1
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Rozen EJ, Ozeroff CD, Allen MA. RUN(X) out of blood: emerging RUNX1 functions beyond hematopoiesis and links to Down syndrome. Hum Genomics 2023; 17:83. [PMID: 37670378 PMCID: PMC10481493 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-023-00531-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND RUNX1 is a transcription factor and a master regulator for the specification of the hematopoietic lineage during embryogenesis and postnatal megakaryopoiesis. Mutations and rearrangements on RUNX1 are key drivers of hematological malignancies. In humans, this gene is localized to the 'Down syndrome critical region' of chromosome 21, triplication of which is necessary and sufficient for most phenotypes that characterize Trisomy 21. MAIN BODY Individuals with Down syndrome show a higher predisposition to leukemias. Hence, RUNX1 overexpression was initially proposed as a critical player on Down syndrome-associated leukemogenesis. Less is known about the functions of RUNX1 in other tissues and organs, although growing reports show important implications in development or homeostasis of neural tissues, muscle, heart, bone, ovary, or the endothelium, among others. Even less is understood about the consequences on these tissues of RUNX1 gene dosage alterations in the context of Down syndrome. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on RUNX1 activities outside blood/leukemia, while suggesting for the first time their potential relation to specific Trisomy 21 co-occurring conditions. CONCLUSION Our concise review on the emerging RUNX1 roles in different tissues outside the hematopoietic context provides a number of well-funded hypotheses that will open new research avenues toward a better understanding of RUNX1-mediated transcription in health and disease, contributing to novel potential diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for Down syndrome-associated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban J Rozen
- Crnic Institute Boulder Branch, BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave., Boulder, CO, 80303, USA.
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Christopher D Ozeroff
- Crnic Institute Boulder Branch, BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave., Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, 1945 Colorado Ave., Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Mary Ann Allen
- Crnic Institute Boulder Branch, BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, 3415 Colorado Ave., Boulder, CO, 80303, USA.
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12700 East 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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2
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Muscle 4EBP1 activation modifies the structure and function of the neuromuscular junction in mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7792. [PMID: 36526657 PMCID: PMC9758177 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35547-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) activity drives neuromuscular junction (NMJ) structural instability during aging; however, downstream targets mediating this effect have not been elucidated. Here, we investigate the roles of two mTORC1 phosphorylation targets for mRNA translation, ribosome protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1), in regulating NMJ structural instability induced by aging and sustained mTORC1 activation. While myofiber-specific deletion of S6k1 has no effect on NMJ structural integrity, 4EBP1 activation in murine muscle induces drastic morphological remodeling of the NMJ with enhancement of synaptic transmission. Mechanistically, structural modification of the NMJ is attributed to increased satellite cell activation and enhanced post-synaptic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) turnover upon 4EBP1 activation. Considering that loss of post-synaptic myonuclei and reduced NMJ turnover are features of aging, targeting 4EBP1 activation could induce NMJ renewal by expanding the pool of post-synaptic myonuclei as an alternative intervention to mitigate sarcopenia.
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3
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Sartori R, Hagg A, Zampieri S, Armani A, Winbanks CE, Viana LR, Haidar M, Watt KI, Qian H, Pezzini C, Zanganeh P, Turner BJ, Larsson A, Zanchettin G, Pierobon ES, Moletta L, Valmasoni M, Ponzoni A, Attar S, Da Dalt G, Sperti C, Kustermann M, Thomson RE, Larsson L, Loveland KL, Costelli P, Megighian A, Merigliano S, Penna F, Gregorevic P, Sandri M. Perturbed BMP signaling and denervation promote muscle wasting in cancer cachexia. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eaay9592. [PMID: 34349036 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay9592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Most patients with advanced solid cancers exhibit features of cachexia, a debilitating syndrome characterized by progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. Because the underlying mechanisms of this multifactorial syndrome are incompletely defined, effective therapeutics have yet to be developed. Here, we show that diminished bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is observed early in the onset of skeletal muscle wasting associated with cancer cachexia in mouse models and in patients with cancer. Cancer-mediated factors including Activin A and IL-6 trigger the expression of the BMP inhibitor Noggin in muscle, which blocks the actions of BMPs on muscle fibers and motor nerves, subsequently causing disruption of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), denervation, and muscle wasting. Increasing BMP signaling in the muscles of tumor-bearing mice by gene delivery or pharmacological means can prevent muscle wasting and preserve measures of NMJ function. The data identify perturbed BMP signaling and denervation of muscle fibers as important pathogenic mechanisms of muscle wasting associated with tumor growth. Collectively, these findings present interventions that promote BMP-mediated signaling as an attractive strategy to counteract the loss of functional musculature in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Sartori
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Adam Hagg
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Sandra Zampieri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, 3rd Surgical Clinic, University of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
- Myology Center, University of Padova, 35122 Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Armani
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Laís R Viana
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Biology Institute, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-97, Brazil
| | - Mouna Haidar
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kevin I Watt
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Hongwei Qian
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Camilla Pezzini
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Pardis Zanganeh
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Bradley J Turner
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Anna Larsson
- Theme Cancer, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna 171 76, Sweden
| | - Gianpietro Zanchettin
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, 3rd Surgical Clinic, University of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa S Pierobon
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, 3rd Surgical Clinic, University of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Lucia Moletta
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, 3rd Surgical Clinic, University of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Michele Valmasoni
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, 3rd Surgical Clinic, University of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Alberto Ponzoni
- Department of Radiology, Padova General Hospital, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Shady Attar
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Da Dalt
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, 3rd Surgical Clinic, University of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Cosimo Sperti
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, 3rd Surgical Clinic, University of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Monika Kustermann
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rachel E Thomson
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Lars Larsson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Kate L Loveland
- Centre for Reproductive Health. Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, and Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Paola Costelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Aram Megighian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Merigliano
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, 3rd Surgical Clinic, University of Padova, 35128 Padua, Italy
| | - Fabio Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Paul Gregorevic
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia.
- Centre for Muscle Research, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Marco Sandri
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, 35129 Padova, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Myology Center, University of Padova, 35122 Padua, Italy
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
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4
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Riddell A, McBride M, Braun T, Nicklin SA, Cameron E, Loughrey CM, Martin TP. RUNX1: an emerging therapeutic target for cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 116:1410-1423. [PMID: 32154891 PMCID: PMC7314639 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Runt-related transcription factor-1 (RUNX1), also known as acute myeloid leukaemia 1 protein (AML1), is a member of the core-binding factor family of transcription factors which modulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival in multiple systems. It is a master-regulator transcription factor, which has been implicated in diverse signalling pathways and cellular mechanisms during normal development and disease. RUNX1 is best characterized for its indispensable role for definitive haematopoiesis and its involvement in haematological malignancies. However, more recently RUNX1 has been identified as a key regulator of adverse cardiac remodelling following myocardial infarction. This review discusses the role RUNX1 plays in the heart and highlights its therapeutic potential as a target to limit the progression of adverse cardiac remodelling and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Riddell
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Martin McBride
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Thomas Braun
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Ludwigstr. 43, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Stuart A Nicklin
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Ewan Cameron
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Christopher M Loughrey
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Tamara P Martin
- British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
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5
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Valadão PAC, de Aragão BC, Andrade JN, Magalhães-Gomes MPS, Foureaux G, Joviano-Santos JV, Nogueira JC, Machado TCG, de Jesus ICG, Nogueira JM, de Paula RS, Peixoto L, Ribeiro FM, Tapia JC, Jorge ÉC, Guatimosim S, Guatimosim C. Abnormalities in the Motor Unit of a Fast-Twitch Lower Limb Skeletal Muscle in Huntington's Disease. ASN Neuro 2020; 11:1759091419886212. [PMID: 31818120 PMCID: PMC6904785 DOI: 10.1177/1759091419886212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a disorder characterized by chronic
involuntary movements, dementia, and psychiatric symptoms. It is
caused by a mutation in the gene that encodes for huntingtin protein
(HTT), leading to the formation of mutant proteins expressed in
various tissues. Although brain pathology has become the hallmark for
HD, recent studies suggest that damage of peripheral structures also
contributes to HD progression. We previously identified severe
alterations in the motor units that innervate cervical muscles in
12-month-old BACHD (Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Huntington’s
Disease) mice, a well-established mouse model for HD. Here, we studied
lumbar motoneurons and their projections onto hind limb fast-twitch
skeletal muscles (tibialis anterior), which control balance and gait
in HD patients. We found that lumbar motoneurons were altered in the
HD mouse model; the number and size of lumbar motoneurons were reduced
in BACHD. Structural alterations were also present in the sciatic
nerve and neuromuscular junctions. Acetylcholine receptors were
organized in several small patches (acetylcholine receptor
fragmentation), many of which were partially innervated. In BACHD
mice, we observed atrophy of tibialis anterior muscles, decreased
expression of glycolytic fast Type IIB fibers, and at the
ultrastructural level, alterations of sarcomeres and mitochondria.
Corroborating all these findings, BACHD animals performed worse on
motor behavior tests. Our results provide additional evidences that
nerve–muscle communication is impaired in HD and that motoneurons from
distinct spinal cord locations are similarly affected in the
disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jéssica Neves Andrade
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Giselle Foureaux
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - José Carlos Nogueira
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rayan Silva de Paula
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luisa Peixoto
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabíola Mara Ribeiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - ÉriKa Cristina Jorge
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Silvia Guatimosim
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cristina Guatimosim
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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6
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Choi IY, Lim H, Cho HJ, Oh Y, Chou BK, Bai H, Cheng L, Kim YJ, Hyun S, Kim H, Shin JH, Lee G. Transcriptional landscape of myogenesis from human pluripotent stem cells reveals a key role of TWIST1 in maintenance of skeletal muscle progenitors. eLife 2020; 9:e46981. [PMID: 32011235 PMCID: PMC6996923 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of skeletal muscle cells with human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) opens new avenues for deciphering essential, but poorly understood aspects of transcriptional regulation in human myogenic specification. In this study, we characterized the transcriptional landscape of distinct human myogenic stages, including OCT4::EGFP+ pluripotent stem cells, MSGN1::EGFP+ presomite cells, PAX7::EGFP+ skeletal muscle progenitor cells, MYOG::EGFP+ myoblasts, and multinucleated myotubes. We defined signature gene expression profiles from each isolated cell population with unbiased clustering analysis, which provided unique insights into the transcriptional dynamics of human myogenesis from undifferentiated hPSCs to fully differentiated myotubes. Using a knock-out strategy, we identified TWIST1 as a critical factor in maintenance of human PAX7::EGFP+ putative skeletal muscle progenitor cells. Our data revealed a new role of TWIST1 in human skeletal muscle progenitors, and we have established a foundation to identify transcriptional regulations of human myogenic ontogeny (online database can be accessed in http://www.myogenesis.net/).
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Affiliation(s)
- In Young Choi
- The Institute for Cell EngineeringJohns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of Medicine, Graduate SchoolKyung Hee UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hotae Lim
- The Institute for Cell EngineeringJohns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- College of Veterinary MedicineChungbuk National UniversityChungbukRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Jin Cho
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical CampusBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Yohan Oh
- The Institute for Cell EngineeringJohns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Bin-Kuan Chou
- The Institute for Cell EngineeringJohns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Division of Hematology, Department of MedicineJohns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Hao Bai
- The Institute for Cell EngineeringJohns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Division of Hematology, Department of MedicineJohns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Linzhao Cheng
- Division of Hematology, Department of MedicineJohns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Yong Jun Kim
- Department of Pathololgy, College of MedicineKyung Hee UniversitySeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - SangHwan Hyun
- The Institute for Cell EngineeringJohns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- College of Veterinary MedicineChungbuk National UniversityChungbukRepublic of Korea
| | - Hyesoo Kim
- The Institute for Cell EngineeringJohns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Joo Heon Shin
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins Medical CampusBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Gabsang Lee
- The Institute for Cell EngineeringJohns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
- The Solomon H. Synder Department of NeuroscienceJohns Hopkins University, School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
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7
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Mevel R, Draper JE, Lie-A-Ling M, Kouskoff V, Lacaud G. RUNX transcription factors: orchestrators of development. Development 2019; 146:dev148296. [PMID: 31488508 DOI: 10.1242/dev.148296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
RUNX transcription factors orchestrate many different aspects of biology, including basic cellular and developmental processes, stem cell biology and tumorigenesis. In this Primer, we introduce the molecular hallmarks of the three mammalian RUNX genes, RUNX1, RUNX2 and RUNX3, and discuss the regulation of their activities and their mechanisms of action. We then review their crucial roles in the specification and maintenance of a wide array of tissues during embryonic development and adult homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Mevel
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Julia E Draper
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Michael Lie-A-Ling
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Valerie Kouskoff
- Division of Developmental Biology & Medicine, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Georges Lacaud
- Cancer Research UK Stem Cell Biology Group, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Alderley Park, Alderley Edge, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
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8
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Bao M, Liu S, Yu XY, Wu C, Chen Q, Ding H, Shen C, Wang B, Wang S, Song YH, Li Y. Runx1 promotes satellite cell proliferation during ischemia - Induced muscle regeneration. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2993-2997. [PMID: 30115379 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
RUNX1 is a transcription factor that is not expressed in uninjured muscles, but can be detected in denervated muscles, suggesting a role of RUNX1 in muscle's response to injury. However, the role of RUNX1 in muscle's response to ischemia has not been reported. Our study showed that Runx1 is up regulated in skeletal muscle during ischemia reperfusion induced injury. Over-expression of Runx1 in C2C12 cells inhibits myogenic differentiation, but promotes proliferation of myoblasts. Consistent with these findings, we found that Runx1 expression was decreased in differentiated satellite cells. Our results indicate that Runx1 regulates muscle regeneration by promoting proliferation of satellite cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Bao
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Songbai Liu
- Suzhou Vocational Health College, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Laboratory Medicine, Suzhou, 215009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xi-Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Clinical Pharmacology and Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China
| | - Chaofan Wu
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qiongyuan Chen
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hui Ding
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Congcong Shen
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Baolong Wang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shuochen Wang
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yao-Hua Song
- Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Yangxin Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital and The Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
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9
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Landry-Truchon K, Houde N, Boucherat O, Joncas FH, Dasen JS, Philippidou P, Mansfield JH, Jeannotte L. HOXA5 plays tissue-specific roles in the developing respiratory system. Development 2017; 144:3547-3561. [PMID: 28827394 DOI: 10.1242/dev.152686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hoxa5 is essential for development of several organs and tissues. In the respiratory system, loss of Hoxa5 function causes neonatal death due to respiratory distress. Expression of HOXA5 protein in mesenchyme of the respiratory tract and in phrenic motor neurons of the central nervous system led us to address the individual contribution of these Hoxa5 expression domains using a conditional gene targeting approach. Hoxa5 does not play a cell-autonomous role in lung epithelium, consistent with lack of HOXA5 expression in this cell layer. In contrast, ablation of Hoxa5 in mesenchyme perturbed trachea development, lung epithelial cell differentiation and lung growth. Further, deletion of Hoxa5 in motor neurons resulted in abnormal diaphragm innervation and musculature, and lung hypoplasia. It also reproduced the neonatal lethality observed in null mutants, indicating that the defective diaphragm is the main cause of impaired survival at birth. Thus, Hoxa5 possesses tissue-specific functions that differentially contribute to the morphogenesis of the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Landry-Truchon
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, CRCHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Nicolas Houde
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, CRCHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Olivier Boucherat
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, CRCHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - France-Hélène Joncas
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, CRCHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Jeremy S Dasen
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10036, USA
| | - Polyxeni Philippidou
- NYU Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10036, USA
| | - Jennifer H Mansfield
- Department of Biology, Barnard College-Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Lucie Jeannotte
- Centre de Recherche sur le Cancer de l'Université Laval, CRCHU de Québec, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
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10
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Hughes DC, Marcotte GR, Marshall AG, West DWD, Baehr LM, Wallace MA, Saleh PM, Bodine SC, Baar K. Age-related Differences in Dystrophin: Impact on Force Transfer Proteins, Membrane Integrity, and Neuromuscular Junction Stability. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 72:640-648. [PMID: 27382038 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glw109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of muscle strength with age has been studied from the perspective of a decline in muscle mass and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) stability. A third potential factor is force transmission. The purpose of this study was to determine the changes in the force transfer apparatus within aging muscle and the impact on membrane integrity and NMJ stability. We measured an age-related loss of dystrophin protein that was greatest in the flexor muscles. The loss of dystrophin protein occurred despite a twofold increase in dystrophin mRNA. Importantly, this disparity could be explained by the four- to fivefold upregulation of the dystromir miR-31. To compensate for the loss of dystrophin protein, aged muscle contained increased α-sarcoglycan, syntrophin, sarcospan, laminin, β1-integrin, desmuslin, and the Z-line proteins α-actinin and desmin. In spite of the adaptive increase in other force transfer proteins, over the 48 hours following lengthening contractions, the old muscles showed more signs of impaired membrane integrity (fourfold increase in immunoglobulin G-positive fibers and 70% greater dysferlin mRNA) and NMJ instability (14- to 96-fold increases in Runx1, AchRδ, and myogenin mRNA). Overall, these data suggest that age-dependent alterations in dystrophin leave the muscle membrane and NMJ more susceptible to contraction-induced damage even before changes in muscle mass are obvious.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrea G Marshall
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior and.,Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis.,VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather
| | - Daniel W D West
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis.,VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather
| | - Leslie M Baehr
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis.,VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather
| | | | | | - Sue C Bodine
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior and.,Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis.,VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather
| | - Keith Baar
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior and.,Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis.,VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather
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11
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White Z, Terrill J, White RB, McMahon C, Sheard P, Grounds MD, Shavlakadze T. Voluntary resistance wheel exercise from mid-life prevents sarcopenia and increases markers of mitochondrial function and autophagy in muscles of old male and female C57BL/6J mice. Skelet Muscle 2016; 6:45. [PMID: 27964759 PMCID: PMC5155391 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-016-0117-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is much interest in the capacity of resistance exercise to prevent the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function, known as sarcopenia. This study investigates the molecular basis underlying the benefits of resistance exercise in aging C57BL/6J mice of both sexes. Results This study is the first to demonstrate that long-term (34 weeks) voluntary resistance wheel exercise (RWE) initiated at middle age, from 15 months, prevents sarcopenia in selected hindlimb muscles and causes hypertrophy in soleus, by 23 months of age in both male and female C57BL/6J mice. Compared with 23-month-old sedentary (SED) controls, RWE (0–6 g of resistance) increased intramuscular mitochondrial density and oxidative capacity (measured by citrate synthase and NADH-TR) and increased LC3II/I ratios (a marker of autophagy) in exercised mice of both sexes. RWE also reduced mRNA expression of Gadd45α (males only) and Runx1 (females only) but had no effect on other markers of denervation including Chrng, Chrnd, Musk, and Myog. RWE increased heart mass in all mice, with a more pronounced increase in females. Significant sex differences were also noted among SED mice, with Murf1 mRNA levels increasing in male, but decreasing in old female mice between 15 and 23 months. Conclusions Overall, long-term RWE initiated from 15 month of age significantly improved some markers of the mitochondrial and autophagosomal pathways and prevented age-related muscle wasting. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13395-016-0117-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe White
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia (UWA), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, UWA and Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Crawley, 6009, WA, Australia
| | - Jessica Terrill
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia (UWA), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UWA, Crawley, 6009, WA, Australia
| | - Robert B White
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia (UWA), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | | | - Phillip Sheard
- Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9010, New Zealand
| | - Miranda D Grounds
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia (UWA), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Tea Shavlakadze
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia (UWA), 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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12
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Wang S, Seaberg B, Paez-Colasante X, Rimer M. Defective Acetylcholine Receptor Subunit Switch Precedes Atrophy of Slow-Twitch Skeletal Muscle Fibers Lacking ERK1/2 Kinases in Soleus Muscle. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38745. [PMID: 27934942 PMCID: PMC5146667 DOI: 10.1038/srep38745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To test the role of extracellular-signal regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) in slow-twitch, type 1 skeletal muscle fibers, we studied the soleus muscle in mice genetically deficient for myofiber ERK1/2. Young adult mutant soleus was drastically wasted, with highly atrophied type 1 fibers, denervation at most synaptic sites, induction of “fetal” acetylcholine receptor gamma subunit (AChRγ), reduction of “adult” AChRε, and impaired mitochondrial biogenesis and function. In weanlings, fiber morphology and mitochondrial markers were mostly normal, yet AChRγ upregulation and AChRε downregulation were observed. Synaptic sites with fetal AChRs in weanling muscle were ~3% in control and ~40% in mutants, with most of the latter on type 1 fibers. These results suggest that: (1) ERK1/2 are critical for slow-twitch fiber growth; (2) a defective γ/ε-AChR subunit switch, preferentially at synapses on slow fibers, precedes wasting of mutant soleus; (3) denervation is likely to drive this wasting, and (4) the neuromuscular synapse is a primary subcellular target for muscle ERK1/2 function in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Bonnie Seaberg
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Ximena Paez-Colasante
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, USA
| | - Mendell Rimer
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, USA
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13
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Genomic-wide transcriptional profiling in primary myoblasts reveals Runx1-regulated genes in muscle regeneration. GENOMICS DATA 2015; 6:120-2. [PMID: 26697350 PMCID: PMC4664707 DOI: 10.1016/j.gdata.2015.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In response to muscle damage the muscle adult stem cells are activated and differentiate into myoblasts that regenerate the damaged tissue. We have recently showed that following myopathic damage the level of the Runx1 transcription factor (TF) is elevated and that during muscle regeneration this TF regulates the balance between myoblast proliferation and differentiation (Umansky et al.). We employed Runx1-dependent gene expression, Chromatin Immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq), Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq) and histone H3K4me1/H3K27ac modification analyses to identify a subset of Runx1-regulated genes that are co-occupied by the TFs MyoD and c-Jun and are involved in muscle regeneration (Umansky et al.). The data is available at the GEO database under the superseries accession number GSE56131.
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14
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Umansky KB, Gruenbaum-Cohen Y, Tsoory M, Feldmesser E, Goldenberg D, Brenner O, Groner Y. Runx1 Transcription Factor Is Required for Myoblasts Proliferation during Muscle Regeneration. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005457. [PMID: 26275053 PMCID: PMC4537234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Following myonecrosis, muscle satellite cells proliferate, differentiate and fuse, creating new myofibers. The Runx1 transcription factor is not expressed in naïve developing muscle or in adult muscle tissue. However, it is highly expressed in muscles exposed to myopathic damage yet, the role of Runx1 in muscle regeneration is completely unknown. Our study of Runx1 function in the muscle’s response to myonecrosis reveals that this transcription factor is activated and cooperates with the MyoD and AP-1/c-Jun transcription factors to drive the transcription program of muscle regeneration. Mice lacking dystrophin and muscle Runx1 (mdx-/Runx1f/f), exhibit impaired muscle regeneration leading to age-dependent muscle waste, gradual decrease in motor capabilities and a shortened lifespan. Runx1-deficient primary myoblasts are arrested at cell cycle G1 and consequently differentiate. Such premature differentiation disrupts the myoblasts’ normal proliferation/differentiation balance, reduces the number and size of regenerating myofibers and impairs muscle regeneration. Our combined Runx1-dependent gene expression, ChIP-seq, ATAC-seq and histone H3K4me1/H3K27ac modification analyses revealed a subset of Runx1-regulated genes that are co-occupied by MyoD and c-Jun in mdx-/Runx1f/f muscle. The data provide unique insights into the transcriptional program driving muscle regeneration and implicate Runx1 as an important participant in the pathology of muscle wasting diseases. In response to muscle injury, the muscle initiates a repair process that calls for the proliferation of muscle stem cells, which differentiate and fuse to create the myofibers that regenerate the tissue. Maintaining the balance between myoblast proliferation and differentiation is crucial for proper regeneration, with disruption leading to impaired regeneration characteristic of muscle-wasting diseases. Our study highlights the important role the Runx1 transcription factor plays in muscle regeneration and in regulating the balance between muscle stem cell proliferation and differentiation. While not expressed in healthy muscle tissue, Runx1 level significantly increases in response to various types of muscle damage. This aligns with our finding that mice lacking Runx1 in their muscles suffer from impaired muscle regeneration. Their muscles contained a significantly low number of regenerating myofibers, which were also relatively smaller in size, resulting in loss of muscle mass and motor capabilities. Our results indicate that Runx1 regulates muscle regeneration by preventing premature differentiation of proliferating myoblasts, thereby facilitating the buildup of the myoblast pool required for proper regeneration. Through genome-wide gene-expression analysis we identify a set of Runx1-regulated genes responsible for muscle regeneration thereby implicating Runx1 in the pathology of muscle wasting diseases such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kfir Baruch Umansky
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yael Gruenbaum-Cohen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Michael Tsoory
- Department of Veterinary Resources, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ester Feldmesser
- Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine (INCPM), The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dalia Goldenberg
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ori Brenner
- Department of Veterinary Resources, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoram Groner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- * E-mail:
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15
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Oleanolic Acid Induces Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells to Neurons: An Involvement of Transcription Factor Nkx-2.5. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:672312. [PMID: 26240574 PMCID: PMC4512619 DOI: 10.1155/2015/672312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) harbor the potential to differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes under normal conditions and/or in response to tissue damage. NSCs open a new way of treatment of the injured central nervous system and neurodegenerative disorders. Thus far, few drugs have been developed for controlling NSC functions. Here, the effect as well as mechanism of oleanolic acid (OA), a pentacyclic triterpenoid, on NSC function was investigated. We found OA significantly inhibited neurosphere formation in a dose-dependent manner and achieved a maximum effect at 10 nM. OA also reduced 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) incorporation into NSCs, which was indicative of inhibited NSC proliferation. Western blotting analysis revealed the protein levels of neuron-specific marker tubulin-βIII (TuJ1) and Mash1 were increased whilst the astrocyte-specific marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) decreased. Immunofluorescence analysis showed OA significantly elevated the percentage of TuJ1-positive cells and reduced GFAP-positive cells. Using DNA microarray analysis, 183 genes were differentially regulated by OA. Through transcription factor binding site analyses of the upstream regulatory sequences of these genes, 87 genes were predicted to share a common motif for Nkx-2.5 binding. Finally, small interfering RNA (siRNA) methodology was used to silence Nkx-2.5 expression and found silence of Nkx-2.5 alone did not change the expression of TuJ-1 and the percentage of TuJ-1-positive cells. But in combination of OA treatment and silence of Nkx-2.5, most effects of OA on NSCs were abolished. These results indicated that OA is an effective inducer for NSCs differentiation into neurons at least partially by Nkx-2.5-dependent mechanism.
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16
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Yoshikawa M, Hirabayashi M, Ito R, Ozaki S, Aizawa S, Masuda T, Senzaki K, Shiga T. Contribution of the Runx1 transcription factor to axonal pathfinding and muscle innervation by hypoglossal motoneurons. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 75:1295-314. [PMID: 25762373 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The runt-related transcription factor Runx1 contributes to cell type specification and axonal targeting projections of the nociceptive dorsal root ganglion neurons. Runx1 is also expressed in the central nervous system, but little is known of its functions in brain development. At mouse embryonic day (E) 17.5, Runx1-positive neurons were detected in the ventrocaudal subdivision of the hypoglossal nucleus. Runx1-positive neurons lacked calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression, whereas Runx1-negative neurons expressed CGRP. Expression of CGRP was not changed in Runx1-deficient mice at E17.5, suggesting that Runx1 alone does not suppress CGRP expression. Hypoglossal axon projections to the intrinsic vertical (V) and transverse (T) tongue muscles were sparser in Runx1-deficient mice at E17.5 compared to age-matched wild-type littermates. Concomitantly, vesicular acetylcholine transporter-positive axon terminals and acetylcholine receptor clusters were less dense in the V and T tongue muscles of Runx1-deficient mice. These abnormalities in axonal projection were not caused by a reduction in the total number hypoglossal neurons, failed synaptogenesis, or tongue muscles deficits. Our results implicate Runx1 in the targeting of ventrocaudal hypoglossal axons to specific tongue muscles. However, Runx1 deficiency did not alter neuronal survival or the expression of multiple motoneuron markers as in other neuronal populations. Thus, Runx1 appears to have distinct developmental functions in different brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Yoshikawa
- Division of Anatomical Science, Department of Functional Morphology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-Kamicho, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan.,Doctoral Program in Kansei, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Mizuki Hirabayashi
- Doctoral Program in Kansei, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Ryota Ito
- Doctoral Program in Kansei, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Shigeru Ozaki
- Doctoral Program in Kansei, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Shin Aizawa
- Division of Anatomical Science, Department of Functional Morphology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-Kamicho, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-8610, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Masuda
- Doctoral Program in Kansei, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Kouji Senzaki
- Doctoral Program in Kansei, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Takashi Shiga
- Doctoral Program in Kansei, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
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17
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Molecular analyses provide insight into mechanisms underlying sarcopenia and myofibre denervation in old skeletal muscles of mice. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 53:174-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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19
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Macquarrie KL, Yao Z, Young JM, Cao Y, Tapscott SJ. miR-206 integrates multiple components of differentiation pathways to control the transition from growth to differentiation in rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Skelet Muscle 2012; 2:7. [PMID: 22541669 PMCID: PMC3417070 DOI: 10.1186/2044-5040-2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Similar to replicating myoblasts, many rhabdomyosarcoma cells express the myogenic determination gene MyoD. In contrast to myoblasts, rhabdomyosarcoma cells do not make the transition from a regulative growth phase to terminal differentiation. Previously we demonstrated that the forced expression of MyoD with its E-protein dimerization partner was sufficient to induce differentiation and suppress multiple growth-promoting genes, suggesting that the dimer was targeting a switch that regulated the transition from growth to differentiation. Our data also suggested that a balance between various inhibitory transcription factors and MyoD activity kept rhabdomyosarcomas trapped in a proliferative state. Methods Potential myogenic co-factors were tested for their ability to drive differentiation in rhabdomyosarcoma cell culture models, and their relation to MyoD activity determined through molecular biological experiments. Results Modulation of the transcription factors RUNX1 and ZNF238 can induce differentiation in rhabdomyosarcoma cells and their activity is integrated, at least in part, through the activation of miR-206, which acts as a genetic switch to transition the cell from a proliferative growth phase to differentiation. The inhibitory transcription factor MSC also plays a role in controlling miR-206, appearing to function by occluding a binding site for MyoD in the miR-206 promoter. Conclusions These findings support a network model composed of coupled regulatory circuits with miR-206 functioning as a switch regulating the transition from one stable state (growth) to another (differentiation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle L Macquarrie
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave N, C3-168, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
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20
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Hansson O. Running with regulation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 110:13-4. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01327.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ola Hansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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21
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Keller P, Vollaard NBJ, Gustafsson T, Gallagher IJ, Sundberg CJ, Rankinen T, Britton SL, Bouchard C, Koch LG, Timmons JA. A transcriptional map of the impact of endurance exercise training on skeletal muscle phenotype. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 110:46-59. [PMID: 20930125 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00634.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular pathways that are activated and contribute to physiological remodeling of skeletal muscle in response to endurance exercise have not been fully characterized. We previously reported that ∼800 gene transcripts are regulated following 6 wk of supervised endurance training in young sedentary males, referred to as the training-responsive transcriptome (TRT) (Timmons JA et al. J Appl Physiol 108: 1487-1496, 2010). Here we utilized this database together with data on biological variation in muscle adaptation to aerobic endurance training in both humans and a novel out-bred rodent model to study the potential regulatory molecules that coordinate this complex network of genes. We identified three DNA sequences representing RUNX1, SOX9, and PAX3 transcription factor binding sites as overrepresented in the TRT. In turn, miRNA profiling indicated that several miRNAs targeting RUNX1, SOX9, and PAX3 were downregulated by endurance training. The TRT was then examined by contrasting subjects who demonstrated the least vs. the greatest improvement in aerobic capacity (low vs. high responders), and at least 100 of the 800 TRT genes were differentially regulated, thus suggesting regulation of these genes may be important for improving aerobic capacity. In high responders, proangiogenic and tissue developmental networks emerged as key candidates for coordinating tissue aerobic adaptation. Beyond RNA-level validation there were several DNA variants that associated with maximal aerobic capacity (Vo(₂max)) trainability in the HERITAGE Family Study but these did not pass conservative Bonferroni adjustment. In addition, in a rat model selected across 10 generations for high aerobic training responsiveness, we found that both the TRT and a homologous subset of the human high responder genes were regulated to a greater degree in high responder rodent skeletal muscle. This analysis provides a comprehensive map of the transcriptomic features important for aerobic exercise-induced improvements in maximal oxygen consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Keller
- Translational Biomedicine, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
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22
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Russo TL, Peviani SM, Durigan JLQ, Gigo-Benato D, Delfino GB, Salvini TF. Stretching and electrical stimulation reduce the accumulation of MyoD, myostatin and atrogin-1 in denervated rat skeletal muscle. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2010; 31:45-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s10974-010-9203-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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23
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Overexpression of IGF-1 in muscle attenuates disease in a mouse model of spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. Neuron 2009; 63:316-28. [PMID: 19679072 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2009] [Revised: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Expansion of a polyglutamine tract in the androgen receptor (AR) causes spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA). We previously showed that Akt-mediated phosphorylation of AR reduces ligand binding and attenuates the mutant AR toxicity. Here, we show that in culture insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) reduces AR aggregation and increases AR clearance via the ubiquitin-proteasome system through phosphorylation of AR by Akt. In vivo, SBMA transgenic mice overexpressing a muscle-specific isoform of IGF-1 selectively in skeletal muscle show evidence of increased Akt activation and AR phosphorylation and decreased AR aggregation. Augmentation of IGF-1/Akt signaling rescues behavioral and histopathological abnormalities, extends the life span, and reduces both muscle and spinal cord pathology of SBMA mice. This study establishes IGF-1/Akt-mediated inactivation of mutant AR as a strategy to counteract disease in vivo and demonstrates that skeletal muscle is a viable target tissue for therapeutic intervention in SBMA.
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24
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Mansilla F, Dominguez CA, Yeadon JE, Corydon TJ, Burden SJ, Knudsen CR. Translation elongation factor eEF1A binds to a novel myosin binding protein-C-like protein. J Cell Biochem 2008; 105:847-58. [PMID: 18756455 PMCID: PMC2597023 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1A (eEF1A) is a guanine-nucleotide binding protein, which transports aminoacylated tRNA to the ribosomal A site during protein synthesis. In a yeast two-hybrid screening of a human skeletal muscle cDNA library, a novel eEF1A binding protein, immunoglobulin-like and fibronectin type III domain containing 1 (IGFN1), was discovered, and its interaction with eEF1A was confirmed in vitro. IGFN1 is specifically expressed in skeletal muscle and presents immunoglobulin I and fibronectin III sets of domains characteristic of sarcomeric proteins. IGFN1 shows sequence and structural homology to myosin binding protein-C fast and slow-type skeletal muscle isoforms. IGFN1 is substantially upregulated during muscle denervation. We propose a model in which this increased expression of IGFN1 serves to down-regulate protein synthesis via interaction with eEF1A during denervation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James E. Yeadon
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | | | - Steven J. Burden
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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25
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Peterson LF, Lo MC, Okumura AJ, Zhang DE. Inability of RUNX1/AML1 to breach AML1-ETO block of embryonic stem cell definitive hematopoiesis. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2007; 39:321-8. [PMID: 17692541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2007.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2007] [Accepted: 06/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The t(8;21)(q22:q22) translocation associated with acute myeloid leukemia fuses the AML1/RUNX1 N-terminal portion located on chromosome 21 to most of the ETO/MTG8 gene on chromosome 8. Various investigators have shown that the fusion product AML1-ETO on its own is unable to promote leukemia. Early studies using transgenic mouse models demonstrated that the direct knock-in of the fusion protein expression is embryonic lethal, similar to the AML1 knockout, suggesting that AML1-ETO has a dominant negative role over AML1. Using the embryonic stem cells generated for such studies, we show here that the presence of the fusion product AML1-ETO blocks definitive hematopoiesis in vitro as well, in both one and two step methylcellulose methods of embryonic stem cell hematopoietic differentiation. However, there is a very low occurrence of macrophage colonies, similar to the knock-in mice that display macrophages in cell cultures of yolk sac derived cells. In addition, we show that exogenous expression of AML1 is unable to bypass this AML1-ETO induced definitive hematopoietic block in these cells. This inability is not linked to an inability to reverse gene expression inhibition by AML1-ETO of the PU.1 gene associated with stem cell maintenance and myeloid differentiation. Our results suggest that AML1-ETO functions in a complex competitive manner with AML1 involving transcriptional regulation, protein-protein interactions and post-transcriptional mechanism(s) affecting early embryonic hematopoiesis and possibly leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke F Peterson
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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26
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Shavlakadze T, Grounds M. Of bears, frogs, meat, mice and men: complexity of factors affecting skeletal muscle mass and fat. Bioessays 2006; 28:994-1009. [PMID: 16998828 DOI: 10.1002/bies.20479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extreme loss of skeletal muscle mass (atrophy) occurs in human muscles that are not used. In striking contrast, skeletal muscles do not rapidly waste away in hibernating mammals such as bears, or aestivating frogs, subjected to many months of inactivity and starvation. What factors regulate skeletal muscle mass and what mechanisms protect against muscle atrophy in some species? Severe atrophy also occurs with ageing and there is much clinical interest in reducing such loss of muscle mass and strength (sarcopenia). In the meat industry, a key aim is optimizing the control of skeletal muscle growth and meat quality. The impaired response of muscle to insulin resulting in diabetes, that is a consequence of the metabolic impact of increasing obesity and fat deposition in humans, is also of increasing clinical concern. Intensive research in these fields, combined with mouse models, is reviewed with respect to the molecular control of muscle growth (myogenesis) and atrophy/hypertrophy and fat deposition (adipogenesis) in skeletal muscle, with a focus on IGF-1/insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Shavlakadze
- School of Anatomy and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 6009, Western Australia.
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27
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Abstract
Skeletal muscle is comprised of heterogeneous muscle fibers that differ in their physiological and metabolic parameters. It is this diversity that enables different muscle groups to provide a variety of functional properties. In response to environmental demands, skeletal muscle remodels by activating signaling pathways to reprogram gene expression to sustain muscle performance. Studies have been performed using exercise, electrical stimulation, transgenic animal models, disease states, and microgravity to show genetic alterations and transitions of muscle fibers in response to functional demands. Various components of calcium-dependent signaling pathways and multiple transcription factors, coactivators and corepressors have been shown to be involved in skeletal muscle remodeling. Understanding the mechanisms involved in modulating skeletal muscle phenotypes can potentiate the development of new therapeutic measures to ameliorate muscular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda Bassel-Duby
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9148.
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Kostrominova TY, Dow DE, Dennis RG, Miller RA, Faulkner JA. Comparison of gene expression of 2-mo denervated, 2-mo stimulated-denervated, and control rat skeletal muscles. Physiol Genomics 2005; 22:227-43. [PMID: 15840640 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00210.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of innervation in skeletal muscles leads to degeneration, atrophy, and loss of force. These dramatic changes are reflected in modifications of the mRNA expression of a large number of genes. Our goal was to clarify the broad spectrum of molecular events associated with long-term denervation of skeletal muscles. A microarray study compared gene expression profiles of 2-mo denervated and control extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles from 6-mo-old rats. The study identified 121 genes with increased and 7 genes with decreased mRNA expression. The expression of 107 of these genes had not been identified previously as changed after denervation. Many of the genes identified were genes that are highly expressed in skeletal muscles during embryonic development, downregulated in adults, and upregulated after denervation of muscle fibers. Electrical stimulation of denervated muscles preserved muscle mass and maximal force at levels similar to those in the control muscles. To understand the processes underlying the effect of electrical stimulation on denervated skeletal muscles, mRNA and protein expression of a number of genes, identified by the microarray study, was compared. The hypothesis was that loss of nerve action potentials and muscle contractions after denervation play the major roles in upregulation of gene expression in skeletal muscles. With electrical stimulation of denervated muscles, the expression levels for these genes were significantly downregulated, consistent with the hypothesis that loss of action potentials and/or contractions contribute to the alterations in gene expression in denervated skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Y Kostrominova
- Institute of Gerontology, Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2007, USA.
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29
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Jackson Behan K, Fair J, Singh S, Bogwitz M, Perry T, Grubor V, Cunningham F, Nichols CD, Cheung TL, Batterham P, Pollock JA. Alternative splicing removes an Ets interaction domain from Lozenge during Drosophila eye development. Dev Genes Evol 2005; 215:423-35. [PMID: 15868204 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-005-0490-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2004] [Accepted: 04/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Physical and functional characteristics of the RUNX family of transcription factors are conserved between vertebrates and the Drosophila protein Lozenge. The runt-homology domain responsible for DNA binding and also the C-terminus are both nearly identical between the two proteins. The mammalian and fly proteins heterodimerize with a non-DNA binding partner protein to form a core binding factor essential for gene regulation during cell differentiation. The mammalian protein RUNX1 (AML1/PEBP2alphaB) interacts with the transcription factor Ets-1 to increase DNA binding and transactivation potential. Alternative splicing of the mammalian RUNX1 removes a domain required for this cooperative transactivation. In this work we determine the structure of the lozenge transcription unit and map 21 mutations. We show that the lozenge transcript is alternatively spliced during eye development to remove an Ets interaction domain. Emphasis is placed on Pointed the Drosophila homolog of the vertebrate Ets-1 protein; both Lozenge and Pointed proteins are needed for the activation of prospero expression. We use site-directed mutagenesis and yeast two-hybrid analysis to show that conserved amino acids within the alternate Lozenge exon are important for interaction with Pointed. Furthermore, the ectopic expression of Lozenge is sufficient to rescue Prospero expression in the presence of the Pointed competitor, Yan(ACT). We show that both lozenge isoforms are expressed during eye development and that the relative ratio of the transcripts for the two isoforms is sensitive to changes in Ras activity. We suggest that during eye development, Lozenge isoforms function in divergent roles, either interacting with Pointed on downstream targets or by functioning independently to establish distinct cell fates.
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30
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Stock M, Otto F. Control of RUNX2 isoform expression: The role of promoters and enhancers. J Cell Biochem 2005; 95:506-17. [PMID: 15838892 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.20471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The three mammalian RUNX genes constitute the family of runt domain transcription factors that are involved in the regulation of a number of developmental processes such as haematopoiesis, osteogenesis and neuronal differentiation. All three genes show a complex temporo-spatial pattern of expression. Since the three proteins are probably mutually interchangeable with regard to function, most of the specificity of each family member seems to be based on a tightly controlled regulation of expression. While RUNX gene expression is driven by two promoters for each gene, the promoter sequence alone does not seem to suffice for a proper expressional control. This review focuses on the available evidence for the existence of such control mechanisms and studies aiming at discovering cis-acting regulatory sequences of the RUNX2 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Stock
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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31
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Jo M, Gieske MC, Payne CE, Wheeler-Price SE, Gieske JB, Ignatius IV, Curry TE, Ko C. Development and application of a rat ovarian gene expression database. Endocrinology 2004; 145:5384-96. [PMID: 15297439 DOI: 10.1210/en.2004-0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary gonadotropins play a key role in follicular development and ovulation through the induction of specific genes. To identify these genes, we have constructed a genome-wide rat ovarian gene expression database (rOGED). The database was constructed from total RNA isolated from intact ovaries, granulosa cells, or residual ovarian tissues collected from immature pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG)/human chorionic gonadotropin-treated rats at 0 h (no PMSG), 12 h, and 48 h post PMSG, as well as 6 and 12 h post human chorionic gonadotropin. The total RNA was used for DNA microarray analysis using Affymetrix Rat Expression Arrays 230A and 230B (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA). The microarray data were compiled and used for display of individual gene expression profiles through specially developed software. The final rOGED provides immediate analysis of temporal gene expression profiles for over 28,000 genes in intact ovaries, granulosa cells, and residual ovarian tissue during follicular growth and the preovulatory period. The accuracy of the rOGED was validated against the gene profiles for over 20 known genes. The utility of the rOGED was demonstrated by identifying six genes that have not been described in the rat periovulatory ovary. The mRNA expression patterns and cellular localization for each of these six genes (estrogen sulfotransferase, synaptosomal-associated protein 25 kDa, runt-related transcription factor, calgranulin B, alpha1-macroglobulin, and MAPK phosphotase-3) were confirmed by Northern blot analyses and in situ hybridization, respectively. The current findings demonstrate that the rOGED can be used as an instant reference for ovarian gene expression profiles, as well as a reliable resource for identifying important yet, to date, unknown ovarian genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misung Jo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA
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32
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Gattenlöhner S, Waller C, Ertl G, Bültmann BD, Müller-Hermelink HK, Marx A. NCAM(CD56) and RUNX1(AML1) are up-regulated in human ischemic cardiomyopathy and a rat model of chronic cardiac ischemia. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 163:1081-90. [PMID: 12937148 PMCID: PMC1868264 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2003] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chronic myocardial ischemia is the leading cause of impaired myocardial contractility and heart failure. To identify differentially expressed genes in human ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM), we constructed a subtracted cDNA library using specimens of ICM compared to normal human heart. Among 100 randomly sequenced clones, seven sequences represented recently identified candidate genes for differential expression in cardiac hypertrophy. A further clone without a known hypertrophy-association coded for the adhesion molecule NCAM(CD56). RNase protection assay, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting revealed strong overexpression of NCAM(CD56) in all hearts with ICM (n = 14) compared to normal hearts (n = 8), whereas in congestive cardiomyopathy (CCM) (n = 8), hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (n = 2), myocarditis (n = 4), and sarcoidosis (n = 2), at most slight overexpression of NCAM(CD56) was observed. NCAM(CD56) overexpression abnormally involved the whole cell membrane and the cytoplasma of cardiomyocytes only inside and adjacent to ischemia-induced cardiac scars. Normal or hypertrophic fibers at a distance from ischemic scars were devoid of NCAM overexpression. Identical alterations were observed in an experimental rat ICM model, but not in normal nor in spontaneously hypertensive rat hearts. In search of NCAM(CD56)-related transcription factors we found RUNX1(AML1) up-regulation in ICM and detected RUNX1(AML1) binding within the NCAM(CD56) promoter by electromobility shift assay. We concluded that strong overexpression of NCAM(CD56) and RUNX1(AML1) is a constant and characteristic feature of cardiomyocytes within or adjacent to scars in ICM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gattenlöhner
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneiderstrasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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33
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Abstract
The AML1 transcription factor, identified by the cloning of the translocation t(8;21) breakpoint, is one of the most frequent targets for chromosomal translocations in leukemia. Furthermore, polysomies and point mutations can also alter AML1 function. AML1, also called CBF alpha 2, PEBP alpha 2 or RUNX1, is thus implicated in a great number of acute leukemias via a variety of pathogenic mechanisms and seems to act either as an oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene. Characterization of AML1 knockout mice has shown that AML1 is necessary for normal development of all hematopoietic lineages and alterations in the overal functional level of AML1 can have a profound effect on hematopoiesis. Numerous studies have shown that AML1 plays a vital role in the regulation of expression of many genes involved in hematopoietic cell development, and the impairment of AML1 function disregulates the pathways leading to cellular proliferation and differentiation. However, heterozygous AML1 mutations alone may not be sufficient for the development of leukemia. A cumulative process of mutagenesis involving additional genetic events in functionally related molecules, may be necessary for the development of leukemia and may determine the leukemic phenotype. We review the known AML1 target genes, AML1 interacting proteins, AML1 gene alterations and their effects on AML1 function, and mutations in AML1-related genes associated with leukemia. We discuss the interconnections between all these genes in cell signaling pathways and their importance for future therapeutic developments.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21/ultrastructure
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 8/ultrastructure
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Drug Design
- Gene Dosage
- Genes, Tumor Suppressor
- Growth Substances/physiology
- Hematopoiesis/genetics
- Humans
- Leukemia/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mutagenesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/physiology
- Oncogenes
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic/physiology
- Translocation, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Joäelle Michaud
- Genetics and Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria, Australia
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34
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Gattenlöhner S, Schneider C, Thamer C, Klein R, Roggendorf W, Gohlke F, Niethammer C, Czub S, Vincent A, Müller-Hermelink HK, Marx A. Expression of foetal type acetylcholine receptor is restricted to type 1 muscle fibres in human neuromuscular disorders. Brain 2002; 125:1309-19. [PMID: 12023319 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awf136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In adult muscle, acetylcholine receptors (AChR) are restricted mainly to the motor endplate where the adult isoform (alphabetadeltaepsilon) is expressed. When skeletal muscle is denervated in animal models, there is atrophy of the muscle and a marked increase in expression of the AChR foetal isoform (alphabetagammadelta) containing a gamma-subunit. Similar changes in AChR expression are thought to occur in human muscle. While the role of denervation in regulating AChR gene expression has been widely studied, it has not been determined whether the transcriptional programmes responsible for defining different fibre types have an impact on the expression of AChR genes. We investigated biopsies from patients with a wide spectrum of neuromuscular diseases for expression of the AChR alpha- and gamma-subunits using RNase protection assays, alpha/gamma-duplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry for foetal AChR and RNA in situ hybridization. Muscle from all patients with neurogenic disorders and, to a lesser extent, myogenic disorders, exhibited markedly increased transcription of the AChR gamma-subunit but, in contrast to previous animal studies, did not show increased AChR alpha-subunit. Moreover, both immunohistochemistry and RNA in situ hybridization revealed that AChR gamma-subunit hyperexpression occurred exclusively in atrophic type 1 and not in atrophic type 2 muscle fibres, irrespective of the underlying neuromuscular disease. We conclude that up-regulation of the AChR gamma-subunit in human muscle disorders is restricted to type 1 muscle fibres and, therefore, that AChR gamma-subunit expression is controlled by a muscle fibre type-restricted transcriptional programme. The factors influencing expression of this and other functional proteins should be relevant to the understanding and treatment of a range of neuromuscular disorders.
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35
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Abstract
Myeloid blood cells comprise an important component of the immune system. Proper control of both lineage- and stage-specific gene expression is required for normal myeloid cell development and function. In recent years, a relatively small number of critical transcriptional regulators have been identified that serve important roles both in myeloid cell development and regulation of lineage-restricted gene expression in mature myeloid cells. This review summarizes our current understanding of the regulation of lineage- and stage-restricted transcription during myeloid cell differentiation, how critical transcriptional regulators control myeloid cell development, and how perturbations in transcription factor function results in the development of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Skalnik
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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36
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Abstract
Mammalian core binding factor beta (CBFbeta) and Drosophila Brother (Bro) and Big-brother (Bgb) proteins are transcription factors that dimerize with mammalian Runx and Drosophila Runt and Lozenge proteins and augment their DNA binding affinity and transcriptional potency. CBFbeta is essential for development and sustenance of definitive hematopoiesis during mouse embryogenesis. Bro and Bgb are required for Runt/Lozenge functions in Drosophila development. CBFbeta contributes to leukemogenesis since the CBFB gene is specifically and consistently mutated by a chromosome 16 inversion found in patients with acute myeloid leukemia subtype M4Eo. The ubiquitous expression pattern of the CBFB gene suggests that it may play important roles in many other organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Adya
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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37
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Mitani Y, Zaidi SH, Dufourcq P, Thompson K, Rabinovitch M. Nitric oxide reduces vascular smooth muscle cell elastase activity through cGMP-mediated suppression of ERK phosphorylation and AML1B nuclear partitioning. FASEB J 2000; 14:805-14. [PMID: 10744637 DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.14.5.805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) reduces the severity of pulmonary vascular disease in rats as do elastase inhibitors. We therefore hypothesized that NO inhibits elastase by suppressing mitogen-activated protein kinases that trans-activate AML1B, a transcription factor for elastase. We used cultured pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells in which serum-treated elastin (STE) induces a > threefold increase in elastase activity as evaluated by solubilization of [(3)H]-elastin. NO donors (SNAP and DETA NONOate) inhibited elastase in a dose-dependent manner as did a cGMP mimetic (8-pCPT-cGMP). SNAP inhibition of elastase was reversed by coadministration of a cGMP-PKG inhibitor (Rp-8-pCPT-cGMP). The STE-induced increase in phospho-ERK was suppressed by NO donors and the cGMP mimetic, and reversed by cGMP-PKG inhibitor, as was expression of AML1B and DNA binding in nuclear extracts. A concomitant increase in p38 phosphorylation was also inhibited by SNAP, but whereas MEK inhibitor (PD98059) suppressed elastase and AML1B-DNA binding, a p38 inhibitor (SB202190) did not. Our study uniquely links NO with inhibition of elastase-dependent matrix remodeling in vascular disease by suggesting a cGMP-PKG-related mechanism suppressing ERK-mediated partitioning of AML1B in nuclear extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Mitani
- Division of Cardiovascular Research, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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38
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Shi MJ, Stavnezer J. CBFα3 (AML2) Is Induced by TGF-β1 to Bind and Activate the Mouse Germline Ig α Promoter. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.12.6751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
TGF-β1 directs class switching to IgA by splenic B cells and by the surface IgM+ B cell line, I.29μ, by inducing germline (GL) Ig α transcripts. The promoter segment between −130 and +46, relative to the first initiation site for mouse GL α transcripts, is sufficient for expression and TGF-β1 inducibility of a reporter gene in B cell lines. Within this segment resides a TGF-β1-responsive element (TβRE) that is required for induction of the promoter by TGF-β1 and, when multimerized, is sufficient to transfer TGF-β1 inducibility to another promoter. In this report we show that a TGF-β1-inducible complex binds the TβRE and contains the transcription factor core-binding factor (CBF; also known as acute myeloid leukemia, AML). Although all three CBFα family members activate the GL α promoter, only CBFα3 (AML-2) is induced by TGF-β1 in splenic B and I.29μ cells. The TβRE contains two CBF binding sites. Mutation of both sites reduces but does not eliminate induction of the GL α promoter by TGF-β1 or by overexpression of CBF, possibly due to the presence of an additional CBF site in the promoter. In addition, the TβRE contains two copies of another sequence motif. Mutation of these motifs eliminates TGF-β1 induction of the GL α promoter. Together the data indicate that TGF-β1 induction of the α promoter involves induction of CBFα3, which binds to the TβRE of the promoter along with one or more proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jiao Shi
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Graduate Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Janet Stavnezer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Graduate Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655
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39
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Suzuki Y, Shen T, Poyard M, Best-Belpomme M, Hanoune J, Defer N. Expression of adenylyl cyclase mRNAs in the denervated and in the developing mouse skeletal muscle. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 274:C1674-85. [PMID: 9611134 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.1998.274.6.c1674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the activity and in the expression of adenylyl cyclase (AC) were examined in mouse skeletal muscle after denervation and during development. Four isoforms of AC (AC2, AC6, AC7, and AC9) were detected by Northern blot analysis in gastrocnemius muscle, AC9 being the most abundant. After denervation, the levels of AC2 and AC9 mRNA decreased, whereas those of AC6 and AC7 increased. AC activity in response to several neurotransmitters was increased after denervation. During development, AC activity was high in fetus and neonate and declined in the adult; the sensitivity of AC activity to various neurotransmitters was the highest on the third postnatal day. The levels of AC6 and AC7 mRNAs were high on the third postnatal day and then decreased in adult, paralleling the decline in AC activity. All the characteristics of AC expression and activity in fetus and neonate resembled those observed in denervated adult muscle. These results indicate that changes in AC activity and AC mRNAs play an important role in the various physiopathological states of skeletal muscle, especially during muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Suzuki
- Institut National de la Sante et la Recherche Medicale Unite 99, Hopital Henri Mondor, F-94010 Creteil, France
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40
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41
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42
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Okuda T, van Deursen J, Hiebert SW, Grosveld G, Downing JR. AML1, the target of multiple chromosomal translocations in human leukemia, is essential for normal fetal liver hematopoiesis. Cell 1996; 84:321-30. [PMID: 8565077 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80986-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1461] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The AML1-CBF beta transcription factor is the most frequent target of chromosomal rearrangements in human leukemia. To investigate its normal function, we generated mice lacking AML1. Embryos with homozygous mutations in AML1 showed normal morphogenesis and yolk sac-derived erythropoiesis, but lacked fetal liver hematopoiesis and died around E12.5. Sequentially targeted AML1-/-es cell retained their capacity to differentiate into primitive erythroid cells in vitro; however, no myeloid or erythroid progenitors of definitive hematopoietic origin were detected in either the yolk sac or fetal livers of mutant embryos. Moreover, this hematopoietic defect was intrinsic to the stem cells in that AML1-/-ES cells failed to contribute to hematopoiesis in chimeric animals. These results suggest that AML1-regulated target genes are essential for definitive hematopoiesis of all lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Okuda
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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43
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Claxton DF, Marlton P, Siciliano MJ. Molecular genetics of inversion 16 leukemia: implications for leukemogenesis. Cancer Treat Res 1996; 84:1-18. [PMID: 8724623 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-1261-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D F Claxton
- University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Hematology, Houston 77030, USA
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