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Baumann M, Höing S, Yeh TY, Martinez N, Habenberger P, Kremer L, Drexler HCA, Küchler P, Reinhardt P, Choidas A, Zischinsky ML, Zischinsky G, Ketcham SA, Wagner L, Nussbaumer P, Ziegler S, Klebl B, Schroer T, Schöler HR, Waldmann H, Sterneckert JL. Abstract 2997: Dynarrestin, a novel dynein inhibitor that does not block ciliogenesis. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-2997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Aberrant hedgehog (Hh) pathway activation contributes to the pathogenesis of multiple cancers. Currently available Hh pathway inhibitors target Smoothened (Smo) which can acquire mutations causing drug resistance. Therefore, a major challenge is to identify compounds that inhibit Hh signaling downstream of Smoothened.
Methods: We conducted a high-throughput screening (HTS) campaign of 337,000 small molecules using a Hh-dependent differentiation assay of C3H10T1/2 cells into osteoclasts. Primary active screening hits were validated by a cell-based assay cascade including motor neuron differentiation from mouse embryonic stem cells, Gli reporter activation in ShhLight2 cells and proliferation of heterozygous Patched (PTCH+/-) medulloblastoma (MB) cells. Smo binding was monitored in membrane-based Cyclopamine competition assays. To identify the underlying target identification of promising hits, affinity chromatography was performed followed by label-free quantitative (LFQ) tandem mass spectrometry. Effects on cytoplasmic dynein were examined in Smo trafficking and in vitro microtubules motility assays as well as by live cell imaging of labeled endosome movement.
Results: We identified dynarrestin, a novel aminothiazole that potently blocks Hh signaling and the proliferation of Hh-dependent PTCH+/- MB tumor cells (IC50∼70nM). Dynarrestin does not bind to Smo and is able to suppress the Hh pathway in the presence of the Smo agonist SAG and following the knockdown of the Hh pathway suppressor SUFU indicating that dynarrestin inhibits Hh signaling downstream of both Smo and SUFU. Chemical LFQ proteomics identified cytoplasmic dynein as the target of dynarrestin. Dyneins convert energy from ATP hydrolysis into motor activity and are essential for many cellular processes, including Hh signaling. Unlike other dynein inhibitory molecules, e.g. Ciliobrevins, dynarrestin inhibits Smoothened trafficking but not ciliogenesis. We further demonstrate that dynarrestin reversibly interferes with endosome movement, proper mitotic spindle orientation, and dynein-based microtubule translocation in vitro without blocking ATP hydrolysis.
Conclusions: Dynarrestin provides a novel dynein inhibitor with distinct specificity that uniquely facilitates probing dynein function. Given its multiple contributions to Hh signaling, mitosis and other cellular events, dynein remains a highly attractive target for medicinal chemistry programs aimed at exploiting and modulating its complex, poorly understood chemical cycle to interfere with different aspects of activity and function. We believe that unraveling dynein-dependent cellular processes by dynarrestin has great potential for development into novel anti-cancer drugs controlling Hh signaling downstream of Smoothened.
Citation Format: Matthias Baumann, Susanne Höing, Ting-Yu Yeh, Nancy Martinez, Peter Habenberger, Lea Kremer, Hannes CA. Drexler, Philipp Küchler, Peter Reinhardt, Axel Choidas, Mia-Lisa Zischinsky, Gunther Zischinsky, Stephanie A. Ketcham, Lydia Wagner, Peter Nussbaumer, Slava Ziegler, Bert Klebl, Trina Schroer, Hans R. Schöler, Herbert Waldmann, Jared L. Sterneckert. Dynarrestin, a novel dynein inhibitor that does not block ciliogenesis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2997.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nancy Martinez
- 3Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Lea Kremer
- 3Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Küchler
- 3Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Peter Reinhardt
- 4Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Slava Ziegler
- 3Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bert Klebl
- 1Lead Discovery Center, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Hans R. Schöler
- 4Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- 3Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
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Illich DJ, Zhang M, Ursu A, Osorno R, Kim KP, Yoon J, Araúzo-Bravo MJ, Wu G, Esch D, Sabour D, Colby D, Grassme KS, Chen J, Greber B, Höing S, Herzog W, Ziegler S, Chambers I, Gao S, Waldmann H, Schöler HR. Distinct Signaling Requirements for the Establishment of ESC Pluripotency in Late-Stage EpiSCs. Cell Rep 2016; 15:787-800. [PMID: 27149845 PMCID: PMC4850425 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It has previously been reported that mouse epiblast stem cell (EpiSC) lines comprise heterogeneous cell populations that are functionally equivalent to cells of either early- or late-stage postimplantation development. So far, the establishment of the embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency gene regulatory network through the widely known chemical inhibition of MEK and GSK3beta has been impractical in late-stage EpiSCs. Here, we show that chemical inhibition of casein kinase 1alpha (CK1alpha) induces the conversion of recalcitrant late-stage EpiSCs into ESC pluripotency. CK1alpha inhibition directly results in the simultaneous activation of the WNT signaling pathway, together with inhibition of the TGFbeta/SMAD2 signaling pathway, mediating the rewiring of the gene regulatory network in favor of an ESC-like state. Our findings uncover a molecular mechanism that links CK1alpha to ESC pluripotency through the direct modulation of WNT and TGFbeta signaling. Inhibition of CK1alpha induces ESC conversion in EpiSCs recalcitrant to 2i/LIF The ESC conversion acts via WNT activation and TGFbeta/SMAD2 inhibition MEK inhibition stabilizes the conversion and restores germline competence CK1 inhibition promotes activation and maintenance of the pluripotency network
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Jacob Illich
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Miao Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andrei Ursu
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Osorno
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kee-Pyo Kim
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Juyong Yoon
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marcos J Araúzo-Bravo
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Guangming Wu
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Esch
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Davood Sabour
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Douglas Colby
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland
| | | | - Jiayu Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Boris Greber
- Human Stem Cell Pluripotency Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Münster, Germany; Chemical Genomics Centre of the Max Planck Society, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Susanne Höing
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Wiebke Herzog
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany; University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC 1003 - CiM), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Slava Ziegler
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ian Chambers
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, Scotland
| | - Shaorong Gao
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Herbert Waldmann
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; Technische Universität Dortmund, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
| | - Hans R Schöler
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany; University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Abstract
Ephrin-B2 is essential for supporting mural cells; namely, pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Nakayama et al. find that ephrin-B2 controls platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) distribution in the VSMC plasma membrane, endocytosis, and signaling. VSMCs lacking ephrin-B2 exhibited a redistribution of PDGFRβ from caveolin-positive to clathrin-associated membrane fractions and enhanced PDGF-B-induced PDGFRβ internalization. Mice lacking ephrin-B2 in vascular smooth muscle developed vessel wall defects and aortic aneurysms. These results suggest that ephrin-B2 is an important regulator of PDGFRβ endocytosis in mural cells. B-class ephrins, ligands for EphB receptor tyrosine kinases, are critical regulators of growth and patterning processes in many organs and species. In the endothelium of the developing vasculature, ephrin-B2 controls endothelial sprouting and proliferation, which has been linked to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor endocytosis and signaling. Ephrin-B2 also has essential roles in supporting mural cells (namely, pericytes and vascular smooth muscle cells [VSMCs]), but the underlying mechanism is not understood. Here, we show that ephrin-B2 controls platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) distribution in the VSMC plasma membrane, endocytosis, and signaling in a fashion that is highly distinct from its role in the endothelium. Absence of ephrin-B2 in cultured VSMCs led to the redistribution of PDGFRβ from caveolin-positive to clathrin-associated membrane fractions, enhanced PDGF-B-induced PDGFRβ internalization, and augmented downstream mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation but impaired Tiam1–Rac1 signaling and proliferation. Accordingly, mutant mice lacking ephrin-B2 expression in vascular smooth muscle developed vessel wall defects and aortic aneurysms, which were associated with impaired Tiam1 expression and excessive activation of MAP kinase and JNK. Our results establish that ephrin-B2 is an important regulator of PDGFRβ endocytosis and thereby acts as a molecular switch controlling the downstream signaling activity of this receptor in mural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Nakayama
- Department of Tissue Morphogenesis, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Reinhardt P, Schmid B, Burbulla LF, Schöndorf DC, Wagner L, Glatza M, Höing S, Hargus G, Heck SA, Dhingra A, Wu G, Müller S, Brockmann K, Kluba T, Maisel M, Krüger R, Berg D, Tsytsyura Y, Thiel CS, Psathaki OE, Klingauf J, Kuhlmann T, Klewin M, Müller H, Gasser T, Schöler HR, Sterneckert J. Genetic correction of a LRRK2 mutation in human iPSCs links parkinsonian neurodegeneration to ERK-dependent changes in gene expression. Cell Stem Cell 2013; 12:354-67. [PMID: 23472874 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The LRRK2 mutation G2019S is the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). To better understand the link between mutant LRRK2 and PD pathology, we derived induced pluripotent stem cells from PD patients harboring LRRK2 G2019S and then specifically corrected the mutant LRRK2 allele. We demonstrate that gene correction resulted in phenotypic rescue in differentiated neurons and uncovered expression changes associated with LRRK2 G2019S. We found that LRRK2 G2019S induced dysregulation of CPNE8, MAP7, UHRF2, ANXA1, and CADPS2. Knockdown experiments demonstrated that four of these genes contribute to dopaminergic neurodegeneration. LRRK2 G2019S induced increased extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK) phosphorylation. Transcriptional dysregulation of CADPS2, CPNE8, and UHRF2 was dependent on ERK activity. We show that multiple PD-associated phenotypes were ameliorated by inhibition of ERK. Therefore, our results provide mechanistic insight into the pathogenesis induced by mutant LRRK2 and pointers for the development of potential new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Reinhardt
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Dakas PY, Parga JA, Höing S, Schöler HR, Sterneckert J, Kumar K, Waldmann H. Discovery of neuritogenic compound classes inspired by natural products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:9576-81. [PMID: 23733315 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Yves Dakas
- Max Planck Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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Dakas PY, Parga JA, Höing S, Schöler HR, Sterneckert J, Kumar K, Waldmann H. Discovery of Neuritogenic Compound Classes Inspired by Natural Products. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Reinhardt P, Glatza M, Hemmer K, Tsytsyura Y, Thiel CS, Höing S, Moritz S, Parga JA, Wagner L, Bruder JM, Wu G, Schmid B, Röpke A, Klingauf J, Schwamborn JC, Gasser T, Schöler HR, Sterneckert J. Derivation and expansion using only small molecules of human neural progenitors for neurodegenerative disease modeling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59252. [PMID: 23533608 PMCID: PMC3606479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenotypic drug discovery requires billions of cells for high-throughput screening (HTS) campaigns. Because up to several million different small molecules will be tested in a single HTS campaign, even small variability within the cell populations for screening could easily invalidate an entire campaign. Neurodegenerative assays are particularly challenging because neurons are post-mitotic and cannot be expanded for implementation in HTS. Therefore, HTS for neuroprotective compounds requires a cell type that is robustly expandable and able to differentiate into all of the neuronal subtypes involved in disease pathogenesis. Here, we report the derivation and propagation using only small molecules of human neural progenitor cells (small molecule neural precursor cells; smNPCs). smNPCs are robust, exhibit immortal expansion, and do not require cumbersome manual culture and selection steps. We demonstrate that smNPCs have the potential to clonally and efficiently differentiate into neural tube lineages, including motor neurons (MNs) and midbrain dopaminergic neurons (mDANs) as well as neural crest lineages, including peripheral neurons and mesenchymal cells. These properties are so far only matched by pluripotent stem cells. Finally, to demonstrate the usefulness of smNPCs we show that mDANs differentiated from smNPCs with LRRK2 G2019S are more susceptible to apoptosis in the presence of oxidative stress compared to wild-type. Therefore, smNPCs are a powerful biological tool with properties that are optimal for large-scale disease modeling, phenotypic screening, and studies of early human development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Reinhardt
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, North Rhine Westphalia, Germany
| | - Michael Glatza
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, North Rhine Westphalia, Germany
| | - Kathrin Hemmer
- Stem Cell Biology and Regeneration Group, Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Yaroslav Tsytsyura
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Cellular Biophysics Group, Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Cora S. Thiel
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Cellular Biophysics Group, Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Susanne Höing
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, North Rhine Westphalia, Germany
| | - Sören Moritz
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, North Rhine Westphalia, Germany
| | - Juan A. Parga
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, North Rhine Westphalia, Germany
- Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases at the University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Lydia Wagner
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, North Rhine Westphalia, Germany
| | - Jan M. Bruder
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, North Rhine Westphalia, Germany
| | - Guangming Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, North Rhine Westphalia, Germany
| | - Benjamin Schmid
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Baden-Württemburg, Germany
| | - Albrecht Röpke
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of Münster, Münster, North Rhine Westphalia, Germany
| | - Jürgen Klingauf
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Cellular Biophysics Group, Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Jens C. Schwamborn
- Stem Cell Biology and Regeneration Group, Institute of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Baden-Württemburg, Germany
| | - Hans R. Schöler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, North Rhine Westphalia, Germany
- Medical Faculty, University of Münster, Münster, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
- * E-mail: (HRS); (JS)
| | - Jared Sterneckert
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, North Rhine Westphalia, Germany
- * E-mail: (HRS); (JS)
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Wang D, Höing S, Patterson HC, Ahmad UM, Rathinam VAK, Rajewsky K, Fitzgerald KA, Golenbock DT. Inflammation in mice ectopically expressing human Pyogenic Arthritis, Pyoderma Gangrenosum, and Acne (PAPA) Syndrome-associated PSTPIP1 A230T mutant proteins. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:4594-601. [PMID: 23293022 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.443077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyogenic Arthritis, Pyoderma Gangrenosum, and Acne Syndrome (PAPA syndrome) is an autoinflammatory disease caused by aberrant production of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1. Mutations in the gene encoding proline serine threonine phosphatase-interacting protein-1 (PSTPIP1) have been linked to PAPA syndrome. PSTPIP1 is an adaptor protein that interacts with PYRIN, the protein encoded by the Mediterranean Fever (MEFV) gene whose mutations cause Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF). However, the pathophysiological function of PSTPIP1 remains to be elucidated. We have generated mouse strains that either are PSTPIP1 deficient or ectopically express mutant PSTPIP1. Results from analyzing these mice suggested that PSTPIP1 is not an essential regulator of the Nlrp3, Aim2, or Nlrc4 inflammasomes. Although common features of human PAPA syndrome such as pyogenic arthritis and skin inflammation were not recapitulated in the mouse model, ectopic expression of the mutant but not the wild type PSTPIP1 in mice lead to partial embryonic lethality, growth retardation, and elevated level of circulating proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghai Wang
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA.
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Höing S, Rudhard Y, Reinhardt P, Glatza M, Stehling M, Wu G, Peiker C, Böcker A, Parga JA, Bunk E, Schwamborn JC, Slack M, Sterneckert J, Schöler HR. Discovery of inhibitors of microglial neurotoxicity acting through multiple mechanisms using a stem-cell-based phenotypic assay. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 11:620-32. [PMID: 23064101 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells, through their ability to both self-renew and differentiate, can produce a virtually limitless supply of specialized cells that behave comparably to primary cells. We took advantage of this property to develop an assay for small-molecule-based neuroprotection using stem-cell-derived motor neurons and astrocytes, together with activated microglia as a stress paradigm. Here, we report on the discovery of hit compounds from a screen of more than 10,000 small molecules. These compounds act through diverse pathways, including the inhibition of nitric oxide production by microglia, activation of the Nrf2 pathway in microglia and astrocytes, and direct protection of neurons from nitric-oxide-induced degeneration. We confirm the activity of these compounds using human neurons. Because microglial cells are activated in many neurological disorders, our hit compounds could be ideal starting points for the development of new drugs to treat various neurodegenerative and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Höing
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Abstract
Through cellular differentiation, a single cell eventually gives rise to all the various lineages of an organism. This process has traditionally been viewed as irreversible. However, nuclear transfer experiments have demonstrated that differentiated cells can be reprogrammed to form even an entire organism. Yamanaka electrified the world with the discovery that expression of only four transcription factors was sufficient to induce pluripotency in differentiated somatic cells of mammals. Expansion of this work has shown that expression of the master pluripotency gene Oct4 is sufficient to induce pluripotency in neural stem cells. In contrast to somatic cells, germline cells express Oct4 and can acquire pluripotency without the addition of exogenous transcription factors. More recently, it has been possible to also induce an alternative cell fate directly by the transdifferentiation of cells mediated by the introduction of specific transcription factors, including Oct4. Therefore, we suggest that Oct4 is the gatekeeper into a reprogramming expressway that can be directed by altering the experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Sterneckert
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, NRW, Germany
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Fischedick G, Klein DC, Wu G, Esch D, Höing S, Han DW, Reinhardt P, Hergarten K, Tapia N, Schöler HR, Sterneckert JL. Zfp296 is a novel, pluripotent-specific reprogramming factor. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34645. [PMID: 22485183 PMCID: PMC3317644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Expression of the four transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) is sufficient to reprogram somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPSCs). However, this process is slow and inefficient compared with the fusion of somatic cells with embryonic stem cells (ESCs), indicating that ESCs express additional factors that can enhance the efficiency of reprogramming. We had previously developed a method to detect and isolate early neural induction intermediates during the differentiation of mouse ESCs. Using the gene expression profiles of these intermediates, we identified 23 ESC-specific transcripts and tested each for the ability to enhance iPSC formation. Of the tested factors, zinc finger protein 296 (Zfp296) led to the largest increase in mouse iPSC formation. We confirmed that Zfp296 was specifically expressed in pluripotent stem cells and germ cells. Zfp296 in combination with OSKM induced iPSC formation earlier and more efficiently than OSKM alone. Through mouse chimera and teratoma formation, we demonstrated that the resultant iPSCs were pluripotent. We showed that Zfp296 activates transcription of the Oct4 gene via the germ cell–specific conserved region 4 (CR4), and when overexpressed in mouse ESCs leads to upregulation of Nanog expression and downregulation of the expression of differentiation markers, including Sox17, Eomes, and T, which is consistent with the observation that Zfp296 enhances the efficiency of reprogramming. In contrast, knockdown of Zfp296 in ESCs leads to the expression of differentiation markers. Finally, we demonstrated that expression of Zfp296 in ESCs inhibits, but does not block, differentiation into neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit Fischedick
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Diana C. Klein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Guangming Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Esch
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Susanne Höing
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Dong Wook Han
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter Reinhardt
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hergarten
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Natalia Tapia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Hans R. Schöler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
- University of Münster, Faculty of Medicine, Münster, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Jared L. Sterneckert
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
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Han DW, Tapia N, Hermann A, Hemmer K, Höing S, Araúzo-Bravo MJ, Zaehres H, Wu G, Frank S, Moritz S, Greber B, Yang JH, Lee HT, Schwamborn JC, Storch A, Schöler HR. Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into neural stem cells by defined factors. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 10:465-72. [PMID: 22445517 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that defined sets of transcription factors can directly reprogram differentiated somatic cells to a different differentiated cell type without passing through a pluripotent state, but the restricted proliferative and lineage potential of the resulting cells limits the scope of their potential applications. Here we show that a combination of transcription factors (Brn4/Pou3f4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, plus E47/Tcf3) induces mouse fibroblasts to directly acquire a neural stem cell identity-which we term as induced neural stem cells (iNSCs). Direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into iNSCs is a gradual process in which the donor transcriptional program is silenced over time. iNSCs exhibit cell morphology, gene expression, epigenetic features, differentiation potential, and self-renewing capacity, as well as in vitro and in vivo functionality similar to those of wild-type NSCs. We conclude that differentiated cells can be reprogrammed directly into specific somatic stem cell types by defined sets of specific transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Han
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany.
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Farshi P, Ohlig S, Pickhinke U, Höing S, Jochmann K, Lawrence R, Dreier R, Dierker T, Grobe K. Dual roles of the Cardin-Weintraub motif in multimeric Sonic hedgehog. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:23608-19. [PMID: 21572042 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.206474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The fly morphogen Hedgehog (Hh) and its mammalian orthologs, Sonic, Indian, and Desert hedgehog, are secreted signaling molecules that mediate tissue patterning during embryogenesis and function in tissue homeostasis and regeneration in the adult. The function of all Hh family members is regulated at the levels of morphogen multimerization on the surface of producing cells, multimer release, multimer diffusion to target cells, and signal reception. These mechanisms are all known to depend on interactions of positively charged Hh amino acids (the Cardin-Weintraub (CW) motif) with negatively charged heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycan chains. However, a precise mechanistic understanding of these interactions is still lacking. In this work, we characterized ionic HS interactions of multimeric Sonic hedgehog (called ShhNp) as well as mutant forms lacking one or more CW residues. We found that deletion of all five CW residues as well as site-directed mutagenesis of CW residues Lys(33), Arg(35), and Lys(39) (mouse nomenclature) abolished HS binding. In contrast, CW residues Arg(34) and Lys(38) did not contribute to HS binding. Analysis and validation of Shh crystal lattice contacts provided an explanation for this finding. We demonstrate that CW residues Arg(34) and Lys(38) make contact with an acidic groove on the adjacent molecule in the multimer, suggesting a new function of these residues in ShhNp multimerization rather than HS binding. Therefore, the recombinant monomeric morphogen (called ShhN) differs in CW-dependent HS binding and biological activity from physiologically relevant ShhNp multimers, providing new explanations for functional differences observed between ShhN and ShhNp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pershang Farshi
- Institute for Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Waldeyerstrasse 15, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Abstract
Recent studies suggest that, in the presence of heart failure, the capability of skeletal muscle to utilize delivered flow may be impaired due to maldistribution of blood flow within working muscle. Similarly, this mechanism could explain the failure of drugs to improve maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) immediately. Accordingly, we assessed muscular blood flow distribution (ml/min/g, radioactive microspheres, 15 +/- 5 micron) among and within working muscle, VO2max, and arterial lactate in a rat preparation of myocardial infarction and heart failure (infarct size 36.0 +/- 3.3% of the left ventricle, n = 9), and in sham-operated animals (n = 11). Data were obtained at maximal treadmill exercise during alternate infusions of milrinone and saline. Total skeletal muscle blood flow during exercise was significantly lower in the infarction group (p less than .05 vs sham); reduced blood flow was primarily attributed to decreased flow to oxidative working muscle such as soleus and the red portion of gastrocnemius, whereas blood flow to glycolytic muscle portions (e.g., gastrocnemius white, vastus lateralis white) was similar in the infarction and sham-operated groups. Milrinone increased flow to the glycolytic working muscle portions in sham-operated animals (e.g., vastus lateralis white, 0.23 vs 0.29, p less than .05); by contrast, blood flow to the oxidative muscle fibers was increased in the infarction group (e.g., gastrocnemius red, 1.45 vs 1.87, p less than .05). Arterial lactate levels at similar workloads during exercise were higher in the infarction group (p less than .05). Neither lactate nor VO2max were significantly altered with milrinone in either group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- H Drexler
- Medizinische Klinik III, University of Freiburg, F.R.G
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Drexler H, Finkh M, Höing S, Toth M, Just H, Lang RE. Systemic and regional vascular effects of atrial natriuretic peptide in a rat model of chronic heart failure. Basic Res Cardiol 1987; 82:517-29. [PMID: 2963615 DOI: 10.1007/bf01907221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
To characterize the systemic and regional vascular effects of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in chronic heart failure, central hemodynamics, regional blood flow and plasma ANP levels were determined in a rat model of myocardial infarction and failure and in sham-operated animals. Measurements were made in the conscious state before and after intravenous rANP [99-126] (8 micrograms bolus followed by continuous infusion of 1.0 microgram/kg/min). With this protocol, ANP significantly decreased cardiac output, right atrial, left ventricular end-diastolic and arterial pressures and there were increases in heart rate, systemic and intestinal vascular resistances in sham animals. Renal blood flow per gram of tissue was unchanged with ANP, but when expressed as a percentage of cardiac output, increased significantly, indicating a preferential renal vasodilatory effect of ANP. In rats with infarction and failure, this dose did not alter cardiac output or arterial pressure, but decreased right atrial and left ventricular blood flow. Although significantly reduced as compared to the control group, renal blood flow was not improved with ANP in the heart failure group. ANP plasma levels of the heart failure group were elevated at baseline (p less than 0.01), and increased 5-10 times after infusion of rANP. Thus, in rats with chronic heart failure, the renal vascular effects of ANP are blunted, which may, in part, explain the failure of ANP to restore the altered volume homeostasis in heart failure despite elevated ANP plasma levels. However, the effects on venous return were preserved which, in turn, improved cardiac performance via a reduction of preload.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Drexler
- Medizinische Klinik III, University of Freiburg, F.R.G
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Drexler H, Höing S, Faude F, Wollschläger H, Just H. Central and regional vascular hemodynamics following intravenous milrinone in the conscious rat: comparison with dobutamine. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1987; 9:563-9. [PMID: 2439838 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-198705000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the hemodynamic and regional vascular profile of intravenous (i.v.) milrinone during increasing doses (3, 6, 12 micrograms/kg/min, n = 8) and by intraindividual comparison of milrinone and dobutamine (n = 10) in normal conscious rats. At 3 micrograms/kg/min, Milrinone increased coronary and cerebral blood flow (radioactive microspheres 15 +/- 5 microns) (7.7-9.8 and 1.05-1.27 ml/min/g respectively, both p less than 0.05) without significant changes in systemic hemodynamics. At 6 micrograms/kg/min milrinone increased skeletal muscle blood flow (0.19-0.24 ml/min/g, p less than 0.05) along with increases in cardiac output, stroke volume, and stroke work (all p less than 0.05), while systemic vascular resistance decreased (-51%, p less than 0.05). When compared with dobutamine, milrinone caused a greater increase in cardiac output (+26% vs. +17%) and a greater reduction in systemic vascular resistance. Milrinone and dobutamine increased renal, intestinal, cerebral, and coronary flow to a similar extent, but only milrinone enhanced hepatic arterial blood flow (+26%, p less than 0.05) and tended to increase flow to skeletal muscle (+35%, p = 0.07). We conclude that milrinone exerts significant regional vasodilating effects in a conscious rat model, being most prominent in the coronary and cerebral circulations at a dosage that does not alter central hemodynamics. At higher doses, milrinone causes a balanced increase in regional blood flow including enhanced flow to skeletal muscle. The hemodynamic (particularly as compared with dobutamine) and regional vascular profile of milrinone suggests a predominant vasodilating effect in the rat. Given a similar limited response of rat and diseased human myocardium to milrinone, these findings may have important clinical implications.
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