1
|
Chen S, Jiang Q, Fan J, Cheng H. Nuclear mRNA export. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2024. [PMID: 39243141 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2024145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, gene expression begins with transcription in the nucleus, followed by the maturation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs). These mRNA molecules are then exported to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore complex (NPC), a process that serves as a critical regulatory phase of gene expression. The export of mRNA is intricately linked to precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) processing, ensuring that only properly processed mRNA reaches the cytoplasm. This coordination is essential, as recent studies have revealed that mRNA export factors not only assist in transport but also influence upstream processing steps, adding a layer of complexity to gene regulation. Furthermore, the export process competes with RNA processing and degradation pathways, maintaining a delicate balance vital for accurate gene expression. While these mechanisms are generally conserved across eukaryotes, significant differences exist between yeast and higher eukaryotic cells, particularly due to the more genome complexity of the latter. This review delves into the current research on mRNA export in higher eukaryotic cells, focusing on its role in the broader context of gene expression regulation and highlighting how it interacts with other gene expression processes to ensure precise and efficient gene functionality in complex organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Qingyi Jiang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Innovation, Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jing Fan
- Key Laboratory of RNA Innovation, Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, School of Life Science and Technology, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Hong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- Key Laboratory of RNA Innovation, Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Braz CU, Passamonti MM, Khatib H. Characterization of genomic regions escaping epigenetic reprogramming in sheep. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2023; 10:dvad010. [PMID: 38496251 PMCID: PMC10944287 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvad010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The mammalian genome undergoes two global epigenetic reprogramming events during the establishment of primordial germ cells and in the pre-implantation embryo after fertilization. These events involve the erasure and re-establishment of DNA methylation marks. However, imprinted genes and transposable elements (TEs) maintain their DNA methylation signatures to ensure normal embryonic development and genome stability. Despite extensive research in mice and humans, there is limited knowledge regarding environmentally induced epigenetic marks that escape epigenetic reprogramming in other species. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the characteristics and locations of genomic regions that evade epigenetic reprogramming in sheep, as well as to explore the biological functions of the genes within these regions. In a previous study, we identified 107 transgenerationally inherited differentially methylated cytosines (DMCs) in the F1 and F2 generations in response to a paternal methionine-supplemented diet. These DMCs were found in TEs, non-repetitive regions, and imprinted and non-imprinted genes. Our findings suggest that genomic regions, rather than TEs and imprinted genes, have the propensity to escape reprogramming and serve as potential candidates for transgenerational epigenetic inheritance. Notably, 34 transgenerational methylated genes influenced by paternal nutrition escaped reprogramming, impacting growth, development, male fertility, cardiac disorders, and neurodevelopment. Intriguingly, among these genes, 21 have been associated with neural development and brain disorders, such as autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disease, and intellectual disability. This suggests a potential genetic overlap between brain and infertility disorders. Overall, our study supports the concept of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of environmentally induced marks in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camila U Braz
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Matilde Maria Passamonti
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Universit’a Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, 29122, Italy
| | - Hasan Khatib
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chou YJ, Lin CC, Hsu YC, Syu JL, Tseng LM, Chiu JH, Lo JF, Lin CH, Fu SL. Andrographolide suppresses the malignancy of triple-negative breast cancer by reducing THOC1-promoted cancer stem cell characteristics. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115327. [PMID: 36330949 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are difficult to cure and currently lack of effective treatment strategies. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are highly associated with the poor clinical outcome of TNBCs. Thoc1 is a core component of the THO complex (THOC) that regulates the elongation, processing and nuclear export of mRNA. The function of thoc1 in TNBC and whether Thoc1 serves as a drug target are poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that thoc1 expression is elevated in TNBC cell lines and human TNBC patient tissues. Knockdown of thoc1 decreased cancer stem cell populations, reduced mammosphere formation, impaired THOC function, and downregulated the expression of stemness-related proteins. Moreover, the thoc1-knockdown 4T1 cells showed less lung metastasis in an orthotopic breast cancer mouse model. Overexpression of Thoc1 promoted TNBC malignancy and the mRNA export of stemness-related genes. Furthermore, treatment of TNBC cells with the natural compound andrographolide reduced the expression of Thoc1 expression, impaired homeostasis of THOC, suppressed CSC properties, and delayed tumor growth in a 4T1-implanted orthotopic mouse model. Andrographolide also reduced the activity of NF-κB, an upstream transcriptional regulator of Thoc1. Notably, thoc1 overexpression attenuates andrographolide-suppressed cellular proliferation. Altogether, our results demonstrate that THOC1 promotes cancer stem cell characteristics of TNBC, and andrographolide is a potential natural compound for eliminating CSCs of TNBCs by downregulating the NF-κB-thoc1 axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ju Chou
- Program in Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Cheng Lin
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chi Hsu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Ling Syu
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Ming Tseng
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hwey Chiu
- Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Fan Lo
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hsiung Lin
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ling Fu
- Program in Molecular Medicine, School of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11221, Taiwan; Institute of Traditional Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang G, Yu T, Parhad SS, Ho S, Weng Z, Theurkauf WE. piRNA-independent transposon silencing by the Drosophila THO complex. Dev Cell 2021; 56:2623-2635.e5. [PMID: 34547226 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
piRNAs guide Piwi/Panoramix-dependent H3K9me3 chromatin modification and transposon silencing during Drosophila germline development. The THO RNA export complex is composed of Hpr1, Tho2, and Thoc5-7. Null thoc7 mutations, which displace Thoc5 and Thoc6 from a Tho2-Hpr1 subcomplex, reduce expression of a subset of germline piRNAs and increase transposon expression, suggesting that THO silences transposons by promoting piRNA biogenesis. Here, we show that the thoc7-null mutant combination increases transposon transcription but does not reduce anti-sense piRNAs targeting half of the transcriptionally activated transposon families. These mutations also fail to reduce piRNA-guided H3K9me3 chromatin modification or block Panoramix-dependent silencing of a reporter transgene, and unspliced transposon transcripts co-precipitate with THO through a Piwi- and Panoramix-independent mechanism. Mutations in piwi also dominantly enhance germline defects associated with thoc7-null alleles. THO thus functions in a piRNA-independent transposon-silencing pathway, which acts cooperatively with Piwi to support germline development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gen Zhang
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Tianxiong Yu
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Swapnil S Parhad
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Samantha Ho
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Zhiping Weng
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| | - William E Theurkauf
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tsai SM, Chu KC, Jiang YJ. Newly identified Gon4l/Udu-interacting proteins implicate novel functions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14213. [PMID: 32848183 PMCID: PMC7449961 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70855-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the Gon4l/udu gene in different organisms give rise to diverse phenotypes. Although the effects of Gon4l/Udu in transcriptional regulation have been demonstrated, they cannot solely explain the observed characteristics among species. To further understand the function of Gon4l/Udu, we used yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening to identify interacting proteins in zebrafish and mouse systems, confirmed the interactions by co-immunoprecipitation assay, and found four novel Gon4l-interacting proteins: BRCA1 associated protein-1 (Bap1), DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1), Tho complex 1 (Thoc1, also known as Tho1 or HPR1), and Cryptochrome circadian regulator 3a (Cry3a). Furthermore, all known Gon4l/Udu-interacting proteins—as found in this study, in previous reports, and in online resources—were investigated by Phenotype Enrichment Analysis. The most enriched phenotypes identified include increased embryonic tissue cell apoptosis, embryonic lethality, increased T cell derived lymphoma incidence, decreased cell proliferation, chromosome instability, and abnormal dopamine level, characteristics that largely resemble those observed in reported Gon4l/udu mutant animals. Similar to the expression pattern of udu, those of bap1, dnmt1, thoc1, and cry3a are also found in the brain region and other tissues. Thus, these findings indicate novel mechanisms of Gon4l/Udu in regulating CpG methylation, histone expression/modification, DNA repair/genomic stability, and RNA binding/processing/export.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Mei Tsai
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chang Chu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Jin Jiang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan. .,Laboratory of Developmental Signalling and Patterning, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore, Singapore. .,Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan. .,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan. .,Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kafer GR, Cesare AJ. A Survey of Essential Genome Stability Genes Reveals That Replication Stress Mitigation Is Critical for Peri-Implantation Embryogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:416. [PMID: 32548123 PMCID: PMC7274024 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine development demands that pluripotent epiblast stem cells in the peri-implantation embryo increase from approximately 120 to 14,000 cells between embryonic days (E) 4.5 and E7.5. This is possible because epiblast stem cells can complete cell cycles in under 3 h in vivo. To ensure conceptus fitness, epiblast cells must undertake this proliferative feat while maintaining genome integrity. How epiblast cells maintain genome health under such an immense proliferation demand remains unclear. To illuminate the contribution of genome stability pathways to early mammalian development we systematically reviewed knockout mouse data from 347 DDR and repair associated genes. Cumulatively, the data indicate that while many DNA repair functions are dispensable in embryogenesis, genes encoding replication stress response and homology directed repair factors are essential specifically during the peri-implantation stage of early development. We discuss the significance of these findings in the context of the unique proliferative demands placed on pluripotent epiblast stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony J. Cesare
- Genome Integrity Unit, Children’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang Q, Chen S, Qin Z, Zheng H, Fan X. The first reported case of Beaulieu-Boycott-Innes syndrome caused by two novel mutations in THOC6 gene in a Chinese infant. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e19751. [PMID: 32282736 PMCID: PMC7220430 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000019751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE This case report expands the mutation and phenotypic spectra of Beaulieu-Boycott-Innes syndrome (BBIS), and will be valuable for mutation-based pre- and post-natal screening of BBIS when conducting a genetic diagnosis. PATIENT CONCERNS A 4-year old boy from Guilin City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, was referred to our clinic for clarification of his diagnosis because he showed moderate intellectual disability. DIAGNOSIS Two novel compound heterozygous mutations of THOC6, c.664T>C (p.Trp222Arg) and c.945+1 G>A were identified in this patient by whole exome sequencing. The two mutations were evaluated as pathogenic and likely pathogenic respectively according to the American College of Medical Genetics guidelines. This is the first case displaying the BBIS phenotype reported in the Chinese population. These two mutations have not been reported previously. INTERVENTIONS Symptomatic treatment and rehabilitation training for patients. OUTCOMES The genetic cause of the disease was identified. The family received scientific genetic counseling. LESSONS BBIS is a rare syndromic autosomal recessive disease with intellectual disability and it is normally difficult for clinicians to recognize it. Whole exome sequencing is an efficient way to identify the gene which causes a particular disease in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Laboratory of Genetic and Metabolism, Department of Paediatric Endocrine and Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi
| | - Shaoke Chen
- Laboratory of Genetic and Metabolism, Department of Paediatric Endocrine and Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zailong Qin
- Laboratory of Genetic and Metabolism, Department of Paediatric Endocrine and Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi
| | - Haiyang Zheng
- Laboratory of Genetic and Metabolism, Department of Paediatric Endocrine and Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi
| | - Xin Fan
- Laboratory of Genetic and Metabolism, Department of Paediatric Endocrine and Metabolism, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
An F-Box Protein, Mdm30, Interacts with TREX Subunit Sub2 To Regulate Cellular Abundance Cotranscriptionally in Orchestrating mRNA Export Independently of Splicing and Mitochondrial Function. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:MCB.00570-19. [PMID: 31932480 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00570-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although an F-box protein, Mdm30, is found to regulate ubiquitylation of the Sub2 component of TREX (transcription-export) complex for proteasomal degradation in stimulation of mRNA export, it remains unknown whether such ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) regulation of Sub2 occurs cotranscriptionally via its interaction with Mdm30. Further, it is unclear whether impaired UPS regulation of Sub2 in the absence of Mdm30 alters mRNA export via splicing defects of export factors and/or mitochondrial dynamics/function, since Sub2 controls mRNA splicing and Mdm30 regulates mitochondrial aggregation. Here, we show that Mdm30 interacts with Sub2, and temporary shutdown of Mdm30 enhances Sub2's abundance and impairs mRNA export. Likewise, Sub2's abundance is increased following transcriptional inhibition. These results support Mdm30's direct role in regulation of Sub2's cellular abundance in a transcription-dependent manner. Consistently, the chromatin-bound Sub2 level is increased in the absence of Mdm30. Further, we find that Mdm30 does not facilitate splicing of export factors. Moreover, Mdm30 does not have a dramatic effect on mitochondrial respiration/function, and mRNA export occurs in the absence of Fzo1, which is required for mitochondrial dynamics/respiration. Collective results reveal that Mdm30 interacts with Sub2 for proteasomal degradation in a transcription-dependent manner to promote mRNA export independently of splicing or mitochondrial function, thus advancing our understanding of mRNA export.
Collapse
|
9
|
Gupta YR, Senthilkumaran B. Identification, expression profiling and localization of thoc in common carp ovary: Influence of thoc3-siRNA transient silencing. Gene 2020; 732:144350. [PMID: 31935505 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
THO complex is a multisubunit family with a function in transcription and mRNA export. In the present study, transcripts of THO complex (thoc) were identified in developing ovary of common carp and their role during ovarian development and growth has been characterized for the first time in a teleost using expression profiling and transient siRNA silencing. Thoc expression revealed a spatiotemporal pattern in the gonads with high levels at 120 days post-hatch, with moderately high levels thereafter. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical localization revealed the presence of thoc3 in follicular layer of stage-III/IV oocytes. High levels of thoc3, thoc5, and thoc7 genes in the follicular layer suggest a possible role in ovarian growth. Reduced levels of serum estradiol-17β and 17α, 20β-dihydroxypregn-4-en-3-one after thoc3 transient silencing indicated differential action on steroidogenic enzyme, transcription factor, and growth factor genes. Furthermore, transient silencing of thoc3, in vivo and in vitro, downregulated ad4bp/sf1, amh, cyp19a1a, foxl2, hsd3b, hsd11b1, hsd20b, hsd17b1, rspo1, and vtg. Incidentally, gdf9 and igf1 were upregulated, while no change was seen in esr1/2, nanos, and vasa. These observations imply that thoc3 seems to regulate ovarian function including steroidogenesis, either directly or indirectly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yugantak Raj Gupta
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India.
| | - Balasubramanian Senthilkumaran
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pathogenetic factors involved in recurrent pregnancy loss from multiple aspects. Obstet Gynecol Sci 2019; 62:212-223. [PMID: 31338338 PMCID: PMC6629979 DOI: 10.5468/ogs.2019.62.4.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) is a common complication in obstetrics, affecting about 5% of women of childbearing age. An increase in the number of abortions results in escalation in the risk of miscarriage. Although concentrated research has identified numerous causes for RPL, about 50% of them remain unexplained. Pregnancy is a complex process, comprising fertilization, implantation, organ and tissue differentiation, and fetal growth, which is effectively controlled by a number of both maternal and fetal factors. An example is the immune response, in which T cells and natural killer cells participate, and inflammation mediated by tumor necrosis factor or colony-stimulating factor, which hinders embryo implantation. Furthermore, vitamin D affects glucose metabolism and inhibits embryonic development, whereas microRNA has a negative effect on the gene expression of embryo implantation and development. This review examines the causes of RPL from multiple perspectives, and focuses on the numerous factors that may result in RPL.
Collapse
|
11
|
Kwon J, Jo YJ, Namgoong S, Kim NH. Functional roles of hnRNPA2/B1 regulated by METTL3 in mammalian embryonic development. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8640. [PMID: 31201338 PMCID: PMC6572863 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44714-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 (hnRNPA2/B1) plays an important role in RNA processing via in m6A modification of pre-mRNA or pre-miRNA. However, the functional role of and relationship between m6A and hnRNPA2/B1 in early embryonic development are unclear. Here, we found that hnRNPA2/B1 is crucial for early embryonic development by virtue of regulating specific gene transcripts. HnRNPA2/B1 was localized to the nucleus and cytoplasm during subsequent embryonic development, starting at fertilization. Knockdown of hnRNPA2/B1 delayed embryonic development after the 4-cell stage and blocked further development. RNA-Seq analysis revealed changes in the global expression patterns of genes involved in transcription, translation, cell cycle, embryonic stem cell differentiation, and RNA methylation in hnRNPA2/B1 KD blastocysts. The levels of the inner cell mass markers OCT4 and SOX2 were decreased in hnRNPA2/B1 KD blastocysts, whereas that of the differentiation marker GATA4 was decreased. N6-Adenosine methyltransferase METTL3 knock-down caused embryonic developmental defects similar to those in hnRNPA2/B1 KD embryos. Moreover, METTL3 KD blastocysts showed increased mis-localization of hnRNPA2/B1 and decreased m6A RNA methylation. Taken together, our results suggest that hnRNPA2/B1 is essential for early embryogenesis through the regulation of transcription-related factors and determination of cell fate transition. Moreover, hnRNPA2/B1 is regulated by METTL3-dependent m6A RNA methylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeongwoo Kwon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Gaesin-dong, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jo
- Primate Resources Center (PRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do, 56216, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Namgoong
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Gaesin-dong, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nam-Hyung Kim
- Department of Animal Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Gaesin-dong, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-763, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Accogli A, Scala M, Calcagno A, Castello R, Torella A, Musacchia F, Allegri AME, Mancardi MM, Maghnie M, Severino M, Nigro V, Capra V. Novel CNS malformations and skeletal anomalies in a patient with Beaulieu-boycott-Innes syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:2835-2840. [PMID: 30238602 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.40534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
THO/TREX (transcription/export) is a conserved eukaryotic complex that plays a crucial role in gene expression and prevents DNA damage during mitosis and meiosis. In mammals, TREX is essential during embryogenesis, determining stem cell fate specification by regulating posttranscriptional self-renewal and differentiation in several tissues. It is composed of a core called THO, consisting of THOC1, 2, 5, 6, 7, and additional proteins. Bi-allelic mutations in THOC6 have been associated to Beaulieu-Boycott-Innes syndrome (BBIS), a syndromic form of intellectual disability (ID). To date, nine patients harbouring homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in THOC6 have been reported. Despite the clinical heterogenity and subtle dysmorphic features in some individuals, distinctive facial features are tall forehead, short and upslanting palpebral fissures, deep set eyes, flat philtrum, and malocclusion. Nonlife threatening congenital anomalies are common, including cardiac and renal malformations, anteriorly displaced anus, cryptorchidism in males, submucous cleft palate, and corpus callosum dysgenesis. Affected patients usually have short stature, mild microcephaly, and mild to moderate ID. Here, we describe an Italian patient with BBIS, carrying two compound heterozygous loss-of-function (LoF) variants in THOC6 (c.577C > T, p.R193* and c.792_793delCA, p.V264Vfs*48). In addition to the common phenotype, she displays cerebellar hypoplasia with severe vermian dysgenesis and hydrocephalus due to aqueductal stenosis, multiple skeletal anomalies and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. Thus, we review the previous cases and discuss the phenotypic spectrum of BBIS, providing further evidence regarding the pivotal role of TREX complex in human development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Accogli
- UOC Neurochirurgia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.,Università degli studi di Genova, Italy
| | - Marcello Scala
- UOC Neurochirurgia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.,Università degli studi di Genova, Italy
| | - Annalisa Calcagno
- UOC Clinica Pediatrica, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Annalaura Torella
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Anna M E Allegri
- UOC Clinica Pediatrica, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria M Mancardi
- UOC Neuropsichiatria Infantile-Centro Epilessia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mohamad Maghnie
- UOC Clinica Pediatrica, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Università di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | - Vincenzo Nigro
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy.,Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Capra
- UOC Neurochirurgia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Maeder CI, Kim JI, Liang X, Kaganovsky K, Shen A, Li Q, Li Z, Wang S, Xu XZS, Li JB, Xiang YK, Ding JB, Shen K. The THO Complex Coordinates Transcripts for Synapse Development and Dopamine Neuron Survival. Cell 2018; 174:1436-1449.e20. [PMID: 30146163 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic vesicle and active zone proteins are required for synaptogenesis. The molecular mechanisms for coordinated synthesis of these proteins are not understood. Using forward genetic screens, we identified the conserved THO nuclear export complex (THOC) as an important regulator of presynapse development in C. elegans dopaminergic neurons. In THOC mutants, synaptic messenger RNAs are retained in the nucleus, resulting in dramatic decrease of synaptic protein expression, near complete loss of synapses, and compromised dopamine function. CRE binding protein (CREB) interacts with THOC to mark synaptic transcripts for efficient nuclear export. Deletion of Thoc5, a THOC subunit, in mouse dopaminergic neurons causes severe defects in synapse maintenance and subsequent neuronal death in the substantia nigra compacta. These cellular defects lead to abrogated dopamine release, ataxia, and animal death. Together, our results argue that nuclear export mechanisms can select specific mRNAs and be a rate-limiting step for neuronal differentiation and survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celine I Maeder
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jae-Ick Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xing Liang
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Konstantin Kaganovsky
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ao Shen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zhaoyu Li
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sui Wang
- Department of Opthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - X Z Shawn Xu
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jin Billy Li
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yang Kevin Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jun B Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Kang Shen
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kumar R, Gardner A, Homan CC, Douglas E, Mefford H, Wieczorek D, Lüdecke HJ, Stark Z, Sadedin S, Nowak CB, Douglas J, Parsons G, Mark P, Loidi L, Herman GE, Mihalic Mosher T, Gillespie MK, Brady L, Tarnopolsky M, Madrigal I, Eiris J, Domènech Salgado L, Rabionet R, Strom TM, Ishihara N, Inagaki H, Kurahashi H, Dudding-Byth T, Palmer EE, Field M, Gecz J. Severe neurocognitive and growth disorders due to variation in THOC2, an essential component of nuclear mRNA export machinery. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:1126-1138. [PMID: 29851191 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Highly conserved TREX-mediated mRNA export is emerging as a key pathway in neuronal development and differentiation. TREX subunit variants cause neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) by interfering with mRNA export from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm. Previously we implicated four missense variants in the X-linked THOC2 gene in intellectual disability (ID). We now report an additional six affected individuals from five unrelated families with two de novo and three maternally inherited pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in THOC2 extending the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum. These comprise three rare missense THOC2 variants that affect evolutionarily conserved amino acid residues and reduce protein stability and two with canonical splice-site THOC2 variants that result in C-terminally truncated THOC2 proteins. We present detailed clinical assessment and functional studies on a de novo variant in a female with an epileptic encephalopathy and discuss an additional four families with rare variants in THOC2 with supportive evidence for pathogenicity. Severe neurocognitive features, including movement and seizure disorders, were observed in this cohort. Taken together our data show that even subtle alterations to the canonical molecular pathways such as mRNA export, otherwise essential for cellular life, can be compatible with life, but lead to NDDs in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raman Kumar
- Adelaide Medical School and the Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Alison Gardner
- Adelaide Medical School and the Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Claire C Homan
- Adelaide Medical School and the Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Evelyn Douglas
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Heather Mefford
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington & Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Dagmar Wieczorek
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Medical Faculty, Institute of Human Genetics, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Lüdecke
- Heinrich-Heine-University, Medical Faculty, Institute of Human Genetics, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Zornitza Stark
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Simon Sadedin
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia.,Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | -
- Broad's Center for Mendelian Genomics, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Catherine Bearce Nowak
- The Feingold Center for Children at the Department of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jessica Douglas
- The Feingold Center for Children at the Department of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Paul Mark
- Spectrum Health Medical Genetics, Grand Rapids, Michigan
| | - Lourdes Loidi
- Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Gail E Herman
- Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Meredith K Gillespie
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Lauren Brady
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Mark Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Irene Madrigal
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Department, Hospital Clínic, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Eiris
- Unidad de Neurología Pediátrica, Departamento de Pediatría, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Laura Domènech Salgado
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Universitat Pompeu Fabra and CIBERESP, Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Rabionet
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Universitat Pompeu Fabra and CIBERESP, Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tim M Strom
- Institut für Humangenetik, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Naoko Ishihara
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hidehito Inagaki
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kurahashi
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tracy Dudding-Byth
- Genetics of Learning Disability Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, NSW, Australia.,University of Newcastle, Australia Grow-Up-Well Priority Research Center, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Elizabeth E Palmer
- Genetics of Learning Disability Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, NSW, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Field
- Genetics of Learning Disability Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, NSW, Australia
| | - Jozef Gecz
- Adelaide Medical School and the Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.,Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pan HT, Ding HG, Fang M, Yu B, Cheng Y, Tan YJ, Fu QQ, Lu B, Cai HG, Jin X, Xia XQ, Zhang T. Proteomics and bioinformatics analysis of altered protein expression in the placental villous tissue from early recurrent miscarriage patients. Placenta 2018; 61:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
16
|
Shi M, Zhang H, Wu X, He Z, Wang L, Yin S, Tian B, Li G, Cheng H. ALYREF mainly binds to the 5' and the 3' regions of the mRNA in vivo. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:9640-9653. [PMID: 28934468 PMCID: PMC5766156 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The TREX complex (TREX) plays key roles in nuclear export of mRNAs. However, little is known about its transcriptome-wide binding targets. We used individual cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (iCLIP) to identify the binding sites of ALYREF, an mRNA export adaptor in TREX, in human cells. Consistent with previous in vitro studies, ALYREF binds to a region near the 5′ end of the mRNA in a CBP80-dependent manner. Unexpectedly, we identified PABPN1-dependent ALYREF binding near the 3′ end of the mRNA. Furthermore, the 3′ processing factor CstF64 directly interacts with ALYREF and is required for the overall binding of ALYREF on the mRNA. In addition, we found that numerous middle exons harbor ALYREF binding sites and identified ALYREF-binding motifs that promote nuclear export of intronless mRNAs. Together, our study defines enrichment of ALYREF binding sites at the 5′ and the 3′ regions of the mRNA in vivo, identifies export-promoting ALYREF-binding motifs, and reveals CstF64- and PABPN1-mediated coupling of mRNA nuclear export to 3′ processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xudong Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Design, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhisong He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lantian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shanye Yin
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bin Tian
- Departartment of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Guohui Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling and Design, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Hong Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
TRanscription and EXport (TREX) is a conserved multisubunit complex essential for embryogenesis, organogenesis and cellular differentiation throughout life. By linking transcription, mRNA processing and export together, it exerts a physiologically vital role in the gene expression pathway. In addition, this complex prevents DNA damage and regulates the cell cycle by ensuring optimal gene expression. As the extent of TREX activity in viral infections, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and cancer emerges, the need for a greater understanding of TREX function becomes evident. A complete elucidation of the composition, function and interactions of the complex will provide the framework for understanding the molecular basis for a variety of diseases. This review details the known composition of TREX, how it is regulated and its cellular functions with an emphasis on mammalian systems.
Collapse
|
18
|
Amos JS, Huang L, Thevenon J, Kariminedjad A, Beaulieu CL, Masurel-Paulet A, Najmabadi H, Fattahi Z, Beheshtian M, Tonekaboni SH, Tang S, Helbig KL, Alcaraz W, Rivière JB, Faivre L, Innes AM, Lebel RR, Boycott KM. Autosomal recessive mutations in THOC6 cause intellectual disability: syndrome delineation requiring forward and reverse phenotyping. Clin Genet 2016; 91:92-99. [PMID: 27102954 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
THOC6 is a part of the THO complex, which is involved in coordinating mRNA processing with export. The THO complex interacts with additional components to form the larger TREX complex (transcription export complex). Previously, a homozygous missense mutation in THOC6 in the Hutterite population was reported in association with syndromic intellectual disability. Using exome sequencing, we identified three unrelated patients with bi-allelic mutations in THOC6 associated with intellectual disability and additional clinical features. Two of the patients were compound heterozygous for a stop and a missense mutation, and the third was homozygous for a missense mutation; the missense mutations were predicted to be pathogenic by in silico analysis and modeling. Clinical features of the three newly identified patients and those previously reported are reviewed; intellectual disability is moderate to severe, and malformations are variable including renal and heart defects, cleft palate, microcephaly, and corpus callosum dysgenesis. Facial features are variable and include tall forehead, short upslanting palpebral fissures +/- deep set eyes, and a long nose with overhanging columella. These subtle facial features render the diagnosis difficult to make in isolation with certainty. Our results expand the mutational and clinical spectrum of this rare disease, confirm that THOC6 is an intellectual disability causing gene, while providing insight into the importance of the THO complex in neurodevelopment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J S Amos
- Medical Genetics Section, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - L Huang
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Thevenon
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (TRANSLAD), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France.,EA4271-Génétique des Anomalies du développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - A Kariminedjad
- Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - C L Beaulieu
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Masurel-Paulet
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (TRANSLAD), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France.,EA4271-Génétique des Anomalies du développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - H Najmabadi
- Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center, Tehran, Iran.,Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Z Fattahi
- Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center, Tehran, Iran.,Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Beheshtian
- Kariminejad-Najmabadi Pathology & Genetics Center, Tehran, Iran.,Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - S Tang
- Ambry Genetics Corporation, Aliso Viejo, CA, USA
| | - K L Helbig
- Ambry Genetics Corporation, Aliso Viejo, CA, USA
| | - W Alcaraz
- Ambry Genetics Corporation, Aliso Viejo, CA, USA
| | - J-B Rivière
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (TRANSLAD), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France.,EA4271-Génétique des Anomalies du développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - L Faivre
- Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire Médecine Translationnelle et Anomalies du Développement (TRANSLAD), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon, Dijon, France.,EA4271-Génétique des Anomalies du développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - A M Innes
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - R R Lebel
- Medical Genetics Section, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - K M Boycott
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Evaluating Effects of Hypomorphic Thoc1 Alleles on Embryonic Development in Rb1 Null Mice. Mol Cell Biol 2016; 36:1621-7. [PMID: 27001308 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01003-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rb1 tumor suppressor protein is a molecular adaptor that physically links transcription factors like E2f with various proteins acting on DNA or RNA to repress gene expression. Loss of Rb1 liberates E2f to activate the expression of genes mediating resulting phenotypes. Most Rb1 binding proteins, including E2f, interact through carboxyl-terminal protein interaction domains, but genetic evidence suggests that an amino-terminal protein interaction domain is also important. One protein that binds Rb1 through the amino-terminal domain is encoded by Thoc1, a required component of the THO ribonucleoprotein complex important for RNA processing and transport. The physiological relevance of this interaction is unknown. Here we tested whether Thoc1 mediates effects of Rb1 loss on mouse embryonic development. We found that Thoc1 deficiency delays embryo death, and this delay correlates with reduced apoptosis in the brain. E2f protein levels are reduced in Rb1:Thoc1-deficient brain tissue. Expression of apoptotic regulatory genes regulated by E2f, like Apaf1 and Bak1, is also reduced. These observations suggest that Thoc1 is required to support increased expression of E2f and apoptotic regulatory genes that trigger apoptosis upon Rb1 loss. These findings implicate Rb1 in the regulation of the THO ribonucleoprotein complex.
Collapse
|
20
|
Tran DDH, Saran S, Koch A, Tamura T. mRNA export protein THOC5 as a tool for identification of target genes for cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2016; 373:222-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
21
|
Bofill-De Ros X, Santos M, Vila-Casadesús M, Villanueva E, Andreu N, Dierssen M, Fillat C. Genome-wide miR-155 and miR-802 target gene identification in the hippocampus of Ts65Dn Down syndrome mouse model by miRNA sponges. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:907. [PMID: 26546125 PMCID: PMC4636806 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-2160-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Down syndrome (DS) or trisomy 21 is the result of a genetic dosage imbalance that translates in a broad clinical spectrum. A major challenge in the study of DS is the identification of functional genetic elements with wide impact on phenotypic alterations. Recently, miRNAs have been recognized as major contributors to several disease conditions by acting as post-transcriptional regulators of a plethora of genes. Five chromosome 21 (HSA21) miRNAs have been found overexpressed in DS individuals and could function as key elements in the pathophysiology. Interestingly, in the trisomic Ts65Dn DS mouse model two of these miRNAs (miR-155 and miR-802) are also triplicated and overexpressed in brain. RESULTS In the current work, we interrogated the impact of miR-155 and miR-802 upregulation on the transcriptome of Ts65Dn brains. We developed a lentiviral miRNA-sponge strategy (Lv-miR155-802T) to identify in vivo relevant miR-155 and miR-802 target mRNAs. Hippocampal injections of lentiviral sponges in Ts65Dn mice normalized the expression of miR-155 and miR-802 and rescued the levels of their targets methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 gene (Mecp2), SH2 (Src homology 2)-containing inositol phosphatase-1 (Ship1) and Forkhead box protein M1 (FoxM1). Transcriptomic data of Lv-miR155-802T miRNA-sponge treated hippocampi correlated with candidate targets highlighting miRNA dosage-sensitive genes. Significant associations were found in a subset of genes (Rufy2, Nova1, Nav1, Thoc1 and Sumo3) that could be experimentally validated. CONCLUSIONS The lentiviral miRNA-sponge strategy demonstrated the genome-wide regulatory effects of miR-155 and miR-802. Furthermore, the analysis combining predicted candidates and experimental transcriptomic data proved to retrieve genes with potential significance in DS-hippocampal phenotype bridging with DS other neurological-associated diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Bofill-De Ros
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Santos
- Bioinformatics Platform, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain.,Present address: Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Maria Vila-Casadesús
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.,Bioinformatics Platform, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eneko Villanueva
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Andreu
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain.,Bioinformatics Platform, CIBERehd, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mara Dierssen
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain.,Cellular and Systems Neurobiology, Systems Biology Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Fillat
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Rosselló 149-153, 08036, Barcelona, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Embryonic stem cell maintenance, differentiation, and somatic cell reprogramming require the interplay of multiple pluripotency factors, epigenetic remodelers, and extracellular signaling pathways. RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are involved in a wide range of regulatory pathways, from RNA metabolism to epigenetic modifications. In recent years we have witnessed more and more studies on the discovery of new RBPs and the assessment of their functions in a variety of biological systems, including stem cells. We review the current studies on RBPs and focus on those that have functional implications in pluripotency, differentiation, and/or reprogramming in both the human and mouse systems.
Collapse
|
23
|
Wang L, Miao YL, Zheng X, Lackford B, Zhou B, Han L, Yao C, Ward JM, Burkholder A, Lipchina I, Fargo DC, Hochedlinger K, Shi Y, Williams CJ, Hu G. The THO complex regulates pluripotency gene mRNA export and controls embryonic stem cell self-renewal and somatic cell reprogramming. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 13:676-90. [PMID: 24315442 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cell (ESC) self-renewal and differentiation are governed by a broad-ranging regulatory network. Although the transcriptional regulatory mechanisms involved have been investigated extensively, posttranscriptional regulation is still poorly understood. Here we describe a critical role of the THO complex in ESC self-renewal and differentiation. We show that THO preferentially interacts with pluripotency gene transcripts through Thoc5 and is required for self-renewal at least in part by regulating their export and expression. During differentiation, THO loses its interaction with those transcripts due to reduced Thoc5 expression, leading to decreased expression of pluripotency proteins that facilitates exit from self-renewal. THO is also important for the establishment of pluripotency, because its depletion inhibits somatic cell reprogramming and blastocyst development. Together, our data indicate that THO regulates pluripotency gene mRNA export to control ESC self-renewal and differentiation, and therefore uncover a role for this aspect of posttranscriptional regulation in stem cell fate specification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Pitzonka L, Ullas S, Chinnam M, Povinelli BJ, Fisher DT, Golding M, Appenheimer MM, Nemeth MJ, Evans S, Goodrich DW. The Thoc1 encoded ribonucleoprotein is required for myeloid progenitor cell homeostasis in the adult mouse. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97628. [PMID: 24830368 PMCID: PMC4022742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-transcriptionally assembled ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes are critical for RNA processing and nuclear export. RNPs have been hypothesized to contribute to the regulation of coordinated gene expression, and defects in RNP biogenesis contribute to genome instability and disease. Despite the large number of RNPs and the importance of the molecular processes they mediate, the requirements for individual RNP complexes in mammalian development and tissue homeostasis are not well characterized. THO is an evolutionarily conserved, nuclear RNP complex that physically links nascent transcripts with the nuclear export apparatus. THO is essential for early mouse embryonic development, limiting characterization of the requirements for THO in adult tissues. To address this shortcoming, a mouse strain has been generated allowing inducible deletion of the Thoc1 gene which encodes an essential protein subunit of THO. Bone marrow reconstitution was used to generate mice in which Thoc1 deletion could be induced specifically in the hematopoietic system. We find that granulocyte macrophage progenitors have a cell autonomous requirement for Thoc1 to maintain cell growth and viability. Lymphoid lineages are not detectably affected by Thoc1 loss under the homeostatic conditions tested. Myeloid lineages may be more sensitive to Thoc1 loss due to their relatively high rate of proliferation and turnover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pitzonka
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Sumana Ullas
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Meenalakshmi Chinnam
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Povinelli
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel T. Fisher
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Michelle Golding
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Michelle M. Appenheimer
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Nemeth
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Sharon Evans
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - David W. Goodrich
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Di Benedetto D, Musumeci SA, Avola E, Alberti A, Buono S, Scuderi C, Grillo L, Galesi O, Spalletta A, Giudice ML, Luciano D, Vinci M, Bianca S, Romano C, Fichera M. Definition of minimal duplicated region encompassing theXIAPandSTAG2genes in the Xq25 microduplication syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:1923-30. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Di Benedetto
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics; I.R.C.C.S. Associazione Oasi Maria Santissima; Troina Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Avola
- Unit of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics; I.R.C.C.S. Associazione Oasi Maria Santissima; Troina Italy
| | - Antonino Alberti
- Unit of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics; I.R.C.C.S. Associazione Oasi Maria Santissima; Troina Italy
| | - Serafino Buono
- Unit of Psychology; I.R.C.C.S. Associazione Oasi Maria Santissima; Troina Italy
| | - Carmela Scuderi
- Unit of Neuromuscular Disease; I.R.C.C.S. Associazione Oasi Maria Santissima; Troina Italy
| | - Lucia Grillo
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics; I.R.C.C.S. Associazione Oasi Maria Santissima; Troina Italy
| | - Ornella Galesi
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics; I.R.C.C.S. Associazione Oasi Maria Santissima; Troina Italy
| | - Angela Spalletta
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics; I.R.C.C.S. Associazione Oasi Maria Santissima; Troina Italy
| | - Mariangela Lo Giudice
- Unit of Neuromuscular Disease; I.R.C.C.S. Associazione Oasi Maria Santissima; Troina Italy
| | - Daniela Luciano
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics; I.R.C.C.S. Associazione Oasi Maria Santissima; Troina Italy
| | - Mirella Vinci
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics; I.R.C.C.S. Associazione Oasi Maria Santissima; Troina Italy
| | | | - Corrado Romano
- Unit of Pediatrics and Medical Genetics; I.R.C.C.S. Associazione Oasi Maria Santissima; Troina Italy
| | - Marco Fichera
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics; I.R.C.C.S. Associazione Oasi Maria Santissima; Troina Italy
- Medical Genetics; University of Catania; Catania Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
The THO ribonucleoprotein complex is required for stem cell homeostasis in the adult mouse small intestine. Mol Cell Biol 2013; 33:3505-14. [PMID: 23816884 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00751-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA processing and transport are mediated by cotranscriptionally assembled ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes. RNPs have been postulated to help specify coordinated gene expression, but the requirements for specific RNP complexes in mammalian development and tissue homeostasis have not been extensively evaluated. THO is an evolutionarily conserved RNP complex that links transcription with nuclear export. THO is not essential for Saccharomyces cerevisiae viability, but it is essential for early mouse embryonic development. Embryonic lethality has limited the characterization of THO requirements in adult tissues. To overcome this limitation, a mouse model has been generated that allows widespread inducible deletion of Thoc1, which encodes an essential protein subunit of THO. Widespread Thoc1 deletion disrupts homeostasis within the small intestine but does not have detectable effects in other epithelial tissues such as the related mucosa of the large intestine. Thoc1 loss compromises the proliferation and lineage-generating capacity of small intestinal stem cells, disrupting the supply of differentiated cells in this rapidly renewing tissue. These findings demonstrate that the effects of THO deficiency in the adult mouse are tissue and cell type dependent.
Collapse
|
27
|
The Caenorhabditis elegans THO complex is required for the mitotic cell cycle and development. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52447. [PMID: 23285047 PMCID: PMC3527488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
THO is a conserved eukaryotic complex involved in mRNP biogenesis and RNA export that plays an important role in preventing transcription- and RNA-mediated genome instability in mitosis and meiosis. In mammals THO is essential for embryogenesis, which limits our capacity to analyze the physiological relevance of THO during development and in adult organisms. Using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system we show that the THO complex is essential for mitotic genome integrity and the developmentally regulated mitotic cell cycles occurring during late postembryonic stages.
Collapse
|
28
|
R-loops cause replication impairment and genome instability during meiosis. EMBO Rep 2012; 13:923-9. [PMID: 22878416 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2012.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
R-loops are harmful structures with a negative impact on transcription and recombination during mitosis, but no information exists for meiosis. We used Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Caenorhabditis elegans THO mutants as a tool to determine the consequences of R-loops in meiosis. We found that both S. cerevisiae and C. elegans THO mutants show defective meiosis and an impairment of premeiotic replication as well as DNA-damage accumulation. Importantly, RNase H partially suppressed the replication impairment and the DNA-damage accumulation. We conclude that R-loops can form during meiosis causing replication impairment with deleterious results.
Collapse
|
29
|
Luna R, Rondón AG, Aguilera A. New clues to understand the role of THO and other functionally related factors in mRNP biogenesis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2011; 1819:514-20. [PMID: 22207203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Coupling of transcription with mRNA processing and export has been shown to be relevant to efficient gene expression. A number of studies have determined that THO/TREX, a nuclear protein complex conserved from yeast to humans, plays an important role in mRNP biogenesis connecting transcription elongation, mRNA export and preventing genetic instability. Recent data indicates that THO could be relevant to different mRNA processing steps, including the 3'-end formation, transcript release and export. Novel connections of THO to proteins related to the splicing machinery, provide new views about possible functions of THO in mRNP biogenesis. In this review, we summarize the previous and new results concerning the impact of THO in transcription and its biological implications, with a special emphasis on the relationship with THSC/TREX-2 and other functionally related factors involved in mRNA biogenesis and export. The emerging picture presents THO as a dynamic complex interacting with the nascent RNA and with different factors connecting nuclear functions necessary for mRNP biogenesis with genome integrity, cellular homeostasis and development. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Nuclear Transport and RNA Processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Luna
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Av Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain. rlvarp@is/es
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Katahira J. mRNA export and the TREX complex. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2011; 1819:507-13. [PMID: 22178508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, we have learned that eukaryotes have evolved sophisticated means to coordinate the nuclear export of mRNAs with different steps of gene expression. This functional orchestration is important for the maintenance of the efficiency and fidelity of gene expression processes. The TREX (TRanscription-EXport) complex is an evolutionarily conserved multiprotein complex that plays a major role in the functional coupling of different steps during mRNA biogenesis, including mRNA transcription, processing, decay, and nuclear export. Furthermore, recent gene knockout studies in mice have revealed that the metazoan TREX complex is required for cell differentiation and development, likely because this complex regulates the expression of key genes. These newly identified roles for the TREX complex suggest the existence of a relationship between mRNA nuclear biogenesis and more complex cellular processes. This review describes the functional roles of the TREX complex in gene expression and the nuclear export of mRNAs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Nuclear Transport and RNA Processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Katahira
- Biomolecular Networks Laboratories, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Domínguez-Sánchez MS, Barroso S, Gómez-González B, Luna R, Aguilera A. Genome instability and transcription elongation impairment in human cells depleted of THO/TREX. PLoS Genet 2011; 7:e1002386. [PMID: 22144908 PMCID: PMC3228816 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
THO/TREX connects transcription with genome integrity in yeast, but a role of mammalian THO in these processes is uncertain, which suggests a differential implication of mRNP biogenesis factors in genome integrity in yeast and humans. We show that human THO depletion impairs transcription elongation and mRNA export and increases instability associated with DNA breaks, leading to hyper-recombination and γH2AX and 53BP1 foci accumulation. This is accompanied by replication alteration as determined by DNA combing. Genome instability is R-loop–dependent, as deduced from the ability of the AID enzyme to increase DNA damage and of RNaseH to reduce it, or from the enhancement of R-loop–dependent class-switching caused by THOC1-depletion in CH12 murine cells. Therefore, mammalian THO prevents R-loop formation and has a role in genome dynamics and function consistent with an evolutionary conservation of the functional connection between these mRNP biogenesis factors and genome integrity that had not been anticipated. THO/TREX is an eukaryotic conserved complex, first identified in budding yeast, that acts at the interface between transcription and mRNP (ribonucleoprotein) export. In yeast, THO mutants show gene expression defects and a transcription-associated recombination phenotype. Despite the structural conservation of THO/TREX, it is unclear whether the functional relevance is the same in mammals, in which several reports have identified a role of THO/TREX separated from transcription. We have asked whether mammalian THO/TREX function is connected to transcription and whether this function is required to prevent R-loop formation and to maintain genome integrity. Our study reveals that depletion of human THO subunits, in particular THOC1/hHPR1, reduces transcription elongation, affects mRNA export, and increases genome instability associated with the accumulation of DNA breaks. This genome instability is R-loop–dependent and is accompanied by an alteration of global replication patterns and an increase in recombination. We conclude that human THO/TREX prevents the formation of R-loops that can compromise genome integrity. This work, therefore, provides experimental evidence for a role of mRNP biogenesis factors and R loops in genome integrity in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María S. Domínguez-Sánchez
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Universidad de Sevilla – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Sonia Barroso
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Universidad de Sevilla – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Belén Gómez-González
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Universidad de Sevilla – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rosa Luna
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Universidad de Sevilla – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
- * E-mail: (AA); (RL)
| | - Andrés Aguilera
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Universidad de Sevilla – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sevilla, Spain
- * E-mail: (AA); (RL)
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Guria A, Tran DDH, Ramachandran S, Koch A, El Bounkari O, Dutta P, Hauser H, Tamura T. Identification of mRNAs that are spliced but not exported to the cytoplasm in the absence of THOC5 in mouse embryo fibroblasts. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2011; 17:1048-56. [PMID: 21525145 PMCID: PMC3096037 DOI: 10.1261/rna.2607011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The TREX (transcription/export) complex has been conserved throughout evolution from yeast to man and is required for coupled transcription elongation and nuclear export of mRNAs. The TREX complex in mammals and Drosophila is composed of the THO subcomplex (THOC1, THOC2, THOC5, THOC6, and THOC7), THOC3, UAP56, and Aly/THOC4. In human and Drosophila, various studies have shown that THO is required for the export of heat shock mRNAs, but nothing is known about other mRNAs. Our previous study using conditional THOC5 (or FMIP) knockout mice revealed that the presence of THOC5 is critical in hematopoietic cells but not for terminally differentiated cells. In this study, we describe the establishment of a mouse embryo fibroblast cell line (MEF), THOC5 flox/flox. Four days after infection of MEF THOC5 flox/flox with adenovirus carrying Cre-recombinase gene (Ad-GFP-Cre), THOC5 is down-regulated >95% at the protein level, and cell growth is strongly suppressed. Transcriptome analysis using cytoplasmic RNA isolated from cells lacking functional THOC5 reveals that only 2.9% of all genes were down-regulated more than twofold. Although we examined these genes in fibroblasts, one-fifth of all down-regulated genes (including HoxB3 and polycomb CBX2) are known to play a key role in hematopoietic development. We further identified 10 genes that are spliced but not exported to the cytoplasm in the absence of THOC5. These mRNAs were copurified with THOC5. Furthermore, Hsp70 mRNA was exported in the absence of THOC5 at 37°C, but not under heat shock condition (42°C), suggesting that THOC5 may be required for mRNA export under stress and/or upon signaling-induced conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Guria
- Institut für Biochemie, OE4310, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, D-30623 Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Domínguez-Sánchez MS, Sáez C, Japón MA, Aguilera A, Luna R. Differential expression of THOC1 and ALY mRNP biogenesis/export factors in human cancers. BMC Cancer 2011; 11:77. [PMID: 21329510 PMCID: PMC3050854 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background One key step in gene expression is the biogenesis of mRNA ribonucleoparticle complexes (mRNPs). Formation of the mRNP requires the participation of a number of conserved factors such as the THO complex. THO interacts physically and functionally with the Sub2/UAP56 RNA-dependent ATPase, and the Yra1/REF1/ALY RNA-binding protein linking transcription, mRNA export and genome integrity. Given the link between genome instability and cancer, we have performed a comparative analysis of the expression patterns of THOC1, a THO complex subunit, and ALY in tumor samples. Methods The mRNA levels were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and hybridization of a tumor tissue cDNA array; and the protein levels and distribution by immunostaining of a custom tissue array containing a set of paraffin-embedded samples of different tumor and normal tissues followed by statistical analysis. Results We show that the expression of two mRNP factors, THOC1 and ALY are altered in several tumor tissues. THOC1 mRNA and protein levels are up-regulated in ovarian and lung tumors and down-regulated in those of testis and skin, whereas ALY is altered in a wide variety of tumors. In contrast to THOC1, ALY protein is highly detected in normal proliferative cells, but poorly in high-grade cancers. Conclusions These results suggest a differential connection between tumorogenesis and the expression levels of human THO and ALY. This study opens the possibility of defining mRNP biogenesis factors as putative players in cell proliferation that could contribute to tumor development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María S Domínguez-Sánchez
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa CABIMER, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Av, Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Furumizu C, Tsukaya H, Komeda Y. Characterization of EMU, the Arabidopsis homolog of the yeast THO complex member HPR1. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2010; 16:1809-17. [PMID: 20668032 PMCID: PMC2924540 DOI: 10.1261/rna.2265710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Diverse and precise control is essential for eukaryotic gene expression. This is accomplished through the recruitment of a myriad of proteins to a nascent messenger RNA (mRNA) to mediate modifications, such as capping, splicing, 3'-end processing, and export. Despite being important for every cell, however, the mechanism by which the formation of diverse messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) particles contributes to maintaining intricate systems in the multicellular organism remains incompletely defined. We identified and characterized a mutant gene named erecta mRNA under-expressed (emu) that leads to the defective mRNA accumulation of ERECTA, a developmental regulator in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. EMU encodes a protein homologous to a component of the THO complex that is required for the generation of functional mRNPs. Further analysis suggested that EMU is genetically associated with SERRATE, HYPONASTIC LEAVES1, and ARGONAUTE1, which are required for proper RNA maturation or action. Furthermore, mutations in another THO-related gene led to embryonic lethality. These findings support the presence and importance of the THO-related complex in plants as well as yeast and vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Furumizu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Jimeno S, Aguilera A. The THO complex as a key mRNP biogenesis factor in development and cell differentiation. J Biol 2010; 9:6. [PMID: 20236444 PMCID: PMC2871528 DOI: 10.1186/jbiol217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The THO complex is a key component in the co-transcriptional formation of messenger ribonucleoparticles that are competent to be exported from the nucleus, yet its precise function is unknown. A recent study in BMC Biology on the role of the THOC5 subunit in cell physiology and mouse development provides new clues to the role of the THO complex in cell differentiation. See research article http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7007/8/1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Jimeno
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa, Av. Américo Vespucio s/n, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mancini A, Niemann-Seyde SC, Pankow R, El Bounkari O, Klebba-Färber S, Koch A, Jaworska E, Spooncer E, Gruber AD, Whetton AD, Tamura T. THOC5/FMIP, an mRNA export TREX complex protein, is essential for hematopoietic primitive cell survival in vivo. BMC Biol 2010; 8:1. [PMID: 20051105 PMCID: PMC2806247 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-8-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The transcription/export complex is evolutionarily conserved from yeast to man and is required for coupled transcription elongation and nuclear export of mRNAs. FMIP(Fms interacting protein) is a member of the THO (suppressors of the transcriptional defects of hpr1delta by overexpression) complex which is a subcomplex of the transcription/export complex. THO complex (THOC) components are not essential for bulk poly (A)+ RNA export in higher eukaryotes, but for the nuclear export of subset of mRNAs, however, their exact role is still unclear. Results To study the role of THOC5/Fms interacting protein in vivo, we generated THOC5/Fms interacting protein knockout mice. Since these mice are embryonic lethal, we then generated interferon inducible conditional THOC5/Fms interacting protein knockout mice. After three poly injections all of the mice died within 14 days. No pathological alterations, however, were observed in liver, kidney or heart. Thus we considered the hematopoietic system and found that seven days after poly injection, the number of blood cells in peripheral blood decreased drastically. Investigation of bone marrow cells showed that these became apoptotic within seven days after poly injection. Committed myeloid progenitor cells and cells with long term reconstituting potential were lost from bone marrow within four days after poly injection. Furthermore, infusion of normal bone marrow cells rescued mice from death induced by loss of THOC5/Fms interacting protein. Conclusion THOC5/Fms interacting protein is an essential element in the maintenance of hematopoiesis. Furthermore, mechanistically depletion of THOC5/Fms interacting protein causes the down-regulation of its direct interacting partner, THOC1 which may contribute to altered THO complex function and cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Mancini
- Institut fuer Biochemie, OE4310, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str, 1, D-30623 Hannover, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Thoc1 deficiency compromises gene expression necessary for normal testis development in the mouse. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29:2794-803. [PMID: 19307311 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01633-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that regulation of RNA processing through an RNP-driven mechanism is important for coordinated gene expression. This hypothesis predicts that defects in RNP biogenesis will adversely affect the elaboration of specific gene expression programs. To explore the role of RNP biogenesis on mammalian development, we have characterized the phenotype of mice hypomorphic for Thoc1. Thoc1 encodes an essential component of the evolutionarily conserved TREX complex. TREX accompanies the elongating RNA polymerase II and facilitates RNP assembly and recruitment of RNA processing factors. Hypomorphic Thoc1 mice are viable despite significantly reduced Thoc1 expression in the tissues examined. While most tissues of Thoc1-deficient mice appear to develop and function normally, gametogenesis is severely compromised. Male infertility is associated with a loss in spermatocyte viability and abnormal endocrine signaling. We suggest that loss of spermatocyte viability is a consequence of defects in the expression of genes required for normal differentiation of cell types within the testes. A number of the genes affected appear to be direct targets for regulation by Thoc1. These findings support the notion that Thoc1-mediated RNP assembly contributes to the coordinated expression of genes necessary for normal differentiation and development in vivo.
Collapse
|
38
|
Carney L, Pierce A, Rijnen M, Gonzalez Sanchez MB, Hamzah HG, Zhang L, Tamura T, Whetton AD. THOC5 couples M-CSF receptor signaling to transcription factor expression. Cell Signal 2008; 21:309-16. [PMID: 19015024 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Revised: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
THOC5 is a nuclear/cytoplasmic protein member of the spliceosome complex which potentiates C/EBP expression in adipocyte differentiation. As C/EBP family members are important regulators of myelopoiesis and THOC5 is highly expressed in neutrophil/macrophage progenitor cells we assessed the role of THOC5 in cytokine-stimulated monocytic development. M-CSF stimulated maturation of the NFS60 cell line was associated with enhanced THOC5 expression and phosphorylation. THOC5 was also shown to form a complex with C/EBPbeta. Ectopic expression of THOC5 mimicked M-CSF mediated cell maturation and enhanced protein expression of the myeloid transcription factors C/EBPbeta, C/EBPalpha, Pu-1 and also GAB2 (a PI-3 Kinase and macrophage development regulator). Increased THOC5 expression also mimicked M-CSF stimulated increases in the lipid second messenger PtdInsP(3). Inhibition of THOC5-induced increases in PtdInsP(3) levels abrogated the elevated levels of C/EBPbeta. Thus THOC5 expression can potentiate receptor signalling to transcription factor expression and monocyte differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Carney
- Stem Cell and Leukaemia Proteomics laboratory, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital, Wilmslow Road, Manchester M20 9BX, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
García-Rubio M, Chávez S, Huertas P, Tous C, Jimeno S, Luna R, Aguilera A. Different physiological relevance of yeast THO/TREX subunits in gene expression and genome integrity. Mol Genet Genomics 2007; 279:123-32. [PMID: 17960421 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-007-0301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
THO/TREX is a conserved nuclear complex that functions in mRNP biogenesis and plays a role in preventing the transcription-associated genetic instability. THO is composed of Tho2, Hpr1, Mft1 and Thp2 subunits, which associate with the Sub2-Yra1 export factors and Tex1 to form the TREX complex. To compare the functional relevance of the different THO/TREX subunits, we determined the effect of their null mutations on mRNA accumulation and recombination. Unexpectedly, we noticed that a full deletion of HPR1, hpr1DeltaK, conferred stronger hyper-recombination phenotype and gene expression defects than did hpr1DeltaH, the allele encoding a C-terminal truncated protein which was used in most previous studies. We show that tho2Delta and, to a lesser extent, hpr1DeltaK are the THO mutations with the highest impact on all phenotypes, and that sub2Delta shows a similar transcription-dependent hyper-recombination phenotype and in vivo transcription impairment as hpr1DeltaK and tho2Delta. Recombination and transcription analyses indicate that THO/TREX mutants share a moderate but significant effect on gene conversion and ectopic recombination, as well as transcription impairment of even short and low GC-content genes. Our data provide new information on the relevance of these proteins in mRNP biogenesis and in the maintenance of genomic integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María García-Rubio
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, CABIMER, CSIC, Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Américo Vespucio s/n, Seville, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Li Y, Lin AW, Zhang X, Wang Y, Wang X, Goodrich DW. Cancer cells and normal cells differ in their requirements for Thoc1. Cancer Res 2007; 67:6657-64. [PMID: 17638875 PMCID: PMC2804983 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved TREX (Transcription/Export) complex physically couples transcription, messenger ribonucleoprotein particle biogenesis, RNA processing, and RNA export for a subset of genes. HPR1 encodes an essential component of the S. cerevisiae TREX complex. HPR1 loss compromises transcriptional elongation, nuclear RNA export, and genome stability. Yet, HPR1 is not required for yeast viability. Thoc1 is the recently discovered human functional orthologue of HPR1. Thoc1 is expressed at higher levels in breast cancer than in normal epithelia, and expression levels correlate with tumor size and metastatic potential. Depletion of Thoc1 protein (pThoc1) in human cancer cell lines compromises cell proliferation. It is currently unclear whether Thoc1 is essential for all mammalian cells or whether cancer cells may differ from normal cells in their dependence on Thoc1. To address this issue, we have compared the requirements for Thoc1 in the proliferation and survival of isogenic normal and oncogene-transformed cells. Neoplastic cells rapidly lose viability via apoptotic cell death on depletion of pThoc1. Induction of apoptotic cell death is coincident with increased DNA damage as indicated by the appearance of phosphorylated histone H2AX. In contrast, the viability of normal cells is largely unaffected by pThoc1 loss. Normal cells lacking Thoc1 cannot be transformed by forced expression of E1A and Ha-ras, suggesting that Thoc1 may be important for neoplastic transformation. In sum, our data are consistent with the hypothesis that cancer cells require higher levels of pThoc1 for survival than normal cells. If true, pThoc1 may provide a novel molecular target for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - David W. Goodrich
- Correspondence to David W. Goodrich, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, New York, 14263;
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Thoc1 encodes an essential component of the mammalian TREX protein complex. TREX is an evolutionary conserved complex that couples elongating RNA polymerase II with RNA processing factors. Depletion of Thoc1 protein (pThoc1) compromises transcriptional elongation and nuclear export of some RNAs. Loss of Thoc1 causes periimplantation embryonic lethality in the mouse. Early embryonic lethality precludes analysis of the physiological requirements for Thoc1 in the developing embryo or adult. To circumvent this limitation, we have generated mice containing hypomorphic or conditional alleles of Thoc1. Mice homozygous for the conditional allele appear normal. Mice containing Cre recombined conditional alleles phenocopy the previously characterized Thoc1 null allele. Mice homozygous for the hypomorphic allele are viable and born at a frequency that is not significantly different from the expected Mendelian ratio. However, these mice express less pThoc1 than wild type mice and exhibit a dwarf phenotype. The dwarf phenotype can be detected in mid-gestation embryos, suggesting that Thoc1 is also required later in embryonic and postnatal development.
Collapse
|