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Coordinated dysregulation of cancer progression by the HER family and p21-activated kinases. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2020; 39:583-601. [PMID: 32820388 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-020-09922-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Most epithelial cancer types are polygenic in nature and are driven by coordinated dysregulation of multiple regulatory pathways, genes, and protein modifications. The process of coordinated regulation of cancer promoting pathways in response to extrinsic and intrinsic signals facilitates the dysregulation of several pathways with complementary functions, contributing to the hallmarks of cancer. Dysregulation and hyperactivation of cell surface human epidermal growth factor receptors (HERs) and cytoskeleton remodeling by p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are two prominent interconnected aspects of oncogenesis. We briefly discuss the discoveries and significant advances in the area of coordinated regulation of HERs and PAKs in the development and progression of breast and other epithelial cancers. We also discuss how initial studies involving heregulin signaling via HER3-HER2 axis and HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells not only discovered a mechanistic role of PAK1 in breast cancer pathobiology but also acted as a bridge in generating a broader cancer research interest in other PAK family members and cancer types and catalyzed establishing the role of PAKs in human cancer, at-large. In addition, growth factor stimulation of the PAK pathway also helped to recognize new facets of PAKs, connecting the PAK pathway to oncogenesis, nuclear signaling, gene expression, mitotic progression, DNA damage response, among other phenotypic responses, and shaped the field of PAK cancer research. Finally, we recount some of the current limitations of HER- and PAK-directed therapeutics in counteracting acquired therapeutic resistance and discuss how cancer's as a polygenic disease may be best targeted with a polygenic approach.
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2
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Kumar R. John Mendelsohn's journey in cancer biology and therapy. Cancer Biol Ther 2020; 21:389-390. [PMID: 31971860 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2020.1712829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Cancer Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, India.,Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Hematology-Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
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3
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Kumar R, Murad F, Bogler O, O'Malley BW, Hortobagyi GN. John Mendelsohn: A visionary scientist, oncologist and leader. Genes Cancer 2019; 10:109-118. [PMID: 31798764 PMCID: PMC6872667 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dr. John Mendelsohn is credited for the concept of targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), providing the first evidence of anticancer activity of antagonist anti-EGFR mAb, and developing the Erbitux (Cetuximab) drug for cancer patients. During his professional journey, Dr. Mendelsohn also helped to build and elevate the status of three cancer cancers, all while touching the lives of cancer patients around the globe. He was a towering figure, and his passing in January 2019 casts a very long shadow over the entire field of cancer research and treatment. Although no one person can ever adequately fill John Mendelsohn's very large shoes, we can all learn by his remarkable example. Here we discuss Dr. Mendelsohn's professional life to spotlight his influence on oncology and also share personal reflections from us and several colleagues: Tony Hunter, Robert A. Weinberg, Robert C. Bast, Raymond Sawaya, David M. Gershenson, Christopher J Logothetis, Stanley R. Hamilton, Mien-Chie Hung, and George M. Stancel. See related article Kumar et al. Can Res 2019; 79:4315-4323.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Cancer Biology Program, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Trivandrum, Kerala, INDIA.,Department of Human & Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, USA.,Department of Medicine, Hematology-Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, USA
| | - Ferid Murad
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Palo Alto Veterans Institute for Research (Stanford Affiliated Hospital), Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Oliver Bogler
- ECHO Institute, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
| | - Bert W O'Malley
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Gabriel N Hortobagyi
- Breast Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer, Houston, Texas, USA
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4
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Chen J, Yang C, Guo B, Sena ES, Macleod MR, Yuan Y, Hirst TC. The Efficacy of Trastuzumab in Animal Models of Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158240. [PMID: 27463246 PMCID: PMC4963137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is the most frequent cancers and is the second leading cause of cancer death among women. Trastuzumab is an effective treatment, the first monoclonal antibody directed against the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). To inform the development of other effective treatments we report summary estimates of efficacy of trastuzumab on survival and tumour volume in animal models of breast cancer. Methods We searched PubMed and EMBASE systematically to identify publications testing trastuzumab in animal models of breast cancer. Data describing tumour volume, median survival and animal features were extracted and we assessed quality using a 12-item checklist. We analysed the impact of study design and quality and evidence for publication bias. Results We included data from 83 studies reporting 169 experiments using 2076 mice. Trastuzumab treatment caused a substantial reduction in tumour growth, with tumours in treated animals growing to 32.6% of the volume of tumours in control animals (95%CI 27.8%-38.2%). Median survival was prolonged by a factor of 1.45 (1.30–1.62). Many study design and quality features accounted for between-study heterogeneity and we found evidence suggesting publication bias. Conclusion We have found trastuzumab to be effective in animal breast cancer models across a range of experimental circumstances. However the presence of publication bias and a low prevalence of measures to reduce bias provide a focus for future improvements in preclinical breast cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Chen
- Department of Oncology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529030, P. R. China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou DaDao Bei, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P. R. China
| | - Canhong Yang
- Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, P. R. China
| | - Bin Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510282, P. R. China
| | - Emily S. Sena
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellors Building, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm R. Macleod
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellors Building, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Yawei Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou DaDao Bei, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Theodore C. Hirst
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Chancellors Building, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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5
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Dokmanovic M, Wu Y, Shen Y, Chen J, Hirsch DS, Wu WJ. Trastuzumab-induced recruitment of Csk-homologous kinase (CHK) to ErbB2 receptor is associated with ErbB2-Y1248 phosphorylation and ErbB2 degradation to mediate cell growth inhibition. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 15:1029-41. [PMID: 24835103 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.29171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory effect of trastuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the extracellular domain of ErbB2, is associated with its ability to induce ErbB2-Y1248 phosphorylation, and the status of phosphorylated ErbB2-Y1248 (ErbB2-pY1248) may correlate with the sensitivity of breast cancers to trastuzumab. The mechanisms of which remain unclear. Here, we show that binding of trastuzumab to ErbB2 activates ErbB2 kinase activity and enhances ErbB2-Y1248 phosphorylation in trastuzumab-sensitive breast cancer cells. This in turn increases the interaction between ErbB2 and non-receptor Csk-homologous kinase (CHK), leading to growth inhibition of breast cancer cells. Overexpression of CHK mimics trastuzumab treatment to mediate ErbB2-Y1248 phosphorylation, Akt downregulation, and growth inhibition of trastuzumab-sensitive breast cancer cells. CHK overexpression combined with trastuzumab exerts an additive effect on cell growth inhibition. We further demonstrate that positive ErbB2-pY1248 staining in ErbB2-positive breast cancer biopsies correlates with the increased trastuzumab response in trastuzumab neoadjuvant settings. Collectively, this study highlights an important role for ErbB2-pY1248 in mediating trastuzumab-induced growth inhibition and trastuzumab-induced interactions between CHK and ErbB2-pY1248 is identified as a novel mechanism of action that mediates the growth inhibition of breast cancer cells. The novel mechanistic insights into trastuzumab action revealed by this study may impact the design of next generation of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies targeting receptor tyrosine kinases, as well as open new avenues to identify novel targets for the treatment of ErbB2-positive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Dokmanovic
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies; Office of Biotechnology Products; Office of Pharmaceutical Science; Center for Drug Evaluation and Research; US Food and Drug Administration; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Pathology; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
| | - Yi Shen
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies; Office of Biotechnology Products; Office of Pharmaceutical Science; Center for Drug Evaluation and Research; US Food and Drug Administration; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Jieqing Chen
- Department of Pathology; University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
| | - Dianne S Hirsch
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies; Office of Biotechnology Products; Office of Pharmaceutical Science; Center for Drug Evaluation and Research; US Food and Drug Administration; Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Wen Jin Wu
- Division of Monoclonal Antibodies; Office of Biotechnology Products; Office of Pharmaceutical Science; Center for Drug Evaluation and Research; US Food and Drug Administration; Bethesda, MD USA
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6
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Xia X, Li W, Zhang Y, Xia Y. Silica-coated dimers of silver nanospheres as surface-enhanced Raman scattering tags for imaging cancer cells. Interface Focus 2014; 3:20120092. [PMID: 24427538 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2012.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) tags have been actively explored as a multiplexing platform for sensitive detection of biomolecules. Here, we report a new type of SERS tags that was fabricated by sequentially functionalizing dimers made of 50 nm Ag nanospheres with 4-mercaptobenzoic acid as the Raman reporter molecule, silica coating as a protective shell and antibody as a targeting ligand. These dimer-based tags give highly enhanced and reproducible Raman signals owing to the presence of a well-defined SERS hot spot at the junction between two Ag nanospheres in the dimer. The SERS enhancement factor (EF) of an individual dimer tag supported on a glass slide can reach a level as high as 4.3 × 10(6). In comparison, the EFs dropped to 2.8 × 10(5) and 8.7 × 10(5), respectively, when Ag nanospheres and nanocubes with sizes similar to the spheres in the dimer were used to fabricate the tags using similar procedures. The SERS signals from aqueous suspensions of the dimer-based tags also showed high intensity and good stability. Potential use of the dimer-based tags was demonstrated by imaging cancer cells overexpressing HER2 receptors with good specificity and high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohu Xia
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Medical School ; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, GA 30332 , USA
| | - Weiyang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305 , USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Medical School ; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, GA 30332 , USA
| | - Younan Xia
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University Medical School ; School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, GA 30332 , USA
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7
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Nahta R. Molecular Mechanisms of Trastuzumab-Based Treatment in HER2-Overexpressing Breast Cancer. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:428062. [PMID: 23227361 PMCID: PMC3512309 DOI: 10.5402/2012/428062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The past decade of research into HER2-overexpressing breast cancer has provided significant insight into the mechanisms by which HER2 signaling drives tumor progression, as well as potential mechanisms by which cancer cells escape the anticancer activity of HER2-targeted therapy. Many of these preclinical findings have been translated into clinical development, resulting in novel combinations of HER2-targeted therapies and combinations of trastuzumab plus inhibitors of resistance pathways. In this paper, we will discuss proposed mechanisms of trastuzumab resistance, including epitope masking, cross signaling from other cell surface receptors, hyperactive downstream signaling, and failure to induce antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. In addition, we will discuss the molecular mechanisms of action of dual HER2 inhibition, specifically the combination of trastuzumab plus lapatinib or trastuzumab with pertuzumab. We will also discuss data supporting therapeutic combinations of trastuzumab with agents targeted against molecules implicated in trastuzumab resistance. The roles of insulin-like growth factor-I receptor and the estrogen receptor are discussed in the context of resistance to HER2-targeted therapies. Finally, we will examine the major issues that need to be addressed in order to translate these combinations from the bench to the clinic, including the need to establish relevant biomarkers to select for those patients who are most likely to benefit from a particular drug combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Nahta
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine Emory University, Suite 5001, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, School of Medicine Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA ; Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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8
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Nahta R. New developments in the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer. BREAST CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2012; 4:53-64. [PMID: 23869176 DOI: 10.2147/bctt.s24976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 20%-30% of metastatic breast cancers show increased expression of the human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) tyrosine kinase. Two HER2-specific therapies are currently approved for clinical treatment of patients with HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody against HER2 and is approved for first-line treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Lapatinib is a small molecule dual inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor and HER2 tyrosine kinases, and is approved for trastuzumab-refractory disease. Although trastuzumab is a highly effective therapy for patients with HER2-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer, a significant number of patients in the initial clinical trials of trastuzumab monotherapy showed resistance to trastuzumab-based therapy. Further, among those who did respond, the initial trials indicated that the median time to progression was less than 1 year. Similarly, lapatinib is effective in a subset of trastuzumab-refractory cases, but the majority of patients display resistance. This review discusses the multiple molecular mechanisms of resistance that have been proposed in the literature. In addition, novel agents that are being tested for efficacy against HER2-positive breast cancer, including the antibodies pertuzumab and trastuzumab-DM1 and the immunotoxin affitoxin, are reviewed. The introduction of trastuzumab has revolutionized the clinical care of patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer and has resulted in dramatic reductions in recurrences of early-stage HER2-positive breast cancer. The development and implementation of gene- and protein-based assays that measure potential molecular predictors of trastuzumab resistance will allow individualization of HER2-targeted therapeutic approaches, and may ultimately improve treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Nahta
- Departments of Pharmacology and Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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9
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Chen DY, Lee Y, Van Tine BA, Searleman AC, Westergard TD, Liu H, Tu HC, Takeda S, Dong Y, Piwnica-Worms DR, Oh KJ, Korsmeyer SJ, Hermone A, Gussio R, Shoemaker RH, Cheng EHY, Hsieh JJD. A pharmacologic inhibitor of the protease Taspase1 effectively inhibits breast and brain tumor growth. Cancer Res 2011; 72:736-46. [PMID: 22166309 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-11-2584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The threonine endopeptidase Taspase1 has a critical role in cancer cell proliferation and apoptosis. In this study, we developed and evaluated small molecule inhibitors of Taspase1 as a new candidate class of therapeutic modalities. Genetic deletion of Taspase1 in the mouse produced no overt deficiencies, suggesting the possibility of a wide therapeutic index for use of Taspase1 inhibitors in cancers. We defined the peptidyl motifs recognized by Taspase1 and conducted a cell-based dual-fluorescent proteolytic screen of the National Cancer Institute diversity library to identify Taspase1 inhibitors (TASPIN). On the basis of secondary and tertiary screens the 4-[(4-arsonophenyl)methyl]phenyl] arsonic acid NSC48300 was determined to be the most specific active compound. Structure-activity relationship studies indicated a crucial role for the arsenic acid moiety in mediating Taspase1 inhibition. Additional fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based kinetic analysis characterized NSC48300 as a reversible, noncompetitive inhibitor of Taspase1 (K(i) = 4.22 μmol/L). In the MMTV-neu mouse model of breast cancer and the U251 xenograft model of brain cancer, NSC48300 produced effective tumor growth inhibition. Our results offer an initial preclinical proof-of-concept to develop TASPINs for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Y Chen
- Department of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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10
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Köstler WJ, Brodowicz T, Hudelist G, Rudas M, Horvat R, Steger GG, Singer CF, Attems J, Rabitsch W, Fakhrai N, Elandt K, Wiltschke C, Hejna M, Zielinski CC. The efficacy of trastuzumab in Her-2/neu-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer is independent of p53 status. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2005; 131:420-8. [PMID: 15864644 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-005-0670-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2004] [Accepted: 01/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Her-2/neu and p53-mediated signalling have been shown to interact at various cellular levels. However, the clinical relevance of p53 alterations in patients receiving trastuzumab for Her-2/neu-overexpressing metastatic breast cancer (MBC) remains unknown. The present study was performed to corroborate previous in vitro findings from our laboratory showing that trastuzumab induces growth arrest and apoptosis in a p53-independent manner. METHOD Retrospective immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis for p53 protein expression was carried out on tumour specimens from 104 patients receiving trastuzumab-based treatment for Her-2/neu-overexpressing MBC at a single institution. p53 status was correlated with response (R) and clinical benefit (CB), median progression-free survival (PFS) time and overall survival (OAS) time in univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS Characteristics were similar between p53-negative and p53-positive tumours (all P>0.05). In univariate analyses, R (39% vs 26%, P=0.208), CB (70% vs 57%, P=0.218), PFS (6.2 months vs 4.2 months, P=0.186) and OAS (23.8 months vs 23.2 months, P=0.650) were similar for p53-positive tumours and p53-negative tumours, respectively. In multivariate analyses, p53 status was not a significant predictor of R, CB, PFS or OAS (all P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS p53 status, as determined by IHC, is not a predictor of the clinical efficacy of trastuzumab-based treatment in patients with Her-2/neu-overexpressing MBC.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/secondary
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/secondary
- Female
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Prognosis
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Retrospective Studies
- Survival Rate
- Trastuzumab
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang J Köstler
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 18-20 Waehringer Guertel, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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11
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Austin CD, De Mazière AM, Pisacane PI, van Dijk SM, Eigenbrot C, Sliwkowski MX, Klumperman J, Scheller RH. Endocytosis and sorting of ErbB2 and the site of action of cancer therapeutics trastuzumab and geldanamycin. Mol Biol Cell 2004; 15:5268-82. [PMID: 15385631 PMCID: PMC532009 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e04-07-0591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
ErbB2 is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase whose surface overexpression is linked to tumorigenesis and poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. Two models have emerged that account for the high surface distribution of ErbB2. In one model, the surface pool is dynamic and governed by a balance between endocytosis and recycling, whereas in the other it is retained, static, and excluded from endocytosis. These models have contrasting implications for how ErbB2 exerts its biological function and how cancer therapies might down-regulate surface ErbB2, such as the antibody trastuzumab (Herceptin) or the Hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin. Little is known, however, about how these treatments affect ErbB2 endocytic trafficking. To investigate this issue, we examined breast carcinoma cells by immunofluorescence and quantitative immunoelectron microscopy and developed imaging and trafficking kinetics assays using cell surface fluorescence quenching. Surprisingly, trastuzumab does not influence ErbB2 distribution but instead recycles passively with internalized ErbB2. By contrast, geldanamycin down-regulates surface ErbB2 through improved degradative sorting in endosomes exclusively rather than through increased endocytosis. These results reveal substantial dynamism in the surface ErbB2 pool and clearly demonstrate the significance of endosomal sorting in the maintenance of ErbB2 surface distribution, a critical feature of its biological function.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Benzoquinones
- Biological Transport
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/ultrastructure
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Down-Regulation
- Endocytosis
- Humans
- Lactams, Macrocyclic
- Lysosomes/metabolism
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Neoplasms/immunology
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Quinones/pharmacology
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Trastuzumab
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Argiris A, Wang CX, Whalen SG, DiGiovanna MP. Synergistic Interactions between Tamoxifen and Trastuzumab (Herceptin). Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:1409-20. [PMID: 14977844 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-1060-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE HER-2/neu and estrogen receptor (ER) are critical in the biology of breast carcinoma, and both are validated therapeutic targets. Extensive interactions between the signaling pathways of these receptors have been demonstrated. This suggests that targeting both receptors simultaneously may have a dramatic effect on the biology of breast cancer. This hypothesis was tested in cell culture experiments. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN ER-positive, HER-2/neu-overexpressing BT-474 human breast carcinoma cells were cultured in the presence of the anti-HER-2/neu therapeutic antibody trastuzumab (Herceptin), the antiestrogen tamoxifen, or both. The effects on cell growth, cell cycle distribution, clonogenicity, survival, and the level and activity of HER-2/neu were examined. RESULTS The combination of tamoxifen and Herceptin resulted in synergistic growth inhibition and enhancement of cell accumulation in the G(0)-G(1) phase of the cell cycle, with a decrease in cells in S phase. Clonogenicity was inhibited in the presence of each drug and more so by the combination, although prior exposure to drugs did not affect subsequent clonogenicity in drug-free media, and neither drug nor the combination induced apoptosis. Herceptin, but not tamoxifen, inhibited signaling by HER-2/neu. CONCLUSIONS The combination of tamoxifen and Herceptin is formally demonstrated to result in synergistic growth inhibition and enhancement of G(0)-G(1) cell cycle accumulation. In vitro, the individual drugs or combination produces a cytostatic effect. These results suggest that combined inhibition of ER and HER-2/neu signaling may represent a powerful approach to the treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanassios Argiris
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
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13
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Hudelist G, Köstler WJ, Attems J, Czerwenka K, Müller R, Manavi M, Steger GG, Kubista E, Zielinski CC, Singer CF. Her-2/neu-triggered intracellular tyrosine kinase activation: in vivo relevance of ligand-independent activation mechanisms and impact upon the efficacy of trastuzumab-based treatment. Br J Cancer 2003; 89:983-91. [PMID: 12966413 PMCID: PMC2376939 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteolytic cleavage of the Her-2/neu extracellular domain (ECD) has been shown to initiate receptor phosphorylation representing Her-2/neu activation in vitro. The present investigation was performed to evaluate the clinical relevance of ECD cleavage for Her-2/neu activation and the consequences of active intracellular Her-2/neu signalling reflected by tyrosine kinase phosphorylation in patients treated with the anti-Her-2/neu antibody trastuzumab. Sera from 62 patients receiving trastuzumab-based treatment for Her-2/neu overexpressing metastatic breast cancer were assessed for pretreatment ECD levels using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In parallel, Her-2/neu activation status of tumour specimens was assessed by immunohistochemistry using a Her-2/neu phosphorylation state specific antibody (PN2A) and correlated with the patients' ECD levels and clinical course of disease. Serum ECD levels were significantly higher in 15 (24%) patients with tumours exhibiting activated Her-2/neu as compared to those without detectable Her-2/neu phosphorylation (median 148.2 vs 28.5 ng ml(-1), P=0.010). Whereas response rate only showed a trend to be higher in patients with Her-2/neu-phosphorylated breast cancer (47 vs 34%, P=0.197), both uni- and multivariate analyses revealed that the median progression-free survival under trastuzumab-based treatment was significantly longer in patients with Her-2/neu-phosphorylated breast cancer-11.7 (95% CI 5.2-18.3) months-when compared to the progression-free survival of 4.5 (95% CI 3.4-5.6) months observed in patients with tumours lacking phosphorylated Her-2/neu (P=0.001). Proteolytic cleavage of the ECD represents a biologically relevant ligand-independent mechanism of Her-2/neu activation in vivo. The influence of Her-2/neu activation status upon the outcome of trastuzumab-based therapies merits further investigation in larger prospective trials.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Enzyme Activation
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/metabolism
- Ligands
- Middle Aged
- Phosphorylation
- Phosphotyrosine/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Survival Rate
- Trastuzumab
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hudelist
- Clinical Division of Special Gynaecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Center for Excellence in Clinical and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - W J Köstler
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, and Center for Excellence in Clinical and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital, Vienna, Austria
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, University Hospital of Vienna, 18-20 Waehringer Guertel, A-1090 Vienna, Austria. E-mail:
| | - J Attems
- Department of Pathology, Otto Wagner Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - K Czerwenka
- Division of Gynaecopathology, Department of Pathology, and Center for Excellence in Clinical and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - R Müller
- Division of Gynaecopathology, Department of Pathology, and Center for Excellence in Clinical and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Manavi
- Clinical Division of Special Gynaecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Center for Excellence in Clinical and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - G G Steger
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, and Center for Excellence in Clinical and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - E Kubista
- Clinical Division of Special Gynaecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Center for Excellence in Clinical and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Clinical-Experimental Oncology, Vienna, Austria
| | - C C Zielinski
- Clinical Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, and Center for Excellence in Clinical and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Clinical-Experimental Oncology, Vienna, Austria
| | - C F Singer
- Clinical Division of Special Gynaecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Center for Excellence in Clinical and Experimental Oncology, University Hospital, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Clinical-Experimental Oncology, Vienna, Austria
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14
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Lipkowitz S. The role of the ubiquitination-proteasome pathway in breast cancer: ubiquitin mediated degradation of growth factor receptors in the pathogenesis and treatment of cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2003; 5:8-15. [PMID: 12559039 PMCID: PMC154127 DOI: 10.1186/bcr541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2002] [Revised: 08/13/2002] [Accepted: 09/11/2002] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activity of growth factor receptors has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of malignancies. The negative regulation of signaling by growth factor receptors is mediated in large part by the ubiquitination, internalization, and degradation of the activated receptor. Over the past few years, considerable insight into the mechanisms that control receptor downregulation has been gained. There are also data suggesting that mutations that lead to inhibition of downregulation of growth factor receptors could play a role in the pathogenesis of cancer. Therapies directed at enhancing the degradation of growth factor receptors offer a promising approach to the treatment of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stan Lipkowitz
- Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Naval Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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15
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Offterdinger M, Schöfer C, Weipoltshammer K, Grunt TW. c-erbB-3: a nuclear protein in mammary epithelial cells. J Cell Biol 2002; 157:929-39. [PMID: 12045181 PMCID: PMC2174048 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200109033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
c-erbB receptors are usually located in cell membranes and are activated by extracellular binding of EGF-like growth factors. Unexpectedly, using immunofluorescence we found high levels of c-erbB-3 within the nuclei of MTSV1-7 immortalized nonmalignant human mammary epithelial cells. Nuclear localization was mediated by the COOH terminus of c-erbB-3, and a nuclear localization signal was identified by site-directed mutagenesis and by transfer of the signal to chicken pyruvate kinase. A nuclear export inhibitor caused accumulation of c-erbB-3 in the nuclei of other mammary epithelial cell lines as demonstrated by immunofluorescence and biochemical cell fractionation, suggesting that c-erbB-3 shuttles between nuclear and nonnuclear compartments in these cells. Growth of MTSV1-7 on permeable filters induced epithelial polarity and concentration of c-erbB-3 within the nucleoli. However, the c-erbB-3 ligand heregulin beta1 shifted c-erbB-3 from the nucleolus into the nucleoplasm and then into the cytoplasm. The subcellular localization of c-erbB-3 obviously depends on exogenous stimuli and on the stage of epithelial polarity and challenges the specific function of c-erbB-3 as a transmembrane receptor protein arguing for additional, as yet unidentified, roles of c-erbB-3 within the nucle(ol)us of mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Offterdinger
- Signaling Networks Program, Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Vienna, A-1097 Vienna, Austria
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16
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Abstract
Human carcinomas frequently express high levels of receptors in the EGF receptor family, and overexpression of at least two of these receptors, the EGF receptor (EGFr) and closely related ErbB2, has been associated with a more aggressive clinical behavior. Further, transfection or activation of high levels of these two receptors in nonmalignant cell lines can lead to a transformed phenotype. For these reasons therapies directed at preventing the function of these receptors have the potential to be useful anti-cancer treatments. In the last two decades monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) which block activation of the EGFr and ErbB2 have been developed. These MAbs have shown promising preclinical activity and 'chimeric' and 'humanized' MAbs have been produced in order to obviate the problem of host immune reactions. Clinical activity with these antibodies has been documented: trastuzumab, a humanized anti-ErbB2 MAb, is active and was recently approved in combination with paclitaxel for the therapy of patients with metastatic ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer; IMC-C225, a chimeric anti-EGFr MAb, has shown impressive activity when combined with radiation therapy and reverses resistance to chemotherapy. In addition to antibodies, compounds that directly inhibit receptor tyrosine kinases have shown preclinical activity and early clinical activity has been reported. A series of phase III studies with these antibodies and direct tyrosine kinase inhibitors are ongoing or planned, and will further address the role of these active anti-receptor agents in the treatment of patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mendelsohn
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, 77030-4009, USA
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17
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Flores AI, Mallon BS, Matsui T, Ogawa W, Rosenzweig A, Okamoto T, Macklin WB. Akt-mediated survival of oligodendrocytes induced by neuregulins. J Neurosci 2000; 20:7622-30. [PMID: 11027222 PMCID: PMC6772890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuregulins have been implicated in a number of events in cells in the oligodendrocyte lineage, including enhanced survival, mitosis, migration, and differentiation. At least two signaling pathways have been shown to be involved in neuregulin signaling: the phosphatidylinositol (PI)-3 kinase and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. In the present studies, we examined the signaling pathway involved in the survival function of heregulin, focusing on heregulin-induced changes in Akt activity in cultured glial cells, and the consequences of Akt activation in cells in the oligodendrocyte lineage. Heregulin binds erbB receptors, and in our studies, primary cultures of both oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and differentiating oligodendrocytes expressed erbB2, erbB3, and erbB4 receptors. In C6 glioma cells and primary cultures of oligodendrocytes, heregulin induced time- and dose-dependent Akt phosphorylation at Ser(473) in a wortmannin-sensitive manner. To investigate further the signaling pathway for heregulin in glial cells, BAD was overexpressed in C6 glioma cells. In these cells, heregulin induced phosphorylation of BAD at Ser(136). Apoptosis of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells induced by growth factor deprivation was effectively blocked by heregulin in a wortmannin-sensitive manner. Overexpression of dominant negative Akt but not of wild-type Akt by adenoviral gene transfer in primary cultures of both oligodendrocytes and their progenitors induced significant apoptosis through activation of the caspase cascade. The present data suggest that the survival function of heregulin is mediated through the PI-3 kinase/Akt pathway in cells in the oligodendrocyte lineage and that the Akt pathway may be quite important for survival of cells in this lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Flores
- Department of Neurosciences, The Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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18
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Flores AI, Mallon BS, Matsui T, Ogawa W, Rosenzweig A, Okamoto T, Macklin WB. Akt-mediated survival of oligodendrocytes induced by neuregulins. J Neurosci 2000; 20. [PMID: 11027222 PMCID: PMC6772890 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.20-20-07622.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuregulins have been implicated in a number of events in cells in the oligodendrocyte lineage, including enhanced survival, mitosis, migration, and differentiation. At least two signaling pathways have been shown to be involved in neuregulin signaling: the phosphatidylinositol (PI)-3 kinase and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. In the present studies, we examined the signaling pathway involved in the survival function of heregulin, focusing on heregulin-induced changes in Akt activity in cultured glial cells, and the consequences of Akt activation in cells in the oligodendrocyte lineage. Heregulin binds erbB receptors, and in our studies, primary cultures of both oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and differentiating oligodendrocytes expressed erbB2, erbB3, and erbB4 receptors. In C6 glioma cells and primary cultures of oligodendrocytes, heregulin induced time- and dose-dependent Akt phosphorylation at Ser(473) in a wortmannin-sensitive manner. To investigate further the signaling pathway for heregulin in glial cells, BAD was overexpressed in C6 glioma cells. In these cells, heregulin induced phosphorylation of BAD at Ser(136). Apoptosis of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells induced by growth factor deprivation was effectively blocked by heregulin in a wortmannin-sensitive manner. Overexpression of dominant negative Akt but not of wild-type Akt by adenoviral gene transfer in primary cultures of both oligodendrocytes and their progenitors induced significant apoptosis through activation of the caspase cascade. The present data suggest that the survival function of heregulin is mediated through the PI-3 kinase/Akt pathway in cells in the oligodendrocyte lineage and that the Akt pathway may be quite important for survival of cells in this lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Flores
- Department of Neurosciences, The Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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19
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Lane HA, Beuvink I, Motoyama AB, Daly JM, Neve RM, Hynes NE. ErbB2 potentiates breast tumor proliferation through modulation of p27(Kip1)-Cdk2 complex formation: receptor overexpression does not determine growth dependency. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:3210-23. [PMID: 10757805 PMCID: PMC85615 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.9.3210-3223.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/1999] [Accepted: 02/03/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the ErbB2 receptor, a major component of the ErbB receptor signaling network, contributes to the development of a number of human cancers. ErbB2 presents itself, therefore, as a target for antibody-mediated therapies. In this respect, anti-ErbB2 monoclonal antibody 4D5 specifically inhibits the growth of tumor cells overexpressing ErbB2. We have analyzed the effect of 4D5-mediated ErbB2 inhibition on the cell cycle of the breast tumor cell line BT474. 4D5 treatment of BT474 cells resulted in a G(1) arrest, preceded by rapid dephosphorylation of ErbB2, inhibition of cytoplasmic signal transduction pathways, accumulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1), and inactivation of cyclin-Cdk2 complexes. Time courses demonstrated that 4D5 treatment redirects p27(Kip1) onto Cdk2 complexes, an event preceding increased p27(Kip1) expression; this correlates with the downregulation of c-Myc and D-type cyclins (proteins involved in p27(Kip1) sequestration) and the loss of p27(Kip1) from Cdk4 complexes. Similar events were observed in ErbB2-overexpressing SKBR3 cells, which exhibited reduced proliferation in response to 4D5 treatment. Here, p27(Kip1) redistribution resulted in partial Cdk2 inactivation, consistent with a G1 accumulation. Moreover, p27(Kip1) protein levels remained constant. Antisense-mediated inhibition of p27(Kip1) expression in 4D5-treated BT474 cells further demonstrated that in the absence of p27(Kip1) accumulation, p27(Kip1) redirection onto Cdk2 complexes is sufficient to inactivate Cdk2 and establish the G(1) block. These data suggest that ErbB2 overexpression leads to potentiation of cyclin E-Cdk2 activity through regulation of p27(Kip1) sequestration proteins, thus deregulating the G(1)/S transition. Moreover, through comparison with an ErbB2-overexpressing cell line insensitive to 4D5 treatment, we demonstrate the specificity of these cell cycle events and show that ErbB2 overexpression alone is insufficient to determine the cellular response to receptor inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Lane
- Friedrich Miescher Institute, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
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20
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Vadlamudi R, Adam L, Talukder A, Mendelsohn J, Kumar R. Serine phosphorylation of paxillin by heregulin-beta1: role of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase. Oncogene 1999; 18:7253-64. [PMID: 10602479 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms through which heregulin (HRG) regulates the progression of breast cancer cells to a more invasive phenotype are currently unknown. Recently we have shown that HRG treatment of breast cancer cells leads to the formation of lamellipodia/filopodia, and increased cell migration and invasiveness through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3 kinase). Since the process of cell migration must involve changes in adhesion, we explored the potential HRG regulation of paxillin, a major cytoskeletal phosphoprotein of focal adhesion. We report that HRG stimulation of non-invasive breast cancer cells resulted in stimulation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) and PI-3K, and a concurrent unexpected increase in the level of paxillin phosphorylation on serine residue which was sensitive to protein-phosphatase 2b but not to protein tyrosine phosphatase 1. In addition, HRG triggered a rapid redistribution of paxillin to the perinuclear regions from the tyrosine-phosphorylated focal adhesions, and increased cell scattering. There was no effect of HRG on the state of phosphorylation and localization of focal adhesion kinase. The HRG-induced increase in serine phosphorylation of paxillin and cell scattering were selectively inhibited by a specific inhibitor of p38MAPK or a dominant-negative p38MAPK mutant, but not by inhibitors of p42/44MAPK or PI-3 kinase pathways. For the first time our results have shown that HRG, a potent migratory growth factor stimulates serine phosphorylation of paxillin. These findings suggest a role of p38MAPK-dependent signal transduction pathway(s) in serine phosphorylation and disassembly of the paxillin from the focal complexes during HRG-induced cell shape alterations and motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vadlamudi
- Cell Growth Regulation Laboratory, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, TX 77030, USA
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21
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Abstract
Breast carcinomas express high levels of ErbB receptors and their ligands, and their overexpression has been associated with a more aggressive clinical behavior. For these reasons therapies directed at these receptors have the potential to be useful anti-cancer treatments. A series of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs)3 directed against the EGF (ErbB1) receptor and the closely related HER2/Neu (ErbB2) receptor are currently under evaluation. These MAbs have shown promising preclinical activity and "chimeric" and "humanized" MAbs have been produced in order to obviate the problem of host immune reactions. These antibodies are currently being tested in clinical trials either alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents. Clinical activity with one of these antibodies, trastuzumab, a humanized anti-ErbB2 MAb, has been documented in patients with breast cancer in a series of clinical trials and has recently been approved for the therapy of patients with metastatic ErbB2 overexpressing breast cancer. In addition to antibodies, compounds that inhibit receptor tyrosine kinases have shown significant preclinical activity and are currently being evaluated in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Albanell
- Medical Oncology Service, Hospital Universitari Vall d' Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Abstract
Expression of c-erbB3 protein was investigated in 104 primary breast carcinomas comprising nine comedo ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), 91 invasive ductal carcinomas and four invasive lobular carcinomas using two monoclonal antibodies, RTJ1 and RTJ2. Of the 91 invasive ductal carcinomas, seven contained the comedo DCIS component adjacent to the invasive component. An immunohistochemical technique was used to evaluate the association between expression of c-erbB3 and clinical parameters and tumour markers such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), c-erbB2, cathepsin-D and p53 in archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumour tissues. Our results indicated that RTJ1 and RTJ2 gave identical staining patterns and concordant results. It was found that the overexpression of c-erbB3 protein was observed in 67% (6/9) of comedo DCIS, 52% (44/84) of invasive ductal carcinomas, 71% (5/7) of carcinomas containing both the in situ and invasive lesions and 25% (1/4) of invasive lobular carcinomas. A significant relationship (P < 0.05) was observed between strong immunoreactivity of c-erbB3 protein and histological grade, EGFR and cathepsin-D, but not with expression of c-erbB2, p53, oestrogen receptor status, lymph node metastases or age of patient. However, we noted that a high percentage of oestrogen receptor-negative tumours (59%), lymph node-positive tumours (63%) and c-erbB2 (63%) were strongly positive for c-erbB3 protein. We have also documented that a high percentage of EGFR (67%), c-erbB2 (67%), p53 (75%) and cathepsin-D-positive DCIS (60%) were strongly positive for c-erbB3. These observations suggest that overexpression of c-erbB3 protein could play an important role in tumour progression from non-invasive to invasive and, also, that it may have the potential to be used as a marker for poor prognosis of breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/genetics
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/genetics
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- Disease Progression
- ErbB Receptors/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Genes, erbB
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Middle Aged
- Prognosis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Receptor, ErbB-3
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Affiliation(s)
- R Naidu
- Department of Genetics and Cellular Biology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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23
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Ohnishi Y, Nakamura H, Yoshimura M, Tokuda Y, Iwasawa M, Ueyama Y, Tamaoki N, Shimamura K. Prolonged survival of mice with human gastric cancer treated with an anti-c-ErbB-2 monoclonal antibody. Br J Cancer 1995; 71:969-73. [PMID: 7734322 PMCID: PMC2033805 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1995.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody (MAb), 4D5, specifically recognising an extracellular epitope of the c-ErbB-2 protein, inhibited the growth of human gastric cancer overexpressing c-ErbB-2 severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. This antibody also reduced the mass of established tumours xenografted into SCID mice, whereas gastric cancer not expressing c-ErbB-2 exhibited no regression in response to 4D5 treatment. In addition, administration of 4D5 prevented colonisation of cancer cells and prolonged the survival of host SCID mice inoculated i.v. with c-ErbB-2-overexpressing tumour cells. This is the first reported study to show that treatment with a single antibody specific to c-ErbB-2 prolongs the survival of host SCID mice bearing xenotransplanted tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ohnishi
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
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24
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Colomer R, Lupu R, Bacus SS, Gelmann EP. erbB-2 antisense oligonucleotides inhibit the proliferation of breast carcinoma cells with erbB-2 oncogene amplification. Br J Cancer 1994; 70:819-25. [PMID: 7947086 PMCID: PMC2033560 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1994.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Amplification and overexpression of the erbB-2 oncogene is an unfavourable prognostic marker in human breast cancer and occurs in approximately 25% of breast carcinomas. We used erbB-2 antisense oligonucleotides to inhibit the proliferation of human breast cancer cell lines. erbB-2 antisense oligonucleotides (20 microM) inhibited the growth and DNA synthesis of breast cancer cell lines with an amplified erbB-2 gene by up to 60%. Control complementary sense oligonucleotides did not inhibit cellular proliferation at the same concentration but showed inhibitory effects at higher concentrations. There was no specific effect of erbB-2 antisense oligonucleotides on breast cancer cell lines that had no amplification of erbB-2. erbB-2 antisense oligonucleotides reduced erbB-2 protein levels, measured by immunohistochemistry, in a dose-dependent manner. erbB-2 sense oligonucleotides did not decrease the levels of erbB-2 protein. These data indicate that erbB-2 antisense oligonucleotides induce a specific inhibition of erbB-2 protein expression and that erbB-2 gene overexpression is important for the proliferation of the breast cancer cells that have been selected for erbB-2 amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Colomer
- Division of Medical Oncology, Vincent T. Lombardi Cancer Research Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20007
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25
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D'souza B, Taylor-Papadimitriou J. Overexpression of ERBB2 in human mammary epithelial cells signals inhibition of transcription of the E-cadherin gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:7202-6. [PMID: 7913748 PMCID: PMC44367 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.15.7202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the ERBB2 receptor in transfectants of a human mammary epithelial cell line (MTSV1-7) is associated with a reduced ability to undergo morphogenesis in vitro and with a decreased level of expression of the E-cadherin and alpha 2 integrin genes. The inhibition of expression of the adhesion molecules has been shown to be at the level of transcription by using nuclear run-on assays and by following transcription of a reporter gene fused to 5' sequences of the E-cadherin gene. To relate the effects on gene transcription to a functional ERBB2 protein, signaling from the receptor was inhibited by the antibody 4D5, which blocks phosphorylation of ERBB2 on tyrosine residues and association of the protein with the GRB2/Sem5 protein. After treatment with the antibody 4D5, the ERBB2 transfectants regain the ability to form three-dimensional structures in collagen gels and the rates of transcription of the genes encoding the E-cadherin and the alpha 2 integrin subunit are restored to the levels seen in MTSV1-7neo cells. These results demonstrate that the inhibition of morphogenesis and transcription of specific adhesion molecules in human mammary epithelial cells can be affected by signals generated by the ERBB2 receptor and suggest a role for ERBB2 overexpression in tumor progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D'souza
- Epithelial Cell Biology Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, England
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26
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Lemoine NR, Barnes DM, Hollywood DP, Hughes CM, Smith P, Dublin E, Prigent SA, Gullick WJ, Hurst HC. Expression of the ERBB3 gene product in breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1992; 66:1116-21. [PMID: 1333787 PMCID: PMC1978009 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1992.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities of the EGF receptor and/or the related ERBB2 receptor occur in a significant proportion of cases of human breast cancer and are important influences in the behaviour of this tumour type. In this report we demonstrate by nucleic acid analysis and immunohistochemistry that the recently recognised third member of this gene family, ERBB3, shows a wide range of expression in breast cancer, and shows stronger immunoreactivity than that observed in normal tissue in 43 out of 195 cases (22%) of primary breast cancer. Overexpression of ERBB3 appears to result from increased levels of gene transcription since in none of the cell lines or primary cancers analysed did we find evidence of gene amplification. High expression of ERBB3 is positively associated with the presence of lymph node metastases, but there was no demonstrable relationship with patient survival in this series.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Lemoine
- ICRF Oncology Group, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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Kumar R, Atlas I. Interferon alpha induces the expression of retinoblastoma gene product in human Burkitt lymphoma Daudi cells: role in growth regulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1992; 89:6599-603. [PMID: 1631162 PMCID: PMC49549 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.89.14.6599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon alpha (IFN-alpha) is a regulatory secretory protein with distinctive biological effects such as antiproliferative actions against many tumor cell lines, including human Burkitt lymphoma Daudi cells. The mechanism underlying growth inhibition by IFN-alpha is not well established. The growth of many mammalian cell types is also regulated by tumor suppressor retinoblastoma (RB) gene product, the RB protein. In the studies presented here, we explored the possible involvement of RB protein in the growth inhibitory action of IFN-alpha in the Daudi cell model system. We observed that IFN-alpha induces a 3- to 10-fold increased expression of RB protein in growth-sensitive Daudi cells but not in the growth-resistant variant of Daudi cells. IFN-alpha-mediated induction of RB protein was an early event that preceded the period of growth inhibition of Daudi cells. IFN-alpha-induced RB protein predominantly exists as the underphosphorylated form. Addition of antibody against IFN-alpha to Daudi cells resulted in the inhibition of constitutive expression of RB protein and stimulation of [3H]thymidine incorporation. These results demonstrate that the induction of RB protein expression in IFN-alpha-treated Daudi cells could constitute an important mechanism of IFN-alpha-mediated growth regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kumar
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
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Shan RJ, Matsuda S, Ichino M, Yamamoto T. Detection of the ligand activity of the c-erbB-2 protein in calf serum. Jpn J Cancer Res 1992; 83:15-9. [PMID: 1371990 PMCID: PMC5918657 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1992.tb02345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We established NIH3T3 derivatives in which wild‐type c‐erbB‐2 or activated c‐erbB‐2 having a point mutation in the sequence coding for the transmembrane domain was expressed. These cell lines were termed RC and A4, respectively. A4 cells but not RC or NIH3T3 cells grew even in the presence of a low concentration (0.05%) of calf serum (CS), although the rate of their proliferation was low. In media containing 0.1% CS, both A4 cells and RC cells but not NIH3T3 cells could proliferate. Furthermore, RC cells induced foci formation when cultured in media containing 0.5% and 5% CS, while growth of the parental NIH3T3 cells was contact‐inhibited under these conditions. These data suggest the presence of a factor(s) which activates protein‐tyrosine kinase activity of the c‐erbB‐2 protein. In fact, the c‐erbB‐2 protein prepared from RC cells showed CS‐dependent protein‐tyrosine kinase activity when assayed in membrane fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Shan
- Department of Oncology, University of Tokyo
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