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Oike T, Okuda K, Haruna S, Shibata A, Hayashi R, Isono M, Tateno K, Kubo N, Uchiyama A, Motegi SI, Ohno T, Uchihara Y, Kato Y, Shibata A. Exacerbated Inflammatory Gene Expression After Impaired G2/M-Checkpoint Arrest in Fibroblasts Derived From a Patient Exhibiting Severe Adverse Effects. Adv Radiat Oncol 2024; 9:101530. [PMID: 38993194 PMCID: PMC11238256 DOI: 10.1016/j.adro.2024.101530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Recent radiation therapy (RT), such as intensity modulated radiation therapy and particle RT, has improved the concentration of the radiation field targeting tumors. However, severe adverse effects still occur, possibly due to genetic factors in patients. We aimed to investigate the mechanism of exacerbated inflammation during RT. Methods and Materials Dermal fibroblasts derived from a patient with severe inflammatory adverse effects during RT were compared with 2 normal human dermal fibroblasts. Micronuclei formation, G2/M-checkpoint arrest, DNA damage signaling and repair, and inflammatory gene expression were comprehensively examined. Results We found greater micronuclei formation in radiation-sensitive fibroblasts (RS-Fs) after ionizing radiation (IR). RS-Fs exhibited premature G2/M-checkpoint release after IR, which triggers micronuclei formation because RS-Fs undergo mitosis with unrepaired DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Additionally, we found that DSB end-resection and activation of the ATR-Chk1 pathway were impaired in RS-Fs after IR. Consistent with the increase in the formation of micronuclei, which can deliver cytosolic nucleic acids resulting in an innate immune response, the expression of genes associated with inflammatory responses was highly upregulated in RS-Fs after IR. Conclusions Although this is a single case of RT-dependent adverse effect, our findings suggest that impaired G2/M-checkpoint arrest due to the lack of DSB end-resection and activation of the ATR-Chk1 pathway causes exacerbated inflammation during RT; therefore, genes involved in G2/M-checkpoint arrest may be a predictive marker for unexpected inflammatory responses in RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Oike
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ken Okuda
- Division of Molecular Oncological Pharmacy, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunji Haruna
- Division of Molecular Oncological Pharmacy, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Shibata
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ryota Hayashi
- Division of Molecular Oncological Pharmacy, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayu Isono
- Division of Molecular Oncological Pharmacy, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Tateno
- Division of Molecular Oncological Pharmacy, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of General Surgical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Nobuteru Kubo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Akihiko Uchiyama
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Sei-Ichiro Motegi
- Department of Dermatology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ohno
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Yuki Uchihara
- Division of Molecular Oncological Pharmacy, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Kato
- Division of Molecular Oncological Pharmacy, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shibata
- Division of Molecular Oncological Pharmacy, Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Hayashi R, Okumura H, Isono M, Yamauchi M, Unami D, Lusi RT, Yamamoto M, Kato Y, Uchihara Y, Shibata A. Inhibition of intracellular ATP synthesis impairs the recruitment of homologous recombination factors after ionizing radiation. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2024; 65:263-271. [PMID: 38461549 PMCID: PMC11115441 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR)-induced double-strand breaks (DSBs) are primarily repaired by non-homologous end joining or homologous recombination (HR) in human cells. DSB repair requires adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) for protein kinase activities in the multiple steps of DSB repair, such as DNA ligation, chromatin remodeling, and DNA damage signaling via protein kinase and ATPase activities. To investigate whether low ATP culture conditions affect the recruitment of repair proteins at DSB sites, IR-induced foci were examined in the presence of ATP synthesis inhibitors. We found that p53 binding protein 1 foci formation was modestly reduced under low ATP conditions after IR, although phosphorylated histone H2AX and mediator of DNA damage checkpoint 1 foci formation were not impaired. Next, we examined the foci formation of breast cancer susceptibility gene I (BRCA1), replication protein A (RPA) and radiation 51 (RAD51), which are HR factors, in G2 phase cells following IR. Interestingly, BRCA1 and RPA foci in the G2 phase were significantly reduced under low ATP conditions compared to that under normal culture conditions. Notably, RAD51 foci were drastically impaired under low ATP conditions. These results suggest that HR does not effectively progress under low ATP conditions; in particular, ATP shortages impair downstream steps in HR, such as RAD51 loading. Taken together, these results suggest that the maintenance of cellular ATP levels is critical for DNA damage response and HR progression after IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Hayashi
- Division of Molecular Oncological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Hikaru Okumura
- Division of Molecular Oncological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Mayu Isono
- Division of Molecular Oncological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Motohiro Yamauchi
- Hospital Campus Laboratory, Radioisotope Center, Central Institute of Radioisotope Science and Safety Management, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Daiki Unami
- Division of Molecular Oncological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Rahmartani Tania Lusi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia – Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo National General Hospital, Jl. Diponegoro No.71, Jakarta Pusat, DKI Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Masamichi Yamamoto
- Department of Research Promotion and Management, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe-Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka 564-8565, Japan
| | - Yu Kato
- Division of Molecular Oncological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Yuki Uchihara
- Division of Molecular Oncological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shibata
- Division of Molecular Oncological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
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Dueva R, Krieger LM, Li F, Luo D, Xiao H, Stuschke M, Metzen E, Iliakis G. Chemical Inhibition of RPA by HAMNO Alters Cell Cycle Dynamics by Impeding DNA Replication and G2-to-M Transition but Has Little Effect on the Radiation-Induced DNA Damage Response. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14941. [PMID: 37834389 PMCID: PMC10573259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication protein A (RPA) is the major single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein that is essential for DNA replication and processing of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by homology-directed repair pathways. Recently, small molecule inhibitors have been developed targeting the RPA70 subunit and preventing RPA interactions with ssDNA and various DNA repair proteins. The rationale of this development is the potential utility of such compounds as cancer therapeutics, owing to their ability to inhibit DNA replication that sustains tumor growth. Among these compounds, (1Z)-1-[(2-hydroxyanilino) methylidene] naphthalen-2-one (HAMNO) has been more extensively studied and its efficacy against tumor growth was shown to arise from the associated DNA replication stress. Here, we study the effects of HAMNO on cells exposed to ionizing radiation (IR), focusing on the effects on the DNA damage response and the processing of DSBs and explore its potential as a radiosensitizer. We show that HAMNO by itself slows down the progression of cells through the cell cycle by dramatically decreasing DNA synthesis. Notably, HAMNO also attenuates the progression of G2-phase cells into mitosis by a mechanism that remains to be elucidated. Furthermore, HAMNO increases the fraction of chromatin-bound RPA in S-phase but not in G2-phase cells and suppresses DSB repair by homologous recombination. Despite these marked effects on the cell cycle and the DNA damage response, radiosensitization could neither be detected in exponentially growing cultures, nor in cultures enriched in G2-phase cells. Our results complement existing data on RPA inhibitors, specifically HAMNO, and suggest that their antitumor activity by replication stress induction may not extend to radiosensitization. However, it may render cells more vulnerable to other forms of DNA damaging agents through synthetically lethal interactions, which requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rositsa Dueva
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (L.M.K.); (F.L.); (D.L.); (H.X.)
- Institute of Physiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Lisa Marie Krieger
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (L.M.K.); (F.L.); (D.L.); (H.X.)
- Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, Department of Radiotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Fanghua Li
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (L.M.K.); (F.L.); (D.L.); (H.X.)
- West German Proton Therapy Centre Essen (WPE), 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Daxian Luo
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (L.M.K.); (F.L.); (D.L.); (H.X.)
- Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, Department of Radiotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Huaping Xiao
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (L.M.K.); (F.L.); (D.L.); (H.X.)
- Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, Department of Radiotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Martin Stuschke
- Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, Department of Radiotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eric Metzen
- Institute of Physiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - George Iliakis
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (L.M.K.); (F.L.); (D.L.); (H.X.)
- Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, Department of Radiotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany;
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Luo D, Mladenov E, Soni A, Stuschke M, Iliakis G. The p38/MK2 Pathway Functions as Chk1-Backup Downstream of ATM/ATR in G 2-Checkpoint Activation in Cells Exposed to Ionizing Radiation. Cells 2023; 12:1387. [PMID: 37408221 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently reported that in G2-phase cells (but not S-phase cells) sustaining low loads of DNA double-strand break (DSBs), ATM and ATR regulate the G2-checkpoint epistatically, with ATR at the output-node, interfacing with the cell cycle through Chk1. However, although inhibition of ATR nearly completely abrogated the checkpoint, inhibition of Chk1 using UCN-01 generated only partial responses. This suggested that additional kinases downstream of ATR were involved in the transmission of the signal to the cell cycle engine. Additionally, the broad spectrum of kinases inhibited by UCN-01 pointed to uncertainties in the interpretation that warranted further investigations. Here, we show that more specific Chk1 inhibitors exert an even weaker effect on G2-checkpoint, as compared to ATR inhibitors and UCN-01, and identify the MAPK p38α and its downstream target MK2 as checkpoint effectors operating as backup to Chk1. These observations further expand the spectrum of p38/MK2 signaling to G2-checkpoint activation, extend similar studies in cells exposed to other DNA damaging agents and consolidate a role of p38/MK2 as a backup kinase module, adding to similar backup functions exerted in p53 deficient cells. The results extend the spectrum of actionable strategies and targets in current efforts to enhance the radiosensitivity in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daxian Luo
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Therapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Emil Mladenov
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Therapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Aashish Soni
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Therapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Stuschke
- Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Therapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - George Iliakis
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
- Division of Experimental Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation Therapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
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Eek Mariampillai A, Hauge S, Øynebråten I, Rødland GE, Corthay A, Syljuåsen RG. Caspase activation counteracts interferon signaling after G2 checkpoint abrogation by ATR inhibition in irradiated human cancer cells. Front Oncol 2022; 12:981332. [PMID: 36387237 PMCID: PMC9650454 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.981332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that inhibition of the ATR kinase can potentiate radiation-induced antitumor immune responses, but the extent and mechanisms of such responses in human cancers remain scarcely understood. We aimed to assess whether the ATR inhibitors VE822 and AZD6738, by abrogating the G2 checkpoint, increase cGAS-mediated type I IFN response after irradiation in human lung cancer and osteosarcoma cell lines. Supporting that the checkpoint may prevent IFN induction, radiation-induced IFN signaling declined when the G2 checkpoint arrest was prolonged at high radiation doses. G2 checkpoint abrogation after co-treatment with radiation and ATR inhibitors was accompanied by increased radiation-induced IFN signaling in four out of five cell lines tested. Consistent with the hypothesis that the cytosolic DNA sensor cGAS may detect DNA from ruptured micronuclei after G2 checkpoint abrogation, cGAS co-localized with micronuclei, and depletion of cGAS or STING abolished the IFN responses. Contrastingly, one lung cancer cell line showed no increase in IFN signaling despite irradiation and G2 checkpoint abrogation. This cell line showed a higher level of the exonuclease TREX1 than the other cell lines, but TREX1 depletion did not enhance IFN signaling. Rather, addition of a pan-caspase inhibitor restored the IFN response in this cell line and also increased the responses in the other cell lines. These results show that treatment-induced caspase activation can suppress the IFN response after co-treatment with radiation and ATR inhibitors. Caspase activation thus warrants further consideration as a possible predictive marker for lack of IFN signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Eek Mariampillai
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sissel Hauge
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Øynebråten
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gro Elise Rødland
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexandre Corthay
- Tumor Immunology Lab, Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Hybrid Technology Hub – Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Randi G. Syljuåsen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: Randi G. Syljuåsen,
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Swift ML, Azizkhan-Clifford J. DNA damage-induced sumoylation of Sp1 induces its interaction with RNF4 and degradation in S phase to remove 53BP1 from DSBs and permit HR. DNA Repair (Amst) 2022; 111:103289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2022.103289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Comparable radiation sensitivity in p53 wild-type and p53 deficient tumor cells associated with different cell death modalities. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:184. [PMID: 34285189 PMCID: PMC8292512 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00570-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of radiation interaction with tumor cells often take apoptosis as the desired results. However, mitotic catastrophe and senescence are also promoted by clinically relevant doses of radiation. Furthermore, p53 is a well-known transcription factor that is closely associated with radiosensitivity and radiation-induced cell death. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the involvement of radiosensitivity, cell death modalities and p53 status in response to carbon-ion radiation (CIR) here. Isogenic human colorectal cancer cell lines HCT116 (p53+/+ and p53-/-) were irradiated with high-LET carbon ions. Cell survival was determined by the standard colony-forming assay. 53BP1 foci were visualized to identify the repair kinetics of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Cellular senescence was measured by SA-β-Gal and Ki67 staining. Mitotic catastrophe was determined with DAPI staining. Comparable radiosensitivities of p53+/+ and p53-/- HCT116 colorectal cells induced by CIR were demonstrated, as well as persistent 53BP1 foci indicated DNA repair deficiency in both cell lines. Different degree of premature senescence in isogenic HCT116 colorectal cancer cells suggested that CIR-induced premature senescence was more dependent on p21 but not p53. Sustained upregulation of p21 played multifunctional roles in senescence enhancement and apoptosis inhibition in p53+/+ cells. p21 inhibition further increased radiosensitivity of p53+/+ cells. Complex cell death modalities rather than single cell death were induced in both p53+/+ and p53-/- cells after 5 Gy CIR. Mitotic catastrophe was predominant in p53-/- cells due to inefficient activation of Chk1 and Chk2 phosphorylation in combination with p53 null. Senescence was the major cell death mechanism in p53+/+ cells via p21-dependent pathway. Taken together, p21-mediated premature senescence might be used by tumor cells to escape from CIR-induced cytotoxicity, at least for a time.
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Tomasini PP, Guecheva TN, Leguisamo NM, Péricart S, Brunac AC, Hoffmann JS, Saffi J. Analyzing the Opportunities to Target DNA Double-Strand Breaks Repair and Replicative Stress Responses to Improve Therapeutic Index of Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3130. [PMID: 34201502 PMCID: PMC8268241 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the ample improvements of CRC molecular landscape, the therapeutic options still rely on conventional chemotherapy-based regimens for early disease, and few targeted agents are recommended for clinical use in the metastatic setting. Moreover, the impact of cytotoxic, targeted agents, and immunotherapy combinations in the metastatic scenario is not fully satisfactory, especially the outcomes for patients who develop resistance to these treatments need to be improved. Here, we examine the opportunity to consider therapeutic agents targeting DNA repair and DNA replication stress response as strategies to exploit genetic or functional defects in the DNA damage response (DDR) pathways through synthetic lethal mechanisms, still not explored in CRC. These include the multiple actors involved in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) through homologous recombination (HR), classical non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), and microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ), inhibitors of the base excision repair (BER) protein poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), as well as inhibitors of the DNA damage kinases ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3 related (ATR), CHK1, WEE1, and ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM). We also review the biomarkers that guide the use of these agents, and current clinical trials with targeted DDR therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Pellenz Tomasini
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Avenida Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil; (P.P.T.); (N.M.L.)
- Post-Graduation Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Temenouga Nikolova Guecheva
- Cardiology Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, University Foundation of Cardiology (IC-FUC), Porto Alegre 90620-000, Brazil;
| | - Natalia Motta Leguisamo
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Avenida Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil; (P.P.T.); (N.M.L.)
| | - Sarah Péricart
- Laboratoire D’Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), Laboratoire de Pathologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Toulouse, Oncopole, 1 Avenue Irène-Joliot-Curie, 31059 Toulouse, France; (S.P.); (A.-C.B.); (J.S.H.)
| | - Anne-Cécile Brunac
- Laboratoire D’Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), Laboratoire de Pathologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Toulouse, Oncopole, 1 Avenue Irène-Joliot-Curie, 31059 Toulouse, France; (S.P.); (A.-C.B.); (J.S.H.)
| | - Jean Sébastien Hoffmann
- Laboratoire D’Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), Laboratoire de Pathologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer-Toulouse, Oncopole, 1 Avenue Irène-Joliot-Curie, 31059 Toulouse, France; (S.P.); (A.-C.B.); (J.S.H.)
| | - Jenifer Saffi
- Laboratory of Genetic Toxicology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Avenida Sarmento Leite, 245, Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil; (P.P.T.); (N.M.L.)
- Post-Graduation Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil
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Soni A, Mladenov E, Iliakis G. Proficiency in homologous recombination repair is prerequisite for activation of G 2-checkpoint at low radiation doses. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 101:103076. [PMID: 33640756 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Pathways of repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) cooperate with DNA damage cell cycle checkpoints to safeguard genomic stability when cells are exposed to ionizing radiation (IR). It is widely accepted that checkpoints facilitate the function of DSB repair pathways. Whether DSB repair proficiency feeds back into checkpoint activation is less well investigated. Here, we study activation of the G2-checkpoint in cells deficient in homologous recombination repair (HRR) after exposure to low IR doses (∼1 Gy) in the G2-phase. We report that in the absence of functional HRR, activation of the G2-checkpoint is severely impaired. This response is specific for HRR, as cells deficient in classical non-homologous end joining (c-NHEJ) develop a similar or stronger G2-checkpoint than wild-type (WT) cells. Inhibition of ATM or ATR leaves largely unaffected residual G2-checkpoint in HRR-deficient cells, suggesting that the G2-checkpoint engagement of ATM/ATR is coupled to HRR. HRR-deficient cells show in G2-phase reduced DSB-end-resection, as compared to WT-cells or c-NHEJ mutants, confirming the reported link between resection and G2-checkpoint activation. Strikingly, at higher IR doses (≥4 Gy) HRR-deficient cells irradiated in G2-phase activate a weak but readily detectable ATM/ATR-dependent G2-checkpoint, whereas HRR-deficient cells irradiated in S-phase develop a stronger G2-checkpoint than WT-cells. We conclude that HRR and the ATM/ATR-dependent G2-checkpoint are closely intertwined in cells exposed to low IR-doses in G2-phase, where HRR dominates; they uncouple as HRR becomes suppressed at higher IR doses. Notably, this coupling is specific for cells irradiated in G2-phase, and cells irradiated in S-phase utilize a different mechanistic setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashish Soni
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Emil Mladenov
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - George Iliakis
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany.
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García-Santisteban I, Llopis A, Krenning L, Vallejo-Rodríguez J, van den Broek B, Zubiaga AM, Medema RH. Sustained CHK2 activity, but not ATM activity, is critical to maintain a G1 arrest after DNA damage in untransformed cells. BMC Biol 2021; 19:35. [PMID: 33607997 PMCID: PMC7896382 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-00965-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The G1 checkpoint is a critical regulator of genomic stability in untransformed cells, preventing cell cycle progression after DNA damage. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) recruit and activate ATM, a kinase which in turn activates the CHK2 kinase to establish G1 arrest. While the onset of G1 arrest is well understood, the specific role that ATM and CHK2 play in regulating G1 checkpoint maintenance remains poorly characterized. RESULTS Here we examine the impact of ATM and CHK2 activities on G1 checkpoint maintenance in untransformed cells after DNA damage caused by DSBs. We show that ATM becomes dispensable for G1 checkpoint maintenance as early as 1 h after DSB induction. In contrast, CHK2 kinase activity is necessary to maintain the G1 arrest, independently of ATM, ATR, and DNA-PKcs, implying that the G1 arrest is maintained in a lesion-independent manner. Sustained CHK2 activity is achieved through auto-activation and its acute inhibition enables cells to abrogate the G1-checkpoint and enter into S-phase. Accordingly, we show that CHK2 activity is lost in cells that recover from the G1 arrest, pointing to the involvement of a phosphatase with fast turnover. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that G1 checkpoint maintenance relies on CHK2 and that its negative regulation is crucial for G1 checkpoint recovery after DSB induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraia García-Santisteban
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), B/Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Basque Country Spain
- Oncode Institute, Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alba Llopis
- Oncode Institute, Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lenno Krenning
- Oncode Institute, Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jon Vallejo-Rodríguez
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), B/Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Basque Country Spain
| | - Bram van den Broek
- Oncode Institute, Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ana M. Zubiaga
- Department of Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), B/Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Basque Country Spain
| | - René H. Medema
- Oncode Institute, Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Jiang Y, Dong Y, Luo Y, Jiang S, Meng FL, Tan M, Li J, Zang Y. AMPK-mediated phosphorylation on 53BP1 promotes c-NHEJ. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108713. [PMID: 33596428 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an energy sensor that plays roles in multiple biological processes beyond metabolism. Several studies have suggested that AMPK is involved in the DNA damage response (DDR), but the mechanisms remain unclear. Herein, we demonstrate that AMPK promotes classic non-homologous end joining (c-NHEJ) in double-strand break (DSB) repair through recruiting a key chromatin-based mediator named p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1), which facilitates the end joining of distal DNA ends during DDR. We find that the interaction of AMPK and 53BP1 spatially occurs under DSB stress. In the context of DSBs, AMPK directly phosphorylates 53BP1 at Ser1317 and promotes 53BP1 recruitment during DDR for an efficient c-NHEJ, thus maintaining genomic stability and diversity of the immune repertoire. Taken together, our study demonstrates that AMPK is a regulator of 53BP1 and controls c-NHEJ choice by phospho-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yifeng Luo
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shangwen Jiang
- Chemical Proteomics Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fei-Long Meng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Minjia Tan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China; Chemical Proteomics Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China; Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei, Jimo, Qingdao 266237, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Yi Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19(A) Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China; School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China.
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12
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Khan FH, Dervan E, Bhattacharyya DD, McAuliffe JD, Miranda KM, Glynn SA. The Role of Nitric Oxide in Cancer: Master Regulator or NOt? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249393. [PMID: 33321789 PMCID: PMC7763974 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a key player in both the development and suppression of tumourigenesis depending on the source and concentration of NO. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which NO induces DNA damage, influences the DNA damage repair response, and subsequently modulates cell cycle arrest. In some circumstances, NO induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis protecting against tumourigenesis. NO in other scenarios can cause a delay in cell cycle progression, allowing for aberrant DNA repair that promotes the accumulation of mutations and tumour heterogeneity. Within the tumour microenvironment, low to moderate levels of NO derived from tumour and endothelial cells can activate angiogenesis and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, promoting an aggressive phenotype. In contrast, high levels of NO derived from inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expressing M1 and Th1 polarised macrophages and lymphocytes may exert an anti-tumour effect protecting against cancer. It is important to note that the existing evidence on immunomodulation is mainly based on murine iNOS studies which produce higher fluxes of NO than human iNOS. Finally, we discuss different strategies to target NO related pathways therapeutically. Collectively, we present a picture of NO as a master regulator of cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizan H. Khan
- Discipline of Pathology, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland; (F.H.K.); (E.D.); (D.D.B.); (J.D.M.)
| | - Eoin Dervan
- Discipline of Pathology, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland; (F.H.K.); (E.D.); (D.D.B.); (J.D.M.)
| | - Dibyangana D. Bhattacharyya
- Discipline of Pathology, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland; (F.H.K.); (E.D.); (D.D.B.); (J.D.M.)
| | - Jake D. McAuliffe
- Discipline of Pathology, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland; (F.H.K.); (E.D.); (D.D.B.); (J.D.M.)
| | - Katrina M. Miranda
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA;
| | - Sharon A. Glynn
- Discipline of Pathology, Lambe Institute for Translational Research, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway (NUIG), H91 YR71 Galway, Ireland; (F.H.K.); (E.D.); (D.D.B.); (J.D.M.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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DNA double-strand break end resection: a critical relay point for determining the pathway of repair and signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42764-020-00017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA DNA double-strand break (DSB) is considered the most critical DNA lesion because it causes cell death and severe mutations if it is not repaired or repaired incorrectly. Accumulating evidence has shown that the majority of DSBs are repaired by DNA non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), the first utilized repair pathway in human cells. In contrast, the repair pathway is sometimes diverted into using homologous recombination (HR), which has increased precision under specific circumstances: e.g., when DSBs are generated at transcriptionally active loci or are not readily repaired due to the complexity of damage at the DSB ends or due to highly compacted chromatin. DSB end resection (resection) is considered the most critical turning point for directing repair towards HR. After resection, the HR process is finalized by RAD51 loading and recombination. Thus, understanding the process of resection is critically important to understand the regulation of the choice of DSB repair pathway. In addition, resection is also an important factor influencing DNA damage signaling because unresected ends preferentially activate ATM, whereas longer resected ends activate ATR. Thus, DSB end resection is a key relay point that determines the repair pathway and the signal balance. In this review, we summarize the mechanism underlying DSB end resection and further discuss how it is involved in cancer therapy.
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14
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Nakajima NI, Yamauchi M, Kakoti S, Cuihua L, Kato R, Permata TBM, Iijima M, Yajima H, Yasuhara T, Yamada S, Hasegawa S, Shibata A. RNF8 promotes high linear energy transfer carbon-ion-induced DNA double-stranded break repair in serum-starved human cells. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 91-92:102872. [PMID: 32502756 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The cell-killing effect of radiotherapy largely depends on unrepaired DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) or lethal chromosome aberrations induced by DSBs. Thus, the capability of DSB repair is critically important for the cancer-cell-killing effect of ionizing radiation. Here, we investigated the involvement of the DNA damage signaling factors ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM), ring finger protein 8 (RNF8), and RNF168 in quiescent G0/G1 cells, which are expressed in the majority of cell populations in tumors, after high linear energy transfer (LET) carbon-ion irradiation. Interestingly, ATM inhibition caused a substantial DSB repair defect after high-LET carbon-ion irradiation. Similarly, RNF8 or RNF168 depletion caused a substantial DSB repair defect. ATM inhibition did not exert an additive effect in RNF8-depleted cells, suggesting that ATM and RNF8 function in the same pathway. Importantly, we found that the RNF8 RING mutant showed a similar DSB repair defect, suggesting the requirement of ubiquitin ligase activity in this repair pathway. The RNF8 FHA domain was also required for DSB repair in this axis. Furthermore, the p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1), which is an important downstream factor in RNF8-dependent DSB repair, was also required for this repair. Importantly, either ATM inhibition or RNF8 depletion increased the frequency of chromosomal breaks, but reduced dicentric chromosome formation, demonstrating that ATM/RNF8 is required for the rejoining of DSB ends for the formation of dicentric chromosomes. Finally, we showed that RNF8 depletion augmented radiosensitivity after high-LET carbon-ion irradiation. This study suggests that the inhibition of RNF8 activity or its downstream pathway may augment the efficacy of high-LET carbon-ion therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakako Izumi Nakajima
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.
| | - Motohiro Yamauchi
- Department of Radiation Biology and Protection, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Sangeeta Kakoti
- Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Liu Cuihua
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Reona Kato
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tiara Bunga Mayang Permata
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of MedicineUniversitas Indonesia - Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
| | - Moito Iijima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo,160-8582, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Yajima
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Takaaki Yasuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiology, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yamada
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Sumitaka Hasegawa
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shibata
- Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
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15
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Eisemann T, Pascal JM. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase enzymes and the maintenance of genome integrity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:19-33. [PMID: 31754726 PMCID: PMC11104942 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03366-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) relies on swift and accurate signaling to rapidly identify DNA lesions and initiate repair. A critical DDR signaling and regulatory molecule is the posttranslational modification poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR). PAR is synthesized by a family of structurally and functionally diverse proteins called poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs). Although PARPs share a conserved catalytic domain, unique regulatory domains of individual family members endow PARPs with unique properties and cellular functions. Family members PARP-1, PARP-2, and PARP-3 (DDR-PARPs) are catalytically activated in the presence of damaged DNA and act as damage sensors. Family members tankyrase-1 and closely related tankyrase-2 possess SAM and ankyrin repeat domains that regulate their diverse cellular functions. Recent studies have shown that the tankyrases share some overlapping functions with the DDR-PARPs, and even perform novel functions that help preserve genomic integrity. In this review, we briefly touch on DDR-PARP functions, and focus on the emerging roles of tankyrases in genome maintenance. Preservation of genomic integrity thus appears to be a common function of several PARP family members, depicting PAR as a multifaceted guardian of the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis Eisemann
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - John M Pascal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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16
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Sato H, Jeggo PA, Shibata A. Regulation of programmed death-ligand 1 expression in response to DNA damage in cancer cells: Implications for precision medicine. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:3415-3423. [PMID: 31513320 PMCID: PMC6824998 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) therapy, which is one of the most promising cancer therapies, is licensed for treating various tumors. Programmed death-ligand 1, which is expressed on the surface of cancer cells, leads to the inhibition of T lymphocyte activation and immune evasion if it binds to the receptor PD-1 on CTLs. Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 Abs inhibit interactions between PD-1 and PD-L1 to restore antitumor immunity. Although certain patients achieve effective responses to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, the efficacy of treatment is highly variable. Clinical trials of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy combined with radiotherapy/chemotherapy are underway with suggestive evidence of favorable outcome; however, the molecular mechanism is largely unknown. Among several molecular targets that can influence the efficacy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, PD-L1 expression in tumors is considered to be a critical biomarker because there is a positive correlation between the efficacy of combined treatment protocols and PD-L1 expression levels. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying the regulation of PD-L1 expression in cancer cells, particularly the mechanism of PD-L1 expression following DNA damage, is important. In this review, we consider recent findings on the regulation of PD-L1 expression in response to DNA damage signaling in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiro Sato
- Department of Radiation OncologyGraduate School of MedicineGunma UniversityMaebashiJapan
| | - Penny A. Jeggo
- Genome Damage and Stability CentreSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of SussexBrightonUK
| | - Atsushi Shibata
- Signal Transduction ProgramGunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR)Gunma UniversityMaebashiJapan
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17
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Mladenov E, Fan X, Paul-Konietzko K, Soni A, Iliakis G. DNA-PKcs and ATM epistatically suppress DNA end resection and hyperactivation of ATR-dependent G 2-checkpoint in S-phase irradiated cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14597. [PMID: 31601897 PMCID: PMC6787047 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that cells exposed to low doses of ionizing radiation (IR) in the G2-phase of the cell cycle activate a checkpoint that is epistatically regulated by ATM and ATR operating as an integrated module. In this module, ATR interphases exclusively with the cell cycle to implement the checkpoint, mainly using CHK1. The ATM/ATR module similarly regulates DNA end-resection at low IR-doses. Strikingly, at high IR-doses, the ATM/ATR coupling relaxes and each kinase exerts independent contributions to resection and the G2-checkpoint. DNA-PKcs links to the ATM/ATR module and defects cause hyper-resection and hyperactivation of G2-checkpoint at all doses examined. Surprisingly, our present report reveals that cells irradiated in S-phase utilize a different form of wiring between DNA-PKcs/ATM/ATR: The checkpoint activated in G2-phase is regulated exclusively by ATR/CHK1; similarly at high and low IR-doses. DNA end-resection supports ATR-activation, but inhibition of ATR leaves resection unchanged. DNA-PKcs and ATM link now epistatically to resection and their inhibition causes hyper-resection and ATR-dependent G2-checkpoint hyperactivation at all IR-doses. We propose that DNA-PKcs, ATM and ATR form a modular unit to regulate DSB processing with their crosstalk distinctly organized in S- and G2- phase, with strong dependence on DSB load only in G2-phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Mladenov
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany.
| | - Xiaoxiang Fan
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Katja Paul-Konietzko
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Aashish Soni
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - George Iliakis
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany.
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18
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Wu JH, Narayanan D, Limmer AL, Simonette RA, Rady PL, Tyring SK. Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Small T Antigen Induces DNA Damage Response. Intervirology 2019; 62:96-100. [PMID: 31401636 DOI: 10.1159/000501419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive neuroendocrine cancer of the skin with high rates of metastasis and mortality. Besides well-established factors including genetic mutations and UV-induced DNA damage in Merkel cell carcinogenesis, the recent discovery of the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) has shed light on the viral etiology of MCC. In the current study, we provide novel evidence that MCPyV small T (sT) antigen induces the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway. Our data show that in human MCC cells, the presence of MCPyV is associated with hyperphosphorylation of histone H2AX, a marker for DNA damage. We observed that overexpression of MCPyV sT antigen induced the phosphorylation of histone H2AX as well as the activation of ataxia telangiectasia mutant (ATM), an upstream kinase important for H2AX phosphorylation. Moreover, we observed that MCPyV sT expression also induced the hyperphosphorylation of other ATM downstream molecules (including 53BP1 and CHK2) as well as the hypermethylation of histone 3 and histone 4. These findings disclose a novel link between MCPyV sT and the DDR pathway in MCC. Given that measurement of DDR is clinically useful for evaluating treatment response to radio- and chemotherapy, our findings warrant further investigation to evaluate the potential implications of this pathway for MCC management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie H Wu
- Department of Dermatology, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Deepika Narayanan
- Department of Dermatology, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA.,Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Allison L Limmer
- Department of Dermatology, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rebecca A Simonette
- Department of Dermatology, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Peter L Rady
- Department of Dermatology, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen K Tyring
- Department of Dermatology, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas, USA,
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19
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Mladenov E, Fan X, Dueva R, Soni A, Iliakis G. Radiation-dose-dependent functional synergisms between ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs in checkpoint control and resection in G 2-phase. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8255. [PMID: 31164689 PMCID: PMC6547644 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44771-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Using data generated with cells exposed to ionizing-radiation (IR) in G2-phase of the cell cycle, we describe dose-dependent interactions between ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs revealing unknown mechanistic underpinnings for two key facets of the DNA damage response: DSB end-resection and G2-checkpoint activation. At low IR-doses that induce low DSB-numbers in the genome, ATM and ATR regulate epistatically the G2-checkpoint, with ATR at the output-node, interfacing with the cell-cycle predominantly through Chk1. Strikingly, at low IR-doses, ATM and ATR epistatically regulate also resection, and inhibition of either activity fully suppresses resection. At high IR-doses that induce high DSB-numbers in the genome, the tight ATM/ATR coupling relaxes and independent outputs to G2-checkpoint and resection occur. Consequently, both kinases must be inhibited to fully suppress checkpoint activation and resection. DNA-PKcs integrates to the ATM/ATR module by regulating resection at all IR-doses, with defects in DNA-PKcs causing hyper-resection and G2-checkpoint hyper-activation. Notably, hyper-resection is absent from other c-NHEJ mutants. Thus, DNA-PKcs specifically regulates resection and adjusts the activation of the ATM/ATR module. We propose that selected DSBs are shepherd by DNA-PKcs from c-NHEJ to resection-dependent pathways for processing under the regulatory supervision of the ATM/ATR module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Mladenov
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Xiaoxiang Fan
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Rositsa Dueva
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Aashish Soni
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - George Iliakis
- Institute of Medical Radiation Biology, University of Duisburg-Essen Medical School, 45122, Essen, Germany.
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20
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Fiévet A, Bellanger D, Rieunier G, Dubois d'Enghien C, Sophie J, Calvas P, Carriere JP, Anheim M, Castrioto A, Flabeau O, Degos B, Ewenczyk C, Mahlaoui N, Touzot F, Suarez F, Hully M, Roubertie A, Aladjidi N, Tison F, Antoine-Poirel H, Dahan K, Doummar D, Nougues MC, Ioos C, Rougeot C, Masurel A, Bourjault C, Ginglinger E, Prieur F, Siri A, Bordigoni P, Nguyen K, Philippe N, Bellesme C, Demeocq F, Altuzarra C, Mathieu-Dramard M, Couderc F, Dörk T, Auger N, Parfait B, Abidallah K, Moncoutier V, Collet A, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Stern MH. Functional classification of ATM variants in ataxia-telangiectasia patients. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:1713-1730. [PMID: 31050087 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a recessive disorder caused by biallelic pathogenic variants of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM). This disease is characterized by progressive ataxia, telangiectasia, immune deficiency, predisposition to malignancies, and radiosensitivity. However, hypomorphic variants may be discovered associated with very atypical phenotypes, raising the importance of evaluating their pathogenic effects. In this study, multiple functional analyses were performed on lymphoblastoid cell lines from 36 patients, comprising 49 ATM variants, 24 being of uncertain significance. Thirteen patients with atypical phenotype and presumably hypomorphic variants were of particular interest to test strength of functional analyses and to highlight discrepancies with typical patients. Western-blot combined with transcript analyses allowed the identification of one missing variant, confirmed suspected splice defects and revealed unsuspected minor transcripts. Subcellular localization analyses confirmed the low level and abnormal cytoplasmic localization of ATM for most A-T cell lines. Interestingly, atypical patients had lower kinase defect and less altered cell-cycle distribution after genotoxic stress than typical patients. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the pathogenic effects of the 49 variants, highlighted the strength of KAP1 phosphorylation test for pathogenicity assessment and allowed the establishment of the Ataxia-TeLangiectasia Atypical Score to predict atypical phenotype. Altogether, we propose strategies for ATM variant detection and classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Fiévet
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U830, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Hôpital, Service de Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Dorine Bellanger
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U830, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Julia Sophie
- CHU de Toulouse, Service de Génétique Médicale, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrick Calvas
- CHU de Toulouse, Service de Génétique Médicale, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Paul Carriere
- Hopital des enfants de Toulouse, Unité de Neuropédiatrie, Toulouse, France
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- CHU de Strasbourg, Service de Neurologie, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anna Castrioto
- CHU de Grenoble, Pole de Psychiatrie et de Neurologie, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Flabeau
- CH de la côte Basque, Service de Neurologie, Bayonne, France
| | - Bertrand Degos
- Département des Maladies du Système Nerveux, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Paris, France
| | - Claire Ewenczyk
- Hôpitaux universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière - Charles Foix, Service de Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Nizar Mahlaoui
- Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Service d'Immunologie, d'Hématologie et de Rhumatologie Pédiatriques, Paris, France
| | - Fabien Touzot
- Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Service d'Immunologie, d'Hématologie et de Rhumatologie Pédiatriques, Paris, France
| | - Felipe Suarez
- Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Service d'Hématologie Adulte, Paris, France
| | - Marie Hully
- Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Paris, France
| | - Agathe Roubertie
- CHU de Montpellier, Service de Neuropédiatrie, Montpellier, France
| | | | - François Tison
- CHU de Bordeaux, Département de Neurologie, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hélène Antoine-Poirel
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc & Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karine Dahan
- Centre de Génétique Humaine, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc & Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Diane Doummar
- Hopital Armand Trousseau, Service de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Paris, France
| | | | - Christine Ioos
- Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Pôle de Pédiatrie, Garches, France
| | | | - Alice Masurel
- Hopital d'Enfants de Dijon, Service de Génétique, Dijon, France
| | - Caroline Bourjault
- CH de Bretagne sud, Site du Scorff, Service de Pédiatrie, Lorient, France
| | | | - Fabienne Prieur
- CHU de St Etienne, Hôpital Nord, Service de Génétique Médicale, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Aurélie Siri
- CHU de Nancy, Service de Neurologie, Nancy, France
| | - Pierre Bordigoni
- CHU Nancy, Hôpitaux de Brabois, Service de Pédiatrie II, Vandoeuvre, France
| | - Karine Nguyen
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Hopital de la Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Noel Philippe
- Hopital Debrousse, Service d'Hématologie Pédiatrique, Lyon, France
| | - Céline Bellesme
- GH Cochin-saint-Vincent de Paul, Service d'Endocrinologie et de Neurologie Pédiatrique, Paris, France
| | - François Demeocq
- CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Hôtel Dieu, Service de Pédiatrie B, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | | | - Fanny Couderc
- CH d'Aix en Provence - du Pays d'Aix, Service de Pédiatrie, Aix en Provence, France
| | - Thilo Dörk
- Gynecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nathalie Auger
- Gustave Roussy, Service Génétique des Tumeurs, Villejuif, France
| | - Béatrice Parfait
- Centre de ressources Biologiques, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Agnès Collet
- Institut Curie, Hôpital, Service de Génétique, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Stoppa-Lyonnet
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U830, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Hôpital, Service de Génétique, Paris, France.,University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marc-Henri Stern
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U830, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Hôpital, Service de Génétique, Paris, France
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21
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Gupta R, Li W, Yan XJ, Barrientos J, Kolitz JE, Allen SL, Rai K, Chiorazzi N, Mongini PKA. Mechanism for IL-15-Driven B Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Cycling: Roles for AKT and STAT5 in Modulating Cyclin D2 and DNA Damage Response Proteins. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:2924-2944. [PMID: 30988120 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Clonal expansion of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) occurs within lymphoid tissue pseudofollicles. IL-15, a stromal cell-associated cytokine found within spleens and lymph nodes of B-CLL patients, significantly boosts in vitro cycling of blood-derived B-CLL cells following CpG DNA priming. Both IL-15 and CpG DNA are elevated in microbe-draining lymphatic tissues, and unraveling the basis for IL-15-driven B-CLL growth could illuminate new therapeutic targets. Using CpG DNA-primed human B-CLL clones and approaches involving both immunofluorescent staining and pharmacologic inhibitors, we show that both PI3K/AKT and JAK/STAT5 pathways are activated and functionally important for IL-15→CD122/ɣc signaling in ODN-primed cells expressing activated pSTAT3. Furthermore, STAT5 activity must be sustained for continued cycling of CFSE-labeled B-CLL cells. Quantitative RT-PCR experiments with inhibitors of PI3K and STAT5 show that both contribute to IL-15-driven upregulation of mRNA for cyclin D2 and suppression of mRNA for DNA damage response mediators ATM, 53BP1, and MDC1. Furthermore, protein levels of these DNA damage response molecules are reduced by IL-15, as indicated by Western blotting and immunofluorescent staining. Bioinformatics analysis of ENCODE chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing data from cell lines provides insight into possible mechanisms for STAT5-mediated repression. Finally, pharmacologic inhibitors of JAKs and STAT5 significantly curtailed B-CLL cycling when added either early or late in a growth response. We discuss how the IL-15-induced changes in gene expression lead to rapid cycling and possibly enhanced mutagenesis. STAT5 inhibitors might be an effective modality for blocking B-CLL growth in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Gupta
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Wentian Li
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Xiao J Yan
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | | | - Jonathan E Kolitz
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030.,Department of Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030.,Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549; and
| | - Steven L Allen
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030.,Department of Medicine, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030.,Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549; and
| | - Kanti Rai
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030.,Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549; and.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549
| | - Nicholas Chiorazzi
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030.,Department of Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549; and.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549
| | - Patricia K A Mongini
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030; .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549
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22
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Shevtsov M, Sato H, Multhoff G, Shibata A. Novel Approaches to Improve the Efficacy of Immuno-Radiotherapy. Front Oncol 2019; 9:156. [PMID: 30941308 PMCID: PMC6433964 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) has been applied for decades as a treatment modality in the management of various types of cancer. Ionizing radiation induces tumor cell death, which in turn can either elicit protective anti-tumor immune responses or immunosuppression in the tumor micromilieu that contributes to local tumor recurrence. Immunosuppression is frequently accompanied by the attraction of immunosuppressive cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), M2 tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), T regulatory cells (Tregs), N2 neutrophils, and by the release of immunosuppressive cytokines (TGF-β, IL-10) and chemokines. Immune checkpoint pathways, particularly of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, have been determined as key regulators of cancer immune escape. While IFN-dependent upregulation of PD-L1 has been extensively investigated, up-to-date studies indicated the importance of DNA damage signaling in the regulation of PD-L1 expression following RT. DNA damage dependent PD-L1 expression is upregulated by ATM/ATR/Chk1 kinase activities and cGAS/STING-dependent pathway, proving the role of DNA damage signaling in PD-L1 induced expression. Checkpoint blockade immunotherapies (i.e., application of anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies) combined with RT were shown to significantly improve the objective response rates in therapy of various primary and metastatic malignancies. Further improvements in the therapeutic potential of RT are based on combinations of RT with other immunotherapeutic approaches including vaccines, cytokines and cytokine inducers, and an adoptive immune cell transfer (DCs, NK cells, T cells). In the current review we provide immunological rationale for a combination of RT with various immunotherapies as well as analysis of the emerging preclinical evidences for these therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Shevtsov
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), St. Petersburg, Russia.,First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Polenov Russian Scientific Research Institute of Neurosurgery, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Hiro Sato
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Atsushi Shibata
- Education and Research Support Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
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23
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Chromatin control in double strand break repair. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019. [PMID: 30798938 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
DNA double strand breaks (DSB) are the most deleterious type of damage inflicted on DNA by various environmental factors and as consequences of normal cellular metabolism. The multistep nature of DSB repair and the need to assemble large protein complexes at repair sites necessitate multiple chromatin changes there. This review focuses on the key findings of how chromatin regulators exert temporal and spatial control on DSB repair. These mechanisms coordinate repair with cell cycle progression, lead to DSB repair pathway choice, provide accessibility of repair machinery to damaged sites and move the lesions to nuclear environments permissive for repair.
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24
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53BP1: A key player of DNA damage response with critical functions in cancer. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 73:110-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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25
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Yang C, Zang W, Ji Y, Li T, Yang Y, Zheng X. Ribosomal protein L6 (RPL6) is recruited to DNA damage sites in a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-dependent manner and regulates the DNA damage response. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:2827-2838. [PMID: 30598506 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosomal proteins are the building blocks of ribosome biogenesis. Beyond their known participation in ribosome assembly, the ribosome-independent functions of ribosomal proteins are largely unknown. Here, using immunoprecipitation, subcellular fractionation, His-ubiquitin pulldown, and immunofluorescence microscopy assays, along with siRNA-based knockdown approaches, we demonstrate that ribosomal protein L6 (RPL6) directly interacts with histone H2A and is involved in the DNA damage response (DDR). We found that in response to DNA damage, RPL6 is recruited to DNA damage sites in a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-dependent manner, promoting its interaction with H2A. We also observed that RPL6 depletion attenuates the interaction between mediator of DNA damage checkpoint 1 (MDC1) and H2A histone family member X, phosphorylated (γH2AX), impairs the accumulation of MDC1 at DNA damage sites, and reduces both the recruitment of ring finger protein 168 (RNF168) and H2A Lys-15 ubiquitination (H2AK15ub). These RPL6 depletion-induced events subsequently inhibited the recruitment of the following downstream repair proteins: tumor protein P53-binding protein 1 (TP53BP1) and BRCA1, DNA repair-associated (BRCA1). Moreover, the RPL6 knockdown resulted in defects in the DNA damage-induced G2-M checkpoint, DNA damage repair, and cell survival. In conclusion, our study identifies RPL6 as a critical regulatory factor involved in the DDR. These findings expand our knowledge of the extraribosomal functions of ribosomal proteins in cell physiology and deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying DDR regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanzhen Yang
- From the State Key Lab of Protein and Plant Gene Research and.,the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Weicheng Zang
- From the State Key Lab of Protein and Plant Gene Research and.,the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yapeng Ji
- From the State Key Lab of Protein and Plant Gene Research and.,the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tingting Li
- From the State Key Lab of Protein and Plant Gene Research and.,the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yongfeng Yang
- From the State Key Lab of Protein and Plant Gene Research and.,the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- From the State Key Lab of Protein and Plant Gene Research and .,the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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26
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Xu Q, Li M, Yang M, Yang J, Xie J, Lu X, Wang F, Chen W. α-pinene regulates miR-221 and induces G 2/M phase cell cycle arrest in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20180980. [PMID: 30473536 PMCID: PMC6294613 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20180980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The naturally occurring compound α-pinene induces cell cycle arrest and antitumor activity. We examined effects of α-pinene on cell cycle regulation in hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) cells to establish a foundation for its development as a novel treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HepG2 cells treated with α-pinene exhibited dose-dependent growth inhibition as a result of G2/M-phase cell cycle arrest. Cell cycle arrest was associated with down-regulated cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) and miR-221 levels and up-regulated levels of CDKN1B/p27, γ-H2AX, phosphorylated ATM, phosphorylated Chk2 and phosphorylated p53. Our observations are consistent with a model in which α-pinene inhibits miR221 expression, which leads to G2/M-phase arrest and activation of CDKN1B/p27-CDK1 and ATM-p53-Chk2 pathways that suppress human hepatoma tumor progression. Additionally, α-pinene was found to trigger oxidative stress and induce apoptosis of HepG2 cells. α-pinene, therefore, represents a potential chemotherapeutic compound for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxiang Xu
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Outer Ring East Road No. 280, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Outer Ring East Road No. 280, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Mengdie Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Outer Ring East Road No. 280, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiebo Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Outer Ring East Road No. 280, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jingjing Xie
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Outer Ring East Road No. 280, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xinshuo Lu
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Outer Ring East Road No. 280, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fang Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Outer Ring East Road No. 280, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Outer Ring East Road No. 280, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
- Guangdong Province Precise Medicine and Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Outer Ring East Road No. 280, Panyu District, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong Province, China
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27
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Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari M, Darband SG, Kaviani M, Mihanfar A, Aghazadeh Attari J, Yousefi B, Majidinia M. DNA damage response and repair in colorectal cancer: Defects, regulation and therapeutic implications. DNA Repair (Amst) 2018; 69:34-52. [PMID: 30055507 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage response, a key factor involved in maintaining genome integrity and stability, consists of several kinase-dependent signaling pathways, which sense and transduce DNA damage signal. The severity of damage appears to determine DNA damage responses, which can include cell cycle arrest, damage repair and apoptosis. A number of recent studies have demonstrated that defection in signaling through this network is thought to be an underlying mechanism behind the development and progression of various types of human malignancies, including colorectal cancer. In this review, colorectal cancer and its molecular pathology as well as DNA damage response is briefly introduced. Finally, the involvement of key components of this network in the initiation/progression, prognosis, response to treatment and development of drug resistance is comprehensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mirza-Aghazadeh-Attari
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saber Ghazizadeh Darband
- Danesh Pey Hadi Co., Health Technology Development Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Kaviani
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ainaz Mihanfar
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Bahman Yousefi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Maryam Majidinia
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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28
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Thompson CAH, Gu A, Yang SY, Mathew V, Fleisig HB, Wong JMY. Transient Telomerase Inhibition with Imetelstat Impacts DNA Damage Signals and Cell-Cycle Kinetics. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 16:1215-1225. [PMID: 29759988 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-17-0772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Telomerase is the ribonucleoprotein reverse transcriptase that catalyzes the synthesis of telomeres at the ends of linear chromosomes and contributes to proper telomere-loop (T-loop) formation. Formation of the T-loop, an obligate step before cell division can proceed, requires the generation of a 3'-overhang on the G-rich strand of telomeric DNA via telomerase or C-strand specific nucleases. Here, it is discovered that telomerase activity is critical for efficient cell-cycle progression using transient chemical inhibition by the telomerase inhibitor, imetelstat. Telomerase inhibition changed cell cycle kinetics and increased the proportion of cells in G2-phase, suggesting delayed clearance through this checkpoint. Investigating the possible contribution of unstructured telomere ends to these cell-cycle distribution changes, it was observed that imetelstat treatment induced γH2AX DNA damage foci in a subset of telomerase-positive cells but not telomerase-negative primary human fibroblasts. Chromatin-immunoprecipitation with γH2AX antibodies demonstrated imetelstat treatment-dependent enrichment of this DNA damage marker at telomeres. Notably, the effects of telomerase inhibition on cell cycle profile alterations were abrogated by pharmacological inhibition of the DNA-damage-repair transducer, ATM. Also, imetelstat potentiation of etoposide, a DNA-damaging drug that acts preferentially during S-G2 phases of the cell cycle, depends on functional ATM signaling. Thus, telomerase inhibition delays the removal of ATM-dependent DNA damage signals from telomeres in telomerase-positive cancer cells and interferes with cell cycle progression through G2Implications: This study demonstrates that telomerase activity directly facilitates the progression of the cell cycle through modulation of transient telomere dysfunction signals. Mol Cancer Res; 16(8); 1215-25. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor A H Thompson
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alice Gu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sunny Y Yang
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Veena Mathew
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC Cancer Agency, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Helen B Fleisig
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Judy M Y Wong
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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29
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Liu XL, Wu RY, Sun XF, Cheng SF, Zhang RQ, Zhang TY, Zhang XF, Zhao Y, Shen W, Li L. Mycotoxin zearalenone exposure impairs genomic stability of swine follicular granulosa cells in vitro. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:294-305. [PMID: 29559847 PMCID: PMC5859475 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.23898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA), a metabolite of Fusarium fungi, is commonly found on moldy grains. Because it can competitively combine to estrogen receptor to disrupt estrogenic signaling, it has been reported to have serious adverse effects on animal reproduction systems. In order to explore the genotoxic effects of ZEA exposure on ovarian somatic cells, porcine granulosa cells were exposed to 10 μM and 30 μM ZEA for 24 or 72 h in vitro. The results showed that ZEA exposure for 24 h remarkably reduced the proliferation of porcine granulosa cells in a dose-dependent manner as determined by MTT analysis and flow cytometry. Furthermore, exposure to ZEA for 72 h induced apoptosis, and RNA sequence analysis also revealed that the expression of apoptosis related genes were altered. RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence and western blot analysis further confirmed the expression of DNA damage and repair related genes (γ-H2AX, BRCA1, RAD51 and PRKDC) were increased in ZEA exposed granulosa cells. When the estrogen antagonist, tamoxifen, was added with ZEA in the culture medium, the DNA damage and repairment by ZEA returned to normal level. Collectively, these results illustrate that ZEA disrupts genome stability and inhibits growth of porcine granulosa cells via the estrogen receptors which may promote granulosa cell apoptosis when the DNA repair system is not enough to rescue this serious damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Lian Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Rui-Ying Wu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Qingdao Women's and Children's Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266034, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Shun-Feng Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.,College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Rui-Qian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Tian-Yu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xi-Feng Zhang
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.,College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Wei Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.,Center for Reproductive Medicine, Qingdao Women's and Children's Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266034, China.,College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Lan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.,College of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproductive Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
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Uckelmann M, Densham RM, Baas R, Winterwerp HHK, Fish A, Sixma TK, Morris JR. USP48 restrains resection by site-specific cleavage of the BRCA1 ubiquitin mark from H2A. Nat Commun 2018; 9:229. [PMID: 29335415 PMCID: PMC5768779 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02653-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA1-BARD1-catalyzed ubiquitination of histone H2A is an important regulator of the DNA damage response, priming chromatin for repair by homologous recombination. However, no specific deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) are known to antagonize this function. Here we identify ubiquitin specific protease-48 (USP48) as a H2A DUB, specific for the C-terminal BRCA1 ubiquitination site. Detailed biochemical analysis shows that an auxiliary ubiquitin, an additional ubiquitin that itself does not get cleaved, modulates USP48 activity, which has possible implications for its regulation in vivo. In cells we reveal that USP48 antagonizes BRCA1 E3 ligase function and in BRCA1-proficient cells loss of USP48 results in positioning 53BP1 further from the break site and in extended resection lengths. USP48 repression confers a survival benefit to cells treated with camptothecin and its activity acts to restrain gene conversion and mutagenic single-strand annealing. We propose that USP48 promotes genome stability by antagonizing BRCA1 E3 ligase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Uckelmann
- Division of Biochemistry and Cancer Genomics Centre, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruth M Densham
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology and Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Medical and Dental Schools, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Roy Baas
- Division of Biochemistry and Cancer Genomics Centre, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Herrie H K Winterwerp
- Division of Biochemistry and Cancer Genomics Centre, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Fish
- Division of Biochemistry and Cancer Genomics Centre, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Titia K Sixma
- Division of Biochemistry and Cancer Genomics Centre, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Joanna R Morris
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology and Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Medical and Dental Schools, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Nikitaki Z, Holá M, Donà M, Pavlopoulou A, Michalopoulos I, Angelis KJ, Georgakilas AG, Macovei A, Balestrazzi A. Integrating plant and animal biology for the search of novel DNA damage biomarkers. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2018; 775:21-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ljungman M, Parks L, Hulbatte R, Bedi K. The role of H3K79 methylation in transcription and the DNA damage response. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2017; 780:48-54. [PMID: 31395348 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chromatin plays a critical role in organizing and protecting DNA. However, chromatin acts as an impediment for transcription and DNA repair. Histone modifications, such as H3K79 methylation, promote transcription and genomic stability by enhancing transcription elongation and by serving as landing sites for proteins involved in the DNA damage response. This review summarizes the current understanding of the role of H3K79 methylation in transcription, how it affects genome stability and opportunities to develop impactful therapeutic interventions for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Ljungman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Center for RNA Biomedicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Luke Parks
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Center for RNA Biomedicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Box 256, 75105 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Radhika Hulbatte
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Center for RNA Biomedicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Karan Bedi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Center for RNA Biomedicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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33
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Wang L, Wang QT, Liu YP, Dong QQ, Hu HJ, Miao Z, Li S, Liu Y, Zhou H, Zhang TC, Ma WJ, Luo XG. ATM Signaling Pathway Is Implicated in the SMYD3-mediated Proliferation and Migration of Gastric Cancer Cells. J Gastric Cancer 2017; 17:295-305. [PMID: 29302370 PMCID: PMC5746651 DOI: 10.5230/jgc.2017.17.e33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose We previously found that the histone methyltransferase suppressor of variegation, enhancer of zeste, trithorax and myeloid-nervy-deformed epidermal autoregulatory factor-1 domain-containing protein 3 (SMYD3) is a potential independent predictive factor or prognostic factor for overall survival in gastric cancer patients, but its roles seem to differ from those in other cancers. Therefore, in this study, the detailed functions of SMYD3 in cell proliferation and migration in gastric cancer were examined. Materials and Methods SMYD3 was overexpressed or suppressed by transfection with an expression plasmid or siRNA, and a wound healing migration assay and Transwell assay were performed to detect the migration and invasion ability of gastric cancer cells. Additionally, an MTT assay and clonogenic assay were performed to evaluate cell proliferation, and a cell cycle analysis was performed by propidium iodide staining. Furthermore, the expression of genes implicated in the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) pathway and proteins involved in cell cycle regulation were detected by polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses. Results Compared with control cells, gastric cancer cells transfected with si-SMYD3 showed lower migration and invasion abilities (P<0.05), and the absence of SMYD3 halted cells in G2/M phase and activated the ATM pathway. Furthermore, the opposite patterns were observed when SMYD3 was elevated in normal gastric cells. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first evidence that the absence of SMYD3 could inhibit the migration, invasion, and proliferation of gastric cancer cells and halt cells in G2/M phase via the ATM-CHK2/p53-Cdc25C pathway. These findings indicated that SMYD3 plays crucial roles in the proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells and may be a useful therapeutic target in human gastric carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Lab, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiu-Tong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Lab, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu-Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Lab, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing-Qing Dong
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Lab, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Hai-Jie Hu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Lab, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi Miao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Lab, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Lab, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Gastric Cancer Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Lab, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Tong-Cun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Lab, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen-Jian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Lab, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xue-Gang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Lab, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
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Double strand break induction and kinetics indicate preserved hypersensitivity in keratinocytes to subtherapeutic doses for 7weeks of radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 2016; 122:163-169. [PMID: 28017476 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Previously we reported that hyper-radiosensitivity (HRS) was evidenced by quantifying DNA double strand break (DSB) foci in epidermis biopsies collected after delivering radiotherapeutic one and five dose fractions. The aim of this study was to determine whether HRS was preserved throughout a 7-week radiotherapy treatment, and also to examine the rate of foci decline and foci persistence between dose fractions. MATERIALS AND METHODS 42 patients with prostate cancer received 7-week fractionated radiotherapy treatment (RT) with daily dose fractions of 0.05-1.10Gy to the skin. Before RT, and at several times throughout treatment, skin biopsies (n=452) were collected at 30min, and 2, 3, 24, and 72h after dose fractions. DSB-foci markers, γH2AX and 53BP1, were labelled in epidermal keratinocytes with immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical staining. Foci were counted both with digital image analysis and manually. RESULTS HRS in keratinocytes was evidenced by the dose-response relationships of DSB foci, observed throughout the treatment course, independent of sampling time and quantification method. Foci observed at 24h after dose fractions indicated considerable DSB persistence. Accordingly, foci significantly accumulated after 5 consecutive dose fractions. For doses below 0.3Gy, persistent foci could be observed even at 72h after damage induction. A comparison of γH2AX and 53BP1 quantifications in double-stained biopsies showed similar HRS dose-response relationships. CONCLUSIONS These results represented the first evidence of preserved HRS, assessed by γH2AX- and 53BP1-labelled DSB foci, throughout a 7-week treatment course with daily repeated subtherapeutic dose fractions.
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Densham RM, Garvin AJ, Stone HR, Strachan J, Baldock RA, Daza-Martin M, Fletcher A, Blair-Reid S, Beesley J, Johal B, Pearl LH, Neely R, Keep NH, Watts FZ, Morris JR. Human BRCA1-BARD1 ubiquitin ligase activity counteracts chromatin barriers to DNA resection. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2016; 23:647-55. [PMID: 27239795 PMCID: PMC6522385 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The opposing activities of 53BP1 and BRCA1 influence pathway choice in DNA double-strand-break repair. How BRCA1 counteracts the inhibitory effect of 53BP1 on DNA resection and homologous recombination is unknown. Here we identify the site of BRCA1-BARD1 required for priming ubiquitin transfer from E2∼ubiquitin and demonstrate that BRCA1-BARD1's ubiquitin ligase activity is required for repositioning 53BP1 on damaged chromatin. We confirm H2A ubiquitination by BRCA1-BARD1 and show that an H2A-ubiquitin fusion protein promotes DNA resection and repair in BARD1-deficient cells. BRCA1-BARD1's function in homologous recombination requires the chromatin remodeler SMARCAD1. SMARCAD1 binding to H2A-ubiquitin and optimal localization to sites of damage and activity in DNA repair requires its ubiquitin-binding CUE domains. SMARCAD1 is required for 53BP1 repositioning, and the need for SMARCAD1 in olaparib or camptothecin resistance is alleviated by 53BP1 loss. Thus, BRCA1-BARD1 ligase activity and subsequent SMARCAD1-dependent chromatin remodeling are critical regulators of DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M Densham
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alexander J Garvin
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Helen R Stone
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Joanna Strachan
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Robert A Baldock
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Manuel Daza-Martin
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alice Fletcher
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sarah Blair-Reid
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - James Beesley
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Balraj Johal
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Laurence H Pearl
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Robert Neely
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nicholas H Keep
- Department of Biological Sciences, Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Felicity Z Watts
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Joanna R Morris
- Birmingham Centre for Genome Biology, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Stiff T, Casar Tena T, O'Driscoll M, Jeggo PA, Philipp M. ATR promotes cilia signalling: links to developmental impacts. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1574-87. [PMID: 26908596 PMCID: PMC4805311 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in ATR(ataxia telangiectasia and RAD3-related) cause Seckel syndrome (ATR-SS), a microcephalic primordial dwarfism disorder. Hitherto, the clinical manifestation of ATR deficiency has been attributed to its canonical role in DNA damage response signalling following replication fork stalling/collapse. Here, we show that ATR regulates cilia-dependent signalling in a manner that can be uncoupled from its function during replication. ATR-depleted or patient-derived ATR-SS cells form cilia of slightly reduced length but are dramatically impaired in cilia-dependent signalling functions, including growth factor and Sonic hedgehog signalling. To better understand the developmental impact of ATR loss of function, we also used zebrafish as a model. Zebrafish embryos depleted of Atr resembled ATR-SS morphology, showed a modest but statistically significant reduction in cilia length and other morphological features indicative of cilia dysfunction. Additionally, they displayed defects in left-right asymmetry including ambiguous expression of southpaw, incorrectly looped hearts and randomized localization of internal organs including the pancreas, features typically conferred by cilia dysfunction. Our findings reveal a novel role for ATR in cilia signalling distinct from its canonical function during replication and strengthen emerging links between cilia function and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Stiff
- Double Strand Break Repair Laboratory and
| | - Teresa Casar Tena
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Mark O'Driscoll
- Human DNA Damage Response Disorders Group, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK and
| | | | - Melanie Philipp
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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Nagy Z, Kalousi A, Furst A, Koch M, Fischer B, Soutoglou E. Tankyrases Promote Homologous Recombination and Check Point Activation in Response to DSBs. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1005791. [PMID: 26845027 PMCID: PMC4741384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA lesions are sensed by a network of proteins that trigger the DNA damage response (DDR), a signaling cascade that acts to delay cell cycle progression and initiate DNA repair. The Mediator of DNA damage Checkpoint protein 1 (MDC1) is essential for spreading of the DDR signaling on chromatin surrounding Double Strand Breaks (DSBs) by acting as a scaffold for PI3K kinases and for ubiquitin ligases. MDC1 also plays a role both in Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) and Homologous Recombination (HR) repair pathways. Here we identify two novel binding partners of MDC1, the poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerases (PARPs) TNKS1 and 2. We find that TNKSs are recruited to DNA lesions by MDC1 and regulate DNA end resection and BRCA1A complex stabilization at lesions leading to efficient DSB repair by HR and proper checkpoint activation. MDC1 recruit Tankyrases to DNA lesions to regulate homologous recombination and to control check-point activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zita Nagy
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U964, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Alkmini Kalousi
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U964, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Audrey Furst
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U964, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Marc Koch
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U964, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Benoit Fischer
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U964, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Evi Soutoglou
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U964, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- * E-mail:
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Caron P, Choudjaye J, Clouaire T, Bugler B, Daburon V, Aguirrebengoa M, Mangeat T, Iacovoni JS, Álvarez-Quilón A, Cortés-Ledesma F, Legube G. Non-redundant Functions of ATM and DNA-PKcs in Response to DNA Double-Strand Breaks. Cell Rep 2015; 13:1598-609. [PMID: 26586426 PMCID: PMC4670905 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) elicit the so-called DNA damage response (DDR), largely relying on ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs), two members of the PI3K-like kinase family, whose respective functions during the sequential steps of the DDR remains controversial. Using the DIvA system (DSB inducible via AsiSI) combined with high-resolution mapping and advanced microscopy, we uncovered that both ATM and DNA-PKcs spread in cis on a confined region surrounding DSBs, independently of the pathway used for repair. However, once recruited, these kinases exhibit non-overlapping functions on end joining and γH2AX domain establishment. More specifically, we found that ATM is required to ensure the association of multiple DSBs within "repair foci." Our results suggest that ATM acts not only on chromatin marks but also on higher-order chromatin organization to ensure repair accuracy and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Caron
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, LBCMCP, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France; CNRS, LBCMCP, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Jonathan Choudjaye
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, LBCMCP, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France; CNRS, LBCMCP, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Clouaire
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, LBCMCP, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France; CNRS, LBCMCP, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Béatrix Bugler
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, LBCMCP, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France; CNRS, LBCMCP, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Virginie Daburon
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, LBCMCP, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France; CNRS, LBCMCP, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Marion Aguirrebengoa
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, LBCMCP, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France; CNRS, LBCMCP, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Mangeat
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, LBCMCP, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France; CNRS, LBCMCP, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Jason S Iacovoni
- Bioinformatic Plateau I2MC, INSERM and University of Toulouse, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhes, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Alejandro Álvarez-Quilón
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Felipe Cortés-Ledesma
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla 41092, Spain
| | - Gaëlle Legube
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, LBCMCP, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse, France; CNRS, LBCMCP, 31062 Toulouse, France.
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39
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Mondesert O, Frongia C, Clayton O, Boizeau ML, Lobjois V, Ducommun B. Monitoring the Activation of the DNA Damage Response Pathway in a 3D Spheroid Model. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26225756 PMCID: PMC4520595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Monitoring the DNA-Damage Response (DDR) activated pathway in multicellular tumor spheroid models is an important challenge as these 3D models have demonstrated their major relevance in pharmacological evaluation. Herein we present DDR-Act-FP, a fluorescent biosensor that allows detection of DDR activation through monitoring of the p21 promoter p53-dependent activation. We show that cells expressing the DDR-Act-FP biosensor efficiently report activation of the DDR pathway after DNA damage and its pharmacological manipulation using ATM kinase inhibitors. We also report the successful use of this assay to screen a small compound library in order to identify activators of the DDR response. Finally, using multicellular spheroids expressing the DDR-Act-FP we demonstrate that DDR activation and its pharmacological manipulation with inhibitory and activatory compounds can be efficiently monitored in live 3D spheroid model. This study paves the way for the development of innovative screening and preclinical evaluation assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odile Mondesert
- Université de Toulouse; ITAV-USR3505, F-31106 Toulouse, France
- CNRS; ITAV-USR3505, F-31106 Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Frongia
- Université de Toulouse; ITAV-USR3505, F-31106 Toulouse, France
- CNRS; ITAV-USR3505, F-31106 Toulouse, France
| | - Olivia Clayton
- Université de Toulouse; ITAV-USR3505, F-31106 Toulouse, France
- CNRS; ITAV-USR3505, F-31106 Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Laure Boizeau
- Université de Toulouse; ITAV-USR3505, F-31106 Toulouse, France
- CNRS; ITAV-USR3505, F-31106 Toulouse, France
| | - Valérie Lobjois
- Université de Toulouse; ITAV-USR3505, F-31106 Toulouse, France
- CNRS; ITAV-USR3505, F-31106 Toulouse, France
- * E-mail: (BD); (VL)
| | - Bernard Ducommun
- Université de Toulouse; ITAV-USR3505, F-31106 Toulouse, France
- CNRS; ITAV-USR3505, F-31106 Toulouse, France
- CHU de Toulouse; F-31059 Toulouse, France
- * E-mail: (BD); (VL)
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40
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Kostyrko K, Bosshard S, Urban Z, Mermod N. A role for homologous recombination proteins in cell cycle regulation. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:2853-61. [PMID: 26125600 PMCID: PMC4614994 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1049784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells respond to DNA breaks, especially double-stranded breaks (DSBs), by activating the DNA damage response (DDR), which encompasses DNA repair and cell cycle checkpoint signaling. The DNA damage signal is transmitted to the checkpoint machinery by a network of specialized DNA damage-recognizing and signal-transducing molecules. However, recent evidence suggests that DNA repair proteins themselves may also directly contribute to the checkpoint control. Here, we investigated the role of homologous recombination (HR) proteins in normal cell cycle regulation in the absence of exogenous DNA damage. For this purpose, we used Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells expressing the Fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicators (Fucci). Systematic siRNA-mediated knockdown of HR genes in these cells demonstrated that the lack of several of these factors alters cell cycle distribution, albeit differentially. The knock-down of MDC1, Rad51 and Brca1 caused the cells to arrest in the G2 phase, suggesting that they may be required for the G2/M transition. In contrast, inhibition of the other HR factors, including several Rad51 paralogs and Rad50, led to the arrest in the G1/G0 phase. Moreover, reduced expression of Rad51B, Rad51C, CtIP and Rad50 induced entry into a quiescent G0-like phase. In conclusion, the lack of many HR factors may lead to cell cycle checkpoint activation, even in the absence of exogenous DNA damage, indicating that these proteins may play an essential role both in DNA repair and checkpoint signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Kostyrko
- Institute of Biotechnology; University of Lausanne; and Center for Biotechnology UNIL-EPFL; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Bosshard
- Institute of Biotechnology; University of Lausanne; and Center for Biotechnology UNIL-EPFL; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Zuzanna Urban
- Institute of Biotechnology; University of Lausanne; and Center for Biotechnology UNIL-EPFL; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Mermod
- Institute of Biotechnology; University of Lausanne; and Center for Biotechnology UNIL-EPFL; Lausanne, Switzerland
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41
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Hollingworth R, Skalka GL, Stewart GS, Hislop AD, Blackbourn DJ, Grand RJ. Activation of DNA Damage Response Pathways during Lytic Replication of KSHV. Viruses 2015; 7:2908-27. [PMID: 26057167 PMCID: PMC4488719 DOI: 10.3390/v7062752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent of several human malignancies. Human tumour viruses such as KSHV are known to interact with the DNA damage response (DDR), the molecular pathways that recognise and repair lesions in cellular DNA. Here it is demonstrated that lytic reactivation of KSHV leads to activation of the ATM and DNA-PK DDR kinases resulting in phosphorylation of multiple downstream substrates. Inhibition of ATM results in the reduction of overall levels of viral replication while inhibition of DNA-PK increases activation of ATM and leads to earlier viral release. There is no activation of the ATR-CHK1 pathway following lytic replication and CHK1 phosphorylation is inhibited at later times during the lytic cycle. Despite evidence of double-strand breaks and phosphorylation of H2AX, 53BP1 foci are not consistently observed in cells containing lytic virus although RPA32 and MRE11 localise to sites of viral DNA synthesis. Activation of the DDR following KSHV lytic reactivation does not result in a G1 cell cycle block and cells are able to proceed to S-phase during the lytic cycle. KSHV appears then to selectively activate DDR pathways, modulate cell cycle progression and recruit DDR proteins to sites of viral replication during the lytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hollingworth
- School of Cancer Sciences, the College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - George L Skalka
- School of Cancer Sciences, the College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Grant S Stewart
- School of Cancer Sciences, the College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Andrew D Hislop
- School of Cancer Sciences, the College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - David J Blackbourn
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Roger J Grand
- School of Cancer Sciences, the College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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42
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Woods DS, Sears CR, Turchi JJ. Recognition of DNA Termini by the C-Terminal Region of the Ku80 and the DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Catalytic Subunit. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127321. [PMID: 25978375 PMCID: PMC4433226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) can be generated by endogenous cellular processes or exogenous agents in mammalian cells. These breaks are highly variable with respect to DNA sequence and structure and all are recognized in some context by the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). DNA-PK is a critical component necessary for the recognition and repair of DSBs via non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Previously studies have shown that DNA-PK responds differentially to variations in DSB structure, but how DNA-PK senses differences in DNA substrate sequence and structure is unknown. Here we explore the enzymatic mechanisms by which DNA-PK is activated by various DNA substrates and provide evidence that the DNA-PK is differentially activated by DNA structural variations as a function of the C-terminal region of Ku80. Discrimination based on terminal DNA sequence variations, on the other hand, is independent of the Ku80 C-terminal interactions and likely results exclusively from DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit interactions with the DNA. We also show that sequence differences in DNA termini can drastically influence DNA repair through altered DNA-PK activation. These results indicate that even subtle differences in DNA substrates influence DNA-PK activation and ultimately the efficiency of DSB repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek S. Woods
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Catherine R. Sears
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - John J. Turchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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43
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Gou Q, Xie Y, Liu L, Xie K, Wu Y, Wang Q, Wang Z, Li P. Downregulation of MDC1 and 53BP1 by short hairpin RNA enhances radiosensitivity in laryngeal carcinoma cells. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:251-7. [PMID: 25976740 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.3980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) induced by ionizing radiation (IR) are among the most cytotoxic types of DNA damage. The DNA damage response (DDR) may be a reason for the cancer cell resistance to radiotherapy using IR. Identified as critical upstream mediators of the phosphorylation of ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) pathway, mediator of DNA damage checkpoint 1 (MDC1) and p53-binding proteins 1 (53BP1) may affect the radiosensitivity of tumor cells. In the present study, we generated two HEP-2 cell lines with a stable knockdown of MDC1 or 53BP1 with short hairpin RNA (shRNA), respectively, and investigated the effect of MDC1 and 53BP1 on cell radiosensitivity, cell cycle distribution and the formation of cell foci. Downregulation of the two proteins reduced the number of clonogenic cells that treated with IR. Accumulation of G2/M phase cells was detected after the MDC1 and 53BP1 downregulation. These results indicated that the expression of MDC1 or 53BP1 limited tumor cell sensitivity to radiotherapy and may play an important role in the DNA repair progression. Furthermore, the MDC1 foci was identified and presented in the 53BP1-inhibited cells. By contrast, the 53BP1 foci was absent from the MDC1-inhibited cells. The results confirmed that the recruitment of 53BP1 into the foci occurred in an MDC1-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiheng Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yuxin Xie
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Keqi Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan 621000, P.R. China
| | - Yanxia Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Zhu Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ping Li
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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44
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Morii M, Fukumoto Y, Kubota S, Yamaguchi N, Nakayama Y, Yamaguchi N. Imatinib inhibits inactivation of the ATM/ATR signaling pathway and recovery from adriamycin/doxorubicin-induced DNA damage checkpoint arrest. Cell Biol Int 2015; 39:923-32. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Morii
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University; Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Yasunori Fukumoto
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University; Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Sho Kubota
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University; Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Noritaka Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University; Chiba 260-8675 Japan
| | - Yuji Nakayama
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University; Chiba 260-8675 Japan
- Present address: Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology; Kyoto Pharmaceutical University; Kyoto 607-8414 Japan
| | - Naoto Yamaguchi
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University; Chiba 260-8675 Japan
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45
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Perfetti MT, Baughma BM, Dickson BM, Mu Y, Cui G, Mader P, Dong A, Norris JL, Rothbart SB, Strahl BD, Brown PJ, Janzen WP, Arrowsmith CH, Mer G, McBride KM, James LI, Frye SV. Identification of a fragment-like small molecule ligand for the methyl-lysine binding protein, 53BP1. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1072-81. [PMID: 25590533 PMCID: PMC4402254 DOI: 10.1021/cb500956g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Improving our understanding of the role of chromatin regulators in the initiation, development, and suppression of cancer and other devastating diseases is critical, as they are integral players in regulating DNA integrity and gene expression. Developing small molecule inhibitors for this target class with cellular activity is a crucial step toward elucidating their specific functions. We specifically targeted the DNA damage response protein, 53BP1, which uses its tandem tudor domain to recognize histone H4 dimethylated on lysine 20 (H4K20me2), a modification related to double-strand DNA breaks. Through a cross-screening approach, we identified UNC2170 (1) as a micromolar ligand of 53BP1, which demonstrates at least 17-fold selectivity for 53BP1 as compared to other methyl-lysine (Kme) binding proteins tested. Structural studies revealed that the tert-butyl amine of UNC2170 anchors the compound in the methyl-lysine (Kme) binding pocket of 53BP1, making it competitive with endogenous Kme substrates. X-ray crystallography also demonstrated that UNC2170 binds at the interface of two tudor domains of a 53BP1 dimer. Importantly, this compound functions as a 53BP1 antagonist in cellular lysates and shows cellular activity by suppressing class switch recombination, a process which requires a functional 53BP1 tudor domain. These results demonstrate that UNC2170 is a functionally active, fragment-like ligand for 53BP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T. Perfetti
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Brandi M. Baughma
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Bradley M. Dickson
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Yunxiang Mu
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, USA
| | - Gaofeng Cui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Pavel Mader
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1L7
| | - Aiping Dong
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1L7
| | - Jacqueline L. Norris
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Scott B. Rothbart
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Brian D. Strahl
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Peter J. Brown
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1L7
| | - William P. Janzen
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Cheryl H. Arrowsmith
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5G 1L7
| | - Georges Mer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kevin M. McBride
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas, USA
| | - Lindsey I. James
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Stephen V. Frye
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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46
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Nakajima NI, Hagiwara Y, Oike T, Okayasu R, Murakami T, Nakano T, Shibata A. Pre-exposure to ionizing radiation stimulates DNA double strand break end resection, promoting the use of homologous recombination repair. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122582. [PMID: 25826455 PMCID: PMC4380452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The choice of DNA double strand break (DSB) repair pathway is determined at the stage of DSB end resection. Resection was proposed to control the balance between the two major DSB repair pathways, homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Here, we examined the regulation of DSB repair pathway choice at two-ended DSBs following ionizing radiation (IR) in G2 phase of the cell cycle. We found that cells pre-exposed to low-dose IR preferred to undergo HR following challenge IR in G2, whereas NHEJ repair kinetics in G1 were not affected by pre-IR treatment. Consistent with the increase in HR usage, the challenge IR induced Replication protein A (RPA) foci formation and RPA phosphorylation, a marker of resection, were enhanced by pre-IR. However, neither major DNA damage signals nor the status of core NHEJ proteins, which influence the choice of repair pathway, was significantly altered in pre-IR treated cells. Moreover, the increase in usage of HR due to pre-IR exposure was prevented by treatment with ATM inhibitor during the incubation period between pre-IR and challenge IR. Taken together, the results of our study suggest that the ATM-dependent damage response after pre-IR changes the cellular environment, possibly by regulating gene expression or post-transcriptional modifications in a manner that promotes resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nakako Izumi Nakajima
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy and International Open Laboratory, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Hagiwara
- Advanced Scientific Research Leaders Development Unit, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Takahiro Oike
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Okayasu
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy and International Open Laboratory, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takeshi Murakami
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy and International Open Laboratory, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shibata
- Advanced Scientific Research Leaders Development Unit, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan
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47
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Kabacik S, Manning G, Raffy C, Bouffler S, Badie C. Time, Dose and Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) Status Dependency of Coding and Noncoding RNA Expression after Ionizing Radiation Exposure. Radiat Res 2015; 183:325-37. [DOI: 10.1667/rr13876.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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48
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Shaltiel IA, Krenning L, Bruinsma W, Medema RH. The same, only different - DNA damage checkpoints and their reversal throughout the cell cycle. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:607-20. [PMID: 25609713 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.163766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle checkpoints activated by DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are essential for the maintenance of the genomic integrity of proliferating cells. Following DNA damage, cells must detect the break and either transiently block cell cycle progression, to allow time for repair, or exit the cell cycle. Reversal of a DNA-damage-induced checkpoint not only requires the repair of these lesions, but a cell must also prevent permanent exit from the cell cycle and actively terminate checkpoint signalling to allow cell cycle progression to resume. It is becoming increasingly clear that despite the shared mechanisms of DNA damage detection throughout the cell cycle, the checkpoint and its reversal are precisely tuned to each cell cycle phase. Furthermore, recent findings challenge the dogmatic view that complete repair is a precondition for cell cycle resumption. In this Commentary, we highlight cell-cycle-dependent differences in checkpoint signalling and recovery after a DNA DSB, and summarise the molecular mechanisms that underlie the reversal of DNA damage checkpoints, before discussing when and how cell fate decisions after a DSB are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra A Shaltiel
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Cell Biology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lenno Krenning
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Cell Biology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wytse Bruinsma
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Cell Biology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René H Medema
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Cell Biology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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49
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Suppression of BRCA1 sensitizes cells to proteasome inhibitors. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1580. [PMID: 25522274 PMCID: PMC4649846 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BRCA1 is a multifunctional protein best known for its role in DNA repair and association with breast and ovarian cancers. To uncover novel biologically significant molecular functions of BRCA1, we tested a panel of 198 approved and experimental drugs to inhibit growth of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells depleted for BRCA1 by siRNA. 26S proteasome inhibitors bortezomib and carfilzomib emerged as a new class of selective BRCA1-targeting agents. The effect was confirmed in HeLa and U2OS cancer cell lines using two independent siRNAs, and in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells with inducible deletion of Brca1. Bortezomib treatment did not cause any increase in nuclear foci containing phosphorylated histone H2AX, and knockdown of BRCA2 did not entail sensitivity to bortezomib, suggesting that the DNA repair function of BRCA1 may not be directly involved. We found that a toxic effect of bortezomib on BRCA1-depleted cells is mostly due to deregulated cell cycle checkpoints mediated by RB1-E2F pathway and 53BP1. Similar to BRCA1, depletion of RB1 also conferred sensitivity to bortezomib, whereas suppression of E2F1 or 53BP1 together with BRCA1 reduced induction of apoptosis after bortezomib treatment. A gene expression microarray study identified additional genes activated by bortezomib treatment only in the context of inactivation of BRCA1 including a critical involvement of the ERN1-mediated unfolded protein response. Our data indicate that BRCA1 has a novel molecular function affecting cell cycle checkpoints in a manner dependent on the 26S proteasome activity.
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50
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Xue L, Furusawa Y, Okayasu R, Miura M, Cui X, Liu C, Hirayama R, Matsumoto Y, Yajima H, Yu D. The complexity of DNA double strand break is a crucial factor for activating ATR signaling pathway for G2/M checkpoint regulation regardless of ATM function. DNA Repair (Amst) 2014; 25:72-83. [PMID: 25497328 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
DNA double strand break (DSB) repair pathway choice following ionizing radiation (IR) is currently an appealing research topic, which is still largely unclear. Our recent paper indicated that the complexity of DSBs is a critical factor that enhances DNA end resection. It has been well accepted that the RPA-coated single strand DNA produced by resection is a signaling structure for ATR activation. Therefore, taking advantage of high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation to effectively produce complex DSBs, we investigated how the complexity of DSB influences the function of ATR pathway on the G2/M checkpoint regulation. Human skin fibroblast cells with or without ATM were irradiated with X rays or heavy ion particles, and dual-parameter flow cytometry was used to quantitatively assess the mitotic entry at early period post radiation by detecting the cells positive for phosphor histone H3. In ATM-deficient cells, ATR pathway played a pivotal role and functioned in a dose- and LET-dependent way to regulate the early G2/M arrest even as low as 0.2Gy for heavy ion radiation, which indicated that ATR pathway could be rapidly activated and functioned in an ATM-independent, but DSB complexity-dependent manner following exposure to IR. Furthermore, ATR pathway also functioned more efficiently in ATM-proficient cells to block G2 to M transition at early period of particle radiation exposure. Accordingly, in contrast to ATM inhibitor, ATR inhibitor had a more effective radiosensitizing effect on survival fraction following heavy ion beams as compared with X ray radiation. Taken together, our results reveal that the complexity of DSBs is a crucial factor for the activation of ATR pathway for G2/M checkpoint regulation, and ATM-dependent end resection is not essential for the activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Xue
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yoshiya Furusawa
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Okayasu
- International Open Laboratory, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Masahiko Miura
- Oral Radiation Oncology, Department of Oral Restitution, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xing Cui
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Cuihua Liu
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Hirayama
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Matsumoto
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Yajima
- Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Dong Yu
- School of Radiological Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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