA damages which lead to severe genome instability. Phosphorylation is one of the most important protein post-translation modifications involved in DSBs repair regulation. Kinases and phosphatases play coordinating roles in DSB repair by phosphorylating and dephosphorylating various proteins. Recent research has shed light on the importance of maintaining a balance between kinase and phosphatase activities in DSB repair. The interplay between kinases and phosphatases plays an important role in regulating DNA-repair processes, and alterations in their activity can lead to genomic instability and disease. Therefore, study on the function of kinases and phosphatases in DSBs repair is essential for understanding their roles in cancer development and therapeutics. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of kinases and phosphatases in DSBs repair regulation and highlight the advancements in the development of cancer therapies targeting kinases or phosphatases in DSBs repair pathways. In conclusion, understanding the balance of kinase and phosphatase activities in DSBs repair provides opportunities for the development of novel cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Qin
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ichiwa Kitty
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yalan Hao
- Analytical Instrumentation Center, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Wootae Kim
- Department of Integrated Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-Bio Science (SIMS), Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan 31151, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
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2
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Molinar-Inglis O, Wozniak JM, Grimsey NJ, Orduña-Castillo L, Cheng N, Lin Y, Gonzalez Ramirez ML, Birch CA, Lapek JD, Gonzalez DJ, Trejo J. Phosphoproteomic analysis of thrombin- and p38 MAPK-regulated signaling networks in endothelial cells. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101801. [PMID: 35257745 PMCID: PMC8987612 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is a hallmark of inflammation and is mediated by inflammatory factors that signal through G protein–coupled receptors including protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1). PAR1, a receptor for thrombin, signals via the small GTPase RhoA and myosin light chain intermediates to facilitate endothelial barrier permeability. PAR1 also induces endothelial barrier disruption through a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase–dependent pathway, which does not integrate into the RhoA/MLC pathway; however, the PAR1-p38 signaling pathways that promote endothelial dysfunction remain poorly defined. To identify effectors of this pathway, we performed a global phosphoproteome analysis of thrombin signaling regulated by p38 in human cultured endothelial cells using multiplexed quantitative mass spectrometry. We identified 5491 unique phosphopeptides and 2317 phosphoproteins, four distinct dynamic phosphoproteome profiles of thrombin-p38 signaling, and an enrichment of biological functions associated with endothelial dysfunction, including modulators of endothelial barrier disruption and a subset of kinases predicted to regulate p38-dependent thrombin signaling. Using available antibodies to detect identified phosphosites of key p38-regulated proteins, we discovered that inhibition of p38 activity and siRNA-targeted depletion of the p38α isoform increased basal phosphorylation of extracellular signal–regulated protein kinase 1/2, resulting in amplified thrombin-stimulated extracellular signal–regulated protein kinase 1/2 phosphorylation that was dependent on PAR1. We also discovered a role for p38 in the phosphorylation of α-catenin, a component of adherens junctions, suggesting that this phosphorylation may function as an important regulatory process. Taken together, these studies define a rich array of thrombin- and p38-regulated candidate proteins that may serve important roles in endothelial dysfunction.
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3
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Haralambieva IH, Eberhard KG, Ovsyannikova IG, Grill DE, Schaid DJ, Kennedy RB, Poland GA. Transcriptional signatures associated with rubella virus-specific humoral immunity after a third dose of MMR vaccine in women of childbearing age. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1824-1838. [PMID: 33818775 PMCID: PMC9841595 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Multiple factors linked to host genetics/inherent biology play a role in interindividual variability in immune response outcomes after rubella vaccination. In order to identify these factors, we conducted a study of rubella-specific humoral immunity before (Baseline) and after (Day 28) a third dose of MMR-II vaccine in a cohort of 109 women of childbearing age. We performed mRNA-Seq profiling of PBMCs after rubella virus in vitro stimulation to delineate genes associated with post-vaccination rubella humoral immunity and to define genes mediating the association between prior immune response status (high or low antibody) and subsequent immune response outcome. Our study identified novel genes that mediated the association between prior immune response and neutralizing antibody titer after a third MMR vaccine dose. These genes included the following: CDC34; CSNK1D; APOBEC3F; RAD18; AAAS; SLC37A1; FAS; and JAK2. The encoded proteins are involved in innate antiviral response, IFN/cytokine signaling, B cell repertoire generation, the clonal selection of B lymphocytes in germinal centers, and somatic hypermutation/antibody affinity maturation to promote optimal antigen-specific B cell immune function. These data advance our understanding of how subjects' prior immune status and/or genetic propensity to respond to rubella/MMR vaccination ultimately affects innate immunity and humoral immune outcomes after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Diane E. Grill
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Daniel J. Schaid
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Richard B. Kennedy
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Gregory A. Poland
- Mayo Clinic Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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4
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Erasmus JC, Smolarczyk K, Brezovjakova H, Mohd-Naim NF, Lozano E, Matter K, Braga VMM. Rac1-PAK1 regulation of Rab11 cycling promotes junction destabilization. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212034. [PMID: 33914026 PMCID: PMC8091128 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202002114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rac1 GTPase is hyperactivated in tumors and contributes to malignancy. Rac1 disruption of junctions requires its effector PAK1, but the precise mechanisms are unknown. Here, we show that E-cadherin is internalized via micropinocytosis in a PAK1–dependent manner without catenin dissociation and degradation. In addition to internalization, PAK1 regulates E-cadherin transport by fine-tuning Rab small GTPase function. PAK1 phosphorylates a core Rab regulator, RabGDIβ, but not RabGDIα. Phosphorylated RabGDIβ preferentially associates with Rab5 and Rab11, which is predicted to promote Rab retrieval from membranes. Consistent with this hypothesis, Rab11 is activated by Rac1, and inhibition of Rab11 function partially rescues E-cadherin destabilization. Thus, Rac1 activation reduces surface cadherin levels as a net result of higher bulk flow of membrane uptake that counteracts Rab11-dependent E-cadherin delivery to junctions (recycling and/or exocytosis). This unique small GTPase crosstalk has an impact on Rac1 and PAK1 regulation of membrane remodeling during epithelial dedifferentiation, adhesion, and motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Erasmus
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kasia Smolarczyk
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Helena Brezovjakova
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Noor F Mohd-Naim
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Encarnación Lozano
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Karl Matter
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Vania M M Braga
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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5
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Amable G, Martínez-León E, Picco ME, Nemirovsky SI, Rozengurt E, Rey O. Metformin inhibition of colorectal cancer cell migration is associated with rebuilt adherens junctions and FAK downregulation. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:8334-8344. [PMID: 32239671 PMCID: PMC7529638 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
E-cadherin, a central component of the adherens junction (AJ), is a single-pass transmembrane protein that mediates cell-cell adhesion. The loss of E-cadherin surface expression, and therefore cell-cell adhesion, leads to increased cell migration and invasion. Treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC)-derived cells (SW-480 and HT-29) with 2.0 mM metformin promoted a redistribution of cytosolic E-cadherin to de novo formed puncta along the length of the contacting membranes of these cells. Metformin also promoted translocation from the cytosol to the plasma membrane of p120-catenin, another core component of the AJs. Furthermore, E-cadherin and p120-catenin colocalized with β-catenin at cell-cell contacts. Western blot analysis of lysates of CRC-derived cells revealed a substantial metformin-induced increase in the level of p120-catenin as well as E-cadherin phosphorylation on Ser838/840 , a modification associated with β-catenin/E-cadherin interaction. These modifications in E-cadherin, p120-catenin and β-catenin localization suggest that metformin induces rebuilding of AJs in CRC-derived cells. Those modifications were accompanied by the inhibition of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), as revealed by a significant decrease in the phosphorylation of FAK at Tyr397 and paxillin at Tyr118 . These changes were associated with a reduction in the numbers, but an increase in the size, of focal adhesions and by the inhibition of cell migration. Overall, these observations indicate that metformin targets multiple pathways associated with CRC development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gastón Amable
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, 1120, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Martínez-León
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, 1120, Argentina
| | - María Elisa Picco
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, 1120, Argentina
| | - Sergio I. Nemirovsky
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, 1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Enrique Rozengurt
- Unit of Signal Transduction and Gastrointestinal Cancer, Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, CURE: Digestive Diseases Research Center and Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1768, USA
| | - Osvaldo Rey
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Hospital de Clínicas “José de San Martín”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, 1120, Argentina
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6
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Rodríguez-Alonso A, Casas-Pais A, Roca-Lema D, Graña B, Romay G, Figueroa A. Regulation of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Plasticity by the E3 Ubiquitin-Ligases in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12113093. [PMID: 33114139 PMCID: PMC7690828 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP) is a process by which epithelial cells acquire the ability to dynamically switch between epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypic cellular states. Epithelial cell plasticity in the context of an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) confers increased cell motility, invasiveness and the ability to disseminate to distant sites and form metastasis. The modulation of molecularly defined targets involved in this process has become an attractive therapeutic strategy against cancer. Protein degradation carried out by ubiquitination has gained attention as it can selectively degrade proteins of interest. In the ubiquitination reaction, the E3 ubiquitin-ligases are responsible for the specific binding of ubiquitin to a small subset of target proteins, and are considered promising anticancer drug targets. In this review, we summarize the role of the E3 ubiquitin-ligases that control targeted protein degradation in cancer-EMT, and we highlight the potential use of the E3 ubiquitin-ligases as drug targets for the development of small-molecule drugs against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rodríguez-Alonso
- Epithelial Plasticity and Metastasis Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (A.R.-A.); (A.C.-P.); (D.R.-L.); (G.R.)
| | - Alba Casas-Pais
- Epithelial Plasticity and Metastasis Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (A.R.-A.); (A.C.-P.); (D.R.-L.); (G.R.)
| | - Daniel Roca-Lema
- Epithelial Plasticity and Metastasis Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (A.R.-A.); (A.C.-P.); (D.R.-L.); (G.R.)
| | - Begoña Graña
- Clinical Oncology Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain;
| | - Gabriela Romay
- Epithelial Plasticity and Metastasis Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (A.R.-A.); (A.C.-P.); (D.R.-L.); (G.R.)
| | - Angélica Figueroa
- Epithelial Plasticity and Metastasis Group, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (A.R.-A.); (A.C.-P.); (D.R.-L.); (G.R.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Huang C, Liu T, Wang Q, Hou W, Zhou C, Song Z, Shi YS, Gao X, Chen G, Yin Z, Hu Y. Loss of PP2A Disrupts the Retention of Radial Glial Progenitors in the Telencephalic Niche to Impair the Generation for Late-Born Neurons During Cortical Development†. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:4183-4196. [PMID: 32186707 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Telencephalic radial glial progenitors (RGPs) are retained in the ventricular zone (VZ), the niche for neural stem cells during cortical development. However, the underlying mechanism is not well understood. To study whether protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) may regulate the above process, we generate Ppp2cα conditional knockout (cKO) mice, in which PP2A catalytic subunit α (PP2Acα) is inactivated in neural progenitor cells in the dorsal telencephalon. We show that RGPs are ectopically distributed in cortical areas outside of the VZ in Ppp2cα cKO embryos. Whereas deletion of PP2Acα does not affect the proliferation of RGPs, it significantly impairs the generation of late-born neurons. We find complete loss of apical adherens junctions (AJs) in the ventricular membrane in Ppp2cα cKO cortices. We observe abundant colocalization for N-cadherin and PP2Acα in control AJs. Moreover, in vitro analysis reveals direct interactions of N-cadherin to PP2Acα and to β-catenin. Overall, this study not only uncovers a novel function of PP2Acα in retaining RGPs into the VZ but also demonstrates the impact of PP2A-dependent retention of RGPs on the generation for late-born neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoli Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Qihui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Weikang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Cuihua Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Changzhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Zeyuan Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Changzhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, China
| | - Yun Stone Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Guiquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China
| | - Zhenyu Yin
- Department of Geriatric, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yimin Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Changzhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213000, China
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8
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Villarroel A, Del Valle-Pérez B, Fuertes G, Curto J, Ontiveros N, Garcia de Herreros A, Duñach M. Src and Fyn define a new signaling cascade activated by canonical and non-canonical Wnt ligands and required for gene transcription and cell invasion. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:919-935. [PMID: 31312879 PMCID: PMC11104847 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Wnt ligands signal through canonical or non-canonical signaling pathways. Although both routes share common elements, such as the Fz2 receptor, they differ in the co-receptor and in many of the final responses; for instance, whereas canonical Wnts increase β-catenin stability, non-canonical ligands downregulate it. However, both types of ligands stimulate tumor cell invasion. We show here that both the canonical Wnt3a and the non-canonical Wnt5a stimulate Fz2 tyrosine phosphorylation, Fyn binding to Fz2, Fyn activation and Fyn-dependent Stat3 phosphorylation. Wnt3a and Wnt5a require Src for Fz2 tyrosine phosphorylation; Src binds to canonical and non-canonical co-receptors (LRP5/6 and Ror2, respectively) and is activated by Wnt3a and Wnt5a. This Fz2/Fyn/Stat3 branch is incompatible with the classical Fz2/Dvl2 pathway as shown by experiments of over-expression or depletion. Fyn is necessary for transcription of genes associated with invasiveness, such as Snail1, and for activation of cell invasion by both Wnt ligands. Our results extend the knowledge about canonical Wnt pathways, demonstrating additional roles for Fyn in this pathway and describing how this protein kinase is activated by both canonical and non-canonical Wnts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Villarroel
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, CEB, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Beatriz Del Valle-Pérez
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, CEB, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Guillem Fuertes
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, CEB, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Josué Curto
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, CEB, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Neus Ontiveros
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, CEB, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Antonio Garcia de Herreros
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Unidad Asociada CSIC, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, c/Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Ciències, Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mireia Duñach
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, CEB, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
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9
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Small molecule modulators targeting protein kinase CK1 and CK2. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 181:111581. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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10
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Zirnheld AL, Villard M, Harrison AM, Kosiewicz MM, Alard P. β-Catenin stabilization in NOD dendritic cells increases IL-12 production and subsequent induction of IFN-γ-producing T cells. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:1349-1358. [PMID: 31568613 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0919-244r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) from diabetes-prone NOD mice and patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) produce excess IL-12 that drives development of β-cell-destroying IFN-γ-producing T cells. The molecular mechanisms that control IL-12 production in T1D are unclear. In this study, we report that β-catenin, a multifunctional protein involved in inflammation, is dramatically increased in DC from NOD mice. We further investigated the mechanisms leading to accumulation of β-catenin in NOD DC and its role in the inflammatory pathogenic responses associated with T1D. Hyperphosphorylation of β-catenin at a stabilizing residue, serine 552, mediated by activation of Akt, appears to lead to β-catenin accumulation in NOD DC. Elevated β-catenin in DC correlated with IL-12 production and induction of IFN-γ-producing CD4 cells. On the one hand, knockdown/inhibition of β-catenin significantly reduced NOD DC production of IL-12 and their ability to induce IFN-γ-producing CD4 cells. On the other hand, overexpression of β-catenin in control DC resulted in increased IL-12 production and induction of IFN-γ-production in T cells. Additionally, we found that β-catenin inhibitors decreased NF-κB activation in NOD DC and IFN-γ production by NOD T cells in vivo. These data strongly suggest that accumulation of β-catenin in DC from NOD mice drives IL-12 production, and consequently, development of pathogenic IFN-γ-producing T cells. Targeting the defect responsible for β-catenin accumulation and subsequent overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines by NOD DC could be an effective therapeutic strategy for the prevention and/or treatment of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arin L Zirnheld
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Marine Villard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Hospices Civils, Lyon, France
| | - Alisha M Harrison
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Midwestern University, Glendale, Arizona, USA
| | - Michele M Kosiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Pascale Alard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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11
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Schuhmacher D, Sontag JM, Sontag E. Protein Phosphatase 2A: More Than a Passenger in the Regulation of Epithelial Cell-Cell Junctions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:30. [PMID: 30895176 PMCID: PMC6414416 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell–cell adhesion plays a key role in the maintenance of the epithelial barrier and apicobasal cell polarity, which is crucial for homeostasis. Disruption of cell–cell adhesion is a hallmark of numerous pathological conditions, including invasive carcinomas. Adhesion between apposing cells is primarily regulated by three types of junctional structures: desmosomes, adherens junctions, and tight junctions. Cell junctional structures are highly regulated multiprotein complexes that also serve as signaling platforms to control epithelial cell function. The biogenesis, integrity, and stability of cell junctions is controlled by complex regulatory interactions with cytoskeletal and polarity proteins, as well as modulation of key component proteins by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation processes. Not surprisingly, many essential signaling molecules, including protein Ser/Thr phosphatase 2A (PP2A) are associated with intercellular junctions. Here, we examine how major PP2A enzymes regulate epithelial cell–cell junctions, either directly by associating with and dephosphorylating component proteins, or indirectly by affecting signaling pathways that control junctional integrity and cytoskeletal dynamics. PP2A deregulation has severe consequences on the stability and functionality of these structures, and disruption of cell–cell adhesion and cell polarity likely contribute to the link between PP2A dysfunction and human carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Schuhmacher
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Jean-Marie Sontag
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
| | - Estelle Sontag
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia
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12
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Jiang S, Zhang M, Sun J, Yang X. Casein kinase 1α: biological mechanisms and theranostic potential. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:23. [PMID: 29793495 PMCID: PMC5968562 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0236-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Casein kinase 1α (CK1α) is a multifunctional protein belonging to the CK1 protein family that is conserved in eukaryotes from yeast to humans. It regulates signaling pathways related to membrane trafficking, cell cycle progression, chromosome segregation, apoptosis, autophagy, cell metabolism, and differentiation in development, circadian rhythm, and the immune response as well as neurodegeneration and cancer. Given its involvement in diverse cellular, physiological, and pathological processes, CK1α is a promising therapeutic target. In this review, we summarize what is known of the biological functions of CK1α, and provide an overview of existing challenges and potential opportunities for advancing theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310016, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miaofeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310009, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jihong Sun
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310016, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, 310016, Hangzhou, China. .,Image-Guided Bio-Molecular Intervention Research, Department of Radiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
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13
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Hacker B, Schultheiß C, Döring M, Kurzik-Dumke U. Molecular partners of hNOT/ALG3, the human counterpart of the Drosophila NOT and yeast ALG3 gene, suggest its involvement in distinct cellular processes relevant to congenital disorders of glycosylation, cancer, neurodegeneration and a variety of further pathologies. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:1858-1878. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Hacker
- Laboratory for Comparative Tumour Biology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Schultheiß
- Laboratory for Comparative Tumour Biology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Michael Döring
- Laboratory for Comparative Tumour Biology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ursula Kurzik-Dumke
- Laboratory for Comparative Tumour Biology, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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14
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Protein Phosphatase 2A in the Regulation of Wnt Signaling, Stem Cells, and Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9030121. [PMID: 29495399 PMCID: PMC5867842 DOI: 10.3390/genes9030121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a ubiquitous cellular process that allows for the nuanced and reversible regulation of protein activity. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a heterotrimeric serine-threonine phosphatase—composed of a structural, regulatory, and catalytic subunit—that controls a variety of cellular events via protein dephosphorylation. While much is known about PP2A and its basic biochemistry, the diversity of its components—especially the multitude of regulatory subunits—has impeded the determination of PP2A function. As a consequence of this complexity, PP2A has been shown to both positively and negatively regulate signaling networks such as the Wnt pathway. Wnt signaling modulates major developmental processes, and is a dominant mediator of stem cell self-renewal, cell fate, and cancer stem cells. Because PP2A affects Wnt signaling both positively and negatively and at multiple levels, further understanding of this complex dynamic may ultimately provide insight into stem cell biology and how to better treat cancers that result from alterations in Wnt signaling. This review will summarize literature that implicates PP2A as a tumor suppressor, explore PP2A mutations identified in human malignancy, and focus on PP2A in the regulation of Wnt signaling and stem cells so as to better understand how aberrancy in this pathway can contribute to tumorigenesis.
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15
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Piven OO, Winata CL. The canonical way to make a heart: β-catenin and plakoglobin in heart development and remodeling. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:1735-1745. [PMID: 28920469 PMCID: PMC5714149 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217732737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The main mediator of the canonical Wnt pathway, β-catenin, is a major effector of embryonic development, postnatal tissue homeostasis, and adult tissue regeneration. The requirement for β-catenin in cardiogenesis and embryogenesis has been well established. However, many questions regarding the molecular mechanisms by which β-catenin and canonical Wnt signaling regulate these developmental processes remain unanswered. An interesting question that emerged from our studies concerns how β-catenin signaling is modulated through interaction with other factors. Recent experimental data implicate new players in canonical Wnt signaling, particularly those which modulate β-catenin function in many its biological processes, including cardiogenesis. One of the interesting candidates is plakoglobin, a little-studied member of the catenin family which shares several mechanistic and functional features with its close relative, β-catenin. Here we have focused on the function of β-catenin in cardiogenesis. We also summarize findings on plakoglobin signaling function and discuss possible interplays between β-catenin and plakoglobin in the regulation of embryonic heart development. Impact statement Heart development, function, and remodeling are complex processes orchestrated by multiple signaling networks. This review examines our current knowledge of the role of canonical Wnt signaling in cardiogenesis and heart remodeling, focusing primarily on the mechanistic action of its effector β-catenin. We summarize the generally accepted understanding of the field based on experimental in vitro and in vivo data, and address unresolved questions in the field, specifically relating to the role of canonical Wnt signaling in heart maturation and regeneration. What are the modulators of canonical Wnt, and particularly what are the potential roles of plakoglobin, a close relative of β-catenin, in regulating Wnt signaling?Answers to these questions will enhance our understanding of the mechanism by which the canonical Wnt signaling regulates development of the heart and its regeneration after damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana O Piven
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetic, Kyiv 0314, Ukraine
| | - Cecilia L Winata
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109 Warsaw, Poland
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
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16
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Duñach M, Del Valle-Pérez B, García de Herreros A. p120-catenin in canonical Wnt signaling. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 52:327-339. [PMID: 28276699 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2017.1295920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Canonical Wnt signaling controls β-catenin protein stabilization, its translocation to the nucleus and the activation of β-catenin/Tcf-4-dependent transcription. In this review, we revise and discuss the recent results describing actions of p120-catenin in different phases of this pathway. More specifically, we comment its involvement in four different steps: (i) the very early activation of CK1ɛ, essential for Dvl-2 binding to the Wnt receptor complex; (ii) the internalization of GSK3 and Axin into multivesicular bodies, necessary for a complete stabilization of β-catenin; (iii) the activation of Rac1 small GTPase, required for β-catenin translocation to the nucleus; and (iv) the release of the inhibitory action caused by Kaiso transcriptional repressor. We integrate these new results with the previously known action of other elements in this pathway, giving a particular relevance to the responses of the Wnt pathway not required for β-catenin stabilization but for β-catenin transcriptional activity. Moreover, we discuss the possible future implications, suggesting that the two cellular compartments where β-catenin is localized, thus, the adherens junction complex and the Wnt signalosome, are more physically connected that previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Duñach
- a Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, CEB, Facultat de Medicina , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra , Spain
| | - Beatriz Del Valle-Pérez
- a Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, CEB, Facultat de Medicina , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Bellaterra , Spain
| | - Antonio García de Herreros
- b Programa de Recerca en Càncer , Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM) , Barcelona , Spain.,c Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut , Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Barcelona , Spain
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17
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Anti-androgen 2-hydroxyflutamide modulates cadherin, catenin and androgen receptor phosphorylation in androgen-sensitive LNCaP and androgen-independent PC3 prostate cancer cell lines acting via PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK1/2 pathways. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 40:324-335. [PMID: 28163245 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate rapid effect of anti-androgen 2-hydroxyflutamide (HF) on cadherin/catenin complex and androgen receptor (AR) phosphorylation in prostate cancer cell lines. In addition, a role of PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK1/2 pathways in mediating these effects was explored. We have demonstrated that in androgen-sensitive LNCaP cells HF induced rapid increase of E-cadherin phosphorylation at Ser 838/840 (p<0.05) in MAPK/ERK1/2-dependent manner, whereas phosphorylation of β-catenin at Tyr 654 was unchanged. Concomitantly, the reduction of the level of AR phosphorylated at Ser210/213 was found (p<0.01). In androgen-independent PC3 cells HF decreased Tyr 860 N-cadherin and Tyr 645 β-catenin phosphorylation (p<0.01), acting via both MAPK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt pathways. Further, we evidenced that MAPK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt pathways were differentially influenced by HF in LNCaP and PC3 cells. In LNCaP cells, both Akt (p<0.01) and ERK1/2 (p<0.001) phosphorylation were negatively regulated and this effect was mediated by Raf-1 (p<0.05). In contrast, in PC3 cells HF stimulated Akt (p<0.001) and ERK1/2 (p<0.001) activation, but had no effect on the crosstalk between PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK1/2 pathways at the Raf-1 kinase level. Our findings expand the role of anti-androgen into non-genomic signaling, creating a link between anti-androgen action and phosphorylation of adherens junction proteins in prostate cancer cells.
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18
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Xu J, Zhou W, Yang F, Chen G, Li H, Zhao Y, Liu P, Li H, Tan M, Xiong X, Sun Y. The β-TrCP-FBXW2-SKP2 axis regulates lung cancer cell growth with FBXW2 acting as a tumour suppressor. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14002. [PMID: 28090088 PMCID: PMC5241824 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
β-TrCP and SKP2 are two well-studied F-box proteins, which often act as oncogenes. Whether and how they communicate with each other is unknown. Here we report that FBXW2, a poorly characterized F-box, is a substrate of β-TrCP1 and an E3 ligase for SKP2. While β-TrCP1 promotes FBXW2 ubiquitylation and shortens its half-life, FBXW2 does the same to SKP2. FBXW2 has tumour suppressor activity against lung cancer cells and blocks oncogenic function of both β-TrCP1 and SKP2. The levels of β-TrCP1-FBXW2-SKP2 are inversely correlated during cell cycle with FBXW2 and β-TrCP/SKP2 being high or low, respectively, in arrested cells, whereas the opposite is true in proliferating cells. Consistently, FBXW2 predicts a better patient survival, whereas β-TrCP1 and SKP2 predict a worse survival. Finally, the gain- and loss-of-function mutations of FBXW2 are found in various human cancers. Collectively, our data show that the β-TrCP-FBXW2-SKP2 axis forms an oncogene-tumour suppressor-oncogene cascade to control cancer cell growth with FBXW2 acting as a tumour suppressor by promoting SKP2 degradation.
F-box proteins β-TrCP1 and SKP2 act as oncogenes by promoting targeted degradation of critical protein substrates. Here, the authors identify an axis of F-box proteins β-TrCP1-FBXW2-SKP2 where FBXW2 is a substrate of β-TrCP1 but mediates the degradation of SKP2, thus acting as a tumour suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xu
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Weihua Zhou
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Fei Yang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Guoan Chen
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Haomin Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China.,Affiliated Children Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yongchao Zhao
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China.,Key laboratory of combined multi-organ transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Pengyuan Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China.,Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310020, China
| | - Hua Li
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Mingjia Tan
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Xiufang Xiong
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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19
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Cadwell CM, Su W, Kowalczyk AP. Cadherin tales: Regulation of cadherin function by endocytic membrane trafficking. Traffic 2016; 17:1262-1271. [PMID: 27624909 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cadherins are the primary adhesion molecules in adherens junctions and desmosomes and play essential roles in embryonic development. Although significant progress has been made in understanding cadherin structure and function, we lack a clear vision of how cells confer plasticity upon adhesive junctions to allow for cellular rearrangements during development, wound healing and metastasis. Endocytic membrane trafficking has emerged as a fundamental mechanism by which cells confer a dynamic state to adhesive junctions. Recent studies indicate that the juxtamembrane domain of classical cadherins contains multiple endocytic motifs, or "switches," that can be used by cellular membrane trafficking machinery to regulate adhesion. The cadherin-binding protein p120-catenin (p120) appears to be the master regulator of access to these switches, thereby controlling cadherin endocytosis and turnover. This review focuses on p120 and other cadherin-binding proteins, ubiquitin ligases, and growth factors as key modulators of cadherin membrane trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantel M Cadwell
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Wenji Su
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Biochemistry, Cell, and Developmental Biology Graduate Training Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Andrew P Kowalczyk
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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20
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Coopman P, Djiane A. Adherens Junction and E-Cadherin complex regulation by epithelial polarity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3535-53. [PMID: 27151512 PMCID: PMC11108514 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
E-Cadherin-based Adherens Junctions (AJs) are a defining feature of all epithelial sheets. Through the homophilic association of E-Cadherin molecules expressed on neighboring cells, they ensure intercellular adhesion amongst epithelial cells, and regulate many key aspects of epithelial biology. While their adhesive role requires these structures to remain stable, AJs are also extremely plastic. This plasticity allows for the adaptation of the cell to its changing environment: changes in neighbors after cell division, cell death, or cell movement, and changes in cell shape during differentiation. In this review we focus on the recent advances highlighting the critical role of the apico-basal polarity machinery, and in particular of the Par3/Bazooka scaffold, in the regulation and remodeling of AJs. We propose that by regulating key phosphorylation events on the core E-Cadherin complex components, Par3 and epithelial polarity promote meta-stable protein complexes governing the correct formation, localization, and functioning of AJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Coopman
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, France
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Montpellier, F-34298, France
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34090, France
- Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, France
| | - Alexandre Djiane
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, France.
- IRCM, INSERM U1194, Montpellier, F-34298, France.
- Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34090, France.
- Institut régional du Cancer de Montpellier, Montpellier, F-34298, France.
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21
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Brinkmann BF, Steinbacher T, Hartmann C, Kummer D, Pajonczyk D, Mirzapourshafiyi F, Nakayama M, Weide T, Gerke V, Ebnet K. VE-cadherin interacts with cell polarity protein Pals1 to regulate vascular lumen formation. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:2811-21. [PMID: 27466317 PMCID: PMC5025268 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-02-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood vessel tubulogenesis requires the establishment of apicobasal polarity of endothelial cells. A novel interaction is described of the cell adhesion molecule VE-cadherin with the cell polarity protein Pals1. The activity of VE-cadherin in regulation of endothelial lumen formation depends on its interaction with both Pals1 and Par3. Blood vessel tubulogenesis requires the formation of stable cell-to-cell contacts and the establishment of apicobasal polarity of vascular endothelial cells. Cell polarity is regulated by highly conserved cell polarity protein complexes such as the Par3-aPKC-Par6 complex and the CRB3-Pals1-PATJ complex, which are expressed by many different cell types and regulate various aspects of cell polarity. Here we describe a functional interaction of VE-cadherin with the cell polarity protein Pals1. Pals1 directly interacts with VE-cadherin through a membrane-proximal motif in the cytoplasmic domain of VE-cadherin. VE-cadherin clusters Pals1 at cell–cell junctions. Mutating the Pals1-binding motif in VE-cadherin abrogates the ability of VE-cadherin to regulate apicobasal polarity and vascular lumen formation. In a similar way, deletion of the Par3-binding motif at the C-terminus of VE-cadherin impairs apicobasal polarity and vascular lumen formation. Our findings indicate that the biological activity of VE-cadherin in regulating endothelial polarity and vascular lumen formation is mediated through its interaction with the two cell polarity proteins Pals1 and Par3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F Brinkmann
- Institute-Associated Research Group "Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity,", University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center, University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany
| | - Tim Steinbacher
- Institute-Associated Research Group "Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity,", University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Hartmann
- Institute-Associated Research Group "Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity,", University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center, University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Kummer
- Institute-Associated Research Group "Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity,", University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center, University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany
| | - Denise Pajonczyk
- Institute-Associated Research Group "Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity,", University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Mirzapourshafiyi
- Laboratory for Cell Polarity and Organogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Masanori Nakayama
- Laboratory for Cell Polarity and Organogenesis, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Weide
- Department of Internal Medicine D, Division of Molecular Nephrology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany
| | - Volker Gerke
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003-CiM), University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Ebnet
- Institute-Associated Research Group "Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity,", University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center, University of Münster, 48419 Münster, Germany
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22
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Koshkin V, Ailles LE, Liu G, Krylov SN. Preservation of the 3D Phenotype Upon Dispersal of Cultured Cell Spheroids Into Monolayer Cultures. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:154-162. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vasilij Koshkin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions; York University; Toronto Ontario Canada M3J 1P3
| | - Laurie E. Ailles
- Department of Medical Biophysics; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada N5G 1L7
| | - Geoffrey Liu
- Department of Medicine, Medical Oncology and Haematology; Princess Margaret Hospital; Toronto Ontario Canada M5G 2C4
| | - Sergey N. Krylov
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research on Biomolecular Interactions; York University; Toronto Ontario Canada M3J 1P3
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23
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Illich DJ, Zhang M, Ursu A, Osorno R, Kim KP, Yoon J, Araúzo-Bravo MJ, Wu G, Esch D, Sabour D, Colby D, Grassme KS, Chen J, Greber B, Höing S, Herzog W, Ziegler S, Chambers I, Gao S, Waldmann H, Schöler HR. Distinct Signaling Requirements for the Establishment of ESC Pluripotency in Late-Stage EpiSCs. Cell Rep 2016; 15:787-800. [PMID: 27149845 PMCID: PMC4850425 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It has previously been reported that mouse epiblast stem cell (EpiSC) lines comprise heterogeneous cell populations that are functionally equivalent to cells of either early- or late-stage postimplantation development. So far, the establishment of the embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency gene regulatory network through the widely known chemical inhibition of MEK and GSK3beta has been impractical in late-stage EpiSCs. Here, we show that chemical inhibition of casein kinase 1alpha (CK1alpha) induces the conversion of recalcitrant late-stage EpiSCs into ESC pluripotency. CK1alpha inhibition directly results in the simultaneous activation of the WNT signaling pathway, together with inhibition of the TGFbeta/SMAD2 signaling pathway, mediating the rewiring of the gene regulatory network in favor of an ESC-like state. Our findings uncover a molecular mechanism that links CK1alpha to ESC pluripotency through the direct modulation of WNT and TGFbeta signaling. Inhibition of CK1alpha induces ESC conversion in EpiSCs recalcitrant to 2i/LIF The ESC conversion acts via WNT activation and TGFbeta/SMAD2 inhibition MEK inhibition stabilizes the conversion and restores germline competence CK1 inhibition promotes activation and maintenance of the pluripotency network
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Jacob Illich
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Miao Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andrei Ursu
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Osorno
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kee-Pyo Kim
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Juyong Yoon
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marcos J Araúzo-Bravo
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Guangming Wu
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Esch
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Davood Sabour
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Douglas Colby
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland
| | | | - Jiayu Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Boris Greber
- Human Stem Cell Pluripotency Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany; Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Susanne Höing
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Wiebke Herzog
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany; University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Slava Ziegler
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ian Chambers
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland
| | - Shaorong Gao
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Hans R Schöler
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany; University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Regulation of Endothelial Adherens Junctions by Tyrosine Phosphorylation. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:272858. [PMID: 26556953 PMCID: PMC4628659 DOI: 10.1155/2015/272858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells form a semipermeable, regulated barrier that limits the passage of fluid, small molecules, and leukocytes between the bloodstream and the surrounding tissues. The adherens junction, a major mechanism of intercellular adhesion, is comprised of transmembrane cadherins forming homotypic interactions between adjacent cells and associated cytoplasmic catenins linking the cadherins to the cytoskeleton. Inflammatory conditions promote the disassembly of the adherens junction and a loss of intercellular adhesion, creating openings or gaps in the endothelium through which small molecules diffuse and leukocytes transmigrate. Tyrosine kinase signaling has emerged as a central regulator of the inflammatory response, partly through direct phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the adherens junction components. This review discusses the findings that support and those that argue against a direct effect of cadherin and catenin phosphorylation in the disassembly of the adherens junction. Recent findings indicate a complex interaction between kinases, phosphatases, and the adherens junction components that allow a fine regulation of the endothelial permeability to small molecules, leukocyte migration, and barrier resealing.
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25
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Clinical implications of epithelial cell plasticity in cancer progression. Cancer Lett 2015; 366:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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26
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Vazquez-Levin MH, Marín-Briggiler CI, Caballero JN, Veiga MF. Epithelial and neural cadherin expression in the mammalian reproductive tract and gametes and their participation in fertilization-related events. Dev Biol 2015; 401:2-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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27
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Molecular signalling in hepatocellular carcinoma: Role of and crosstalk among WNT/ß-catenin, Sonic Hedgehog, Notch and Dickkopf-1. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 29:209-17. [PMID: 25965442 PMCID: PMC4444031 DOI: 10.1155/2015/172356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the sixth most common cancer worldwide. In the majority of cases, there is evidence of existing chronic liver disease from a variety of causes including viral hepatitis B and C, alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Identification of the signalling pathways used by hepatocellular carcinoma cells to proliferate, invade or metastasize is of paramount importance in the discovery and implementation of successfully targeted therapies. Activation of Wnt/β-catenin, Notch and Hedgehog pathways play a critical role in regulating liver cell proliferation during development and in controlling crucial functions of the adult liver in the initiation and progression of human cancers. β-catenin was identified as a protein interacting with the cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin at the cell-cell junction, and has been shown to be one of the most important mediators of the Wnt signalling pathway in tumourigenesis. Investigations into the role of Dikkopf-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma have demonstrated controversial results, with a decreased expression of Dickkopf-1 and soluble frizzled-related protein in various cancers on one hand, and as a possible negative prognostic indicator of hepatocellular carcinoma on the other. In the present review, the authors focus on the Wnt⁄β-catenin, Notch and Sonic Hedgehog pathways, and their interaction with Dikkopf-1 in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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28
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Kása A, Csortos C, Verin AD. Cytoskeletal mechanisms regulating vascular endothelial barrier function in response to acute lung injury. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e974448. [PMID: 25838980 DOI: 10.4161/21688370.2014.974448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (EC) form a semi-permeable barrier between the interior space of blood vessels and the underlying tissues. In acute lung injury (ALI) the EC barrier is weakened leading to increased vascular permeability. It is widely accepted that EC barrier integrity is critically dependent upon intact cytoskeletal structure and cell junctions. Edemagenic agonists, like thrombin or endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), induced cytoskeletal rearrangement, and EC contractile responses leading to disruption of intercellular contacts and EC permeability increase. The highly clinically-relevant cytoskeletal mechanisms of EC barrier dysfunction are currently under intense investigation and will be described and discussed in the current review.
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Key Words
- AJ, adherens junction
- ALI, Acute Lung Injury
- ARDS, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
- CPI-17, PKC potentiated inhibitory protein of 17 kDa
- CaD, caldesmon
- EC, endothelial cells
- GJ, gap junction
- HSP-27, small heat shock actin-capping protein of 27 kDa
- IL, interleukin
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- MLC, myosin light chain
- MLCK, Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM) dependent MLC kinase
- MLCP, myosin light chain phosphatase
- MT, microtubules
- MYPT1, myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PKC, protein kinase C
- SM, smooth muscle
- TJ, tight junction
- TLR4, toll-like receptor 4
- TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α
- acute lung injury
- barrier function
- cytoskeleton
- endothelial junctions
- pulmonary endothelium
- thrombin
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Kása
- Vascular Biology Center; Georgia Regents University ; Augusta, GA USA
| | - Csilla Csortos
- Department of Medical Chemistry; Faculty of Medicine; University of Debrecen ; Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Alexander D Verin
- Vascular Biology Center; Georgia Regents University ; Augusta, GA USA ; Division of Pulmonary; Medicine Medical College of Georgia; Georgia Regents University; Augusta, GA USA
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29
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Escobar DJ, Desai R, Ishiyama N, Folmsbee SS, Novak MN, Flozak AS, Daugherty RL, Mo R, Nanavati D, Sarpal R, Leckband D, Ikura M, Tepass U, Gottardi CJ. α-Catenin phosphorylation promotes intercellular adhesion through a dual-kinase mechanism. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:1150-65. [PMID: 25653389 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.163824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The cadherin-catenin adhesion complex is a key contributor to epithelial tissue stability and dynamic cell movements during development and tissue renewal. How this complex is regulated to accomplish these functions is not fully understood. We identified several phosphorylation sites in mammalian αE-catenin (also known as catenin α-1) and Drosophila α-Catenin within a flexible linker located between the middle (M)-region and the carboxy-terminal actin-binding domain. We show that this phospho-linker (P-linker) is the main phosphorylated region of α-catenin in cells and is sequentially modified at casein kinase 2 and 1 consensus sites. In Drosophila, the P-linker is required for normal α-catenin function during development and collective cell migration, although no obvious defects were found in cadherin-catenin complex assembly or adherens junction formation. In mammalian cells, non-phosphorylatable forms of α-catenin showed defects in intercellular adhesion using a mechanical dispersion assay. Epithelial sheets expressing phosphomimetic forms of α-catenin showed faster and more coordinated migrations after scratch wounding. These findings suggest that phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of the α-catenin P-linker are required for normal cadherin-catenin complex function in Drosophila and mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Escobar
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA The Driskill Graduate Training Program in Life Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ridhdhi Desai
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5 Canada
| | - Noboru Ishiyama
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2M9, Canada
| | - Stephen S Folmsbee
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA The Driskill Graduate Training Program in Life Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Megan N Novak
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA The Driskill Graduate Training Program in Life Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Annette S Flozak
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rebecca L Daugherty
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA The Driskill Graduate Training Program in Life Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rigen Mo
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Dhaval Nanavati
- Department of Chemistry of Life Processes, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ritu Sarpal
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5 Canada
| | - Deborah Leckband
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Mitsu Ikura
- University Health Network, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 2M9, Canada
| | - Ulrich Tepass
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G5 Canada
| | - Cara J Gottardi
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Abstract
Vertebrate adherens junctions mediate cell–cell adhesion via a “classical” cadherin–catenin “core” complex, which is associated with and regulated by a functional network of proteins, collectively named the cadherin adhesome (“cadhesome”). The most basal metazoans have been shown to conserve the cadherin–catenin “core”, but little is known about the evolution of the cadhesome. Using a bioinformatics approach based on both sequence and structural analysis, we have traced the evolution of this larger network in 26 organisms, from the uni-cellular ancestors of metazoans, through basal metazoans, to vertebrates. Surprisingly, we show that approximately 70% of the cadhesome, including proteins with similarity to the catenins, predate metazoans. We found that the transition to multicellularity was accompanied by the appearance of a small number of adaptor proteins, and we show how these proteins may have helped to integrate pre-metazoan sub-networks via PDZ domain–peptide interactions. Finally, we found the increase in network complexity in higher metazoans to have been driven primarily by expansion of paralogs. In summary, our analysis helps to explain how the complex protein network associated with cadherin at adherens junctions first came together in the first metazoan and how it evolved into the even more complex mammalian cadhesome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Murray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA Center of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, Irving Cancer Research Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ronen Zaidel-Bar
- Mechanobiology Institute Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411 Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575
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31
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Fan C, Miao Y, Zhang X, Liu D, Jiang G, Lin X, Han Q, Luan L, Xu Z, Wang E. Btbd7 contributes to reduced E-cadherin expression and predicts poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:704. [PMID: 25253020 PMCID: PMC4189533 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disorders of cell adhesion are critical steps in cancer progression in which varieties of markers including cadherins are involved in.Btbd7 was found to inhibit E-cadherin expression in MDCK cells and play important roles during branching morphogenesis of embryonic salivary glands and lungs. However its function in malignant tumors is largely unknown. The aim of this study is to investigate the clinicopathological significance and possible function of Btbd7 in non-small cell lung cancer. METHODS Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were used to investigate Btbd7 expression in non-small cell lung cancer and lung tissues. The clinicopathological association and the overall survival was analyzed. In vitro experiments were performed using siRNA to investigate the function of Btbd7 in lung cancer cells. RESULTS Btbd7 expression was elevated in non-small cell lung cancer tissues compared to normal lung tissues. Increased Btbd7 expression was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis, reduced E-cadherin expression and patients' poor clinical outcome. Downregulation of Btbd7 expression in lung cancer cells by siRNA significantly inhibits cancer cell invasion and effectively restores E-cadherin expression in cancer cell membrane. CONCLUSIONS Btbd7 contributes to reduced expression of E-cadherin and may be a promising cancer marker in non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuifeng Fan
- />Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
- />Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
| | - Yuan Miao
- />Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
- />Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
| | - Xiupeng Zhang
- />Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
- />Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
| | - Di Liu
- />Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
- />Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
| | - Guiyang Jiang
- />Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
- />Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
| | - Xuyong Lin
- />Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
- />Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
| | - Qiang Han
- />Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
- />Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
| | - Lan Luan
- />Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
- />Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
| | - Zhonghai Xu
- />Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
- />Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
| | - Enhua Wang
- />Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital and College of Basic Medical Sciences of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
- />Institute of Pathology and Pathophysiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001 China
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32
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Filamin acts as a key regulator in epithelial defence against transformed cells. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4428. [PMID: 25079702 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that certain types of transformed cells are extruded from an epithelial monolayer. However, it is not known whether and how neighbouring normal cells play an active role in this process. In this study, we demonstrate that filamin A and vimentin accumulate in normal cells specifically at the interface with Src- or RasV12-transformed cells. Knockdown of filamin A or vimentin in normal cells profoundly suppresses apical extrusion of the neighbouring transformed cells. In addition, we show in zebrafish embryos that filamin plays a positive role in the elimination of the transformed cells. Furthermore, the Rho/Rho kinase pathway regulates filamin accumulation and filamin acts upstream of vimentin in the apical extrusion. This is the first report demonstrating that normal epithelial cells recognize and actively eliminate neighbouring transformed cells and that filamin is a key mediator in the interaction between normal and transformed epithelial cells.
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33
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Rapanan JL, Cooper KE, Leyva KJ, Hull EE. Collective cell migration of primary zebrafish keratocytes. Exp Cell Res 2014; 326:155-65. [PMID: 24973510 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Fish keratocytes are an established model in single cell motility but little is known about their collective migration. Initially, sheets migrate from the scale at ~145 μm/h but over the course of 24h the rate of leading edge advance decreases to ~23 μm/h. During this period, leader cells retain their ability to migrate rapidly when released from the sheet and follower cell area increases. After the addition of RGD peptide, leader cell lamellae are lost, altering migratory forces within the sheet, resulting in rapid retraction. Leader and follower cell states interconvert within minutes with changes in cell-cell adhesions. Leader cells migrate as single cells when they detach from the leading edge and single cells appear to become leader cells if they rejoin the sheet. Follower cells rapidly establish leader cell morphology during closing of holes formed during sheet expansion and revert to follower cell morphology after hole-closure. Inhibition of Rho associated kinase releases leader cells and halts advancement of the leading edge suggesting an important role for the intercellular actomyosin cable at the leading edge. In addition, the presence of the stationary scale orients direction of sheet migration which is characterized by a more uniform advance of the leading edge than in some cell line systems. These data establish fish keratocyte explant cultures as a collective cell migration system and suggest that cell-cell interactions determine the role of keratocytes within the migrating sheet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Rapanan
- Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, United States
| | - Kimbal E Cooper
- Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, United States
| | - Kathryn J Leyva
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, United States
| | - Elizabeth E Hull
- Biomedical Sciences Program, College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ 85308, United States
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34
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Caballero JN, Gervasi MG, Veiga MF, Dalvit GC, Perez-Martínez S, Cetica PD, Vazquez-Levin MH. Epithelial cadherin is present in bovine oviduct epithelial cells and gametes, and is involved in fertilization-related events. Theriogenology 2014; 81:1189-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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35
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Knippschild U, Krüger M, Richter J, Xu P, García-Reyes B, Peifer C, Halekotte J, Bakulev V, Bischof J. The CK1 Family: Contribution to Cellular Stress Response and Its Role in Carcinogenesis. Front Oncol 2014; 4:96. [PMID: 24904820 PMCID: PMC4032983 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed pleiotropic CK1 family play major regulatory roles in many cellular processes including DNA-processing and repair, proliferation, cytoskeleton dynamics, vesicular trafficking, apoptosis, and cell differentiation. As a consequence of cellular stress conditions, interaction of CK1 with the mitotic spindle is manifold increased pointing to regulatory functions at the mitotic checkpoint. Furthermore, CK1 is able to alter the activity of key proteins in signal transduction and signal integration molecules. In line with this notion, CK1 is tightly connected to the regulation and degradation of β-catenin, p53, and MDM2. Considering the importance of CK1 for accurate cell division and regulation of tumor suppressor functions, it is not surprising that mutations and alterations in the expression and/or activity of CK1 isoforms are often detected in various tumor entities including cancer of the kidney, choriocarcinomas, breast carcinomas, oral cancer, adenocarcinomas of the pancreas, and ovarian cancer. Therefore, scientific effort has enormously increased (i) to understand the regulation of CK1 and its involvement in tumorigenesis- and tumor progression-related signal transduction pathways and (ii) to develop CK1-specific inhibitors for the use in personalized therapy concepts. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding CK1 regulation, function, and interaction with cellular proteins playing central roles in cellular stress-responses and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Knippschild
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Marc Krüger
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Julia Richter
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Balbina García-Reyes
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
| | - Christian Peifer
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University , Kiel , Germany
| | - Jakob Halekotte
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Christian Albrechts University , Kiel , Germany
| | - Vasiliy Bakulev
- Department of Organic Synthesis, Ural Federal University , Ekaterinburg , Russia
| | - Joachim Bischof
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Surgery Center, Ulm University Hospital , Ulm , Germany
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36
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Kowalczyk AP, Nanes BA. Adherens junction turnover: regulating adhesion through cadherin endocytosis, degradation, and recycling. Subcell Biochem 2014; 60:197-222. [PMID: 22674073 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4186-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adherens junctions are important mediators of intercellular adhesion, but they are not static structures. They are regularly formed, broken, and rearranged in a variety of situations, requiring changes in the amount of cadherins, the main adhesion molecule in adherens junctions, present at the cell surface. Thus, endocytosis, degradation, and recycling of cadherins are crucial for dynamic regulation of adherens junctions and control of intercellular adhesion. In this chapter, we review the involvement of cadherin endocytosis in development and disease. We discuss the various endocytic pathways available to cadherins, the adaptors involved, and the sorting of internalized cadherin for recycling or lysosomal degradation. In addition, we review the regulatory pathways controlling cadherin endocytosis and degradation, including regulation of cadherin endocytosis by catenins, cadherin ubiquitination, and growth factor receptor signaling pathways. Lastly, we discuss the proteolytic cleavage of cadherins at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Kowalczyk
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 30332, Atlanta, GA, USA,
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37
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Vinyoles M, Del Valle-Pérez B, Curto J, Viñas-Castells R, Alba-Castellón L, García de Herreros A, Duñach M. Multivesicular GSK3 sequestration upon Wnt signaling is controlled by p120-catenin/cadherin interaction with LRP5/6. Mol Cell 2014; 53:444-57. [PMID: 24412065 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt canonical ligands elicit the activation of β-catenin transcriptional activity, a response dependent on, but not limited to, β-catenin stabilization through the inhibition of GSK3 activity. Two mechanisms have been proposed for this inhibition, one dependent on the binding and subsequent block of GSK3 to LRP5/6 Wnt coreceptor and another one on its sequestration into multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Here we report that internalization of the GSK3-containing Wnt-signalosome complex into MVBs is dependent on the dissociation of p120-catenin/cadherin from this complex. Disruption of cadherin-LRP5/6 interaction is controlled by cadherin phosphorylation and requires the previous separation of p120-catenin; thus, p120-catenin and cadherin mutants unable to dissociate from the complex block GSK3 sequestration into MVBs. These mutants substantially inhibit, but do not completely prevent, the β-catenin upregulation caused by Wnt3a. These results, besides elucidating how GSK3 is sequestered into MVBs, support this mechanism as cause of β-catenin stabilization by Wnt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Vinyoles
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, CEB, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Beatriz Del Valle-Pérez
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, CEB, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Josué Curto
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, CEB, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Rosa Viñas-Castells
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorena Alba-Castellón
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio García de Herreros
- Programa de Recerca en Càncer, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), E-08003 Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mireia Duñach
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, CEB, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
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38
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Ohama T, Wang L, Griner EM, Brautigan DL. Protein Ser/Thr phosphatase-6 is required for maintenance of E-cadherin at adherens junctions. BMC Cell Biol 2013; 14:42. [PMID: 24063632 PMCID: PMC3856536 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2121-14-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epithelial tissues depend on intercellular homodimerization of E-cadherin and loss of E-cadherin is central to the epithelial to mesenchymal transition seen in multiple human diseases. Signaling pathways regulate E-cadherin function and cellular distribution via phosphorylation of the cytoplasmic region by kinases such as casein kinases but the protein phosphatases involved have not been identified. Results This study shows protein Ser/Thr phosphatase-6 catalytic subunit (PP6c) is expressed in epithelial tissue and its mRNA and protein are robustly up-regulated in epithelial cell lines at high vs. low density. PP6c accumulates at adherens junctions, not tight junctions, co-immunoprecipitates with E-cadherin-catenin complexes without a canonical SAPS subunit, and associates directly with the E-cadherin cytoplasmic tail. Inducible shRNA knockdown of PP6c dispersed E-cadherin from the cell surface and this response was reversed by chemical inhibition of casein kinase-1 and prevented by alanine substitution of Ser846 in murine E-cadherin. Conclusions PP6c associates with E-cadherin in adherens junctions and is required to oppose casein kinase-1 to maintain cell surface localization of E-cadherin. There is feedback signaling to enhance PP6c transcription and boost protein levels in high density epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Ohama
- Center for Cell Signaling and Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Box 800577, West Complex MSB 7225, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA.
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Aparicio LA, Abella V, Valladares M, Figueroa A. Posttranscriptional regulation by RNA-binding proteins during epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:4463-77. [PMID: 23715860 PMCID: PMC3827902 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), one of the crucial steps for carcinoma cells to acquire invasive capacity, results from the disruption of cell–cell contacts and the acquisition of a motile mesenchymal phenotype. Although the transcriptional events controlling EMT have been extensively studied, in recent years, several posttranscriptional mechanisms have emerged as critical in the regulation of EMT during tumor progression. In this review, we highlight the regulation of posttranscriptional events in EMT by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). RBPs are responsible for controlling pre-mRNA splicing, capping, and polyadenylation, as well as mRNA export, turnover, localization, and translation. We discuss the most relevant aspects of RBPs controlling the metabolism of EMT-related mRNAs, and describe the implication of novel posttranscriptional mechanisms regulating EMT in response to different signaling pathways. Novel insight into posttranscriptional regulation of EMT by RBPs is uncovering new therapeutic targets in cancer invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Aparicio
- Servizo de Oncología Médica, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), SERGAS, A Coruña, Spain
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Van Itallie CM, Aponte A, Tietgens AJ, Gucek M, Fredriksson K, Anderson JM. The N and C termini of ZO-1 are surrounded by distinct proteins and functional protein networks. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:13775-88. [PMID: 23553632 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.466193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biotin ligase tagging with ZO-1 was applied to identify a more complete tight junction proteome. RESULTS Identical but also different proteins and functional networks were identified near the N and C ends of ZO-1. CONCLUSION The ends of ZO-1 are embedded in different functional subcompartments of the tight junction. SIGNIFICANCE Biotin tagging with ZO-1 expands the tight junction proteome and defines subcompartments of the junction. The proteins and functional protein networks of the tight junction remain incompletely defined. Among the currently known proteins are barrier-forming proteins like occludin and the claudin family; scaffolding proteins like ZO-1; and some cytoskeletal, signaling, and cell polarity proteins. To define a more complete list of proteins and infer their functional implications, we identified the proteins that are within molecular dimensions of ZO-1 by fusing biotin ligase to either its N or C terminus, expressing these fusion proteins in Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells, and purifying and identifying the resulting biotinylated proteins by mass spectrometry. Of a predicted proteome of ∼9000, we identified more than 400 proteins tagged by biotin ligase fused to ZO-1, with both identical and distinct proteins near the N- and C-terminal ends. Those proximal to the N terminus were enriched in transmembrane tight junction proteins, and those proximal to the C terminus were enriched in cytoskeletal proteins. We also identified many unexpected but easily rationalized proteins and verified partial colocalization of three of these proteins with ZO-1 as examples. In addition, functional networks of interacting proteins were tagged, such as the basolateral but not apical polarity network. These results provide a rich inventory of proteins and potential novel insights into functions and protein networks that should catalyze further understanding of tight junction biology. Unexpectedly, the technique demonstrates high spatial resolution, which could be generally applied to defining other subcellular protein compartmentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Van Itallie
- Laboratory of Tight Junction Structure and Function, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Pelissier-Rota M, Lainé M, Ducarouge B, Bonaz B, Jacquier-Sarlin M. Role of Cholinergic Receptors in Colorectal Cancer: Potential Therapeutic Implications of Vagus Nerve Stimulation? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/jct.2013.46128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Voronkov A, Krauss S. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and small molecule inhibitors. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19:634-64. [PMID: 23016862 PMCID: PMC3529405 DOI: 10.2174/138161213804581837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin signaling is a branch of a functional network that dates back to the first metazoans and it is involved in a broad range of biological systems including stem cells, embryonic development and adult organs. Deregulation of components involved in Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been implicated in a wide spectrum of diseases including a number of cancers and degenerative diseases. The key mediator of Wnt signaling, β-catenin, serves several cellular functions. It functions in a dynamic mode at multiple cellular locations, including the plasma membrane, where β-catenin contributes to the stabilization of intercellular adhesive complexes, the cytoplasm where β-catenin levels are regulated and the nucleus where β-catenin is involved in transcriptional regulation and chromatin interactions. Central effectors of β-catenin levels are a family of cysteine-rich secreted glycoproteins, known as Wnt morphogens. Through the LRP5/6-Frizzled receptor complex, Wnts regulate the location and activity of the destruction complex and consequently intracellular β- catenin levels. However, β-catenin levels and their effects on transcriptional programs are also influenced by multiple other factors including hypoxia, inflammation, hepatocyte growth factor-mediated signaling, and the cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin. The broad implications of Wnt/β-catenin signaling in development, in the adult body and in disease render the pathway a prime target for pharmacological research and development. The intricate regulation of β-catenin at its various locations provides alternative points for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Voronkov
- SFI-CAST Biomedical Innovation Center, Unit for Cell Signaling, Oslo University Hospital, Forskningsparken, Gaustadalleén 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stefan Krauss
- SFI-CAST Biomedical Innovation Center, Unit for Cell Signaling, Oslo University Hospital, Forskningsparken, Gaustadalleén 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
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Chigita S, Sugiura T, Abe M, Kobayashi Y, Shimoda M, Onoda M, Shirasuna K. CD82 inhibits canonical Wnt signalling by controlling the cellular distribution of β-catenin in carcinoma cells. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:2021-8. [PMID: 23076981 PMCID: PMC3583648 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently unravelled a novel function for CD82 in E-cadherin-mediated cellular adhesion. CD82 inhibits β-catenin tyrosine phosphorylation and stabilizes E-cadherin-β-catenin complexes at the cell membrane. This function inhibits cancer cell dissociation from the primary cancer nest and limits metastasis. In this study, we focused on the effect of CD82 on the Wnt/β-catenin (canonical) pathway, which controls the cellular distribution of β-catenin. CD82 had no effect on the expression of Wnt proteins but led to significant downregulation of Frizzled (Fzd) 2, 3, 5, 7 and 9, suggesting downregulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. CD82 also inhibited phosphorylation of β-catenin at Ser45, Ser33, Ser37 and Thr41 by downregulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) and kinase casein kinase 1α (CK1α). Downregulation of GSK-3β and CK1α also led to accumulation of β-catenin in the cytoplasm or at the cell membrane. CD82 translocated β-catenin to the cell membrane, suggesting that CD82 strengthens the interaction between E-cadherin and β-catenin. We concluded that CD82 attenuates Wnt signalling by controlling β-catenin cellular distribution at multiple levels: i) inhibition of β-catenin nuclear translocation by downregulation of Fzd receptor proteins; ii) accumulation of β-catenin at the cell membrane by downregulation of GSK-3β and CK1α; and iii) stabilization of the E-cadherin-β-catenin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Chigita
- Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Inuzuka H, Gao D, Finley LWS, Yang W, Wan L, Fukushima H, Chin YR, Zhai B, Shaik S, Lau AW, Wang Z, Gygi SP, Nakayama K, Teruya-Feldstein J, Toker A, Haigis MC, Pandolfi PP, Wei W. Acetylation-dependent regulation of Skp2 function. Cell 2012; 150:179-93. [PMID: 22770219 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant Skp2 signaling has been implicated as a driving event in tumorigenesis. Although the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive, cytoplasmic Skp2 correlates with more aggressive forms of breast and prostate cancers. Here, we report that Skp2 is acetylated by p300 at K68 and K71, which is a process that can be antagonized by the SIRT3 deacetylase. Inactivation of SIRT3 leads to elevated Skp2 acetylation, which leads to increased Skp2 stability through impairment of the Cdh1-mediated proteolysis pathway. As a result, Skp2 oncogenic function is increased, whereby cells expressing an acetylation-mimetic mutant display enhanced cellular proliferation and tumorigenesis in vivo. Moreover, acetylation of Skp2 in the nuclear localization signal (NLS) promotes its cytoplasmic retention, and cytoplasmic Skp2 enhances cellular migration through ubiquitination and destruction of E-cadherin. Thus, our study identifies an acetylation-dependent regulatory mechanism governing Skp2 oncogenic function and provides insight into how cytoplasmic Skp2 controls cellular migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Inuzuka
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Valls G, Codina M, Miller RK, Del Valle-Pérez B, Vinyoles M, Caelles C, McCrea PD, García de Herreros A, Duñach M. Upon Wnt stimulation, Rac1 activation requires Rac1 and Vav2 binding to p120-catenin. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:5288-301. [PMID: 22946057 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.101030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A role for Rac1 GTPase in canonical Wnt signaling has recently been demonstrated, showing that it is required for β-catenin translocation to the nucleus. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of Rac1 stimulation by Wnt. Upregulation of Rac1 activity by Wnt3a temporally correlated with enhanced p120-catenin binding to Rac1 and Vav2. Vav2 and Rac1 association with p120-catenin was modulated by phosphorylation of this protein, which was stimulated upon serine/threonine phosphorylation by CK1 and inhibited by tyrosine phosphorylation by Src or Fyn. Acting on these two post-translational modifications, Wnt3a induced the release of p120-catenin from E-cadherin, enabled the interaction of p120-catenin with Vav2 and Rac1, and facilitated Rac1 activation by Vav2. Given that p120-catenin depletion disrupts gastrulation in Xenopus, we analyzed p120-catenin mutants for their ability to rescue this phenotype. In contrast to the wild-type protein or other controls, p120-catenin point mutants that were deficient in the release from E-cadherin or in Vav2 or Rac1 binding failed to rescue p120-catenin depletion. Collectively, these results indicate that binding of p120-catenin to Vav2 and Rac1 is required for the activation of this GTPase upon Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Valls
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, CEB, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, E-08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Taylor WR, Morley R, Krasavin A, Gregory L, Wilkinson DG, Poliakov A. A mechanical model of cell segregation driven by differential adhesion. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43226. [PMID: 22952652 PMCID: PMC3430666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
From simulations that begin with a random mix of two cell types, we monitor progress towards segregation driven by contact-mediated linkage of model cells, which is equivalent to the cell-cell adhesion of real cells. In comparison with real cell experiments, we show that this mechanical model can account for the observed extent of segregation obtained by differential adhesion in a 2D cell culture assay of cells with differentially expressed cadherin molecules. Calibration of virtual to real time allowed us to estimate a time course for these experiments that was within 50% agreement for the simulations compared to differential adhesion of cells. In contrast, simulations of differential adhesion do not account for the rate of segregation driven by interactions between EphB2 receptor and ephrinB1 expressing cells which occurs an order of magnitude faster. The latter result suggests that mechanisms additional or alternative to differential adhesion contribute to Eph-ephrin mediated cell segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Taylor
- Division of Mathematical Biology, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, London, United Kingdom.
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Regulation of adherens junction dynamics by phosphorylation switches. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2012; 2012:125295. [PMID: 22848810 PMCID: PMC3403498 DOI: 10.1155/2012/125295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adherens junctions connect the actin cytoskeleton of neighboring cells through transmembrane cadherin receptors and a network of adaptor proteins. The interactions between these adaptors and cadherin as well as the activity of actin regulators localized to adherens junctions are tightly controlled to facilitate cell junction assembly or disassembly in response to changes in external or internal forces and/or signaling. Phosphorylation of tyrosine, serine, or threonine residues acts as a switch on the majority of adherens junction proteins, turning "on" or "off" their interactions with other proteins and/or their enzymatic activity. Here, we provide an overview of the kinases and phosphatases regulating phosphorylation of adherens junction proteins and bring examples of phosphorylation events leading to the assembly or disassembly of adherens junctions, highlighting the important role of phosphorylation switches in regulating their dynamics.
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The many faces and functions of β-catenin. EMBO J 2012; 31:2714-36. [PMID: 22617422 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2012.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1175] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Catenin (Armadillo in Drosophila) is a multitasking and evolutionary conserved molecule that in metazoans exerts a crucial role in a multitude of developmental and homeostatic processes. More specifically, β-catenin is an integral structural component of cadherin-based adherens junctions, and the key nuclear effector of canonical Wnt signalling in the nucleus. Imbalance in the structural and signalling properties of β-catenin often results in disease and deregulated growth connected to cancer and metastasis. Intense research into the life of β-catenin has revealed a complex picture. Here, we try to capture the state of the art: we try to summarize and make some sense of the processes that regulate β-catenin, as well as the plethora of β-catenin binding partners. One focus will be the interaction of β-catenin with different transcription factors and the potential implications of these interactions for direct cross-talk between β-catenin and non-Wnt signalling pathways.
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Layton MJ, Faux MC, Church NL, Catimel B, Kershaw NJ, Kapp EA, Nowell C, Coates JL, Burgess AW, Simpson RJ. Identification of a Wnt-induced protein complex by affinity proteomics using an antibody that recognizes a sub-population of β-catenin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2012; 1824:925-37. [PMID: 22469663 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
β-catenin is a signaling protein with diverse functions in cell adhesion and Wnt signaling. Although β-catenin has been shown to participate in many protein-protein interactions, it is not clear which combinations of β-catenin-interacting proteins form discrete complexes. We have generated a novel antibody, termed 4B3, which recognizes only a small subset of total cellular β-catenin. Affinity proteomics using 4B3, in combination with subcellular fractionation, has allowed us to define a discrete trimeric complex of β-catenin, α-catenin and the tumor suppressor APC, which forms in the cytoplasm in response to Wnt signaling. Depletion of the limiting component of this complex, APC, implicates the complex in mediating Wnt-induced changes in cell-cell adhesion. APC is also essential for N-terminal phosphorylation of β-catenin within this complex. Each component of β-catenin/APC/α-catenin complex co-exists in other protein complexes, thus use of a selective antibody for affinity proteomics has allowed us to go beyond the generation of a list of potential β-catenin-interacting proteins, and define when and where a specific complex forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith J Layton
- The Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
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Norman M, Wisniewska KA, Lawrenson K, Garcia-Miranda P, Tada M, Kajita M, Mano H, Ishikawa S, Ikegawa M, Shimada T, Fujita Y. Loss of Scribble causes cell competition in mammalian cells. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:59-66. [PMID: 22250205 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.085803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, normal and transformed cells compete with each other for survival in a process called cell competition. However, it is not known whether comparable phenomena also occur in mammals. Scribble is a tumor suppressor protein in Drosophila and mammals. In this study we examine the interface between normal and Scribble-knockdown epithelial cells using Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells expressing Scribble short hairpin RNA (shRNA) in a tetracycline-inducible manner. We observe that Scribble-knockdown cells undergo apoptosis and are apically extruded from the epithelium when surrounded by normal cells. Apoptosis does not occur when Scribble-knockdown cells are cultured alone, suggesting that the presence of surrounding normal cells induces the cell death. We also show that death of Scribble-knockdown cells occurs independently of apical extrusion. Finally, we demonstrate that apoptosis of Scribble-knockdown cells depends on activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). This is the first demonstration that an oncogenic transformation within an epithelium induces cell competition in a mammalian cell culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Norman
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology and Cell Biology Unit, University College London, London, UK
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