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Yang Y, Tang L, Xiao Y, Huang W, Gao M, Xie J, Yang M, Wu Y, Fu X. miR-21-5p-loaded bone mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes repair ovarian function in autoimmune premature ovarian insufficiency by targeting MSX1. Reprod Biomed Online 2024; 48:103815. [PMID: 38582043 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2024.103815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION What is the effect of micro-RNA (miR)-21-5p-loaded bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (miR-21-Exo) on autoimmune premature ovarian insufficiency (POI)? DESIGN The Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8) assay, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, western blotting, quantitative reverse transcriptase (qRT)-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) verified the effect of miR-21-Exo on interferon-γ (IFN-γ)-induced KGN cells. qRT-PCR, western blotting and dual-luciferase reporter gene assays verified that miR-21-Exo mediated Msh homeobox 1 (MSX1) regulation of the Notch signalling pathway and that miR-21 interacted directly with MSX1. The effects of miR-21-Exo on the ovaries were verified by monitoring of the oestrous cycle, haematoxylin and eosin staining, follicle counts, ELISA, immunohistochemistry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling (TUNEL), western blotting and qRT-PCR. RESULTS The results showed that miR-21-Exo promoted IFN-γ-induced KGN cell proliferation and hormone synthesis, and inhibited apoptosis. Using dual-luciferase reporter gene assays, miR-21 and MSX1 were shown to have direct interactions. Moreover, the findings elucidated that miR-21-Exo inhibited cell apoptosis and promoted hormone synthesis by mediating MSX1 to regulate the Notch signalling pathway. miR-21-Exo restored the ovarian structure in a mouse model of autoimmune POI, promoted endocrine function and proliferation, and inhibited apoptosis and inflammation in vivo. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that miR-21-Exo regulates the MSX1-mediated Notch signalling pathway to inhibit granulosa cell apoptosis and improve hormone synthesis function, providing insight into a potential mechanism of molecular therapy for the treatment of autoimmune POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutao Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lichao Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanling Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wujia Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meng Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiaxin Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingxin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanhong Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiafei Fu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Gupta I, Yeung J, Rahimi-Balaei M, Wu SR, Goldowitz D. Msx genes delineate a novel molecular map of the developing cerebellar neuroepithelium. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1356544. [PMID: 38742226 PMCID: PMC11089253 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1356544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In the early cerebellar primordium, there are two progenitor zones, the ventricular zone (VZ) residing atop the IVth ventricle and the rhombic lip (RL) at the lateral edges of the developing cerebellum. These zones give rise to the several cell types that form the GABAergic and glutamatergic populations of the adult cerebellum, respectively. Recently, an understanding of the molecular compartmentation of these zones has emerged. To add to this knowledge base, we report on the Msx genes, a family of three transcription factors, that are expressed downstream of Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling in these zones. Using fluorescent RNA in situ hybridization, we have characterized the Msx (Msh Homeobox) genes and demonstrated that their spatiotemporal pattern segregates specific regions within the progenitor zones. Msx1 and Msx2 are compartmentalized within the rhombic lip (RL), while Msx3 is localized within the ventricular zone (VZ). The relationship of the Msx genes with an early marker of the glutamatergic lineage, Atoh1, was examined in Atoh1-null mice and it was found that the expression of Msx genes persisted. Importantly, the spatial expression of Msx1 and Msx3 altered in response to the elimination of Atoh1. These results point to the Msx genes as novel early markers of cerebellar progenitor zones and more importantly to an updated view of the molecular parcellation of the RL with respect to the canonical marker of the RL, Atoh1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Gupta
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joanna Yeung
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Maryam Rahimi-Balaei
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sih-Rong Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Dan Goldowitz
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Shen Z, Zhang S, Gao Z, Yu X, Wang J, Pan S, Kang N, Liu N, Xu H, Liu M, Yang Y, Deng Q, Liu J, Xie Y, Zhang J. Intrahepatic homeobox protein MSX-1 is a novel host restriction factor of hepatitis B virus. J Virol 2024; 98:e0134523. [PMID: 38226815 PMCID: PMC10878074 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01345-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (CHB) is a risk factor for the development of liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Covalently closed circular DNA serves as the sole transcription template for all viral RNAs and viral transcription is driven and enhanced by viral promoter and enhancer elements, respectively. Interactions between transcription factors and these cis-elements regulate their activities and change the production levels of viral RNAs. Here, we report the identification of homeobox protein MSX-1 (MSX1) as a novel host restriction factor of HBV in liver. In both HBV-transfected and HBV-infected cells, MSX1 suppresses viral gene expression and genome replication. Mechanistically, MSX1 downregulates enhancer II/core promoter (EnII/Cp) activity via direct binding to an MSX1 responsive element within EnII/Cp, and such binding competes with hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α binding to EnII/Cp due to partial overlap between their respective binding sites. Furthermore, CHB patients in immune active phase express higher levels of intrahepatic MSX1 but relatively lower levels of serum and intrahepatic HBV markers compared to those in immune tolerant phase. Finally, MSX1 was demonstrated to induce viral clearance in two mouse models of HBV persistence, suggesting possible therapeutic potential for CHB.IMPORTANCECovalently closed circular DNA plays a key role for the persistence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) since it serves as the template for viral transcription. Identification of transcription factors that regulate HBV transcription not only provides insights into molecular mechanisms of viral life cycle regulation but may also provide potential antiviral targets. In this work, we identified host MSX1 as a novel restriction factor of HBV transcription. Meanwhile, we observed higher intrahepatic MSX1 expression in chronic hepatitis B virus (CHB) patients in immune active phase compared to those in immune tolerant phase, suggesting possible involvement of MSX1 in the regulation of HBV activity by the host. Lastly, intrahepatic overexpression of MSX1 delivered by recombinant adenoviruses into two mouse models of HBV persistence demonstrated MSX1-mediated repression of HBV in vivo, and MSX1-induced clearance of intrahepatic HBV DNA in treated mice suggested its potential as a therapeutic target for the treatment of CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongliang Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education/National Health Commission/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenyan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zixiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education/National Health Commission/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueping Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
| | - Jinyu Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaokun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education/National Health Commission/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Kang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education/National Health Commission/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nannan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education/National Health Commission/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huijun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education/National Health Commission/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education/National Health Commission/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education/National Health Commission/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education/National Health Commission/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education/National Health Commission/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Youhua Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education/National Health Commission/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Children’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiming Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biosafety Emergency Response, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education/National Health Commission/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Ruspita I, Das P, Miyoshi K, Noma T, Snead ML, Bei M. Enam expression is regulated by Msx2. Dev Dyn 2023; 252:1292-1302. [PMID: 37191055 PMCID: PMC10592542 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The precise formation of mineralized dental tissues such as enamel and/or dentin require tight transcriptional control of the secretion of matrix proteins. Here, we have investigated the transcriptional regulation of the second most prominent enamel matrix protein, enamelin, and its regulation through the major odontogenic transcription factor, MSX2. RESULTS Using in vitro and in vivo approaches, we identified that (a) Enam expression is reduced in the Msx2 mouse mutant pre-secretory and secretory ameloblasts, (b) Enam is an early response gene whose expression is under the control of Msx2, (c) Msx2 binds to Enam promoter in vitro, suggesting that enam is a direct target for Msx2 and that (d) Msx2 alone represses Enam gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results illustrate that Enam gene expression is controlled by Msx2 in a spatio-temporal manner. They also suggest that Msx2 may interact with other transcription factors to control spatial and temporal expression of Enam and hence amelogenesis and enamel biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intan Ruspita
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Pragnya Das
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Keiko Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takafumi Noma
- Faculty of Human Life Studies, Hiroshima Jogakuin University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Malcolm L. Snead
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC, University of Southern California, LA, CA
| | - Marianna Bei
- Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgery, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
- Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA
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5
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Ravi V, Murashima-Suginami A, Kiso H, Tokita Y, Huang C, Bessho K, Takagi J, Sugai M, Tabata Y, Takahashi K. Advances in tooth agenesis and tooth regeneration. Regen Ther 2023; 22:160-168. [PMID: 36819612 PMCID: PMC9931762 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of treatment options for congenital (0.1%) and partial (10%) tooth anomalies highlights the need to develop innovative strategies. Over two decades of dedicated research have led to breakthroughs in the treatment of congenital and acquired tooth loss. We revealed that by inactivating USAG-1, congenital tooth agenesis can be successfully ameliorated during early tooth development and that the inactivation promotes late-stage tooth morphogenesis in double knockout mice. Furthermore, Anti- USAG-1 antibody treatment in mice is effective in tooth regeneration and can be a breakthrough in treating tooth anomalies in humans. With approximately 0.1% of the population suffering from congenital tooth agenesis and 10% of children worldwide suffering from partial tooth loss, early diagnosis will improve outcomes and the quality of life of patients. Understanding the role of pathogenic USAG-1 variants, their interacting gene partners, and their protein functions will help develop critical biomarkers. Advances in next-generation sequencing, mass spectrometry, and imaging technologies will assist in developing companion and predictive biomarkers to help identify patients who will benefit from tooth regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Ravi
- Toregem BioPharma Inc., Kyoto, Japan
| | - A. Murashima-Suginami
- Toregem BioPharma Inc., Kyoto, Japan,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - H. Kiso
- Toregem BioPharma Inc., Kyoto, Japan,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Y. Tokita
- Department of Disease Model, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - C.L. Huang
- Department of ThoracicSurgery, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - K. Bessho
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - J. Takagi
- Laboratory of Protein Synthesis and Expression, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - M. Sugai
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Y. Tabata
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - K. Takahashi
- Toregem BioPharma Inc., Kyoto, Japan,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,Corresponding author. Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, 2-4-20, Ohgimachi, Kita-ku, Osaka, 530-8480, Japan. Fax: +81-6-6312-8867.
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Hornbachner R, Lackner A, Papuchova H, Haider S, Knöfler M, Mechtler K, Latos PA. MSX2 safeguards syncytiotrophoblast fate of human trophoblast stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2105130118. [PMID: 34507999 PMCID: PMC8449346 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105130118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple placental pathologies are associated with failures in trophoblast differentiation, yet the underlying transcriptional regulation is poorly understood. Here, we discovered msh homeobox 2 (MSX2) as a key transcriptional regulator of trophoblast identity using the human trophoblast stem cell model. Depletion of MSX2 resulted in activation of the syncytiotrophoblast transcriptional program, while forced expression of MSX2 blocked it. We demonstrated that a large proportion of the affected genes were directly bound and regulated by MSX2 and identified components of the SWItch/Sucrose nonfermentable (SWI/SNF) complex as strong MSX2 interactors and target gene cobinders. MSX2 cooperated specifically with the SWI/SNF canonical BAF (cBAF) subcomplex and cooccupied, together with H3K27ac, a number of differentiation genes. Increased H3K27ac and cBAF occupancy upon MSX2 depletion imply that MSX2 prevents premature syncytiotrophoblast differentiation. Our findings established MSX2 as a repressor of the syncytiotrophoblast lineage and demonstrated its pivotal role in cell fate decisions that govern human placental development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Hornbachner
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Lackner
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Henrieta Papuchova
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sandra Haider
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Knöfler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reproductive Biology Unit, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Mechtler
- Protein Chemistry Facility, Institute of Molecular Pathology, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paulina A Latos
- Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;
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West J, Rathinasabapathy A, Chen X, Shay S, Gladson S, Talati M. Overexpression of Msx1 in Mouse Lung Leads to Loss of Pulmonary Vessels Following Vascular Hypoxic Injury. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092306. [PMID: 34571956 PMCID: PMC8471093 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive lung disease caused by thickening of the pulmonary arterial wall and luminal obliteration of the small peripheral arteries leading to increase in vascular resistance which elevates pulmonary artery pressure that eventually causes right heart failure and death. We have previously shown that transcription factor Msx1 (mainly expressed during embryogenesis) is strongly upregulated in transformed lymphocytes obtained from PAH patients, especially IPAH. Under pathological conditions, Msx1 overexpression can cause cell dedifferentiation or cell apoptosis. We hypothesized that Msx1 overexpression contributes to loss of small pulmonary vessels in PAH. In IPAH lung, MSX1 protein localization was strikingly increased in muscularized remodeled pulmonary vessels, whereas it was undetectable in control pulmonary arteries. We developed a transgenic mouse model overexpressing MSX1 (MSX1OE) by about 4-fold and exposed these mice to normoxic, sugen hypoxic (3 weeks) or hyperoxic (100% 02 for 3 weeks) conditions. Under normoxic conditions, compared to controls, MSX1OE mice demonstrated a 30-fold and 2-fold increase in lung Msx1 mRNA and protein expression, respectively. There was a significant retinal capillary dropout (p < 0.01) in MSX1OE mice, which was increased further (p < 0.03) with sugen hypoxia. At baseline, the number of pulmonary vessels in MSX1OE mice was similar to controls. In sugen-hypoxia-treated MSX1OE mice, the number of small (0-25 uM) and medium (25-50 uM) size muscularized vessels increased approximately 2-fold (p < 0.01) compared to baseline controls; however, they were strikingly lower (p < 0.001) in number than in sugen-hypoxia-treated control mice. In MSX1OE mouse lung, 104 genes were upregulated and 67 genes were downregulated compared to controls. Similarly, in PVECs, 156 genes were upregulated and 320 genes were downregulated from siRNA to MSX1OE, and in PVSMCs, 65 genes were upregulated and 321 genes were downregulated from siRNA to MSX1OE (with control in the middle). Many of the statistically significant GO groups associated with MSX1 expression in lung, PVECs, and PVSMCs were similar, and were involved in cell cycle, cytoskeletal and macromolecule organization, and programmed cell death. Overexpression of MSX1 suppresses many cell-cycle-related genes in PVSMCs but induces them in PVECs. In conclusion, overexpression of Msx1 leads to loss of pulmonary vessels, which is exacerbated by sugen hypoxia, and functional consequences of Msx1 overexpression are cell-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Megha Talati
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-615-322-8095; Fax: +1-615-343-7448
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Fonteles CSR, Finnell RH, George TM, Harshbarger RJ. Craniosynostosis: current conceptions and misconceptions. AIMS GENETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3934/genet.2016.1.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCranial bones articulate in areas called sutures that must remain patent until skull growth is complete. Craniosynostosis is the condition that results from premature closure of one or more of the cranial vault sutures, generating facial deformities and more importantly, skull growth restrictions with the ability to severely affect brain growth. Typically, craniosynostosis can be expressed as an isolated event, or as part of syndromic phenotypes. Multiple signaling mechanisms interact during developmental stages to ensure proper and timely suture fusion. Clinical outcome is often a product of craniosynostosis subtypes, number of affected sutures and timing of premature suture fusion. The present work aimed to review the different aspects involved in the establishment of craniosynostosis, providing a close view of the cellular, molecular and genetic background of these malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiane Sá Roriz Fonteles
- Finnell Birth Defects Research Laboratory, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, USA
| | - Richard H. Finnell
- Finnell Birth Defects Research Laboratory, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, USA
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, USA
| | - Timothy M. George
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Dell Children's Medical Center, Professor, Department of Surgery, Dell Medical School, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Raymond J. Harshbarger
- Plastic Surgery, Craniofacial Team at the Dell Children's Medical Center of Central Texas, Austin, USA
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Ruspita I, Das P, Xia Y, Kelangi S, Miyoshi K, Noma T, Snead ML, D'Souza RN, Bei M. An Msx2- Sp6-Follistatin Pathway Operates During Late Stages of Tooth Development to Control Amelogenesis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:582610. [PMID: 33192593 PMCID: PMC7649293 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.582610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ameloblasts are epithelially derived cells responsible for enamel formation through a process known as amelogenesis. Amongst the several transcription factors that are expressed during amelogenesis, both Msx2 and Sp6 transcription factors play important role. Msx2 and Sp6 mouse mutants, exhibit similar amelogenesis defects, namely enamel hypoplasia, while humans with amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) carry mutations in the human homologues of MSX2 or SP6 genes. These across species similarities in function indicate that these two transcription factors may reside in the same developmental pathway. In this paper, we test whether they work in a coordinated manner to exert their effect during amelogenesis. Methods Two different dental epithelial cell lines, the mouse LS8 and the rat G5 were used for either overexpression or silencing of Msx2 or Sp6 or both. Msx2 mutant mouse embryos or pups were used for in vivo studies. In situ hybridization, semi-quantitative and quantitative real time PCR were employed to study gene expression pattern. MatInspector was used to identify several potential putative Msx2 binding sites upstream of the murine Sp6 promoter region. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (chIP) was used to confirm the binding of Msx2 to Sp6 promoter at the putative sites. Results Using the above methods we identified that (i) Msx2 and Sp6 exhibit overlapping expression in secretory ameloblasts, (ii) Sp6 expression is reduced in the Msx2 mouse mutant secretoty ameloblasts, and (iii) that Msx2, like Sp6 inhibits follistatin expression. Specifically, our loss-of function studies by silencing Msx2 and/or Sp6 in mouse dental epithelial (LS8) cells showed significant downregulation of Sp6 but upregulation of Fst expression. Transient transfection of Msx2 overexpression plasmid, up-regulated Sp6 and downregulated Fst expression. Additionally, using MatInspector, we identified several potential putative Msx2 binding sites, 3.5 kb upstream of the murine Sp6 promoter region. By chIP, we confirmed the binding of Msx2 to Sp6 promoter at these sites, thus suggesting that Sp6 is a direct target of Msx2. Conclusion Collectively, these results show that Sp6 and Msx2 work in a concerted manner to form part of a network of transcription factors that operate during later stages of tooth development controlling ameloblast life cycle and amelogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intan Ruspita
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Department of Prosthodontics, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Pragnya Das
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Division of Neonatology, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Yan Xia
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Sarah Kelangi
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Keiko Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takafumi Noma
- Faculty of Human Life Studies, Hiroshima Jogakuin University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Malcolm L Snead
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Marianna Bei
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States
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10
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Méndez-Maldonado K, Vega-López GA, Aybar MJ, Velasco I. Neurogenesis From Neural Crest Cells: Molecular Mechanisms in the Formation of Cranial Nerves and Ganglia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:635. [PMID: 32850790 PMCID: PMC7427511 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a transient multipotent cell population that originates in the dorsal neural tube. Cells of the NC are highly migratory, as they travel considerable distances through the body to reach their final sites. Derivatives of the NC are neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the enteric nervous system as well as non-neural cells. Different signaling pathways triggered by Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs), Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs), Wnt proteins, Notch ligands, retinoic acid (RA), and Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) participate in the processes of induction, specification, cell migration and neural differentiation of the NC. A specific set of signaling pathways and transcription factors are initially expressed in the neural plate border and then in the NC cell precursors to the formation of cranial nerves. The molecular mechanisms of control during embryonic development have been gradually elucidated, pointing to an important role of transcriptional regulators when neural differentiation occurs. However, some of these proteins have an important participation in malformations of the cranial portion and their mutation results in aberrant neurogenesis. This review aims to give an overview of the role of cell signaling and of the function of transcription factors involved in the specification of ganglia precursors and neurogenesis to form the NC-derived cranial nerves during organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Méndez-Maldonado
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular - Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Guillermo A Vega-López
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Manuel J Aybar
- Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas (INSIBIO, CONICET-UNT), San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología "Dr. Francisco D. Barbieri", Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Iván Velasco
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular - Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Ciudad de México, Mexico
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11
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Dash S, Trainor PA. The development, patterning and evolution of neural crest cell differentiation into cartilage and bone. Bone 2020; 137:115409. [PMID: 32417535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells are a vertebrate-specific migratory, multipotent cell population that give rise to a diverse array of cells and tissues during development. Cranial neural crest cells, in particular, generate cartilage, bone, tendons and connective tissue in the head and face as well as neurons, glia and melanocytes. In this review, we focus on the chondrogenic and osteogenic potential of cranial neural crest cells and discuss the roles of Sox9, Runx2 and Msx1/2 transcription factors and WNT, FGF and TGFβ signaling pathways in regulating neural crest cell differentiation into cartilage and bone. We also describe cranioskeletal defects and disorders arising from gain or loss-of-function of genes that are required for patterning and differentiation of cranial neural crest cells. Finally, we discuss the evolution of skeletogenic potential in neural crest cells and their function as a conduit for intraspecies and interspecies variation, and the evolution of craniofacial novelties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Dash
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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12
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Yang L, Liang J, Yue H, Bian Z. Two novel mutations in MSX1 causing oligodontia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227287. [PMID: 31914153 PMCID: PMC6948825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tooth agenesis is one of the most common developmental anomalies in humans and can affect dental occlusion and speech pronunciation. Research has identified an association between mutations in MSX1, PAX9, EDA, AXIN2, WNT10A, WNT10B and LRP6 and human tooth agenesis. Two unrelated individuals with non-syndromic tooth agenesis and their families were enrolled in this study. Using Sanger sequencing of the candidate genes, we identified two novel mutations: a missense mutation c.572 T>C and a frameshift mutation c.590_594 dup TGTCC, which were both detected in the homeodomain of MSX1. After identifying the mutations, structural modeling and bioinformatics analysis were used to predict the resulting conformational changes in the MSX1 homeodomain. Combined with 3D-structural analysis of other MSX1 mutations, we propose that there is a correlation between the observed phenotypes and alterations in hydrogen bond formation, thereby potentially affecting protein binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jia Liang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Haitang Yue
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhuan Bian
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- * E-mail:
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13
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Abstract
An enhancer named MFCS1 regulates Sonic hedgehog (Shh) expression in the posterior mesenchyme of limb buds. Several mutations in MFCS1 induce ectopic Shh expression in the anterior limb bud, and these result in preaxial polydactyly (PPD). However, the molecular basis of ectopic Shh expression remains elusive, although some mutations are known to disrupt the negative regulation of Shh expression in the anterior limb bud. Here, we analyzed the molecular mechanism of ectopic Shh expression in PPD including in a mouse mutation-hemimelic extra toes (Hx)-and in other MFCS1 mutations in different species. First, we generated transgenic mouse lines with a LacZ reporter cassette flanked with tandem repeats of 40 bp MFCS1 fragments harboring a mutation. The transgenic mouse line with the Hx-type fragment showed reporter expression exclusively in the anterior, but not in the posterior margins of limb buds. In contrast, no specific LacZ expression was observed in lines carrying the MFCS1 fragment with other mutations. Yeast one-hybrid assays revealed that the msh-like homeodomain protein, MSX1, bound specifically to the Hx sequence of MFCS1. Thus, PPD caused by mutations in MFCS1 has two major types of molecular etiology: loss of a cis-motif for negative regulation of Shh, and acquisition of a new cis-motif binding to a preexisting transcription factor, as represented by the Hx mutation.
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14
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Mitsui SN, Yasue A, Masuda K, Naruto T, Minegishi Y, Oyadomari S, Noji S, Imoto I, Tanaka E. Novel human mutation and CRISPR/Cas genome-edited mice reveal the importance of C-terminal domain of MSX1 in tooth and palate development. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38398. [PMID: 27917906 PMCID: PMC5137164 DOI: 10.1038/srep38398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Several mutations, located mainly in the MSX1 homeodomain, have been identified in non-syndromic tooth agenesis predominantly affecting premolars and third molars. We identified a novel frameshift mutation of the highly conserved C-terminal domain of MSX1, known as Msx homology domain 6 (MH6), in a Japanese family with non-syndromic tooth agenesis. To investigate the importance of MH6 in tooth development, Msx1 was targeted in mice with CRISPR/Cas system. Although heterozygous MH6 disruption did not alter craniofacial development, homozygous mice exhibited agenesis of lower incisors with or without cleft palate at E16.5. In addition, agenesis of the upper third molars and the lower second and third molars were observed in 4-week-old mutant mice. Although the upper second molars were present, they were abnormally small. These results suggest that the C-terminal domain of MSX1 is important for tooth and palate development, and demonstrate that that CRISPR/Cas system can be used as a tool to assess causality of human disorders in vivo and to study the importance of conserved domains in genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Naomi Mitsui
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan.,Division of Molecular Biology, Institute of Advanced Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yasue
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Masuda
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Takuya Naruto
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Minegishi
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Advanced Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Seiichi Oyadomari
- Division of Molecular Biology, Institute of Advanced Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Sumihare Noji
- Tokushima University, 2-24 Shinkura-cho, Tokushima 770-8501, Japan
| | - Issei Imoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Eiji Tanaka
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan
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15
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Role of MSX1 in Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:8035759. [PMID: 27648077 PMCID: PMC5018324 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8035759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Msh homeobox 1 (MSX1) encodes a transcription factor implicated in embryonic development of limbs and craniofacial tissues including bone and teeth. Although MSX1 regulates osteoblast differentiation in the cranial bone of young animal, little is known about the contribution of MSX1 to the osteogenic potential of human cells. In the present study, we investigate the role of MSX1 in osteogenic differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells isolated from deciduous teeth. When these cells were exposed to osteogenesis-induction medium, runt-related transcription factor-2 (RUNX2), bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2), alkaline phosphatase (ALPL), and osteocalcin (OCN) mRNA levels, as well as alkaline phosphatase activity, increased on days 4–12, and thereafter the matrix was calcified on day 14. However, knockdown of MSX1 with small interfering RNA abolished the induction of the osteoblast-related gene expression, alkaline phosphatase activity, and calcification. Interestingly, DNA microarray and PCR analyses revealed that MSX1 knockdown induced the sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP2) transcriptional factor and its downstream target genes in the cholesterol synthesis pathway. Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis enhances osteoblast differentiation of various mesenchymal cells. Thus, MSX1 may downregulate the cholesterol synthesis-related genes to ensure osteoblast differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells.
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16
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Park KS, Kim KK, Kim KE. Msx1 homeodomain transcription factor and TATA-binding protein interact to repress the expression of the glycoprotein hormone α subunit gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:326-30. [PMID: 26505791 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Studying the regulatory mechanism of the glycoprotein hormone α subunit (αGSU) gene in thyrotropes is essential for understanding the synthesis of functional thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Here, we investigated the influence of a homeodomain transcription factor Msx1 (Msh homeobox 1) on αGSU expression in thyrotropes. The transient expression of Msx1 inhibited the activity of an αGSU reporter gene, as well as its endogenous mRNA level in thyrotrope-derived αTSH cells. Luciferase reporter assays with serial deletion constructs and a close examination of the sequences revealed that the putative Msx1 binding site (PMS) in the αGSU promoter is not responsible for Msx1-mediated transcriptional repression. We also identified the TATA-box binding protein (TBP) as an interacting protein in thyrotropes. Interaction of TBP with Msx1 attenuates the inhibitory effect of Msx1 on αGSU gene expression in a DNA binding-independent manner. Furthermore, transient transfection studies with mutant Msx1 revealed that the interaction of TBP and Msx1 is critical for Msx1-mediated transcriptional repression of the αGSU. These results suggest that Msx1 functions as a transcriptional repressor of αGSU and that its interaction with TBP is an integral part of the mechanism by which Msx1 regulates the inhibition of αGSU gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Sun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee K Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyoon Eon Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 305-764, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Gou Y, Zhang T, Xu J. Transcription Factors in Craniofacial Development: From Receptor Signaling to Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 115:377-410. [PMID: 26589933 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial morphogenesis is driven by spatial-temporal terrains of gene expression, which give rise to stereotypical pattern formation. Transcription factors are key cellular components that control these gene expressions. They are information hubs that integrate inputs from extracellular factors and environmental cues, direct epigenetic modifications, and define transcriptional status. These activities allow transcription factors to confer specificity and potency to transcription regulation during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tingwei Zhang
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
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18
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Babajko S, de La Dure-Molla M, Jedeon K, Berdal A. MSX2 in ameloblast cell fate and activity. Front Physiol 2015; 5:510. [PMID: 25601840 PMCID: PMC4283505 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
While many effectors have been identified in enamel matrix and cells via genetic studies, physiological networks underlying their expression levels and thus the natural spectrum of enamel thickness and degree of mineralization are now just emerging. Several transcription factors are candidates for enamel gene expression regulation and thus the control of enamel quality. Some of these factors, such as MSX2, are mainly confined to the dental epithelium. MSX2 homeoprotein controls several stages of the ameloblast life cycle. This chapter introduces MSX2 and its target genes in the ameloblast and provides an overview of knowledge regarding its effects in vivo in transgenic mouse models. Currently available in vitro data on the role of MSX2 as a transcription factor and its links to other players in ameloblast gene regulation are considered. MSX2 modulations are relevant to the interplay between developmental, hormonal and environmental pathways and in vivo investigations, notably in the rodent incisor, have provided insight into dental physiology. Indeed, in vivo models are particularly promising for investigating enamel formation and MSX2 function in ameloblast cell fate. MSX2 may be central to the temporal-spatial restriction of enamel protein production by the dental epithelium and thus regulation of enamel quality (thickness and mineralization level) under physiological and pathological conditions. Studies on MSX2 show that amelogenesis is not an isolated process but is part of the more general physiology of coordinated dental-bone complex growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Babajko
- Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS 1138 Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris-Descartes Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris-Diderot Paris, France
| | - Muriel de La Dure-Molla
- Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS 1138 Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris-Descartes Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris-Diderot Paris, France ; Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de la Face et de la Cavité Buccale MAFACE, Hôpital Rothschild Paris, France
| | - Katia Jedeon
- Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS 1138 Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris-Descartes Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris-Diderot Paris, France
| | - Ariane Berdal
- Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMRS 1138 Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris-Descartes Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris Paris, France ; Laboratory of Molecular Oral Pathophysiology, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris-Diderot Paris, France ; Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de la Face et de la Cavité Buccale MAFACE, Hôpital Rothschild Paris, France
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19
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Nagel S, Ehrentraut S, Meyer C, Kaufmann M, Drexler HG, MacLeod RAF. Repressed BMP signaling reactivates NKL homeobox gene MSX1 in a T-ALL subset. Leuk Lymphoma 2014; 56:480-91. [PMID: 24844359 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2014.924119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), several members of the NK-like (NKL) homeobox genes are aberrantly expressed. Here, we have analyzed the activity of NKL homeobox gene MSX1 using pediatric T-ALL in silico data, detecting overexpression in 11% of patients. Quantification of MSX1 transcripts in a panel of 24 T-ALL cell lines demonstrated overexpression in two examples. Comparative expression profiling indicated inhibition of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway, which was shown to inhibit MSX1 transcription. In the LOUCY cell line we identified conspicuous expression of CHRDL1 encoding a BMP inhibitor which mediated activation of MSX1. Promoter analyses demonstrated activation of CHRDL1 by oncogenic PITX1. Furthermore, knockdown and overexpression studies of hematopoietic transcription factors demonstrated that GATA2 and FOXC1 mediate activation and GATA3, LEF1, TAL1 and TOX repression of MSX1 transcription. Collectively, our findings suggest that MSX1 is physiologically restricted to lymphoid progenitors. The identification of deregulated BMP signaling may provide novel therapeutic options for the treatment of T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Nagel
- Department of Human and Animal Cell Lines, Leibniz-Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures , Braunschweig , Germany
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20
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Attanasio C, Nord AS, Zhu Y, Blow MJ, Li Z, Liberton DK, Morrison H, Plajzer-Frick I, Holt A, Hosseini R, Phouanenavong S, Akiyama JA, Shoukry M, Afzal V, Rubin EM, FitzPatrick DR, Ren B, Hallgrímsson B, Pennacchio LA, Visel A. Fine tuning of craniofacial morphology by distant-acting enhancers. Science 2013; 342:1241006. [PMID: 24159046 PMCID: PMC3991470 DOI: 10.1126/science.1241006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The shape of the human face and skull is largely genetically determined. However, the genomic basis of craniofacial morphology is incompletely understood and hypothesized to involve protein-coding genes, as well as gene regulatory sequences. We used a combination of epigenomic profiling, in vivo characterization of candidate enhancer sequences in transgenic mice, and targeted deletion experiments to examine the role of distant-acting enhancers in craniofacial development. We identified complex regulatory landscapes consisting of enhancers that drive spatially complex developmental expression patterns. Analysis of mouse lines in which individual craniofacial enhancers had been deleted revealed significant alterations of craniofacial shape, demonstrating the functional importance of enhancers in defining face and skull morphology. These results demonstrate that enhancers are involved in craniofacial development and suggest that enhancer sequence variation contributes to the diversity of human facial morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Attanasio
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
| | - Alex S. Nord
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
| | - Yiwen Zhu
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
| | | | - Zirong Li
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, and Department of
Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of
Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA
| | - Denise K. Liberton
- Dept. of Cell Biology & Anatomy, McCaig Bone and
Joint Institute and the Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute,
University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Harris Morrison
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute for Genetic and
Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | | | - Amy Holt
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
| | - Roya Hosseini
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
| | | | | | - Malak Shoukry
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
| | - Veena Afzal
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
| | - Edward M. Rubin
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA
| | - David R. FitzPatrick
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute for Genetic and
Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Bing Ren
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, and Department of
Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of
Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA
| | - Benedikt Hallgrímsson
- Dept. of Cell Biology & Anatomy, McCaig Bone and
Joint Institute and the Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute,
University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Len A. Pennacchio
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA
| | - Axel Visel
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720,
USA
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA
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21
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Feng XY, Zhao YM, Wang WJ, Ge LH. Msx1regulates proliferation and differentiation of mouse dental mesenchymal cells in culture. Eur J Oral Sci 2013; 121:412-20. [PMID: 24028588 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-yu Feng
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry; Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; Beijing; China
| | - Yu-ming Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry; Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; Beijing; China
| | - Wen-jun Wang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry; Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; Beijing; China
| | - Li-hong Ge
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry; Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology; Beijing; China
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22
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Saadi I, Das P, Zhao M, Raj L, Ruspita I, Xia Y, Papaioannou VE, Bei M. Msx1 and Tbx2 antagonistically regulate Bmp4 expression during the bud-to-cap stage transition in tooth development. Development 2013; 140:2697-702. [PMID: 23720046 DOI: 10.1242/dev.088393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bmp4 expression is tightly regulated during embryonic tooth development, with early expression in the dental epithelial placode leading to later expression in the dental mesenchyme. Msx1 is among several transcription factors that are induced by epithelial Bmp4 and that, in turn, are necessary for the induction and maintenance of dental mesenchymal Bmp4 expression. Thus, Msx1(-/-) teeth arrest at early bud stage and show loss of Bmp4 expression in the mesenchyme. Ectopic expression of Bmp4 rescues this bud stage arrest. We have identified Tbx2 expression in the dental mesenchyme at bud stage and show that this can be induced by epithelial Bmp4. We also show that endogenous Tbx2 and Msx1 can physically interact in mouse C3H10T1/2 cells. In order to ascertain a functional relationship between Msx1 and Tbx2 in tooth development, we crossed Tbx2 and Msx1 mutant mice. Our data show that the bud stage tooth arrest in Msx1(-/-) mice is partially rescued in Msx1(-/-);Tbx2(+/-) compound mutants. This rescue is accompanied by formation of the enamel knot (EK) and by restoration of mesenchymal Bmp4 expression. Finally, knockdown of Tbx2 in C3H10T1/2 cells results in an increase in Bmp4 expression. Together, these data identify a novel role for Tbx2 in tooth development and suggest that, following their induction by epithelial Bmp4, Msx1 and Tbx2 in turn antagonistically regulate odontogenic activity that leads to EK formation and to mesenchymal Bmp4 expression at the key bud-to-cap stage transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Saadi
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
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23
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Xie H, Cherrington BD, Meadows JD, Witham EA, Mellon PL. Msx1 homeodomain protein represses the αGSU and GnRH receptor genes during gonadotrope development. Mol Endocrinol 2013; 27:422-36. [PMID: 23371388 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple homeodomain transcription factors are crucial for pituitary organogenesis and cellular differentiation. A homeodomain repressor, Msx1, is expressed from the ventral aspect of the developing anterior pituitary and implicated in gonadotrope differentiation. Here, we find that Msx1 represses transcription of lineage-specific pituitary genes such as the common α-glycoprotein subunit (αGSU) and GnRH receptor (GnRHR) promoters in the mouse gonadotrope-derived cell lines, αT3-1 and LβT2. Repression of the mouse GnRHR promoter by Msx1 is mediated through a consensus-binding motif in the downstream activin regulatory element (DARE). Truncation and mutation analyses of the human αGSU promoter map Msx1 repression to a site at -114, located at the junctional regulatory element (JRE). Dlx activators are closely related to the Msx repressors, acting through the same elements, and Dlx3 and Dlx2 act as transcriptional activators for GnRHR and αGSU, respectively. Small interfering RNA knockdown of Msx1 in αT3-1 cells increases endogenous αGSU and GnRHR mRNA expression. Msx1 gene expression reaches its maximal expression at the rostral edge at e13.5. The subsequent decline in Msx1 expression specifically coincides with the onset of expression of both αGSU and GnRHR. The expression levels of both αGSU and GnRHR in Msx1-null mice at e18.5 are higher compared with wild type, further confirming a role for Msx1 in the repression of αGSU and GnRHR. In summary, Msx1 functions as a negative regulator early in pituitary development by repressing the gonadotrope-specific αGSU and GnRHR genes, but a temporal decline in Msx1 expression alleviates this repression allowing induction of GnRHR and αGSU, thus serving to time the onset of gonadotrope-specific gene program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Xie
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Reproductive Science and Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0674, USA
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24
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Butali A, Mossey PA, Adeyemo WL, Jezewski PA, Onwuamah CK, Ogunlewe MO, Ugboko VI, Adejuyigbe O, Adigun AI, Abdur-Rahman LO, Onah II, Audu RA, Idigbe EO, Mansilla MA, Dragan EA, Petrin AL, Bullard SA, Uduezue AO, Akpata O, Osaguona AO, Olasoji HO, Ligali TO, Kejeh BM, Iseh KR, Olaitan PB, Adebola AR, Efunkoya E, Adesina OA, Oluwatosin OM, Murray JC. Genetic studies in the Nigerian population implicate an MSX1 mutation in complex oral facial clefting disorders. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2011; 48:646-53. [PMID: 21740177 DOI: 10.1597/10-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orofacial clefts are the most common malformations of the head and neck, with a worldwide prevalence of 1 in 700 births. They are commonly divided into CL(P) and CP based on anatomic, genetic, and embryologic findings. A Nigerian craniofacial anomalies study (NigeriaCRAN) was set up in 2006 to investigate the role of gene-environment interaction in the origin of orofacial clefts in Nigeria. SUBJECTS AND METHODS DNA isolated from saliva from Nigerian probands was used for genotype association studies and direct sequencing of cleft candidate genes: MSX1 , IRF6 , FOXE1, FGFR1 , FGFR2 , BMP4 , MAFB, ABCA4 , PAX7, and VAX1 , and the chromosome 8q region. RESULTS A missense mutation A34G in MSX1 was observed in nine cases and four HapMap controls. No other apparent causative variations were identified. Deviation from Hardy Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was observed in these cases (p = .00002). A significant difference was noted between the affected side for unilateral CL (p = .03) and bilateral clefts and between clefts on either side (p = .02). A significant gender difference was also observed for CP (p = .008). CONCLUSIONS Replication of a mutation previously implicated in other populations suggests a role for the MSX1 A34G variant in the development of CL(P).
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25
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Abuqarn M, Allmeling C, Amshoff I, Menger B, Nasser I, Vogt PM, Reimers K. The yeast two hybrid system in a screen for proteins interacting with axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) Msx1 during early limb regeneration. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2011; 1814:843-9. [PMID: 21571103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Urodele amphibians are exceptional in their ability to regenerate complex body structures such as limbs. Limb regeneration depends on a process called dedifferentiation. Under an inductive wound epidermis terminally differentiated cells transform to pluripotent progenitor cells that coordinately proliferate and eventually redifferentiate to form the new appendage. Recent studies have developed molecular models integrating a set of genes that might have important functions in the control of regenerative cellular plasticity. Among them is Msx1, which induced dedifferentiation in mammalian myotubes in vitro. Herein, we screened for interaction partners of axolotl Msx1 using a yeast two hybrid system. A two hybrid cDNA library of 5-day-old wound epidermis and underlying tissue containing more than 2×10⁶ cDNAs was constructed and used in the screen. 34 resulting cDNA clones were isolated and sequenced. We then compared sequences of the isolated clones to annotated EST contigs of the Salamander EST database (BLASTn) to identify presumptive orthologs. We subsequently searched all no-hit clone sequences against non redundant NCBI sequence databases using BLASTx. It is the first time, that the yeast two hybrid system was adapted to the axolotl animal model and successfully used in a screen for proteins interacting with Msx1 in the context of amphibian limb regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehtap Abuqarn
- Departmen tof Plastic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical School of Hannover, Podbielskistrasse 380, D-30659 Hannover, Germany
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26
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Osr2 acts downstream of Pax9 and interacts with both Msx1 and Pax9 to pattern the tooth developmental field. Dev Biol 2011; 353:344-53. [PMID: 21420399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian tooth development depends on activation of odontogenic potential in the presumptive dental mesenchyme by the Msx1 and Pax9 transcription factors. We recently reported that the zinc finger transcription factor Osr2 was expressed in a lingual-to-buccal gradient pattern surrounding the developing mouse molar tooth germs and mice lacking Osr2 developed supernumerary teeth lingual to their molars. We report here generation of a gene-targeted mouse strain that allows conditional inactivation of Pax9 and subsequent activation of expression of Osr2 in the developing tooth mesenchyme from the Pax9 locus. Expression of Osr2 from one copy of the Pax9 gene did not disrupt normal tooth development but was sufficient to suppress supernumerary tooth formation in the Osr2(-/-) mutant mice. We found that endogenous Osr2 mRNA expression was significantly downregulated in the developing tooth mesenchyme in Pax9(del/del) mice. Mice lacking both Osr2 and Pax9 exhibited early tooth developmental arrest with significantly reduced Bmp4 and Msx1 mRNA expression in the developing tooth mesenchyme, similar to that in Pax9(del/del) mutants but in contrast to the rescue of tooth morphogenesis in Msx1(-/-)Osr2(-/-) double mutant mice. Furthermore, we found that Osr2 formed stable protein complexes with the Msx1 protein and interacted weakly with the Pax9 protein in co-transfected cells. These data indicate that Osr2 acts downstream of Pax9 and patterns the mesenchymal odontogenic field through protein-protein interactions with Msx1 and Pax9 during early tooth development.
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27
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Fuchs A, Inthal A, Herrmann D, Cheng S, Nakatomi M, Peters H, Neubüser A. Regulation of Tbx22 during facial and palatal development. Dev Dyn 2011; 239:2860-74. [PMID: 20845426 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding the T-box transcription factor TBX22 cause X-linked cleft palate and ankyloglossia in humans. Here we show that Tbx22 expression during facial and palatal development is regulated by FGF and BMP signaling. Our results demonstrate that FGF8 induces Tbx22 in the early face while BMP4 represses and thus restricts its expression. This regulation is conserved between chicken and mouse, although the Tbx22-expression patterns differ considerably between these two species. We suggest that these species-specific differences may result at least in part from differences in the spatiotemporal patterns of BMP activity, but we exclude a direct repression of Tbx22 by the BMP-inducible transcriptional repressor MSX1. Together these findings help to integrate Tbx22 into the molecular network of factors regulating facial development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Fuchs
- Developmental Biology, Institute of Biology 1, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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28
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Kim SD, Park RY, Kim YR, Kim IJ, Kang TW, Nam KI, Ahn KY, Bae CS, Kim BY, Park SS, Jung C. HOXB13 is co-localized with androgen receptor to suppress androgen-stimulated prostate-specific antigen expression. Anat Cell Biol 2010; 43:284-93. [PMID: 21267402 PMCID: PMC3026180 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2010.43.4.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During the prostate cancer (PCa) development and its progression into hormone independency, androgen receptor (AR) signals play a central role by triggering the regulation of target genes, including prostate-specific antigen. However, the regulation of these AR-mediated target genes is not fully understood. We have previously demonstrated a unique role of HOXB13 homeodomain protein as an AR repressor. Expression of HOXB13 was highly restricted to the prostate and its suppression dramatically increased hormone-activated AR transactivation, suggesting that prostate-specific HOXB13 was a highly potent transcriptional regulator. In this report, we demonstrated the action mechanism of HOXB13 as an AR repressor. HOXB13 suppressed androgen-stimulated AR activity by interacting with AR. HOXB13 did neither bind to AR responsive elements nor disturb nuclear translocation of AR in response to androgen. In PCa specimen, we also observed mutual expression pattern of HOXB13 and AR. These results suggest that HOXB13 not only serve as a DNA-bound transcription factor but play an important role as an AR-interacting repressor to modulate hormone-activated androgen receptor signals. Further extensive studies will uncover a novel mechanism for regulating AR-signaling pathway to lead to expose new role of HOXB13 as a non-DNA-binding transcriptional repressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin Do Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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29
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Tsalavouta M, Astudillo O, Byrnes L, Nolan CM. Regulation of expression of zebrafish(Danio rerio) insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor: implications for evolution at theIGF2Rlocus. Evol Dev 2009; 11:546-58. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2009.00361.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Huh MS, Todd MAM, Picketts DJ. SCO-ping out the mechanisms underlying the etiology of hydrocephalus. Physiology (Bethesda) 2009; 24:117-26. [PMID: 19364914 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00039.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterogeneous nature of congenital hydrocephalus has hampered our understanding of the molecular basis of this common clinical problem. However, disease gene identification and characterization of multiple transgenic mouse models has highlighted the importance of the subcommissural organ (SCO) and the ventricular ependymal (vel) cells. Here, we review how altered development and function of the SCO and vel cells contributes to hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Huh
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Health Research Institute, Canada
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31
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Crow KD, Amemiya CT, Roth J, Wagner GP. HYPERMUTABILITY OFHOXA13AAND FUNCTIONAL DIVERGENCE FROM ITS PARALOG ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE ORIGIN OF A NOVEL DEVELOPMENTAL FEATURE IN ZEBRAFISH AND RELATED TAXA (CYPRINIFORMES). Evolution 2009; 63:1574-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2009.00657.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Zheng YJ, Chung HJ, Min H, Kang M, Kim SH, Gadi J, Kim MH. In vitro osteoblast differentiation is negatively regulated by Hoxc8. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 160:891-900. [PMID: 19214787 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8558-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Hoxc8 has multiple roles in normal skeletal development. In this paper, a MC3T3-E1 subclone 4 osteogenic cell differentiation model was used to examine expression of Hoxc8 at multiple stages of osteogenesis. We found that Hoxc8 expression levels do not change in the early stage but increase in the middle stage and decrease in the late stage of osteogenesis. A knockdown of Hoxc8 by small-interfering RNA transfection in C2C12 cells indicated that Hoxc8 is a negative regulator of osteogenesis. Similarly, expression of Hoxc8 in C2C12 cells decreases alkaline phosphatase levels induced by bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). The results of this study showed that Hoxc8 is involved in BMP-2-induced osteogenesis, and osteoblast differentiation in vitro is negatively regulated by Hoxc8, suggesting that Hoxc8 regulation is essential for osteoblast differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jun Zheng
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology Lab, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 134 Seodaemun-gu, Shinchon-dong, 120-752 Seoul, South Korea
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33
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Zhuang F, Nguyen MP, Shuler C, Liu YH. Analysis of Msx1 and Msx2 transactivation function in the context of the heat shock 70 (Hspa1b) gene promoter. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 381:241-6. [PMID: 19338779 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that Msx proteins control gene transcription predominantly through repression mechanisms. However, gene expression studies using either the gain-of-function or the loss-of-function mutants revealed many gene targets whose expression require functional Msx proteins. To date, investigations into the mechanisms of Msx-dependent transactivation have been hindered by the lack of a responsive promoter. Here, we demonstrated the usefulness of the mouse Hspa1b promoter in probing Msx-dependent mechanisms of gene activation. We showed that Msx protein activates Hspa1b promoter via its C-terminal domain. The activation absolutely depends on the HSEs and physical interactions between Msx proteins and heat shock factors may play a contributing role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengfeng Zhuang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1355 San Pablo Street, DVRC314, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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34
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Muneoka K, Allan CH, Yang X, Lee J, Han M. Mammalian regeneration and regenerative medicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 84:265-80. [DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.20137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION MSX1 gene has a critical role in craniofacial development, the aim of this case-control study is to test the hypothesis that MSX1 mutation contributes to congenital tooth agenesis in Iranians. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study group consisted of 20 affected individuals with tooth agenesis of lower second premolars or upper lateral incisors with mean age of 24.6. The control group consisted of 20 unaffected individuals. DNA was extracted from all 40 individuals; the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for MSX1 was carried out with Phenol: Chloroform: Isoamylalchol (PCI) extraction method. Ban II restriction digest and agarose gel electrophoresis of the 20 affected individuals verified the presence of mutation in all 20 affected individuals. The unaffected controls did not show any mutation. Statistical analysis performed by the chi-squared method. RESULTS Ban II did not digest PCR product (DNA) in the control group (195 bp band on electrophoresis gel) but digested the affected allele (106 bp and 89 bp bands). There is a statistically significant correlation between tooth agenesis and MSX1 mutation (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The results indicated that MSX1 gene mutation contributes to tooth agenesis in Iranian individuals. As the timing of tooth calcification can vary, radiographic finding of congenital tooth agenesis can be confirmed by this molecular method during different dental ages to achieve certainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massoud Seifi
- Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Department of Orthodontics, Tehran, Iran.
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36
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Abstract
Many genes that interact in a complex and interdependent manner participate in the development of the craniofacial complex. One of them, the Msxl homeobox gene, a transcription factor, is expressed from early developmental stages to adulthood in accordance with specific spatio-temporal patterns. When it is suppressed, transgenic mice exhibit craniofacial abnormalities that demonstrate what is its function in normal growth, just as it has been shown that certain Msxl mutations in humans are commonly associated with tooth agenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Vi-Fane
- Université Denis Diderot (Paris VII), Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 5 rue Garancière, 75006 Paris, France.
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37
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Diamond E, Amen M, Hu Q, Espinoza HM, Amendt BA. Functional interactions between Dlx2 and lymphoid enhancer factor regulate Msx2. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 34:5951-65. [PMID: 17068080 PMCID: PMC1635299 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dlx2, Lymphoid Enhancer Factor (Lef-1) and Msx2 transcription factors are required for several developmental processes. To understand the control of gene expression by these factors, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays identified Msx2 as a downstream target of Dlx2 and Lef-1. Dlx2 activates the Msx2 promoter in several cell lines and binds DNA as a monomer and dimer. A Lef-1 beta-catenin-dependent isoform minimally activates the Msx2 promoter and a Lef-1 beta-catenin-independent isoform is inactive, however co-expression of Dlx2 and both Lef-1 isoforms synergistically activate the Msx2 promoter. Co-immunoprecipitation and protein pull-down experiments demonstrate Lef-1 physically interacts with Dlx2. Deletion analyses of the Lef-1 protein reveal specific regions required for synergism with Dlx2. The Lef-1 beta-catenin binding domain (betaDB) is not required for its interaction with Dlx2. Msx2 can auto-regulate its promoter and repress Dlx2 activation. Msx2 repression of Dlx2 activation is dose-specific and both bind a common DNA-binding element. These transcriptional mechanisms correlate with the temporal and spatial expression of these factors and may provide a mechanism for the control of several developmental processes. We demonstrate new transcriptional activities for Dlx2, Msx2 and Lef-1 through protein interactions and identification of downstream targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Brad A. Amendt
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 713 677 7402; Fax: +1 713 677 7784;
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38
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Hayashi K, Nakamura S, Nishida W, Sobue K. Bone morphogenetic protein-induced MSX1 and MSX2 inhibit myocardin-dependent smooth muscle gene transcription. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:9456-70. [PMID: 17030628 PMCID: PMC1698541 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00759-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During the onset and progression of atherosclerosis, the vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotype changes from differentiated to dedifferentiated, and in some cases, this change is accompanied by osteogenic transition, resulting in vascular calcification. One characteristic of dedifferentiated VSMCs is the down-regulation of smooth muscle cell (SMC) marker gene expression. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), which are involved in the induction of osteogenic gene expression, are detected in calcified vasculature. In this study, we found that the BMP2-, BMP4-, and BMP6-induced expression of Msx transcription factors (Msx1 and Msx2) preceded the down-regulation of SMC marker expression in cultured differentiated VSMCs. Either Msx1 or Msx2 markedly reduced the myocardin-dependent promoter activities of SMC marker genes (SM22alpha and caldesmon). We further investigated interactions between Msx1 and myocardin/serum response factor (SRF)/CArG-box motif (cis element for SRF) using coimmunoprecipitation, gel-shift, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. Our results showed that Msx1 or Msx2 formed a ternary complex with SRF and myocardin and inhibited the binding of SRF or SRF/myocardin to the CArG-box motif, resulting in inhibition of their transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken'ichiro Hayashi
- Department
of Neuroscience (D13), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine,
Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka
565-0871, Department of Fixed
Prosthodontics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry,
1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Seiji Nakamura
- Department
of Neuroscience (D13), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine,
Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka
565-0871, Department of Fixed
Prosthodontics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry,
1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Wataru Nishida
- Department
of Neuroscience (D13), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine,
Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka
565-0871, Department of Fixed
Prosthodontics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry,
1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenji Sobue
- Department
of Neuroscience (D13), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine,
Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka
565-0871, Department of Fixed
Prosthodontics, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry,
1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Corresponding
author. Mailing address: Department of Neuroscience (D13), Osaka
University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka
565-0871, Japan. Phone: 81 6 6879 3680. Fax: 81 6 6879 3689. E-mail:
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39
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Chishti MS, Muhammad D, Haider M, Ahmad W. A novel missense mutation in MSX1 underlies autosomal recessive oligodontia with associated dental anomalies in Pakistani families. J Hum Genet 2006; 51:872-878. [PMID: 16932841 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-006-0037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tooth agenesis constitutes the most common anomaly of dental development in humans. In the majority of familial cases of hypodontia alone or in association with other anomalies, the mode of inheritance is autosomal dominant. In the present study, we have identified two distantly related consanguineous Pakistani kindreds with an autosomal recessive form of oligodontia with associated dental anomalies. Locus in this case has been mapped on chromosome 4p16.1-p16.3. The maximum two-point LOD score of 2.85 (theta=0.0) was obtained at markers D4S2925 and D4S2285. A maximum multipoint LOD score exceeding 4 was obtained at the same markers. Recombination events observed in affected individuals localized the disease locus between markers D4S412 and D4S2935, spanning a 9.24-cM region on chromosome 4p16.1-p16.3. Sequence analysis of candidate gene MSX1 revealed a novel recessive missense mutation resulting in substitution of alanine to threonine amino acid (p. A219T), located in the MSX1 homeodomain, which is important for DNA binding and protein-protein interaction. The mutation, p. A219T, is the first recessive mutation identified in MSX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad S Chishti
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Dost Muhammad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mahmud Haider
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Karachi Medical Dental College and Abbasi Shaheed Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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40
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Held JM, White MP, Fisher AL, Gibson BW, Lithgow GJ, Gill MS. DAF-12-dependent rescue of dauer formation in Caenorhabditis elegans by (25S)-cholestenoic acid. Aging Cell 2006; 5:283-91. [PMID: 16913876 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2006.00218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Population density, temperature and food availability all regulate the formation of the Caenorhabditis elegans dauer larva by modulating endocrine signaling pathways. The orphan nuclear receptor DAF-12 is pivotal for the decision to form a dauer or to undergo normal reproductive development. The DAF-12 ligand has been predicted to be a sterol that is metabolized by DAF-9, a cytochrome P450. Here we chemically characterize purified lipophilic nematode extracts and show that the ligand for DAF-12 contains a carboxyl moiety and is likely to be derived from a sterol. Using a candidate ligand approach we find that the C27 bile acid cholestenoic acid (5-cholesten-3beta-ol-(25S)-carboxylic acid) promotes reproductive growth in dauer-constitutive mutants in a daf-9- and daf-12-dependent manner. Furthermore, we find that cholestenoic acid can act as a DAF-12 ligand by activating DAF-12 in a cell-based transcription assay. Analysis of dauer-rescuing lipophilic extracts from nematodes by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry indicates the presence of several regioisomers of cholestenoic acid that are distinct from Delta(5)-cholestenoic acid and are not present in extracts from daf-9 mutants. These data suggest that carboxylated sterols may be key determinants of life history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Held
- Buck Institute for Age Research, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA 94945, USA
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41
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Binato R, Alvarez Martinez C, Pizzatti L, Robert B, Abdelhay E. SMAD 8 binding to mice Msx1 basal promoter is required for transcriptional activation. Biochem J 2006; 393:141-50. [PMID: 16101586 PMCID: PMC1383672 DOI: 10.1042/bj20050327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Msx1 gene in mice has been proven to be induced by BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) proteins, and three binding sites for SMAD, an intracellular BMP signalling transducer, have already been identified in its promoter. Gel shift analyses were performed and they demonstrated that the consensus found very near the transcription start site, a region designed BP (basal promoter), is functional for binding nuclear proteins from 10.5, 11.5 and 13.5 dpc (days post-coitum) embryos. Notably, this binding occurs only when the SMAD-binding consensus sequence is maintained, suggesting that it is required for the formation of a protein complex over BP. Binding of purified SMAD 1 and SMAD 4 as well as supershift assay with SMAD 1/SMAD 5/SMAD 8 antibody proved that a SMAD protein is present in this complex. Transfection assays in cell cultures with fragments from BP driving the expression of luciferase confirmed that only in the presence of the SMAD consensus site is Msx1 expression activated. A proteomic analysis of the complex components after immunoprecipitation identified several proteins necessary to activate transcription including SMAD 8. Our results suggest that BMP2/BMP4 signalling through SMAD 8 is required for transcriptional activation of the mouse Msx1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Binato
- *Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Maury Miranda, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Cristina E. Alvarez Martinez
- *Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Maury Miranda, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana Pizzatti
- *Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Maury Miranda, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Benoit Robert
- †Unité de Génétique Moleculaire de la Morphogènese, Institute Pasteur, Paris, Cedex 15, France
| | - Eliana Abdelhay
- *Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Maury Miranda, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- To whom correspondence should be addressed, at Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av Brigadeiro Trompowsky s/n, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G, Sl 57, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21949-900, Brazil (email )
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42
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Andersson E, Tryggvason U, Deng Q, Friling S, Alekseenko Z, Robert B, Perlmann T, Ericson J. Identification of intrinsic determinants of midbrain dopamine neurons. Cell 2006; 124:393-405. [PMID: 16439212 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2005.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Revised: 09/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/25/2005] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The prospect of using cell replacement therapies has raised the key issue of whether elucidation of developmental pathways can facilitate the generation of therapeutically important cell types from stem cells. Here we show that the homeodomain proteins Lmx1a and Msx1 function as determinants of midbrain dopamine neurons, cells that degenerate in patients with Parkinson's disease. Lmx1a is sufficient and required to trigger dopamine cell differentiation. An early activity of Lmx1a is to induce the expression of Msx1, which complements Lmx1a by inducing the proneural protein Ngn2 and neuronal differentiation. Importantly, expression of Lmx1a in embryonic stem cells results in a robust generation of dopamine neurons with a "correct" midbrain identity. These data establish that Lmx1a and Msx1 are critical intrinsic dopamine-neuron determinants in vivo and suggest that they may be essential tools in cell replacement strategies in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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43
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Abstract
Within the animal kingdom, there are several examples of organisms with remarkable regenerative abilities. Among vertebrates, newts appear to be the most adept at replacing lost structures and injured organs and can regenerate their limbs, tails, spinal cords, jaws, retinas, lenses, optic nerves, intestines, and heart ventricles. This regenerative ability is dependent on the induction of an unusual degree of cellular plasticity near the site of injury. Mature cells lose their differentiated characteristics and revert to proliferating progenitor cells that will later redifferentiate to replace the lost or injured tissues. This degree of cellular plasticity appears to be restricted to those vertebrates with the most remarkable regenerative abilities and is not observed in mammals. However, in the last several years, there have been a few studies suggesting that certain factors present in newt tissues can induce a dedifferentiation response in mammalian cells. These results suggest that the knowledge gained from studying the molecular basis of cellular plasticity in newts and other regeneration-competent model organisms might one day be used to enhance the regenerative potential in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon J Odelberg
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Cardiology and Neurobiology and Anatomy at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
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44
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Tour E, Hittinger CT, McGinnis W. Evolutionarily conserved domains required for activation and repression functions of the Drosophila Hox protein Ultrabithorax. Development 2006; 132:5271-81. [PMID: 16284118 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
While testing the functions of deletion mutants in the Hox protein Ultrabithorax (Ubx), we found that the embryonic repression function of Ubx on Distal-less transcription in limb primordia is highly concentration dependent. The steep sigmoidal relationship between in vivo Ubx concentration and Distal-less repression is dependent on the Ubx YPWM motif. This suggests that Ubx cooperatively assembles a multi-protein repression complex on Distal-less regulatory DNA with the YPWM motif as a key protein-protein interface in this complex. Our deletion mutants also provide evidence for a transcriptional activation domain in the N-terminal 19 amino acids of Ubx. This proposed activation domain contains a variant of the SSYF motif that is found at the N termini of many Hox proteins, and is conserved in the activation domain of another Hox protein, Sex combs reduced. These results suggest that the N-terminal region containing the SSYF motif has been conserved in many Hox proteins for its role in transcriptional activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Tour
- Section in Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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45
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Johnston JD, Klosen P, Barrett P, Hazlerigg DG. Regulation of MT melatonin receptor expression in the foetal rat pituitary. J Neuroendocrinol 2006; 18:50-6. [PMID: 16451220 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2005.01389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
During development, melatonin receptors are transiently expressed in multiple neuroendocrine tissues, suggesting a novel role for melatonin in developmental physiology. The best characterised model of melatonin signalling during development is the pars distalis of the rat pituitary. However, although many studies have characterised the postnatal decline of melatonin receptors in the rat pars distalis, the mechanism(s) that time the developmental onset of receptor expression during embryogenesis are unknown. Analysis of these mechanisms may yield important information regarding the putative role of melatonin in neuroendocrine development. Here, we report the expression of MT(1) melatonin receptor mRNA in the rat pituitary from embryonic day 15.5 (e15.5). Prior to e15.5, the homeodomain transcription factor Msx-1, an inhibitor of cellular differentiation, is widely expressed throughout the pituitary. In transient transfection experiments, Msx-1 potently inhibited pituitary homeobox-1 (Pitx-1)-induced MT(1) promoter activity and therefore may represent a key inhibitor of MT(1) expression in early pituitary development. During late embryogenesis, MT(1) mRNA was expressed in both the ventral and dorsal pituitary. Analysis of a 1.5-kb fragment of the rat MT(1) promoter revealed four putative cis-elements for the POU domain factor Pit-1, which is associated with mid-dorsal cell lineages. Although Pit-1 induced a strong, dose-dependent stimulation of MT(1) promoter activity in vitro, dual-labelled in situ hybridisation revealed no colocalisation of MT(1) and Pit-1 mRNAs in vivo at e19.5. By contrast, all MT(1) positive cells colocalised with alphaGSU and most with betaTSH mRNA. Our data therefore implicate the decline of Msx-1 expression as a key event that times the onset of melatonin receptor expression to the differentiation of endocrine cells types in the developing pituitary gland, and suggest that the melatonin-sensitive cells in the embryonic pituitary are primarily Pit-1-independent thyrotrophs in the rostral pituitary, with a secondary population of pars distalis gonadotrophs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Johnston
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Tinnydrone Avenue, Aberdeen B24 2TZ, Scotland, UK
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46
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Abstract
The morphological stages of tooth development--bud, cap, bell, and terminal differentiation--have been known for decades. The past 10 years have seen the elucidation of many of the molecular events driving these morphogenetic stages. Signaling via the fibroblast growth factor (FGF), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), hedgehog, and wingless protein families and their downstream transcription factors have been identified as key players in the epithelial-mesenchymal signaling loops driving tooth development. Currently the most complete description of the mechanisms in tooth development extends only through the cap stage. The body of work concerning the mechanisms directing the bell and cytodifferentiation stages is growing. This has mainly, but not exclusively, focused on the expression and effects of FGFs and BMPs in these latter stages, and is reviewed here. Additionally, recent results suggest that phenotypic proteins of both ameloblasts and odontoblasts, such as amelogenin and dentin matrix protein 2 may act as the final instructive signals in cytodifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tompkins
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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47
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Roth JJ, Breitenbach M, Wagner GP. Repressor domain and nuclear localization signal of the murine Hoxa-11 protein are located in the homeodomain: no evidence for role of poly alanine stretches in transcriptional repression. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2005; 304:468-75. [PMID: 16032701 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hoxa-11 is a member of the homeodomain class of transcription factors, which play important roles in metazoan development. Hoxa-11 is particularly interesting because it is involved in a major mammalian innovation, uterus development and gestation. We are interested in the molecular changes underlying this evolutionary innovation. Although phenotypes resulting from loss of functions are well investigated (e.g., female sterility), little is known about the domains contributing to Hoxa-11 protein function. We therefore mapped the domains mediating two essential transcription factor functions, nuclear localization and transcriptional activity in the mouse Hoxa-11 protein. Our results show that the mammal-specific alanine repeat does not contribute to repressor activity, as has been hypothesized based on amino acid composition and analogy with other repressor domains. Interestingly, both the repressor domain as well as the nuclear localization signal (NLS) are located within the homeodomain, adding to the growing evidence that the homeodomain is a multifunctional domain which fulfills essential transcription factor functions beyond DNA binding. It is proposed that the high degree of conservation of the homeodomain is due to the multiple functional constraints that result from the various conserved functions accommodated in the homeodomain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Johanna Roth
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
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48
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Abstract
In recent years our understanding of the molecular processes underlying skeletal myogenesis has improved considerably. Overt myogenesis is preceded by a number of steps leading to the specification of muscle precursor cells. During this period, myogenic precursors express mRNAs for Muscle Regulatory Factors (MRFs) of the bHLH-family of transcription factors: MyoD, Myf5, Myogenin and MRF4. These factors are specific for developing skeletal muscle and their identification belongs to the great achievements in muscle research. Other transcriptional regulators involved in myogenesis are Pax3 and Pax7, as well as the myocyte enhancer factors (MEFs), especially MEF2. Other inhibitory transcription factors may interact with histones to render muscle-specific genes inacessible. More recently, signaling events involving the Wnt-glycoproteins and Sonic Hedgehog have been identified that lead to the induction or expansion of muscle-specific genes during embryogenesis. Sources of these signals were identified to be the neural tube, ectoderm and notochord. Interestingly, a bias towards muscle differentiation already resides in cells of the epiblast. Thus, it can be reasoned that muscle differentiation does not have to be induced, but maybe just derepressed. Apart from inductive or permissive signals involved in differentiation control, other signalling events have been described leading to the definite arrangement of muscle groups in the body. These processes involve the changes in the cytoskeleton, delay of differentiation, cell migration and target recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Brand-Saberi
- Institut für Anatomie und Zellbiologie II, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstrasse 17, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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49
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Coudert AE, Pibouin L, Vi-Fane B, Thomas BL, Macdougall M, Choudhury A, Robert B, Sharpe PT, Berdal A, Lezot F. Expression and regulation of the Msx1 natural antisense transcript during development. Nucleic Acids Res 2005; 33:5208-18. [PMID: 16157866 PMCID: PMC1214550 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gki831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bidirectional transcription, leading to the expression of an antisense (AS) RNA partially complementary to the protein coding sense (S) RNA, is an emerging subject in mammals and has been associated with various processes such as RNA interference, imprinting and transcription inhibition. Homeobox genes do not escape this bidirectional transcription, raising the possibility that such AS transcription occurs during embryonic development and may be involved in the complexity of regulation of homeobox gene expression. According to the importance of the Msx1 homeobox gene function in craniofacial development, especially in tooth development, the expression and regulation of its recently identified AS transcripts were investigated in vivo in mouse from E9.5 embryo to newborn, and compared with the S transcript and the encoded protein expression pattern and regulation. The spatial and temporal expression patterns of S, AS transcripts and protein are consistent with a role of AS RNA in the regulation of Msx1 expression in timely controlled developmental sites. Epithelial–mesenchymal interactions were shown to control the spatial organization of S and also AS RNA expression during early patterning of incisors and molars in the odontogenic mesenchyme. To conclude, this study clearly identifies the Msx1 AS RNA involvement during tooth development and evidences a new degree of complexity in craniofacial developmental biology: the implication of endogenous AS RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bethan L. Thomas
- Department of Craniofacial Development, Dental Institute, King's College LondonFloor 28 Guy's Tower, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Mary Macdougall
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Dental School, University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Anuradha Choudhury
- Department of Craniofacial Development, Dental Institute, King's College LondonFloor 28 Guy's Tower, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Benoît Robert
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire de la Morphogenèse, Institut Pasteur, CNRS URA 257825, rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Paul T. Sharpe
- Department of Craniofacial Development, Dental Institute, King's College LondonFloor 28 Guy's Tower, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | | | - Frédéric Lezot
- To whom correspondence should be addressed.; Tel: +33 1 43 26 94 96; Fax: +33 1 44 07 14 21;
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Rave-Harel N, Miller NLG, Givens ML, Mellon PL. The Groucho-related gene family regulates the gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene through interaction with the homeodomain proteins MSX1 and OCT1. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:30975-83. [PMID: 16002402 PMCID: PMC2773698 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m502315200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is exclusively expressed in a unique population of hypothalamic neurons that controls reproductive function. GnRH gene expression is highly dynamic. Its transcriptional activity is regulated in a complex spatiotemporal manner during embryonic development and postnatal life. Although a variety of transcription factors have been identified as regulators of GnRH transcription, most are promiscuous in their DNA-binding requirements, and none are solely expressed in GnRH neurons. Their specific activity is probably determined by interactions with distinct cofactors. Here we find that the Groucho-related gene (GRG) family of co-repressors is expressed in a model cell line for the GnRH neuron and co-expresses with GnRH during prenatal development. GRG proteins associate in vivo with the GnRH promoter. Furthermore, GRG proteins interact with two regulators of GnRH transcription, the homeodomain proteins MSX1 and OCT1. Co-transfection experiments indicate that GRG proteins regulate GnRH promoter activity. The long GRG forms enhance MSX1 repression and counteract OCT1 activation of the GnRH gene. In contrast, the short form, GRG5, has a dominant-negative effect on MSX1-dependent repression. Taken together, these data suggest that the dynamic switch between activation and repression of GnRH transcription is mediated by recruitment of the GRG co-regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naama Rave-Harel
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093-0674
| | - Nichol L. G. Miller
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093-0674
| | - Marjory L. Givens
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093-0674
| | - Pamela L. Mellon
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093-0674
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093-0674
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Reproductive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, CA 92093-0674. Tel.: 858-534-1312; Fax: 858-534-1438;
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