1
|
Cruciform Formable Sequences within Pou5f1 Enhancer Are Indispensable for Mouse ES Cell Integrity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073399. [PMID: 33810223 PMCID: PMC8036336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA can adopt various structures besides the B-form. Among them, cruciform structures are formed on inverted repeat (IR) sequences. While cruciform formable IRs (CFIRs) are sometimes found in regulatory regions of transcription, their function in transcription remains elusive, especially in eukaryotes. We found a cluster of CFIRs within the mouse Pou5f1 enhancer. Here, we demonstrate that this cluster or some member(s) plays an active role in the transcriptional regulation of not only Pou5f1, but also Sox2, Nanog, Klf4 and Esrrb. To clarify in vivo function of the cluster, we performed genome editing using mouse ES cells, in which each of the CFIRs was altered to the corresponding mirror repeat sequence. The alterations reduced the level of the Pou5f1 transcript in the genome-edited cell lines, and elevated those of Sox2, Nanog, Klf4 and Esrrb. Furthermore, transcription of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) within the enhancer was also upregulated in the genome-edited cell lines, in a similar manner to Sox2, Nanog, Klf4 and Esrrb. These ncRNAs are hypothesized to control the expression of these four pluripotency genes. The CFIRs present in the Pou5f1 enhancer seem to be important to maintain the integrity of ES cells.
Collapse
|
2
|
Gholizadeh-Ghaleh Aziz S, Fardyazar Z, Pashaei-Asl F, Rahmati-Yamchi M, Khodadadi K, Pashaiasl M. Human amniotic fluid stem cells (hAFSCs) expressing p21 and cyclin D1 genes retain excellent viability after freezing with (dimethyl sulfoxide) DMSO. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2019; 19:43-51. [PMID: 29688163 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2018.2912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human amniotic fluid stem cells (hAFSCs) have features intermediate between embryonic and adult SCs, can differentiate into lineages of all three germ layers, and do not develop into tumors in vivo. Moreover, hAFSCs can be easily obtained in routine procedures and there is no ethical or legal limitations regarding their use for clinical and experimental applications. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of slow freezing/thawing and two different concentrations of DMSO (10% DMSO + 90% fetal bovine serum [FBS] and 5% DMSO + 95% FBS) on the survival of hAFSCs. hAFSCs were obtained from 5 pregnant women during amniocentesis at 16-22 weeks of gestation. The expression of pluripotency markers (Octamer-binding transcription factor 4 [Oct4] and NANOG) by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and cell surface markers (cluster of differentiation [CD31], CD44, CD45, and CD90) by flow cytometry was analyzed before and after the slow-freezing. Cell viability was assessed by trypan blue exclusion or MTT assay. Quantitative mRNA expression of Oct4, NANOG, cyclin D1 and p21 was determined by real-time PCR before and after the slow-freezing. Pluripotency of hAFSCs was confirmed by NANOG and POU5F1 (Oct4) gene expression before and after slow-freezing. All hAFSC cultures were positive for CD44 and CD90. A higher viability of hAFSCs was observed after freezing with 90% FBS + 10% DMSO. There was increased expression of NANOG and decreased expression of POU5F1 gene after freezing, compared to control cells (before freezing). DMSO and the process of freezing did not significantly change the expression of p21 and cyclin D1 genes in hAFSCs. Overall, our results indicate the applicability of slow-freezing and DMSO in cryopreservation of SCs.
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen CY, Cheng YY, Yen CYT, Hsieh PCH. Mechanisms of pluripotency maintenance in mouse embryonic stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1805-1817. [PMID: 27999898 PMCID: PMC11107721 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2438-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs), characterized by their pluripotency and capacity for self-renewal, are driven by a complex gene expression program composed of several regulatory mechanisms. These mechanisms collaborate to maintain the delicate balance of pluripotency gene expression and their disruption leads to loss of pluripotency. In this review, we provide an extensive overview of the key pillars of mESC pluripotency by elaborating on the various essential transcription factor networks and signaling pathways that directly or indirectly support this state. Furthermore, we consider the latest developments in the role of epigenetic regulation, such as noncoding RNA signaling or histone modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Yun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, IBMS Rm.417, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Yuan Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, IBMS Rm.417, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan
| | - Christopher Y T Yen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, IBMS Rm.417, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Patrick C H Hsieh
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, IBMS Rm.417, 128 Academia Road, Section 2, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
- Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, 114, Taiwan.
- Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University and Hospital, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Locus- and cell type-specific epigenetic switching during cellular differentiation in mammals. FRONTIERS IN BIOLOGY 2016; 11:311-322. [PMID: 28261266 PMCID: PMC5336297 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-016-1411-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenomic reconfiguration, including changes in DNA methylation and histone modifications, is crucial for the differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) into somatic cells. However, the extent to which the epigenome is reconfigured and the interplay between components of the epigenome during cellular differentiation remain poorly defined. METHODS We systematically analyzed and compared DNA methylation, various histone modification, and transcriptome profiles in ESCs with those of two distinct types of somatic cells from human and mouse. RESULTS We found that global DNA methylation levels are lower in somatic cells compared to ESCs in both species. We also found that 80% of regions with histone modification occupancy differ between human ESCs and the two human somatic cell types. Approximately 70% of the reconfigurations in DNA methylation and histone modifications are locus- and cell type-specific. Intriguingly, the loss of DNA methylation is accompanied by the gain of different histone modifications in a locus- and cell type-specific manner. Further examination of transcriptional changes associated with epigenetic reconfiguration at promoter regions revealed an epigenetic switching for gene regulation-a transition from stable gene silencing mediated by DNA methylation in ESCs to flexible gene repression facilitated by repressive histone modifications in somatic cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that the epigenome is reconfigured in a locus- and cell type-specific manner and epigenetic switching is common during cellular differentiation in both human and mouse.
Collapse
|
5
|
Beck S, Lee BK, Kim J. Multi-layered global gene regulation in mouse embryonic stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 72:199-216. [PMID: 25227241 PMCID: PMC4284393 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1734-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells derived from the inner cell mass of developing embryos have tremendous potential in regenerative medicine due to their unique properties: ES cells can be maintained for a prolonged time without changes in their cellular characteristics in vitro (self-renewal), while sustaining the capacity to give rise to all cell types of adult organisms (pluripotency). In addition to the development of protocols to manipulate ES cells for therapeutic applications, understanding how such unique properties are maintained has been one of the key questions in stem cell research. During the past decade, advances in high-throughput technologies have enabled us to systematically monitor multiple layers of gene regulatory mechanisms in ES cells. In this review, we briefly summarize recent findings on global gene regulatory modes in ES cells, mainly focusing on the regulatory factors responsible for transcriptional and epigenetic regulations as well as their modular regulatory patterns throughout the genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Beck
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bergman Y, Cedar H. DNA methylation dynamics in health and disease. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2013; 20:274-81. [PMID: 23463312 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is an epigenetic mark that is erased in the early embryo and then re-established at the time of implantation. In this Review, dynamics of DNA methylation during normal development in vivo are discussed, starting from fertilization through embryogenesis and postnatal growth, as well as abnormal methylation changes that occur in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yehudit Bergman
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
The transcription factor OCT4 is fundamental to maintaining pluripotency and self-renewal. To better understand protein-level regulation of OCT4, we applied liquid chromatography-MS to identify 14 localized sites of phosphorylation, 11 of which were previously unknown. Functional analysis of two sites, T234 and S235, suggested that phosphorylation within the homeobox region of OCT4 negatively regulates its activity by interrupting sequence-specific DNA binding. Mutating T234 and S235 to mimic constitutive phosphorylation at these sites reduces transcriptional activation from an OCT4-responsive reporter and decreases reprogramming efficiency. We also cataloged 144 unique phosphopeptides on known OCT4 interacting partners, including SOX2 and SALL4, that copurified during immunoprecipitation. These proteins were enriched for phosphorylation at motifs associated with ERK signaling. Likewise, OCT4 harbored several putative ERK phosphorylation sites. Kinase assays confirmed that ERK2 phosphorylated these sites in vitro, providing a direct link between ERK signaling and the transcriptional machinery that governs pluripotency.
Collapse
|
8
|
Favaedi R, Shahhoseini M, Akhoond MR. Comparative epigenetic analysis of Oct4 regulatory region in RA-induced differentiated NT2 cells under adherent and non-adherent culture conditions. Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 363:129-34. [PMID: 22160855 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1165-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Oct4 is a POU domain homeobox gene, expressed in undifferentiated embryonal carcinoma and embryonic stem cells and is quickly down-regulated upon induction of differentiation. Transcriptional repression of Oct4 is followed by pronounced epigenetic changes on the regulatory region of the gene. Oct4 has a long upstream regulatory region of about 2,600 bp, consisting of proximal enhancer (PE), distal enhancer (DE), and proximal promoter (PP). In this study, we induced differentiation of a human embryonic carcinoma cell line, NT2, under two different adherent and non-adherent culture conditions, and compared histone modifications as the epigenetic marks on the regulatory region of Oct4 gene after 3 days of differentiation. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with real-time PCR technique, it was shown that the after induction of differentiation the repressive epigenetic marks of hypoacetylation and methylation on lysine-9 of histone H3 occurred very effectively on the upstream of Oct4, especially in PP region. Also, comparing the two culturing systems it was shown that methylation of lysine-9 of H3 histone was more drastic in PE region of adherent cells rather than suspension cells. This epigenetic profile was in agreement with the difference observed in the expression level of Oct4 in these two culturing systems. The current study clearly shows the effective role of cell culture condition on the epigenetic regulation of gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raha Favaedi
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, P.O. Box 19395-4644, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Gu P, Xu X, Le Menuet D, Chung ACK, Cooney AJ. Differential recruitment of methyl CpG-binding domain factors and DNA methyltransferases by the orphan receptor germ cell nuclear factor initiates the repression and silencing of Oct4. Stem Cells 2011; 29:1041-51. [PMID: 21608077 PMCID: PMC3468724 DOI: 10.1002/stem.652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The pluripotency gene Oct4 encodes a key transcription factor that maintains self-renewal of embryonic stem cell (ESC) and is downregulated upon differentiation of ESCs and silenced in somatic cells. A combination of cis elements, transcription factors, and epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, mediates Oct4 gene expression. Here, we show that the orphan nuclear receptor germ cell nuclear factor (GCNF) initiates Oct4 repression and DNA methylation by the differential recruitment of methyl-CpG binding domain (MBD) and DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts) to the Oct4 promoter. When compared with wild-type ESCs and gastrulating embryos, Oct4 repression is lost and its proximal promoter is significantly hypomethylated in retinoic acid (RA)-differentiated GCNF−/− ESCs and GCNF−/− embryos. Efforts to characterize mediators of GCNF's repressive function and DNA methylation of the Oct4 promoter identified MBD3, MBD2, and de novo Dnmts as GCNF interacting factors. Upon differentiation, endogenous GCNF binds to the Oct4 proximal promoter and differentially recruits MBD3 and MBD2 as well as Dnmt3A. In differentiated GCNF−/− ESCs, recruitment of MBD3 and MBD2 as well as Dnmt3A to Oct4 promoter is lost and subsequently Oct4 repression and DNA methylation failed to occur. Hypomethylation of the Oct4 promoter is also observed in RA-differentiated MBD3−/− and Dnmt3A−/− ESCs, but not in MBD2−/− and Dnmt3B−/− ESCs. Thus, recruitment of MBD3, MBD2, and Dnmt3A by GCNF links two events: gene-specific repression and DNA methylation, which occur differentially at the Oct4 promoter. GCNF initiates the repression and epigenetic modification of Oct4 gene during ESC differentiation. Stem Cells 2011;29:1041–1051
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peili Gu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Distinct epigenomic landscapes of pluripotent and lineage-committed human cells. Cell Stem Cell 2010; 6:479-91. [PMID: 20452322 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2010.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 617] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 01/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) share an identical genome with lineage-committed cells, yet possess the remarkable properties of self-renewal and pluripotency. The diverse cellular properties in different cells have been attributed to their distinct epigenomes, but how much epigenomes differ remains unclear. Here, we report that epigenomic landscapes in hESCs and lineage-committed cells are drastically different. By comparing the chromatin-modification profiles and DNA methylomes in hESCs and primary fibroblasts, we find that nearly one-third of the genome differs in chromatin structure. Most changes arise from dramatic redistributions of repressive H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 marks, which form blocks that significantly expand in fibroblasts. A large number of potential regulatory sequences also exhibit a high degree of dynamics in chromatin modifications and DNA methylation. Additionally, we observe novel, context-dependent relationships between DNA methylation and chromatin modifications. Our results provide new insights into epigenetic mechanisms underlying properties of pluripotency and cell fate commitment.
Collapse
|
11
|
Hime GR, Somers WG. Micro-RNA mediated regulation of proliferation, self-renewal and differentiation of mammalian stem cells. Cell Adh Migr 2009; 3:425-32. [PMID: 19829062 DOI: 10.4161/cam.3.4.9913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metazoan growth and development is maintained by populations of undifferentiated cells, commonly known as stem cells. Stem cells possess several characteristic properties, including dividing through self-renewing divisions and generating progeny that differentiate to have specialized cell fates. Multiple signaling pathways have been identified which coordinate stem cell proliferation with maintenance and differentiation. Relatively recently, the small, non-protein coding microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified to function as important regulators in stem cell development. Individual miRNAs are capable of directing the translational repression of many mRNAs targets, generating widespread changes in gene expression. In addition, dysfunction of miRNA expression is commonly associated with cancer development. Cancer stem cells, which are likely responsible for initiating and maintaining tumorigenesis, share many similarities with stem cells and some mechanisms of miRNA function may be in common between these two cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary R Hime
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li JY, Pu MT, Hirasawa R, Li BZ, Huang YN, Zeng R, Jing NH, Chen T, Li E, Sasaki H, Xu GL. Synergistic function of DNA methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b in the methylation of Oct4 and Nanog. Mol Cell Biol 2007; 27:8748-59. [PMID: 17938196 PMCID: PMC2169413 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01380-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation plays an important role in gene silencing in mammals. Two de novo methyltransferases, Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b, are required for the establishment of genomic methylation patterns in development. However, little is known about their coordinate function in the silencing of genes critical for embryonic development and how their activity is regulated. Here we show that Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b are the major components of a native complex purified from embryonic stem cells. The two enzymes directly interact and mutually stimulate each other both in vitro and in vivo. The stimulatory effect is independent of the catalytic activity of the enzyme. In differentiating embryonic carcinoma or embryonic stem cells and mouse postimplantation embryos, they function synergistically to methylate the promoters of the Oct4 and Nanog genes. Inadequate methylation caused by ablating Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b is associated with dysregulated expression of Oct4 and Nanog during the differentiation of pluripotent cells and mouse embryonic development. These results suggest that Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b form a complex through direct contact in living cells and cooperate in the methylation of the promoters of Oct4 and Nanog during cell differentiation. The physical and functional interaction between Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b represents a novel regulatory mechanism to ensure the proper establishment of genomic methylation patterns for gene silencing in development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gu P, Le Menuet D, Chung ACK, Cooney AJ. Differential recruitment of methylated CpG binding domains by the orphan receptor GCNF initiates the repression and silencing of Oct4 expression. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:9471-83. [PMID: 17030610 PMCID: PMC1698546 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00898-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pluripotent factor Oct4 is a key transcription factor that maintains embryonic stem (ES) cell self-renewal and is down-regulated upon the differentiation of ES cells and silenced in somatic cells. A combination of cis elements, transcription factors, and epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, are involved in the regulation of Oct4 gene expression. Here we show that the orphan nuclear receptor GCNF initiates Oct4 repression and DNA methylation by the differential recruitment of MBD (methylated CpG binding domain) factors to the promoter. Compared with wild-type ES cells and gastrulating embryos, Oct4 repression is lost and its proximal promoter is significantly hypomethylated in RA-differentiated GCNF(-/-) ES cells. The Oct4 gene is reexpressed in some somatic cells of GCNF(-/-) embryos, showing that it has not been properly silenced coincident with reduced DNA methylation of its promoter. Efforts to characterize mediators of GCNF's repressive function and DNA methylation of the Oct4 promoter identified methyl-DNA binding proteins, MBD3 and MBD2, as GCNF-interacting factors. In P19 and ES cells, upon differentiation, endogenous GCNF binds to the Oct4 proximal promoter and differentially recruits MBD3 and MBD2. In differentiated GCNF(-/-) ES cells, recruitment of MBD3 and MBD2 to the Oct4 promoter is lost, and repression of Oct4 expression and DNA methylation fails to occur. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of MBD3 and/or MBD2 expression results in reduced Oct4 repression in differentiated P19 and ES cells. Repression of Oct4 expression and recruitment of MBD3 are maintained in de novo DNA methylation-deficient ES cells (Dnmt3A/3B-null cells), while MBD2 recruitment is lost. Thus, recruitment of MBD3 and MBD2 by GCNF links two events, gene-specific repression and DNA methylation, which occur differentially at the Oct4 promoter. GCNF initiates the repression and epigenetic modification of Oct4 gene during ES cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peili Gu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Giuliano CJ, Freemantle SJ, Spinella MJ. Testicular Germ Cell Tumors: A Paradigm for the Successful Treatment of Solid Tumor Stem Cells. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2006; 2:255-270. [PMID: 24482633 PMCID: PMC3904303 DOI: 10.2174/157339406777934681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) has been a success primarily due to the exquisite responsiveness of this solid tumor to cisplatin-based therapy. Despite the promise of cure for the majority of TGCT patients, the effectiveness of therapy for some patients is limited by toxicity and the problem of resistance. There is compelling rationale to further understand the biology of TGCTs in order to better treat other solid tumors and to address the shortcomings of present TGCT therapies. TGCTs contain undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells, known as embryonal carcinoma, that share many properties with human embryonic stem cells. The importance of cancer stem cells in the initiation, progression and treatment of solid tumors is beginning to emerge. We discuss TGCTs in the context of solid tumor curability and targeted cancer stem cell therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caryl J. Giuliano
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Hitchcock-Medical Center, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Sarah J. Freemantle
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Hitchcock-Medical Center, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Michael J. Spinella
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, and the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth Hitchcock-Medical Center, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kimura H, Tada M, Nakatsuji N, Tada T. Histone code modifications on pluripotential nuclei of reprogrammed somatic cells. Mol Cell Biol 2004; 24:5710-20. [PMID: 15216876 PMCID: PMC480906 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.24.13.5710-5720.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Following hybridization with embryonic stem (ES) cells, somatic genomes are epigenetically reprogrammed and acquire pluripotency. This results in the transcription of somatic genome-derived tissue-specific genes upon differentiation. During nuclear reprogramming, it is expected that DNA and chromatin modifications, believed to function in cell-type-specific epigenotype memory, should be significantly modified. Indeed, current evidence indicates that acetylation and methylation of histone H3 and H4 amino termini play a major role in the regulation of gene activity through the modulation of chromatin conformation. Here, we show that the reprogrammed somatic genome of ES hybrid cells becomes hyperacetylated at H3 and H4, while lysine 4 (K4) of H3 becomes globally hyper-di- and -tri-methylated. In the Oct4 promoter region, histones H3 and H4 are acetylated and H3-K4 is highly tri-methylated on both the ES and reprogrammed somatic genomes, which correlates with gene activation and DNA demethylation. However, H3-K4 is also di- and tri-methylated in the promoter regions of Neurofilament-M (Nfm), Nfl, and Thy-1, which are all silent in both ES and hybrid cells. Thus, H3-K4 di- and tri-methylation of reprogrammed somatic genomes is independent of gene activity and represents one of the major events that occurs during somatic genome reprogramming towards a transcriptional activation-permissive state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Kimura
- Department of Development and Differentiation, Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ben-Shushan E, Thompson JR, Gudas LJ, Bergman Y. Rex-1, a gene encoding a transcription factor expressed in the early embryo, is regulated via Oct-3/4 and Oct-6 binding to an octamer site and a novel protein, Rox-1, binding to an adjacent site. Mol Cell Biol 1998; 18:1866-78. [PMID: 9528758 PMCID: PMC121416 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.18.4.1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/1997] [Accepted: 01/06/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Rex-1 (Zfp-42) gene, which encodes an acidic zinc finger protein, is expressed at high levels in embryonic stem (ES) and F9 teratocarcinoma cells. Prior analysis identified an octamer motif in the Rex-1 promoter which is required for promoter activity in undifferentiated F9 cells and is involved in retinoic acid (RA)-associated reduction in expression. We show here that the Oct-3/4 transcription factor, but not Oct-1, can either activate or repress the Rex-1 promoter, depending on the cellular environment. Rex-1 repression is enhanced by E1A. The protein domain required for Oct-3/4 activation was mapped to amino acids 1 to 35, whereas the domain required for Oct-3/4 repression was mapped to amino acids 61 to 126, suggesting that the molecular mechanisms underlying transcriptional activation and repression differ. Like Oct-3/4, Oct-6 can also lower the expression of the Rex-1 promoter via the octamer site, and the amino-terminal portion of Oct-6 mediates this repression. In addition to the octamer motif, a novel positive regulatory element, located immediately 5' of the octamer motif, was identified in the Rex-1 promoter. Mutations in this element greatly reduce Rex-1 promoter activity in F9 cells. High levels of a binding protein(s), designated Rox-1, recognize this novel DNA element in F9 cells, and this binding activity is reduced following RA treatment. Taken together, these results indicate that the Rex-1 promoter is regulated by specific octamer family members in early embryonic cells and that a novel element also contributes to Rex-1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Ben-Shushan
- Hubert H. Humphrey Center for Experimental Medicine and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bulla GA. Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4 prevents silencing of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 expression in hepatoma x fibroblast cell hybrids. Nucleic Acids Res 1997; 25:2501-8. [PMID: 9171105 PMCID: PMC146744 DOI: 10.1093/nar/25.12.2501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte nuclear factors-1alpha (HNF1alpha) and -4 (HNF4) are components of a liver-enriched transcription activation pathway which is thought to play a critical role in hepatocyte-specific gene expression, including activation of alpha1-antitrypsin gene expression. HNF1alpha, HNF4 and alpha1-antitrypsin (alpha1AT) genes are extinguished in hepatoma/fibroblast somatic cell hybrids, suggesting that fibroblasts contain a repressor-like activity. To determine the molecular basis for silencing of these genes in cell hybrids, ectopic expression of HNF1alpha and HNF4 was used. Results show that constitutive expression of HNF4 prevents extinction of HNF1alpha gene expression in hepatoma/fibroblast hybrids. In contrast, forced HNF1alpha expression failed to prevent extinction of the HNF4 locus in cell hybrids. Likewise, the alpha1AT gene remained silent in the presence of both HNF1alpha and HNF4. These results suggest that extinction of HNF1alpha is a simple lack-of-activation phenotype, whereas extinction of HNF4 andalpha1AT loci is more complex, perhaps involving negative regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G A Bulla
- Pediatric Research Institute, St Louis University Health Sciences Center and Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital, 3662 Park Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Schoorlemmer J, Jonk L, Sanbing S, van Puijenbroek A, Feijen A, Kruijer W. Regulation of Oct-4 gene expression during differentiation of EC cells. Mol Biol Rep 1995; 21:129-40. [PMID: 8832901 DOI: 10.1007/bf00997235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The stem cell-specific factor Oct-4 is expressed in undifferentiated embryonal carcinoma and embryonic stem cells and is quickly down regulated upon RA-induced differentiation. Irrespective of the direction of differentiation, Oct-4 repression in P19 EC cells requires treatment with high doses of either all-trans or 9-cis RA. Unlike in P19 cells, no RA-induced down regulation of Oct-4 expression is observed in the P19-derived RA-resistant RAC65 cells. However, in these cells Oct-4 promoter repression can be rescued in a RA-dependent manner by cotransfection of RAR alpha 2 or RAR beta 2 but not RARr gamma 1, matching previously reported transactivation properties of these receptor types. In the vicinity of the transcription initiation site of the Oct-4 gene, three Hormone Response Element HRE half sites are present which are arranged as direct repeats with different spacing. In vitro translated RAR and RXR proteins bind to this HRE as heterodimers with low affinity, in such a way that all three HRE half sites contribute to complex formation. Although P19 EC cells contain weak binding activity interacting with the Oct-4 promoter HRE, strong binding activity is observed in nuclear extracts from RA-treated P19 cells. This binding activity was shown to correspond to COUP-TFs but not nuclear RA receptors. Moreover, the presence of these binding factors in nuclear extracts corresponds to silencing of Oct-4 expression. These results implicate RA and the action of its nuclear receptors in silencing Oct-4 expression upon differentiation of EC cells. The observed silencing is most likely not exerted by direct binding of RARs to the Oct-4 proximal promoter HRE. Our results support models in which different nuclear receptor complexes sequentially occupy different sites in the Oct-4 promoter HRE to silence Oct-4 expression during RA-induced differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Schoorlemmer
- Hubrecht Laboratorium, Netherlands Institute for Developmental Biology, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ben-Shushan E, Sharir H, Pikarsky E, Bergman Y. A dynamic balance between ARP-1/COUP-TFII, EAR-3/COUP-TFI, and retinoic acid receptor:retinoid X receptor heterodimers regulates Oct-3/4 expression in embryonal carcinoma cells. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15:1034-48. [PMID: 7823919 PMCID: PMC232002 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.15.2.1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Oct-3/4 transcription factor is a member of the POU family of transcription factors and, as such, probably plays a crucial role in mammalian embryogenesis and differentiation. It is expressed in the earliest stages of embryogenesis and repressed in subsequent stages. Similarly, Oct-3/4 is expressed in embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells and is repressed in retinoic acid (RA)-differentiated EC cells. Previously we have shown that the Oct-3/4 promoter harbors an RA-responsive element, RAREoct, which functions in EC cells as a binding site for positive regulators of transcription and in RA-differentiated EC cells as a binding site for positive regulators of transcription and in RA-differentiated EC cells as a binding site for negative regulators. Our present results demonstrate that in P19 and RA-treated P19 cells, the orphan receptors ARP-1/COUP-TFII and EAR-3/COUP-TFI repress Oct-3/4 promoter activity through the RAREoct site in a dose-dependent manner. While the N-terminal region of the ARP-1/COUP-TFII receptor is dispensable for this repression, the C-terminal domain harbors the silencing region. Interestingly, three different RA receptor:retinoid X receptor (RAR:RXR) heterodimers, RAR alpha:RXR alpha, RAR beta:RXR alpha, and RAR beta:RXR beta, specifically bind and activate Oct-3/4 promoter through the RAREoct site in a ligand-dependent manner. We have shown that antagonism between ARP-1/COUP-TFII or EAR-3/COUP-TFI and the RAR:RXR heterodimers and their intracellular balance modulate Oct-3/4 expression. Oct-3/4 transcriptional repression by the orphan receptors can be overcome by increasing amounts of RAR:RXR heterodimers. Conversely, activation of Oct-3/4 promoter by RAR:RXR heterodimers was completely abolished by EAR-3/COUP-TFI and by ARP-1/COUP-TFII. The orphan receptors bind the RAREoct site with a much higher affinity than the RAR:RXR heterodimers. This high binding affinity provides ARP-1/COUP-TFII and EAR-3/COUP-TFI with the ability to compete with and even displace RAR:RXR from the RAREoct site and subsequently to actively silence the Oct-3/4 promoter. We have shown that RA treatment of EC cells results in up-regulation of ARP-1/COUP-TFII and EAR-3/COUP-TFI expression. Most interestingly, in RA-treated EC cells, the kinetics of Oct-3/4 repression inversely correlates with the kinetics of ARP-1/COUP-TFII and EAR-3/COUP-TFI activation. These findings are in accordance with the suggestion that these orphan receptors participate in controlling a network of transcription factors, among which Oct-3/4 is included, which may establish the pattern of normal gene expression during development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Ben-Shushan
- Hubert H. Humphrey Center for Experimental Medicine and Cancer Research, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
To unravel the network of transcription factors established during development it is important to understand how genes specifically expressed during embryogenesis are regulated. Oct-4 is a transcription factor whose expression is associated with an undifferentiated cell phenotype in the early mouse embryo and is downregulated when such cells differentiate. An enhancer in the upstream region of Oct-4 has previously been reported as being sufficient to mediate the cell-type specific expression and RA-dependent down-regulation in EC cells, although the enhancer contains no retinoic acid receptor (RAR) binding sites. Here we report the identification of promoter elements important for the regulation of the Oct-4 gene in EC cells. A region of the proximal Oct-4 promoter contains an overlapping set of regulatory elements including a high affinity binding site for Sp1 and three direct repeats of an AGGTCA-like sequence with either +1 or 0 spacing. Binding and transient transfection assays reveal that Oct-4 is subject to negative regulation by different members of the steroid-thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. Specifically, important roles for ARP-1 and RAR in Oct-4 expression are indicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Sylvester
- EMBL, Gene Expression Programme, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Retinoic acid represses Oct-3/4 gene expression through several retinoic acid-responsive elements located in the promoter-enhancer region. Mol Cell Biol 1994. [PMID: 8289783 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.2.1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Oct-3/4 gene product, which belongs to the POU family of transcription factors, is a good candidate for regulating initial differentiation decisions. It is expressed in the earliest stages of embryogenesis and repressed in subsequent stages. Retinoic acid (RA)-induced differentiation of embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells is accompanied by decreased expression of the Oct-3/4 gene. Previous findings show that sequences in the Oct-3/4 enhancer region (designated RARE1) are targets for RA-mediated repression (H. Okazawa, K. Okamoto, F. Ishino, T. Ishino-Kaneko, S. Takeda, Y. Toyoda, M. Muramatsu, and H. Hamada, EMBO J. 10:2997-3005, 1991). Our present results demonstrate conclusively that the TATA-less Oct-3/4 promoter is also a target for RA-induced repression. We identified a novel cis element in the Oct-3/4 promoter harbors a putative Sp1 binding site and a RA-responsive element (designated RAREoct), which are juxtaposed to one another. Protein binding to the Sp1 site is independent of protein binding to the RAREoct sequence. Unlike the RARE1 situated in the Oct-3/4 enhancer which does not contain a typical RAR recognition site, the RAREoct identified in this study consists of three directly repeated motifs that exhibit extensive homology to RARE sequences located in RA-responsive genes. Moreover, the RAREoct shows different DNA-binding characteristics and DNase I footprint patterns with nuclear proteins isolated from undifferentiated versus RA-differentiated EC cells. This suggests that the RAREoct element binds different nuclear proteins in RA-treated and untreated EC cells which most probably belong to the RA receptor, retinoid X receptor, or orphan receptor families of transcription factors. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we show that the RAREoct contributes to the transcriptional activation of Oct-3/4 promoter in P19 cells and, most interestingly, mediates the RA-induced repression in RA-differentiated EC cells. Thus, the RAREoct element could be one of the points of integration of several signalling pathways influencing Oct-3/4 expression. In accordance with the suggestion that suppression of Oct-3/4 expression is a crucial step during embryogenesis, the Oct-3/4 upstream region contains multiple targets for RA-induced repression, probably to ensure accurate and prompt repression of Oct-3/4 expression. It is possible that these repressors are differentially used at specific stages of development in response to various signals.
Collapse
|
22
|
Pikarsky E, Sharir H, Ben-Shushan E, Bergman Y. Retinoic acid represses Oct-3/4 gene expression through several retinoic acid-responsive elements located in the promoter-enhancer region. Mol Cell Biol 1994; 14:1026-38. [PMID: 8289783 PMCID: PMC358458 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.14.2.1026-1038.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The Oct-3/4 gene product, which belongs to the POU family of transcription factors, is a good candidate for regulating initial differentiation decisions. It is expressed in the earliest stages of embryogenesis and repressed in subsequent stages. Retinoic acid (RA)-induced differentiation of embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells is accompanied by decreased expression of the Oct-3/4 gene. Previous findings show that sequences in the Oct-3/4 enhancer region (designated RARE1) are targets for RA-mediated repression (H. Okazawa, K. Okamoto, F. Ishino, T. Ishino-Kaneko, S. Takeda, Y. Toyoda, M. Muramatsu, and H. Hamada, EMBO J. 10:2997-3005, 1991). Our present results demonstrate conclusively that the TATA-less Oct-3/4 promoter is also a target for RA-induced repression. We identified a novel cis element in the Oct-3/4 promoter harbors a putative Sp1 binding site and a RA-responsive element (designated RAREoct), which are juxtaposed to one another. Protein binding to the Sp1 site is independent of protein binding to the RAREoct sequence. Unlike the RARE1 situated in the Oct-3/4 enhancer which does not contain a typical RAR recognition site, the RAREoct identified in this study consists of three directly repeated motifs that exhibit extensive homology to RARE sequences located in RA-responsive genes. Moreover, the RAREoct shows different DNA-binding characteristics and DNase I footprint patterns with nuclear proteins isolated from undifferentiated versus RA-differentiated EC cells. This suggests that the RAREoct element binds different nuclear proteins in RA-treated and untreated EC cells which most probably belong to the RA receptor, retinoid X receptor, or orphan receptor families of transcription factors. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we show that the RAREoct contributes to the transcriptional activation of Oct-3/4 promoter in P19 cells and, most interestingly, mediates the RA-induced repression in RA-differentiated EC cells. Thus, the RAREoct element could be one of the points of integration of several signalling pathways influencing Oct-3/4 expression. In accordance with the suggestion that suppression of Oct-3/4 expression is a crucial step during embryogenesis, the Oct-3/4 upstream region contains multiple targets for RA-induced repression, probably to ensure accurate and prompt repression of Oct-3/4 expression. It is possible that these repressors are differentially used at specific stages of development in response to various signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Pikarsky
- Hubert H. Humphrey Center for Experimental Medicine and Cancer Research, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|