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Vitamin A as a Transcriptional Regulator of Cardiovascular Disease. HEARTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/hearts1020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin A is a micronutrient and signaling molecule that regulates transcription, cellular differentiation, and organ homeostasis. Additionally, metabolites of Vitamin A are utilized as differentiation agents in the treatment of hematological cancers and skin disorders, necessitating further study into the effects of both nutrient deficiency and the exogenous delivery of Vitamin A and its metabolites on cardiovascular phenotypes. Though vitamin A/retinoids are well-known regulators of cardiac formation, recent evidence has emerged that supports their role as regulators of cardiac regeneration, postnatal cardiac function, and cardiovascular disease progression. We here review findings from genetic and pharmacological studies describing the regulation of both myocyte- and vascular-driven cardiac phenotypes by vitamin A signaling. We identify the relationship between retinoids and maladaptive processes during the pathological hypertrophy of the heart, with a focus on the activation of neurohormonal signaling and fetal transcription factors (Gata4, Tbx5). Finally, we assess how this information might be leveraged to develop novel therapeutic avenues.
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The transcriptional factor GATA-4 negatively regulates Hsp70 transcription in Crassostrea hongkongensis. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:7107-7114. [PMID: 32880831 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05778-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To better explore the application potential of heat shock protein Hsp70s in diverse areas including biomonitoring, a further investigation of the details of the regulatory mechanism governing Hsp70 transcription is required. A transcriptional factor ChGATA-4 that displayed affinity to the ChHsp70 promoter of Crassostrea hongkongensis was isolated and identified by DNA affinity purification as well as mass spectrometry analysis. The ChGATA-4 cDNA is 2162 bp in length and the open reading frame encodes a polypeptide containing 482 amino acids with a conserved zinc finger domain. The over-expression of ChGATA-4 significantly inhibited the expression of ChHsp70 promoter in heterologous HEK293T cells. However, the depletion of ChGATA-4 mRNA by RNAi technique resulted in significant increase of ChHsp70 transcription in oyster hemocytes. The RT-PCR results demonstrated that the transcription of both ChHsp70 and ChGATA-4 were induced by heat, Cd, or NP (Nonyl phenol) stress. This suggested a potential correlation between ChHsp70 and ChGATA-4 in the stress-mediated genetic regulatory cascade. This study demonstrated that ChGATA-4 acts in a negative manner in controlling ChHsp70 transcription in C. hongkongensis and promotes to further understand the mechanisms leading Hsp70 transcription.
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Abstract
Various strategies have been applied to replace the loss of cardiomyocytes in order to restore reduced cardiac function and prevent the progression of heart disease. Intensive research efforts in the field of cellular reprogramming and cell transplantation may eventually lead to efficient in vivo applications for the treatment of cardiac injuries, representing a novel treatment strategy for regenerative medicine. Modulation of cardiac transcription factor (TF) networks by chemical entities represents another viable option for therapeutic interventions. Comprehensive screening projects have revealed a number of molecular entities acting on molecular pathways highly critical for cellular lineage commitment and differentiation, including compounds targeting Wnt- and transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ)-signaling. Furthermore, previous studies have demonstrated that GATA4 and NKX2-5 are essential TFs in gene regulation of cardiac development and hypertrophy. For example, both of these TFs are required to fully activate mechanical stretch-responsive genes such as atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP). We have previously reported that the compound 3i-1000 efficiently inhibited the synergy of the GATA4-NKX2-5 interaction. Cellular effects of 3i-1000 have been further characterized in a number of confirmatory in vitro bioassays, including rat cardiac myocytes and animal models of ischemic injury and angiotensin II-induced pressure overload, suggesting the potential for small molecule-induced cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika J. Välimäki
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki J. Ruskoaho
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinki, Finland
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Zlabinger K, Spannbauer A, Traxler D, Gugerell A, Lukovic D, Winkler J, Mester-Tonczar J, Podesser B, Gyöngyösi M. MiR-21, MiR-29a, GATA4, and MEF2c Expression Changes in Endothelin-1 and Angiotensin II Cardiac Hypertrophy Stimulated Isl-1 +Sca-1 +c-kit + Porcine Cardiac Progenitor Cells In Vitro. Cells 2019; 8:cells8111416. [PMID: 31717562 PMCID: PMC6912367 DOI: 10.3390/cells8111416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cost- and time-intensive porcine translational disease models offer great opportunities to test drugs and therapies for pathological cardiac hypertrophy and can be supported by porcine cell culture models that provide further insights into basic disease mechanisms. Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) residing in the adult heart have been shown to differentiate in vitro into cardiomyocytes and could contribute to cardiac regeneration. Therefore, it is important to evaluate their changes on the cellular level caused by disease. We successfully isolated Isl1+Sca1+cKit+ porcine CPCs (pCPCs) from pig hearts and stimulated them with endothelin-1 (ET-1) and angiotensin II (Ang II) in vitro. We also performed a cardiac reprogramming transfection and tested the same conditions. Our results show that undifferentiated Isl1+Sca1+cKit+ pCPCs were significantly upregulated in GATA4, MEF2c, and miR-29a gene expressions and in BNP and MCP-1 protein expressions with Ang II stimulation, but they showed no significant changes in miR-29a and MCP-1 when stimulated with ET-1. Differentiated Isl1+Sca1+cKit+ pCPCs exhibited significantly higher levels of MEF2c, GATA4, miR-29a, and miR-21 as well as Cx43 and BNP with Ang II stimulation. pMx-MGT-transfected Isl1+Sca1+cKit+ pCPCs showed significant elevations in MEF2c, GATA4, and BNP expressions when stimulated with ET-1. Our model demonstrates that in vitro stimulation leads to successful Isl1+Sca1+cKit+ pCPC hypertrophy with upregulation of cardiac remodeling associated genes and profibrotic miRNAs and offers great possibilities for further investigations of disease mechanisms and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Zlabinger
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Cardiology, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.S.); (D.T.); (A.G.); (D.L.); (J.W.); (J.M.-T.)
- Correspondence: (K.Z.); (M.G.); Tel.: +43(0)-140-400-48520 (K.Z.)
| | - Andreas Spannbauer
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Cardiology, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.S.); (D.T.); (A.G.); (D.L.); (J.W.); (J.M.-T.)
| | - Denise Traxler
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Cardiology, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.S.); (D.T.); (A.G.); (D.L.); (J.W.); (J.M.-T.)
| | - Alfred Gugerell
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Cardiology, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.S.); (D.T.); (A.G.); (D.L.); (J.W.); (J.M.-T.)
| | - Dominika Lukovic
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Cardiology, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.S.); (D.T.); (A.G.); (D.L.); (J.W.); (J.M.-T.)
| | - Johannes Winkler
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Cardiology, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.S.); (D.T.); (A.G.); (D.L.); (J.W.); (J.M.-T.)
| | - Julia Mester-Tonczar
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Cardiology, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.S.); (D.T.); (A.G.); (D.L.); (J.W.); (J.M.-T.)
| | - Bruno Podesser
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Biomedical Research, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Mariann Gyöngyösi
- Medical University of Vienna, Department of Cardiology, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.S.); (D.T.); (A.G.); (D.L.); (J.W.); (J.M.-T.)
- Correspondence: (K.Z.); (M.G.); Tel.: +43(0)-140-400-48520 (K.Z.)
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Fang T, Zhu Y, Xu A, Zhang Y, Wu Q, Huang G, Sheng W, Chen M. Functional analysis of the congenital heart disease‑associated GATA4 H436Y mutation in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:2325-2331. [PMID: 31322241 PMCID: PMC6691264 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common type of developmental defect, with high rates of morbidity in infants. The transcription factor GATA‑binding factor 4 (GATA4) has been reported to serve a critical role in embryogenesis and cardiac development. Our previous study reported a heterozygous GATA4 c.1306C>T (p.H436Y) mutation in four Chinese infants with congenital heart defects. In the present study, functional analysis of the GATA4 H436Y mutation was performed in vitro. The functional effect of GATA4 mutation was compared with GATA4 wild‑type using a dual‑luciferase reporter assay system and immunofluorescence. Electrophoretic mobility‑shift assays were performed to explore the binding affinity of the mutated GATA4 to the heart and neural crest derivatives expressed 2 (HAND2) gene. The results revealed that the mutation had no effect on normal nuclear localization, but resulted in diminished GATA‑binding affinity to HAND2 and significantly decreased gene transcriptional activation. These results indicated that this GATA4 mutation may not influence cellular localization in transfected cells, but may affect the affinity of the GATA‑binding site on HAND2 and decrease transcriptional activity, thus suggesting that the GATA4 mutation may be associated with the pathogenesis of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Fang
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230036, P.R. China
| | - Yanjie Zhu
- Cardiovascular Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, P.R. China
| | - Anlan Xu
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230036, P.R. China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Anhui Women and Child Health Care Hospital, Hefei, Anhui 230027, P.R. China
| | - Qingfa Wu
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, P.R. China
| | - Guoying Huang
- Cardiovascular Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, P.R. China
| | - Wei Sheng
- Cardiovascular Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, P.R. China
| | - Mingwu Chen
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230036, P.R. China
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Chen J, Wang S, Pang S, Cui Y, Yan B, Hawley RG. Functional genetic variants of the GATA4 gene promoter in acute myocardial infarction. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:2861-2868. [PMID: 30720078 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.9914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD), including acute myocardial infarction (AMI), is a common complex disease; however, the genetic causes remain largely unknown. Recent epidemiological investigations indicated that the incidence of CAD in patients with congenital heart diseases is markedly higher than that observed in healthy controls. It was therefore hypothesized that the dysregulated expression of cardiac developmental genes may be involved in CAD development. GATA binding protein 4 (GATA4) serves essential roles in heart development and coronary vessel formation. In the present study, the GATA4 gene promoter was analyzed in patients with AMI (n=395) and in ethnically‑matched healthy controls (n=397). A total of 14 DNA variants were identified, including two single‑nucleotide polymorphisms. Three novel heterozygous DNA variants (g.31806C>T, g.31900G>C and g.32241C>T) were reported in three patients with AMI. These DNA variants significantly increased the activity of the GATA4 gene promoter. The electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that the DNA variant g.32241C>T influenced the binding ability of transcription factors. Taken together, the DNA variants may alter GATA4 gene promoter activity and affect GATA4 levels, thus contributing to AMI development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Medicine, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Medicine, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Shuchao Pang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
| | - Yinghua Cui
- Division of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272029, P.R. China
| | - Robert G Hawley
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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Yoo J, Kohlbrenner E, Kim O, Hajjar RJ, Jeong D. Enhancing atrial-specific gene expression using a calsequestrin cis-regulatory module 4 with a sarcolipin promoter. J Gene Med 2018; 20:e3060. [PMID: 30393908 PMCID: PMC6519042 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiac gene therapy using the adeno‐associated virus serotype 9 vector is widely used because of its efficient transduction. However, the promoters used to drive expression often cause off‐target localization. To overcome this, studies have applied cardiac‐specific promoters, although expression is debilitated compared to that of ubiquitous promoters. To address these issues in the context of atrial‐specific gene expression, an enhancer calsequestrin cis‐regulatory module 4 (CRM4) and the highly atrial‐specific promoter sarcolipin were combined to enhance expression and minimize off tissue expression. Methods To observe expression and bio‐distribution, constructs were generated using two different reporter genes: luciferase and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). The ubiquitous cytomegalovirus (CMV), sarcolipin (SLN) and CRM4 combined with sarcolipin (CRM4.SLN) were compared and analyzed using the luciferase assay, western blotting, a quantitative polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence imaging. Results The CMV promoter containing vectors showed the strongest expression in vitro and in vivo. However, the module SLN combination showed enhanced atrial expression and a minimized off‐target effect even when compared with the individual SLN promoter. Conclusions For gene therapy involving atrial gene transfer, the CRM4.SLN combination is a promising alternative to the use of the CMV promoter. CRM4.SLN had significant atrial expression and minimized extra‐atrial expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimeen Yoo
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erik Kohlbrenner
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Okkil Kim
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Roger J Hajjar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dongtak Jeong
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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8
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Zebrafish VCAP1X2 regulates cardiac contractility and proliferation of cardiomyocytes and epicardial cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7856. [PMID: 29777134 PMCID: PMC5959901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcomeric signaling complexes are important to sustain proper sarcomere structure and function, however, the mechanisms underlying these processes are not fully elucidated. In a gene trap experiment, we found that vascular cell adhesion protein 1 isoform X2 (VCAP1X2) mutant embryos displayed a dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype, including reduced cardiac contractility, enlarged ventricular chamber and thinned ventricular compact layer. Cardiomyocyte and epicardial cell proliferation was decreased in the mutant heart ventricle, as was the expression of pAKT and pERK. Contractile dysfunction in the mutant was caused by sarcomeric disorganization, including sparse myofilament, blurred Z-disc, and decreased gene expression for sarcomere modulators (smyd1b, mypn and fhl2a), sarcomeric proteins (myh6, myh7, vmhcl and tnnt2a) and calcium regulators (ryr2b and slc8a1a). Treatment of PI3K activator restored Z-disc alignment while injection of smyd1b mRNA restored Z-disc alignment, contractile function and cardiomyocyte proliferation in ventricles of VCAP1X2 mutant embryos. Furthermore, injection of VCAP1X2 variant mRNA rescued all phenotypes, so long as two cytosolic tyrosines were left intact. Our results reveal two tyrosine residues located in the VCAP1X2 cytoplasmic domain are essential to regulate cardiac contractility and the proliferation of ventricular cardiomyocytes and epicardial cells through modulating pAKT and pERK expression levels.
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Hirata M, Yamaoka T. Effect of stem cell niche elasticity/ECM protein on the self-beating cardiomyocyte differentiation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells at different stages. Acta Biomater 2018; 65:44-52. [PMID: 29066419 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell-based myocardial regeneration therapies have emerged as alternative strategies to heart transplantation for serious heart diseases, but autologous beating mature cardiomyocytes are not available. Here we investigated the effect of culture substrates on the cardiomyocyte differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSs) in vitro by separately evaluating the following continuous three steps: (1) cardiac marker gene expression, (2) contractile gene expression and self-beating, and (3) beating duration. To this end, we used iPS cells to study the cardiac differentiation, and neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NCMs) to study beating behavior. These cells were cultured on substrates with different natures, i.e., an elastic substrate (Es) with the modulus of 9, 20, or 180 kPa, and hard tissue culture polystyrene dishes (TCPS) coated with collagen type I (Col), gelatin (Gel), or fibronectin (FN). The results revealed that the effective niches in each step were very different. The cardiac marker gene (GATA4, Tbx5, MEF2C) expression of iPSs at the 1st step was very high on the TCPS coated with FN or Gel, whereas on the FN-coated Es (especially with the 9 kPa modulus), the undifferentiated marker gene (Nanog) expression of iPSs was maintained. The expression of the contractile genes α-MHC, TnC1, and TnT2 and the self-beating (the 2nd step) of the NCMs were high on FN-coated TCPS and Col-coated Es. The 3rd step (beating duration) of the NCMs was effective on the Es, and at 21 days both the iPSs and NCMs stopped beating on the TCPS but were still beating on the Es. Overall, cardiac differentiation 'preferred' ECM-rigid culture substrates, and beating-behavior 'preferred' Col-soft culture substrates. These results are important for understanding and designing cardiac differentiation niches for regenerative medicine, and they suggest that a single culture substrate is not suitable for preparing self-beating cardiomyocytes. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The transplantation of beating cardiomyocytes (BCMs) is expected to be made more effective for serious heart diseases. The identification of the appropriate engineering processes and suitable culture substrates for inducing stem cell differentiation into BCMs is thus indispensable. The differentiation can be divided into three major processes, the cardiac differentiation step, the beating-induction step and the beating-duration step. A protocol with the higher efficiency in all of the steps must be useful. In this study, we separately evaluated the effect of culture substrates at each three step. We clarified that the biological and the physical properties of the culture substrates required at these steps were different. We found useful criteria for effective cardiac cell niche systems design.
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Välimäki MJ, Tölli MA, Kinnunen SM, Aro J, Serpi R, Pohjolainen L, Talman V, Poso A, Ruskoaho HJ. Discovery of Small Molecules Targeting the Synergy of Cardiac Transcription Factors GATA4 and NKX2-5. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7781-7798. [PMID: 28858485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors are pivotal regulators of gene transcription, and many diseases are associated with the deregulation of transcriptional networks. In the heart, the transcription factors GATA4 and NKX2-5 are required for cardiogenesis. GATA4 and NKX2-5 interact physically, and the activation of GATA4, in cooperation with NKX2-5, is essential for stretch-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Here, we report the identification of four small molecule families that either inhibit or enhance the GATA4-NKX2-5 transcriptional synergy. A fragment-based screening, reporter gene assay, and pharmacophore search were utilized for the small molecule screening, identification, and optimization. The compounds modulated the hypertrophic agonist-induced cardiac gene expression. The most potent hit compound, N-[4-(diethylamino)phenyl]-5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide (3, IC50 = 3 μM), exhibited no activity on the protein kinases involved in the regulation of GATA4 phosphorylation. The identified and chemically and biologically characterized active compound, and its derivatives may provide a novel class of small molecules for modulating heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika J Välimäki
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki , Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.,Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu , Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Marja A Tölli
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu , Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Sini M Kinnunen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki , Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.,Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu , Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Jani Aro
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu , Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Raisa Serpi
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu , Oulu FI-90014, Finland
| | - Lotta Pohjolainen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki , Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Virpi Talman
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki , Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Antti Poso
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland , Kuopio FI-70211, Finland
| | - Heikki J Ruskoaho
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki , Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.,Research Unit of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu , Oulu FI-90014, Finland
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11
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Bose D, D V, Shetty M, J K, Kutty AVM. Identification of intronic-splice site mutations in GATA4 gene in Indian patients with congenital heart disease. Mutat Res 2017; 803-805:26-34. [PMID: 28843068 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect among congenital anomalies that arise before birth. GATA4 transcription factor plays an important role in foetal heart development. Mutational analysis of GATA4 gene in CHD patients revealed five known heterozygous mutations (p.T355S, p.S377G, p.V380M, p.P394T and p.D425N) identified in exons 5 and 6 regions and fifteen intronic variants in the non-coding regions (g.76885T>C/Y,g.76937G>S, g.78343G>R, g.83073T>Y, g.83271C>A/M, g.83318G>K, g.83415G>R, g.83502A>C/M, g.84991G>R, g.85294C>Y, g.85342C>T/Y, g.86268A>R, g.87409G>A/R, g.87725T>Y, g.87813A>T/W). In silico analysis of these intronic variants identified two potential branch point mutations (g.83271C>A/M, g.86268A>R) and predicted effects of these on intronic splice sites as enhancer and silencer motifs. This study attempts to correlate the pattern of intronic variants of GATA4 gene which might provide new insights to unravel the possible molecular etiology of CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Bose
- Division of Genomics, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka, India
| | - Vaigundan D
- Division of Genomics, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka, India
| | - Mitesh Shetty
- Division of Genomics, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka, India
| | - Krishnappa J
- Department of Pediatrics, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, R. L. Jalappa Hospital and Research Centre, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka, India
| | - A V M Kutty
- Division of Genomics, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka, India.
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12
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Sánchez-Gómez MC, García-Mejía KA, Pérez-Díaz Conti M, Díaz-Rosas G, Palma-Lara I, Sánchez-Urbina R, Klünder-Klünder M, Botello-Flores JA, Balderrábano-Saucedo NA, Contreras-Ramos A. MicroRNAs Association in the Cardiac Hypertrophy Secondary to Complex Congenital Heart Disease in Children. Pediatr Cardiol 2017; 38:991-1003. [PMID: 28382463 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-017-1607-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Complex congenital heart disease (CHD) affects cardiac blood flow, generating a pressure overload in the compromised ventricles and provoking hypertrophy that over time will induce myocardial dysfunction and cause a potential risk of imminent death. Therefore, the early diagnosis of complex CHD is paramount during the first year of life, with surgical treatment of patients favoring survival. In the present study, we analyzed cardiac tissue and plasma of children with cardiac hypertrophy (CH) secondary to CHD for the expression of 11 miRNAs specific to CH in adults. The results were compared with the miRNA expression patterns in tissue and blood of healthy children. In this way, we determined that miRNAs 1, 18b, 21, 23b, 133a, 195, and 208b constitute the expression profile of the cardiac tissue of children with CHD. Meanwhile, miRNAs 21, 23a, 23b, and 24 can be considered specific biomarkers for the diagnosis of CH in infants with CHD. These results suggest that CH secondary to CHD in children differs in its mechanism from that described for adult hypertrophy, offering a new perspective to study the development of this pathology and to determine the potential of hypertrophic miRNAs to be biomarkers for early CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma C Sánchez-Gómez
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology Research and Experimental Teratogenicity, Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez (HIMFG), CP 06720, Mexico City, Mexico.,School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - K A García-Mejía
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology Research and Experimental Teratogenicity, Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez (HIMFG), CP 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - G Díaz-Rosas
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology Research and Experimental Teratogenicity, Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez (HIMFG), CP 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - I Palma-Lara
- School of Medicine, National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - R Sánchez-Urbina
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology Research and Experimental Teratogenicity, Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez (HIMFG), CP 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - J A Botello-Flores
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology Research and Experimental Teratogenicity, Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez (HIMFG), CP 06720, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - A Contreras-Ramos
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology Research and Experimental Teratogenicity, Children's Hospital of Mexico Federico Gomez (HIMFG), CP 06720, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Reduced dosage of β-catenin provides significant rescue of cardiac outflow tract anomalies in a Tbx1 conditional null mouse model of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1006687. [PMID: 28346476 PMCID: PMC5386301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS; velo-cardio-facial syndrome; DiGeorge syndrome) is a congenital anomaly disorder in which haploinsufficiency of TBX1, encoding a T-box transcription factor, is the major candidate for cardiac outflow tract (OFT) malformations. Inactivation of Tbx1 in the anterior heart field (AHF) mesoderm in the mouse results in premature expression of pro-differentiation genes and a persistent truncus arteriosus (PTA) in which septation does not form between the aorta and pulmonary trunk. Canonical Wnt/β-catenin has major roles in cardiac OFT development that may act upstream of Tbx1. Consistent with an antagonistic relationship, we found the opposite gene expression changes occurred in the AHF in β-catenin loss of function embryos compared to Tbx1 loss of function embryos, providing an opportunity to test for genetic rescue. When both alleles of Tbx1 and one allele of β-catenin were inactivated in the Mef2c-AHF-Cre domain, 61% of them (n = 34) showed partial or complete rescue of the PTA defect. Upregulated genes that were oppositely changed in expression in individual mutant embryos were normalized in significantly rescued embryos. Further, β-catenin was increased in expression when Tbx1 was inactivated, suggesting that there may be a negative feedback loop between canonical Wnt and Tbx1 in the AHF to allow the formation of the OFT. We suggest that alteration of this balance may contribute to variable expressivity in 22q11.2DS.
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Yamaoka T, Hirata M, Dan T, Yamashita A, Otaka A, Nakaoki T, Miskon A, Kakinoki S, Mahara A. Individual evaluation of cardiac marker expression and self-beating during cardiac differentiation of P19CL6 cells on different culture substrates. J Biomed Mater Res A 2017; 105:1166-1174. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuji Yamaoka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute; 5-7-1 Fujishirodai Suita Osaka 565-8565 Japan
- JST-CREST; 5 Sanbancho Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 102-0075 Japan
| | - Mitsuhi Hirata
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute; 5-7-1 Fujishirodai Suita Osaka 565-8565 Japan
- JST-CREST; 5 Sanbancho Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 102-0075 Japan
| | - Takaaki Dan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute; 5-7-1 Fujishirodai Suita Osaka 565-8565 Japan
- Department of Materials Chemistry; Ryukoku University; 1-5 Seta Otsu Shiga 520-2194 Japan
| | - Atsushi Yamashita
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute; 5-7-1 Fujishirodai Suita Osaka 565-8565 Japan
- JST-CREST; 5 Sanbancho Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 102-0075 Japan
| | - Akihisa Otaka
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute; 5-7-1 Fujishirodai Suita Osaka 565-8565 Japan
| | - Takahiko Nakaoki
- Department of Materials Chemistry; Ryukoku University; 1-5 Seta Otsu Shiga 520-2194 Japan
| | - Azizi Miskon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute; 5-7-1 Fujishirodai Suita Osaka 565-8565 Japan
| | - Sachiro Kakinoki
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute; 5-7-1 Fujishirodai Suita Osaka 565-8565 Japan
- JST-CREST; 5 Sanbancho Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 102-0075 Japan
| | - Atsushi Mahara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute; 5-7-1 Fujishirodai Suita Osaka 565-8565 Japan
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15
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Chin AM, Hill DR, Aurora M, Spence JR. Morphogenesis and maturation of the embryonic and postnatal intestine. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 66:81-93. [PMID: 28161556 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intestine is a vital organ responsible for nutrient absorption, bile and waste excretion, and a major site of host immunity. In order to keep up with daily demands, the intestine has evolved a mechanism to expand the absorptive surface area by undergoing a morphogenetic process to generate finger-like units called villi. These villi house specialized cell types critical for both absorbing nutrients from food, and for protecting the host from commensal and pathogenic microbes present in the adult gut. In this review, we will discuss mechanisms that coordinate intestinal development, growth, and maturation of the small intestine, starting from the formation of the early gut tube, through villus morphogenesis and into early postnatal life when the intestine must adapt to the acquisition of nutrients through food intake, and to interactions with microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana M Chin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - David R Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Megan Aurora
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jason R Spence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Center for Organogenesis, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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16
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Stefanovic S, Zaffran S. Mechanisms of retinoic acid signaling during cardiogenesis. Mech Dev 2016; 143:9-19. [PMID: 28007475 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Substantial experimental and epidemiological data have highlighted the interplay between nutritional and genetic factors in the development of congenital heart defects. Retinoic acid (RA), a derivative of vitamin A, plays a key role during vertebrate development including the formation of the heart. Retinoids bind to RA and retinoid X receptors (RARs and RXRs) which then regulate tissue-specific genes. Here, we will focus on the roles of RA signaling and receptors in gene regulation during cardiogenesis, and the consequence of deregulated retinoid signaling on heart formation and congenital heart defects.
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17
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Zhang X, Wang J, Wang B, Chen S, Fu Q, Sun K. A Novel Missense Mutation of GATA4 in a Chinese Family with Congenital Heart Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158904. [PMID: 27391137 PMCID: PMC4938561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most prevalent type of birth defect in human, with high morbidity in infant. Several genes essential for heart development have been identified. GATA4 is a pivotal transcription factor that can regulate the cardiac development. Many GATA4 mutations have been identified in patients with different types of CHD. Aims In this study, the NKX2-5, HAND1 and GATA4 coding regions were sequenced in a family spanning three generations in which seven patients had CHD. Disease-causing potential variation in this family was evaluated by bioinformatics programs and the transcriptional activity of mutant protein was analyzed by the dual luciferase reporter assay. Results A novel GATA4 mutation, c.C931T (p.R311W), was identified and co-segregated with the affected patients in this family. The bioinformatics programs predicted this heterozygous mutation to be deleterious and the cross-species alignment of GATA4 sequences showed that the mutation occurred within a highly conserved amino acid. Even though it resided in the nuclear localization signal domain, the mutant protein didn’t alter its intracellular distribution. Nevertheless, further luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that the p.R311W mutation reduced the ability of GATA4 to activate its downstream target gene. Conclusions Our study identified a novel mutation in GATA4 that likely contributed to the CHD in this family. This finding expanded the spectrum of GATA4 mutations and underscored the pathogenic correlation between GATA4 mutations and CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sun Chen
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qihua Fu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Children’s Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (QF); (KS)
| | - Kun Sun
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (QF); (KS)
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Abstract
SUMOylation is a ubiquitin-related transient posttranslational modification pathway catalyzing the conjugation of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins (SUMO1, SUMO2, and SUMO3) to lysine residues of proteins. SUMOylation targets a wide variety of cellular regulators and thereby affects a multitude of different cellular processes. SUMO/sentrin-specific proteases are able to remove SUMOs from targets, contributing to a tight control of SUMOylated proteins. Genetic and cell biological experiments indicate a critical role of balanced SUMOylation/deSUMOylation for proper cardiac development, metabolism, and stress adaptation. Here, we review the current knowledge about SUMOylation/deSUMOylation in the heart and provide an integrated picture of cardiac functions of the SUMO system under physiologic or pathologic conditions. We also describe potential therapeutic approaches targeting the SUMO machinery to combat heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Mendler
- From the Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany (L.M., S.M.); Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary (L.M.); and Department I - Cardiac Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.)
| | - Thomas Braun
- From the Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany (L.M., S.M.); Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary (L.M.); and Department I - Cardiac Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.).
| | - Stefan Müller
- From the Institute of Biochemistry II, Goethe University, Medical School, Frankfurt, Germany (L.M., S.M.); Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of General Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary (L.M.); and Department I - Cardiac Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany (T.B.).
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19
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Tur J, Chapalamadugu KC, Padawer T, Badole SL, Kilfoil PJ, Bhatnagar A, Tipparaju SM. Deletion of Kvβ1.1 subunit leads to electrical and haemodynamic changes causing cardiac hypertrophy in female murine hearts. Exp Physiol 2016; 101:494-508. [PMID: 27038296 DOI: 10.1113/ep085405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? The goal of this study was to evaluate sex differences and the role of the potassium channel β1 (Kvβ1) subunit in the heart. What is the main finding and its importance? Genetic ablation of Kvβ1.1 in females led to cardiac hypertrophy characterized by increased heart size, prolonged monophasic action potentials, elevated blood pressure and increased myosin heavy chain α (MHCα) expression. In contrast, male mice showed only electrical changes. Kvβ1.1 binds the MHCα isoform at the protein level, and small interfering RNA targeted knockdown of Kvβ1.1 upregulated MHCα. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and debility in women in the USA, and cardiac arrhythmias are a major concern. Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels along with the binding partners; Kvβ subunits are major regulators of the action potential (AP) shape and duration (APD). The regulation of Kv channels by the Kvβ1 subunit is unknown in female hearts. In the present study, we hypothesized that the Kvβ1 subunit is an important regulator of female cardiac physiology. To test this hypothesis, we ablated (knocked out; KO) the KCNAB1 isoform 1 (Kvβ1.1) subunit in mice and evaluated cardiac function and electrical activity by using ECG, monophasic action potential recordings and echocardiography. Our results showed that the female Kvβ1.1 KO mice developed cardiac hypertrophy, and the hearts were structurally different, with enlargement and increased area. The electrical derangements caused by Kvβ1.1 KO in female mice included long QTc and QRS intervals along with increased APD (APD20-90% repolarization). The male Kvβ1.1 KO mice did not develop cardiac hypertrophy, but they showed long QTc and prolonged APD. Molecular analysis showed that several genes that support cardiac hypertrophy were significantly altered in Kvβ1.1 KO female hearts. In particular, myosin heavy chain α expression was significantly elevated in Kvβ1.1 KO mouse heart. Using a small interfering RNA strategy, we identified that knockdown of Kvβ1 increases myosin heavy chain α expression in H9C2 cells. Collectively, changes in molecular and cell signalling pathways clearly point towards a distinct electrical and structural remodelling consistent with cardiac hypertrophy in the Kvβ1.1 KO female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Tur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Timothy Padawer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Sachin L Badole
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Peter J Kilfoil
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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20
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The Right Ventricle: A Comprehensive Review From Anatomy, Physiology, and Mechanics to Hemodynamic, Functional, and Imaging Evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5812/acvi.35717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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GATA-dependent transcriptional and epigenetic control of cardiac lineage specification and differentiation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3871-81. [PMID: 26126786 PMCID: PMC4575685 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1974-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Heart progenitor cells differentiate into various cell types including pacemaker and working cardiomyocytes. Cell-type specific gene expression is achieved by combinatorial interactions between tissue-specific transcription factors (TFs), co-factors, and chromatin remodelers and DNA binding elements in regulatory regions. Dysfunction of these transcriptional networks may result in congenital heart defects. Functional analysis of the regulatory DNA sequences has contributed substantially to the identification of the transcriptional network components and combinatorial interactions regulating the tissue-specific gene programs. GATA TFs have been identified as central players in these networks. In particular, GATA binding elements have emerged as a platform to recruit broadly active histone modification enzymes and cell-type-specific co-factors to drive cell-type-specific gene programs. Here, we discuss the role of GATA factors in cell fate decisions and differentiation in the developing heart.
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22
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Forward Programming of Cardiac Stem Cells by Homogeneous Transduction with MYOCD plus TBX5. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125384. [PMID: 26047103 PMCID: PMC4457652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Adult cardiac stem cells (CSCs) express many endogenous cardiogenic transcription factors including members of the Gata, Hand, Mef2, and T-box family. Unlike its DNA-binding targets, Myocardin (Myocd)-a co-activator not only for serum response factor, but also for Gata4 and Tbx5-is not expressed in CSCs. We hypothesised that its absence was a limiting factor for reprogramming. Here, we sought to investigate the susceptibility of adult mouse Sca1+ side population CSCs to reprogramming by supplementing the triad of GATA4, MEF2C, and TBX5 (GMT), and more specifically by testing the effect of the missing co-activator, Myocd. Exogenous factors were expressed via doxycycline-inducible lentiviral vectors in various combinations. High throughput quantitative RT-PCR was used to test expression of 29 cardiac lineage markers two weeks post-induction. GMT induced more than half the analysed cardiac transcripts. However, no protein was detected for the induced sarcomeric genes Actc1, Myh6, and Myl2. Adding MYOCD to GMT affected only slightly the breadth and level of gene induction, but, importantly, triggered expression of all three proteins examined (α-cardiac actin, atrial natriuretic peptide, sarcomeric myosin heavy chains). MYOCD + TBX was the most effective pairwise combination in this system. In clonal derivatives homogenously expressing MYOCD + TBX at high levels, 93% of cardiac transcripts were up-regulated and all five proteins tested were visualized. IN SUMMARY (1) GMT induced cardiac genes in CSCs, but not cardiac proteins under the conditions used. (2) Complementing GMT with MYOCD induced cardiac protein expression, indicating a more complete cardiac differentiation program. (3) Homogeneous transduction with MYOCD + TBX5 facilitated the identification of differentiating cells and the validation of this combinatorial reprogramming strategy. Together, these results highlight the pivotal importance of MYOCD in driving CSCs toward a cardiac muscle fate.
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23
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Prendiville TW, Guo H, Lin Z, Zhou P, Stevens SM, He A, VanDusen N, Chen J, Zhong L, Wang DZ, Gao G, Pu WT. Novel Roles of GATA4/6 in the Postnatal Heart Identified through Temporally Controlled, Cardiomyocyte-Specific Gene Inactivation by Adeno-Associated Virus Delivery of Cre Recombinase. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128105. [PMID: 26023924 PMCID: PMC4449121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
GATA4 and GATA6 are central cardiac transcriptional regulators. The postnatal, stage-specific function of the cardiac transcription factors GATA4 and GATA6 have not been evaluated. In part, this is because current Cre-loxP approaches to cardiac gene inactivation require time consuming and costly breeding of Cre-expressing and “floxed” mouse lines, often with limited control of the extent or timing of gene inactivation. We investigated the stage-specific functions of GATA4 and GATA6 in the postnatal heart by using adeno-associated virus serotype 9 to control the timing and extent of gene inactivation by Cre. Systemic delivery of recombinant, adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9) expressing Cre from the cardiac specific Tnnt2 promoter was well tolerated and selectively and efficiently recombined floxed target genes in cardiomyocytes. AAV9:Tnnt2-Cre efficiently inactivated Gata4 and Gata6. Neonatal Gata4/6 inactivation caused severe, rapidly lethal systolic heart failure. In contrast, Gata4/6 inactivation in adult heart caused only mild systolic dysfunction but severe diastolic dysfunction. Reducing the dose of AAV9:Tnnt2-Cre generated mosaics in which scattered cardiomyocytes lacked Gata4/6. This mosaic knockout revealed that Gata4/6 are required cell autonomously for physiological cardiomyocyte growth. Our results define novel roles of GATA4 and GATA6 in the neonatal and adult heart. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that evaluation of gene function hinges on controlling the timing and extent of gene inactivation. AAV9:Tnnt2-Cre is a powerful tool for controlling these parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence W. Prendiville
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Haidong Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiqiang Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Pingzhu Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sean M. Stevens
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Aibin He
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Nathan VanDusen
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jinghai Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Li Zhong
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Da-Zhi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 1350 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Guangping Gao
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - William T. Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Webber DM, MacLeod SL, Bamshad MJ, Shaw GM, Finnell RH, Shete SS, Witte JS, Erickson SW, Murphy LD, Hobbs C. Developments in our understanding of the genetic basis of birth defects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 103:680-91. [PMID: 26033863 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Birth defects are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. There has been much progress in understanding the genetic basis of familial and syndromic forms of birth defects. However, the etiology of nonsydromic birth defects is not well-understood. Although there is still much work to be done, we have many of the tools needed to accomplish the task. Advances in next-generation sequencing have introduced a sea of possibilities, from disease-gene discovery to clinical screening and diagnosis. These advances have been fruitful in identifying a host of candidate disease genes, spanning the spectrum of birth defects. With the advent of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, researchers now have a precise tool for characterizing this genetic variation in model systems. Work in model organisms has also illustrated the importance of epigenetics in human development and birth defects etiology. Here we review past and current knowledge in birth defects genetics. We describe genotyping and sequencing methods for the detection and analysis of rare and common variants. We remark on the utility of model organisms and explore epigenetics in the context of structural malformation. We conclude by highlighting approaches that may provide insight into the complex genetics of birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Webber
- Division of Birth Defects Research, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Stewart L MacLeod
- Division of Birth Defects Research, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Michael J Bamshad
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Gary M Shaw
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Richard H Finnell
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Sanjay S Shete
- Department of Epidemiology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John S Witte
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Stephen W Erickson
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Linda D Murphy
- Division of Birth Defects Research, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Charlotte Hobbs
- Division of Birth Defects Research, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
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25
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Han H, Chen Y, Liu G, Han Z, Zhao Z, Tang Y. GATA4 transgenic mice as an in vivo model of congenital heart disease. Int J Mol Med 2015; 35:1545-53. [PMID: 25873328 PMCID: PMC4432925 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study indicated that 8 patients from a family with a history of congenital heart disease had simple atrial septal defect (ASD) and carried the same mutation at codon 310 in the GATA4 gene. In the present study, to identify the functional defects caused by this mutation in an in vivo model, the transgene DNA constructs were microinjected into mice to generate a transgenic mouse model. The mice were genotyped using PCR and DNA sequencing. Protein expression was measured by western blot analysis. qPCR was used to determine the copy number of the transgenes. The heart tissue was fixed and sectioned by conventional procedures. The Vevo 2000 system was used to perform echocardiography on the mice. The expression of GATA4 target genes was measured using the real-time PCR system. The incidence of ASD in the heterozygous transgenic mice was found to be greater than that in the wild-type control mice (P<0.05). In addition, the expression of α-myosin heavy chain (α-MHC) in the heart tissues from the homozygous mice was lower than that in the heart tissues from their wild-type littermates (P<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that the introduction of GATA4 M310V negatively affects the normal expression of α-MHC. In accordance with previous findings on GATA4 mutation screening and in vitro experiments, this study confirms that GATA4 M310V mutation may lead to the development of the congenital heart defect, ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Han
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Zengqiang Han
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
| | - Yin Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, P.R. China
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Zhong L, Chiusa M, Cadar AG, Lin A, Samaras S, Davidson JM, Lim CC. Targeted inhibition of ANKRD1 disrupts sarcomeric ERK-GATA4 signal transduction and abrogates phenylephrine-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Cardiovasc Res 2015; 106:261-71. [PMID: 25770146 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvv108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Accumulating evidence suggest that sarcomere signalling complexes play a pivotal role in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by communicating stress signals to the nucleus to induce gene expression. Ankyrin repeat domain 1 (ANKRD1) is a transcriptional regulatory protein that also associates with sarcomeric titin; however, the exact role of ANKRD1 in the heart remains to be elucidated. We therefore aimed to examine the role of ANKRD1 in cardiomyocyte hypertrophic signalling. METHODS AND RESULTS In neonatal rat ventricular myocytes, we found that ANKRD1 is part of a sarcomeric signalling complex that includes ERK1/2 and cardiac transcription factor GATA4. Treatment with hypertrophic agonist phenylephrine (PE) resulted in phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and GATA4 followed by nuclear translocation of the ANKRD1/ERK/GATA4 complex. Knockdown of Ankrd1 attenuated PE-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and GATA4, inhibited nuclear translocation of the ANKRD1 complex, and prevented cardiomyocyte growth. Mice lacking Ankrd1 are viable with normal cardiac function. Chronic PE infusion in wild-type mice induced significant cardiac hypertrophy with reactivation of the cardiac fetal gene program which was completely abrogated in Ankrd1 null mice. In contrast, ANKRD1 does not play a role in haemodynamic overload as Ankrd1 null mice subjected to transverse aortic constriction developed cardiac hypertrophy comparable to wild-type mice. CONCLUSION Our study reveals a novel role for ANKRD1 as a selective regulator of PE-induced signalling whereby ANKRD1 recruits and localizes GATA4 and ERK1/2 in a sarcomeric macro-molecular complex to enhance GATA4 phosphorylation with subsequent nuclear translocation of the ANKRD1 complex to induce hypertrophic gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhong
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2220 Pierce Ave, Preston Research Building, Rm 332, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Manuel Chiusa
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2220 Pierce Ave, Preston Research Building, Rm 332, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Adrian G Cadar
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2220 Pierce Ave, Preston Research Building, Rm 332, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Angel Lin
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2220 Pierce Ave, Preston Research Building, Rm 332, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Susan Samaras
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Davidson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Research Service, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Chee C Lim
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2220 Pierce Ave, Preston Research Building, Rm 332, Nashville, TN 37232, USA Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Del Olmo-Turrubiarte A, Calzada-Torres A, Díaz-Rosas G, Palma-Lara I, Sánchez-Urbina R, Balderrábano-Saucedo NA, González-Márquez H, Garcia-Alonso P, Contreras-Ramos A. Mouse models for the study of postnatal cardiac hypertrophy. IJC HEART & VASCULATURE 2015; 7:131-140. [PMID: 28785661 PMCID: PMC5497247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to create a postnatal model for cardiac hypertrophy (CH), in order to explain the mechanisms that are present in childhood cardiac hypertrophy. Five days after implantation, intraperitoneal (IP) isoproterenol (ISO) was injected for 7 days to pregnant female mice. The fetuses were obtained at 15, 17 and 19 dpc from both groups, also newborns (NB), neonates (7-15 days) and young adults (6 weeks of age). Histopathological exams were done on the hearts. Immunohistochemistry and western blot demonstrated GATA4 and PCNA protein expression, qPCR real time the mRNA of adrenergic receptors (α-AR and β-AR), alpha and beta myosins (α-MHC, β-MHC) and GATA4. After the administration of ISO, there was no change in the number of offsprings. We observed significant structural changes in the size of the offspring hearts. Morphometric analysis revealed an increase in the size of the left ventricular wall and interventricular septum (IVS). Histopathological analysis demonstrated loss of cellular compaction and presence of left ventricular small fibrous foci after birth. Adrenergic receptors might be responsible for changing a physiological into a pathological hypertrophy. However GATA4 seemed to be the determining factor in the pathology. A new animal model was established for the study of pathologic CH in early postnatal stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Del Olmo-Turrubiarte
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Biología del Desarrollo y Teratogénesis Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG), Mexico.,Posgrado en Biología Experimental, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico
| | - A Calzada-Torres
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Biología del Desarrollo y Teratogénesis Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG), Mexico
| | - G Díaz-Rosas
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Biología del Desarrollo y Teratogénesis Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG), Mexico
| | | | - R Sánchez-Urbina
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Biología del Desarrollo y Teratogénesis Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG), Mexico
| | | | - H González-Márquez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico
| | | | - A Contreras-Ramos
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Biología del Desarrollo y Teratogénesis Experimental, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG), Mexico
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28
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Ybarra N, Vincent P, Smith LC, Troncy E. Oxytocin improves the expression of cardiac specific markers in porcine bone marrow stem cells differentiation. Res Vet Sci 2014; 98:42-50. [PMID: 25541154 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) treated with 5-azacytidine possess myogenic differentiation potential. Oxytocin (OT) induces cardiomyogenesis in murine embryonic and cardiac stem cells. We attempted to isolate, characterize, and induce OT-mediated cardiomyogenic differentiation of porcine pBMSCs. Cells were treated as: control, OT, and 5-azacytidine groups. During early passages, transcripts of Oct4, GATA4, OT receptor, and phospholamban were expressed. RT-PCR showed upregulation of GATA4 in OT and 5-azacytidine-induced groups. Immunocytochemistry revealed higher expressions of cardiac troponin T and myosin heavy chain in OT than in 5-azacytidine-induced groups (p < 0.01). Western blot analysis showed upregulation of cardiac troponin I in OT-induced pBMSCs (p < 0.01). We infer pBMSCs should be induced during early passages, when expressing transcription factors related to pluripotency and cardiomyogenesis, as well as OT receptor. The more abundant expression of cardiac specific proteins in OT-treated pBMSCs suggests OT could be a more potent cardiomyogenic inducer of pBMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Ybarra
- GREPAQ - Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick Vincent
- CRRA - Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Lawrence C Smith
- CRRA - Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Eric Troncy
- GREPAQ - Department of Veterinary Biomedicine, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.
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29
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Characterization and cardiac differentiation of chicken spermatogonial stem cells. Anim Reprod Sci 2014; 151:244-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Pettinato G, Vanden Berg-Foels WS, Zhang N, Wen X. ROCK inhibitor is not required for embryoid body formation from singularized human embryonic stem cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100742. [PMID: 25365581 PMCID: PMC4217711 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a technology to form human embryoid bodies (hEBs) from singularized human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) without the use of the p160 rho-associated coiled-coil kinase inhibitor (ROCKi) or centrifugation (spin). hEB formation was tested under four conditions: +ROCKi/+spin, +ROCKi/-spin, -ROCKi/+spin, and -ROCKi/-spin. Cell suspensions of BG01V/hOG and H9 hESC lines were pipetted into non-adherent hydrogel substrates containing defined microwell arrays. hEBs of consistent size and spherical geometry can be formed in each of the four conditions, including the -ROCKi/-spin condition. The hEBs formed under the -ROCKi/-spin condition differentiated to develop the three embryonic germ layers and tissues derived from each of the germ layers. This simplified hEB production technique offers homogeneity in hEB size and shape to support synchronous differentiation, elimination of the ROCKi xeno-factor and rate-limiting centrifugation treatment, and low-cost scalability, which will directly support automated, large-scale production of hEBs and hESC-derived cells needed for clinical, research, or therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pettinato
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Wendy S. Vanden Berg-Foels
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NZ); (XW)
| | - Xuejun Wen
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering and Nano Science (iNANO), Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji Medical School, Tongji University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (NZ); (XW)
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31
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Kelly ML, Astsaturov A, Rhodes J, Chernoff J. A Pak1/Erk signaling module acts through Gata6 to regulate cardiovascular development in zebrafish. Dev Cell 2014; 29:350-9. [PMID: 24823378 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Proper neural crest development and migration is critical during embryonic development, but the molecular mechanisms regulating this process remain incompletely understood. Here, we show that the protein kinase Erk, which plays a central role in a number of key developmental processes in vertebrates, is regulated in the developing neural crest by p21-activated protein kinase 1 (Pak1). Furthermore, we show that activated Erk signals by phosphorylating the transcription factor Gata6 on a conserved serine residue to promote neural crest migration and proper formation of craniofacial structures, pigment cells, and the outflow tract of the heart. Our data suggest an essential role for Pak1 as an Erk activator, and Gata6 as an Erk target, during neural crest development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie L Kelly
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Artyom Astsaturov
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Jennifer Rhodes
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Jonathan Chernoff
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.
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32
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Clowes C, Boylan MGS, Ridge LA, Barnes E, Wright JA, Hentges KE. The functional diversity of essential genes required for mammalian cardiac development. Genesis 2014; 52:713-37. [PMID: 24866031 PMCID: PMC4141749 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Genes required for an organism to develop to maturity (for which no other gene can compensate) are considered essential. The continuing functional annotation of the mouse genome has enabled the identification of many essential genes required for specific developmental processes including cardiac development. Patterns are now emerging regarding the functional nature of genes required at specific points throughout gestation. Essential genes required for development beyond cardiac progenitor cell migration and induction include a small and functionally homogenous group encoding transcription factors, ligands and receptors. Actions of core cardiogenic transcription factors from the Gata, Nkx, Mef, Hand, and Tbx families trigger a marked expansion in the functional diversity of essential genes from midgestation onwards. As the embryo grows in size and complexity, genes required to maintain a functional heartbeat and to provide muscular strength and regulate blood flow are well represented. These essential genes regulate further specialization and polarization of cell types along with proliferative, migratory, adhesive, contractile, and structural processes. The identification of patterns regarding the functional nature of essential genes across numerous developmental systems may aid prediction of further essential genes and those important to development and/or progression of disease. genesis 52:713–737, 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Clowes
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
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33
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Cox EJ, Marsh SA. A systematic review of fetal genes as biomarkers of cardiac hypertrophy in rodent models of diabetes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92903. [PMID: 24663494 PMCID: PMC3963983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological cardiac hypertrophy activates a suite of genes called the fetal gene program (FGP). Pathological hypertrophy occurs in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM); therefore, the FGP is widely used as a biomarker of DCM in animal studies. However, it is unknown whether the FGP is a consistent marker of hypertrophy in rodent models of diabetes. Therefore, we analyzed this relationship in 94 systematically selected studies. Results showed that diabetes induced with cytotoxic glucose analogs such as streptozotocin was associated with decreased cardiac weight, but genetic or diet-induced models of diabetes were significantly more likely to show cardiac hypertrophy (P<0.05). Animal strain, sex, age, and duration of diabetes did not moderate this effect. There were no correlations between the heart weight:body weight index and mRNA or protein levels of the fetal genes α-myosin heavy chain (α-MHC) or β-MHC, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), or brain natriuretic peptide. The only correlates of non-indexed heart weight were the protein levels of α-MHC (Spearman's ρ = 1, P<0.05) and ANP (ρ = −0.73, P<0.05). These results indicate that most commonly measured genes in the FGP are confounded by diabetogenic methods, and are not associated with cardiac hypertrophy in rodent models of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Cox
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, United States of America
| | - Susan A. Marsh
- Department of Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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34
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Brody MJ, Cho E, Mysliwiec MR, Kim TG, Carlson CD, Lee KH, Lee Y. Lrrc10 is a novel cardiac-specific target gene of Nkx2-5 and GATA4. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 62:237-46. [PMID: 23751912 PMCID: PMC3940241 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac gene expression is precisely regulated and its perturbation causes developmental defects and heart disease. Leucine-rich repeat containing 10 (Lrrc10) is a cardiac-specific factor that is crucial for proper cardiac development and deletion of Lrrc10 in mice results in dilated cardiomyopathy. However, the mechanisms regulating Lrrc10 expression in cardiomyocytes remain unknown. Therefore, we set out to determine trans-acting factors and cis-elements critical for mediating Lrrc10 expression. We identify Lrrc10 as a transcriptional target of Nkx2-5 and GATA4. The Lrrc10 promoter region contains two highly conserved cardiac regulatory elements, which are functional in cardiomyocytes but not in fibroblasts. In vivo, Nkx2-5 and GATA4 endogenously occupy the proximal and distal cardiac regulatory elements of Lrrc10 in the heart. Moreover, embryonic hearts of Nkx2-5 knockout mice have dramatically reduced expression of Lrrc10. These data demonstrate the importance of Nkx2-5 and GATA4 in regulation of Lrrc10 expression in vivo. The proximal cardiac regulatory element located at around -200bp is synergistically activated by Nkx2-5 and GATA4 while the distal cardiac regulatory element present around -3kb requires SRF in addition to Nkx2-5 and GATA4 for synergistic activation. Mutational analyses identify a pair of adjacent Nkx2-5 and GATA binding sites within the proximal cardiac regulatory element that are necessary to induce expression of Lrrc10. In contrast, only the GATA site is functional in the distal regulatory element. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the transcription factors Nkx2-5 and GATA4 cooperatively regulate cardiac-specific expression of Lrrc10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Brody
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Eunjin Cho
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Matthew R. Mysliwiec
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Tae-gyun Kim
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Clayton D. Carlson
- Department of Biochemistry and the Genome Center of Wisconsin, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Kyu-Ho Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Youngsook Lee
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Wang E, Sun S, Qiao B, Duan W, Huang G, An Y, Xu S, Zheng Y, Su Z, Gu X, Jin L, Wang H. Identification of functional mutations in GATA4 in patients with congenital heart disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62138. [PMID: 23626780 PMCID: PMC3633926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is one of the most prevalent developmental anomalies and the leading cause of noninfectious morbidity and mortality in newborns. Despite its prevalence and clinical significance, the etiology of CHD remains largely unknown. GATA4 is a highly conserved transcription factor that regulates a variety of physiological processes and has been extensively studied, particularly on its role in heart development. With the combination of TBX5 and MEF2C, GATA4 can reprogram postnatal fibroblasts into functional cardiomyocytes directly. In the past decade, a variety of GATA4 mutations were identified and these findings originally came from familial CHD pedigree studies. Given that familial and sporadic CHD cases allegedly share a basic genetic basis, we explore the GATA4 mutations in different types of CHD. In this study, via direct sequencing of the GATA4 coding region and exon-intron boundaries in 384 sporadic Chinese CHD patients, we identified 12 heterozygous non-synonymous mutations, among which 8 mutations were only found in CHD patients when compared with 957 controls. Six of these non-synonymous mutations have not been previously reported. Subsequent functional analyses revealed that the transcriptional activity, subcellular localization and DNA binding affinity of some mutant GATA4 proteins were significantly altered. Our results expand the spectrum of GATA4 mutations linked to cardiac defects. Together with the newly reported mutations, approximately 110 non-synonymous mutations have currently been identified in GATA4. Our future analysis will explore why the evolutionarily conserved GATA4 appears to be hypermutable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erli Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Max Planck Society (CAS-MPG) Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuna Sun
- Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Qiao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease General Hospital of Jinan Military Region, Jinan, China
| | - Wenyuan Duan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease General Hospital of Jinan Military Region, Jinan, China
| | - Guoying Huang
- Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu An
- Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuhua Xu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Max Planck Society (CAS-MPG) Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufang Zheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhixi Su
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Gu
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Jin
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Max Planck Society (CAS-MPG) Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- The Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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36
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Arora S, Rana R, Chhabra A, Jaiswal A, Rani V. miRNA-transcription factor interactions: a combinatorial regulation of gene expression. Mol Genet Genomics 2013; 288:77-87. [PMID: 23334784 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-013-0734-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Developmental processes require a precise spatio-temporal regulation of gene expression wherein a diverse set of transcription factors control the signalling pathways. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNA molecules have recently drawn attention for their prominent role in development and disease. These tiny sequences are essential for regulation of processes, including cell signalling, cell development, cell death, cell proliferation, patterning and differentiation. The consequence of gene regulation by miRNAs is similar to that by transcription factors (TFs). A regulatory cascade essential for appropriate execution of several biological events is triggered through a combinatorial action of miRNAs and TFs. These two important regulators share similar regulatory logics and bring about a cooperative action in the gene regulatory network, dependent on the binding sites present on the target gene. The review addresses the biogenesis and nomenclature of miRNAs, outlines the mechanism of action and regulation of their expression, and focuses on the combinatorial action of miRNAs and TFs for the expression of genes in various regulatory cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Arora
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, A-10, Sector-62, Noida, 201307, Uttar Pradesh, India
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37
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Viger RS, Taniguchi H, Robert NM, Tremblay JJ. The 25th Volume: Role of the GATA Family of Transcription Factors in Andrology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 25:441-52. [PMID: 15223831 DOI: 10.1002/j.1939-4640.2004.tb02813.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Viger
- Ontogeny-Reproduction Research Unit, CHUL Research Centre, and Centre de Recherche en Biologie de la Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada.
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38
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Adipose tissue-derived stem cell response to the differently processed 316L stainless steel substrates. Tissue Cell 2012; 44:365-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
The heart as a functional organ first appeared in bilaterians as a single peristaltic pump and evolved through arthropods, fish, amphibians, and finally mammals into a four-chambered engine controlling blood-flow within the body. The acquisition of cardiac complexity in the evolving heart was a product of gene duplication events and the co-option of novel signaling pathways to an ancestral cardiac-specific gene network. T-box factors belong to an evolutionary conserved family of transcriptional regulators with diverse roles in development. Their regulatory functions are integral in the initiation and potentiation of heart development, and mutations in these genes are associated with congenital heart defects. In this review we will discuss the evolutionary conserved cardiac regulatory functions of this family as well as their implication in disease in an aim to facilitate future gene-targeted and regenerative therapeutic remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Hariri
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale, Centre-ville Montréal, Quebec, H3C3J7, Canada
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Zhou L, Liu Y, Lu L, Lu X, Dixon RAF. Cardiac gene activation analysis in mammalian non-myoblasic cells by Nkx2-5, Tbx5, Gata4 and Myocd. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48028. [PMID: 23144723 PMCID: PMC3483304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac transcription factors are master regulators during heart development. Some were shown to transdifferentiate tail tip and cardiac fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes. However, recent studies have showed that controversies exist. Potential difference in tail tip and cardiac fibroblast isolation may possibly confound the observations. Moreover, due to the use of a cardiac reporter (Myh6) selection strategy for induced cardiomyocyte enrichment, and the lack of tracking signals for each transcription factors, individual roles of each transcription factors in activating cardiac gene expression in mammalian non-myoblastic cells have never been elucidated. Answers to these questions are an important step toward cardiomyocyte regeneration. Because mouse 10T1/2 fibroblasts are non-myoblastic in nature and can be induced to express genes of all three types of muscle cells, they are an ideal model for the analysis of cardiac and non-cardiac gene activation after induction. We constructed bi-cistronic lentiviral vectors, capable of expressing cardiac transcription factors along with different fluorescent tracking signals. By infecting 10T1/2 fibroblasts with Nkx2-5, Tbx5, Gata4 or Myocd cardiac transcription factor lentivirus alone or different combinations, we found that only Tbx5+Myocd and Tbx5+Gata4+Myocd combinations induced Myh6 and Tnnt2 cardiac marker protein expression. Microarray-based gene ontology analysis revealed that Tbx5 alone activated genes involved in the Wnt receptor signaling pathway and inhibited genes involved in a number of cardiac-related processes. Myocd alone activated genes involved in a number of cardiac-related processes and inhibited genes involved in the Wnt receptor signaling pathway and non-cardiac processes. Gata4 alone inhibited genes involved in non-cardiac processes. Tbx5+Gata4+Myocd was the most effective activator of genes associated with cardiac-related processes. Unlike Tbx5, Gata4, Myocd alone or Tbx5+Myocd, Tbx5+Gata4+Myocd activated the fewest genes associated with non-cardiac processes. Conclusively, Tbx5, Gata4 and Myocd play different roles in cardiac gene activation in mammalian non-myoblastic cells. Tbx5+Gata4+Myocd activates the most cardiac and the least non-cardiac gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LZ); (RD)
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xinzheng Lu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Richard A. F. Dixon
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LZ); (RD)
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Heavy and light roles: myosin in the morphogenesis of the heart. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:1221-39. [PMID: 22955375 PMCID: PMC3602621 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1131-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Myosin is an essential component of cardiac muscle, from the onset of cardiogenesis through to the adult heart. Although traditionally known for its role in energy transduction and force development, recent studies suggest that both myosin heavy-chain and myosin light-chain proteins are required for a correctly formed heart. Myosins are structural proteins that are not only expressed from early stages of heart development, but when mutated in humans they may give rise to congenital heart defects. This review will discuss the roles of myosin, specifically with regards to the developing heart. The expression of each myosin protein will be described, and the effects that altering expression has on the heart in embryogenesis in different animal models will be discussed. The human molecular genetics of the myosins will also be reviewed.
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Chien KR, Yi BA, Xu H, Mummery CL. Cardiomyocyte reprogramming and the new age of cellular alchemy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2012; 53:311-3. [PMID: 22749824 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Varner VD, Taber LA. Not just inductive: a crucial mechanical role for the endoderm during heart tube assembly. Development 2012; 139:1680-90. [PMID: 22492358 DOI: 10.1242/dev.073486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The heart is the first functioning organ to form during development. During gastrulation, the cardiac progenitors reside in the lateral plate mesoderm but maintain close contact with the underlying endoderm. In amniotes, these bilateral heart fields are initially organized as a pair of flat epithelia that move towards the embryonic midline and fuse above the anterior intestinal portal (AIP) to form the heart tube. This medial motion is typically attributed to active mesodermal migration over the underlying endoderm. In this model, the role of the endoderm is twofold: to serve as a mechanically passive substrate for the crawling mesoderm and to secrete various growth factors necessary for cardiac specification and differentiation. Here, using computational modeling and experiments on chick embryos, we present evidence supporting an active mechanical role for the endoderm during heart tube assembly. Label-tracking experiments suggest that active endodermal shortening around the AIP accounts for most of the heart field motion towards the midline. Results indicate that this shortening is driven by cytoskeletal contraction, as exposure to the myosin-II inhibitor blebbistatin arrested any shortening and also decreased both tissue stiffness (measured by microindentation) and mechanical tension (measured by cutting experiments). In addition, blebbistatin treatment often resulted in cardia bifida and abnormal foregut morphogenesis. Moreover, finite element simulations of our cutting experiments suggest that the endoderm (not the mesoderm) is the primary contractile tissue layer during this process. Taken together, these results indicate that contraction of the endoderm actively pulls the heart fields towards the embryonic midline, where they fuse to form the heart tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor D Varner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
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Wu G, Shan J, Pang S, Wei X, Zhang H, Yan B. Genetic analysis of the promoter region of the GATA4 gene in patients with ventricular septal defects. Transl Res 2012; 159:376-82. [PMID: 22500510 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are the most common type of congenital heart diseases (CHDs). To date, the genetic causes for sporadic VSDs remain largely unknown. GATA transcription factor 4 (GATA4) is a zinc-finger transcription factor that is expressed in developing heart and adult cardiomyocytes. Mutations in the coding region of the GATA4 gene have been identified in CHD patients, including VSD. As the GATA4 factor is a dosage-sensitive regulator, we hypothesized that the promoter region variants of the GATA4 gene may be genetic causes of VSD. In this study, we analyzed the promoter region of the GATA4 gene by bidirectional sequencing in 172 VSD patients and 171 healthy controls. The results showed that 5 heterozygous sequence variants (NG_008177:g.4071T>C, NG_008177:g.4148C>A, NG_008177:g.4566C>T, NG_008177:g.4653G>T, and NG_008177:g.4690G>deletion) within the promoter region of the GATA gene were identified in 5 VSD patients, but in none of controls. One heterozygous sequence variant (g.4762C>A) was found only in one control, which may have no functional significance. A functional analysis revealed that the transcriptional activity of variant NG_008177:g.4566C>T was reduced significantly, whereas the transcriptional activities of the variants (NG_008177:g.4071T>C, NG_008177:g.4148C>A, NG_008177:g.4653G>T, and NG_008177:g.4690G>deletion) were increased significantly compared with the wild-type GATA4 gene promoter. As GATA4 is a dosage-sensitive regulator during development, our data suggest that these sequence variants within the promoter region of the GATA4 gene may contribute to the VSD etiology by altering its gene expression. Additional studies in experimental animals will deepen our understanding of the genetic basis of VSD and shed light on designing novel molecular therapies for adult VSD patients carrying these variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Jining Medical College Affiliated Hospital, Jining Medical College, Jining, Shandong 272029, China
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Huang ZP, Young Seok H, Zhou B, Chen J, Chen JF, Tao Y, Pu WT, Wang DZ. CIP, a cardiac Isl1-interacting protein, represses cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Circ Res 2012; 110:818-30. [PMID: 22343712 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.259663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mammalian heart has minimal regenerative capacity. In response to mechanical or pathological stress, the heart undergoes cardiac remodeling. Pressure and volume overload in the heart cause increased size (hypertrophic growth) of cardiomyocytes. Whereas the regulatory pathways that activate cardiac hypertrophy have been well-established, the molecular events that inhibit or repress cardiac hypertrophy are less known. OBJECTIVE To identify and investigate novel regulators that modulate cardiac hypertrophy. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we report the identification, characterization, and functional examination of a novel cardiac Isl1-interacting protein (CIP). CIP was identified from a bioinformatic search for novel cardiac-expressed genes in mouse embryonic hearts. CIP encodes a nuclear protein without recognizable motifs. Northern blotting, in situ hybridization, and reporter gene tracing demonstrated that CIP is highly expressed in cardiomyocytes of developing and adult hearts. Yeast two-hybrid screening identified Isl1, a LIM/homeodomain transcription factor essential for the specification of cardiac progenitor cells in the second heart field, as a cofactor of CIP. CIP directly interacted with Isl1, and we mapped the domains of these two proteins, which mediate their interaction. We show that CIP represses the transcriptional activity of Isl1 in the activation of the myocyte enhancer factor 2C. The expression of CIP was dramatically reduced in hypertrophic cardiomyocytes. Most importantly, overexpression of CIP repressed agonist-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. CONCLUSIONS Our studies therefore identify CIP as a novel regulator of cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Peng Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, MA 02115, USA
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Takagaki Y, Yamagishi H, Matsuoka R. Factors Involved in Signal Transduction During Vertebrate Myogenesis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 296:187-272. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394307-1.00004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Amodio V, Tevy MF, Traina C, Ghosh TK, Capovilla M. Transactivation in Drosophila of human enhancers by human transcription factors involved in congenital heart diseases. Dev Dyn 2011; 241:190-9. [PMID: 21990232 PMCID: PMC3326377 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human transcription factors (TFs) GATA4, NKX2.5 and TBX5 form part of the core network necessary to build a human heart and are involved in Congenital Heart Diseases (CHDs). The human natriuretic peptide precursor A (NPPA) and α-myosin heavy chain 6 (MYH6) genes are downstream effectors involved in cardiogenesis that have been demonstrated to be in vitro targets of such TFs. RESULTS To study the interactions between these human TFs and their target enhancers in vivo, we overexpressed them in the whole Drosophila cardiac tube using the UAS/GAL4 system. We observed that all three TFs up-regulate their natural target enhancers in Drosophila and cause developmental defects when overexpressed in eyes and wings. CONCLUSIONS A strong potential of the present model might be the development of combinatorial and mutational assays to study the interactions between human TFs and their natural target promoters, which are not easily undertaken in tissue culture cells because of the variability in transfection efficiency, especially when multiple constructs are used. Thus, this novel system could be used to determine in vivo the genetic nature of the human mutant forms of these TFs, setting up a powerful tool to unravel the molecular genetic mechanisms that lead to CHDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Amodio
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Department of Biology and Evolution, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Faul C, Amaral AP, Oskouei B, Hu MC, Sloan A, Isakova T, Gutiérrez OM, Aguillon-Prada R, Lincoln J, Hare JM, Mundel P, Morales A, Scialla J, Fischer M, Soliman EZ, Chen J, Go AS, Rosas SE, Nessel L, Townsend RR, Feldman HI, St John Sutton M, Ojo A, Gadegbeku C, Di Marco GS, Reuter S, Kentrup D, Tiemann K, Brand M, Hill JA, Moe OW, Kuro-O M, Kusek JW, Keane MG, Wolf M. FGF23 induces left ventricular hypertrophy. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:4393-408. [PMID: 21985788 DOI: 10.1172/jci46122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1450] [Impact Index Per Article: 111.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a public health epidemic that increases risk of death due to cardiovascular disease. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is an important mechanism of cardiovascular disease in individuals with CKD. Elevated levels of FGF23 have been linked to greater risks of LVH and mortality in patients with CKD, but whether these risks represent causal effects of FGF23 is unknown. Here, we report that elevated FGF23 levels are independently associated with LVH in a large, racially diverse CKD cohort. FGF23 caused pathological hypertrophy of isolated rat cardiomyocytes via FGF receptor-dependent activation of the calcineurin-NFAT signaling pathway, but this effect was independent of klotho, the coreceptor for FGF23 in the kidney and parathyroid glands. Intramyocardial or intravenous injection of FGF23 in wild-type mice resulted in LVH, and klotho-deficient mice demonstrated elevated FGF23 levels and LVH. In an established animal model of CKD, treatment with an FGF-receptor blocker attenuated LVH, although no change in blood pressure was observed. These results unveil a klotho-independent, causal role for FGF23 in the pathogenesis of LVH and suggest that chronically elevated FGF23 levels contribute directly to high rates of LVH and mortality in individuals with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Faul
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA.
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Ammar HI, Saba S, Ammar RI, Elsayed LA, Ghaly WBAA, Dhingra S. Erythropoietin protects against doxorubicin-induced heart failure. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H2413-21. [PMID: 21984540 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.01096.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The hormone erythropoietin (EPO) has been demonstrated to have cardioprotective properties. The present study investigates the role of EPO to prevent heart failure following cancer treatment with doxorubicin [adriamycin (AD)]. Male Wistar rats (150 ± 10 g) were treated with saline (vehicle control group); with EPO, subcutaneously at 1,000 IU/kg body wt, three times per week for 4 wk (EPO group); with adriamycin, intraperitoneally at 2.5 mg/kg body wt, three times per week for 2 wk (AD group); and with adriamycin and EPO (EPO-AD group). Echocardiographic measurements showed that EPO-AD treatment prevented the AD-induced decline in cardiac function. Each of the hearts was then exposed to ischemia and reperfusion during Langendorff perfusion. The percentage of recovery after ischemia-reperfusion was significantly greater in EPO-AD than the AD-treated group for left ventricular developed pressure, maximal increase in pressure, and rate pressure product. The level of oxidative stress was significantly higher in AD (5 μM for 24 h)-exposed isolated cardiomyocytes; EPO (5 U/ml for 48 h) treatment prevented this. EPO treatment also decreased AD-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, which was associated with the decrease in the Bax-to-Bcl2 ratio and caspase-3 activation. Immunostaining of myocardial tissue for CD31 showed a significant decrease in the number of capillaries in AD-treated animals. EPO-AD treatment restored the number of capillaries. In conclusion, EPO treatment effectively prevented AD-induced heart failure. The protective effect of EPO was associated with a decreased level of oxidative stress and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes as well as improved myocardial angiogenesis.
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Suzuki YJ. Cell signaling pathways for the regulation of GATA4 transcription factor: Implications for cell growth and apoptosis. Cell Signal 2011; 23:1094-9. [PMID: 21376121 PMCID: PMC3078531 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
GATA4 is a member of the GATA family of zinc finger transcription factor, which regulates gene transcription by binding to GATA elements. GATA4 was originally discovered as a regulator of cardiac development and subsequently identified as a major regulator of adult cardiac hypertrophy. GATA4 regulates gene expression of various genes, which are involved in cardiac development and cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. In addition to the heart, GATA4 plays important roles in the reproductive system, gastrointestinal system, respiratory system and cancer. Positive and negative regulations of GATA4 therefore are important components of biologic functions. The activation of GATA4 occurs via various cell signaling events. Earlier studies have identified protein-protein interactions of GATA4 with other factors. The discovery of interactions of GATA4 with nuclear factor for activated T cells (NFAT) revealed the importance of calcium signaling in the activation of GATA4. GATA4 can also be phosphorylated by mitogen activated protein kinases and protein kinase A. Lysine modifications also occur on the GATA4 molecule including acetylation and sumoylation. Both reactive oxygen-dependent and -independent antioxidant-sensitive pathways for GATA4 activation have also been demonstrated. The GATA4 activity is also regulated by modulating the level of GATA4 expression via transcriptional as well as translational mechanisms. This work summarizes the current understanding of regulatory mechanisms for modulating GATA4 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro J Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacology, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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