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Inazumi H, Kuwahara K. NRSF/REST-Mediated Epigenomic Regulation in the Heart: Transcriptional Control of Natriuretic Peptides and Beyond. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1197. [PMID: 36009824 PMCID: PMC9405064 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Reactivation of fetal cardiac genes, including those encoding atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), is a key feature of pathological cardiac remodeling and heart failure. Intensive studies on the regulation of ANP and BNP have revealed the involvement of numerous transcriptional factors in the regulation of the fetal cardiac gene program. Among these, we identified that a transcriptional repressor, neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF), also named repressor element-1-silencing transcription factor (REST), which was initially detected as a transcriptional repressor of neuron-specific genes in non-neuronal cells, plays a pivotal role in the transcriptional regulation of ANP, BNP and other fetal cardiac genes. Here we review the transcriptional regulation of ANP and BNP gene expression and the role of the NRSF repressor complex in the regulation of cardiac gene expression and the maintenance of cardiac homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Inazumi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin-kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kuwahara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
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2
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Padmanabhan A, Alexanian M, Linares-Saldana R, González-Terán B, Andreoletti G, Huang Y, Connolly AJ, Kim W, Hsu A, Duan Q, Winchester SAB, Felix F, Perez-Bermejo JA, Wang Q, Li L, Shah PP, Haldar SM, Jain R, Srivastava D. BRD4 (Bromodomain-Containing Protein 4) Interacts with GATA4 (GATA Binding Protein 4) to Govern Mitochondrial Homeostasis in Adult Cardiomyocytes. Circulation 2020; 142:2338-2355. [PMID: 33094644 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.047753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene regulatory networks control tissue homeostasis and disease progression in a cell type-specific manner. Ubiquitously expressed chromatin regulators modulate these networks, yet the mechanisms governing how tissue specificity of their function is achieved are poorly understood. BRD4 (bromodomain-containing protein 4), a member of the BET (bromo- and extraterminal domain) family of ubiquitously expressed acetyl-lysine reader proteins, plays a pivotal role as a coactivator of enhancer signaling across diverse tissue types in both health and disease and has been implicated as a pharmacological target in heart failure. However, the cell-specific role of BRD4 in adult cardiomyocytes remains unknown. METHODS We combined conditional mouse genetics, unbiased transcriptomic and epigenomic analyses, and classic molecular biology and biochemical approaches to understand the mechanism by which BRD4 in adult cardiomyocyte homeostasis. RESULTS Here, we show that cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of Brd4 in adult mice leads to acute deterioration of cardiac contractile function with mutant animals demonstrating a transcriptomic signature characterized by decreased expression of genes critical for mitochondrial energy production. Genome-wide occupancy data show that BRD4 enriches at many downregulated genes (including the master coactivators Ppargc1a, Ppargc1b, and their downstream targets) and preferentially colocalizes with GATA4 (GATA binding protein 4), a lineage-determining cardiac transcription factor not previously implicated in regulation of adult cardiac metabolism. BRD4 and GATA4 form an endogenous complex in cardiomyocytes and interact in a bromodomain-independent manner, revealing a new functional interaction partner for BRD4 that can direct its locus and tissue specificity. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight a novel role for a BRD4-GATA4 module in cooperative regulation of a cardiomyocyte-specific gene program governing bioenergetic homeostasis in the adult heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Padmanabhan
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA (A.P., M.A., B.G.-T., Y.H., A.H., Q.D., S.A.B.W., F.F., J.A.P.-B., S.M.H., D.S.).,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.P., S.M.H.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Michael Alexanian
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA (A.P., M.A., B.G.-T., Y.H., A.H., Q.D., S.A.B.W., F.F., J.A.P.-B., S.M.H., D.S.)
| | - Ricardo Linares-Saldana
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (R.L.-S., W.K., Q.W., L.L., P.P.S., R.J.)
| | - Bárbara González-Terán
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA (A.P., M.A., B.G.-T., Y.H., A.H., Q.D., S.A.B.W., F.F., J.A.P.-B., S.M.H., D.S.)
| | - Gaia Andreoletti
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute (G.A.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Yu Huang
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA (A.P., M.A., B.G.-T., Y.H., A.H., Q.D., S.A.B.W., F.F., J.A.P.-B., S.M.H., D.S.)
| | - Andrew J Connolly
- Department of Pathology (A.J.C.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Wonho Kim
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (R.L.-S., W.K., Q.W., L.L., P.P.S., R.J.)
| | - Austin Hsu
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA (A.P., M.A., B.G.-T., Y.H., A.H., Q.D., S.A.B.W., F.F., J.A.P.-B., S.M.H., D.S.)
| | - Qiming Duan
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA (A.P., M.A., B.G.-T., Y.H., A.H., Q.D., S.A.B.W., F.F., J.A.P.-B., S.M.H., D.S.)
| | - Sarah A B Winchester
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA (A.P., M.A., B.G.-T., Y.H., A.H., Q.D., S.A.B.W., F.F., J.A.P.-B., S.M.H., D.S.)
| | - Franco Felix
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA (A.P., M.A., B.G.-T., Y.H., A.H., Q.D., S.A.B.W., F.F., J.A.P.-B., S.M.H., D.S.)
| | - Juan A Perez-Bermejo
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA (A.P., M.A., B.G.-T., Y.H., A.H., Q.D., S.A.B.W., F.F., J.A.P.-B., S.M.H., D.S.)
| | - Qiaohong Wang
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (R.L.-S., W.K., Q.W., L.L., P.P.S., R.J.)
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (R.L.-S., W.K., Q.W., L.L., P.P.S., R.J.)
| | - Parisha P Shah
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (R.L.-S., W.K., Q.W., L.L., P.P.S., R.J.)
| | - Saptarsi M Haldar
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA (A.P., M.A., B.G.-T., Y.H., A.H., Q.D., S.A.B.W., F.F., J.A.P.-B., S.M.H., D.S.).,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine (A.P., S.M.H.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Rajan Jain
- Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Penn Cardiovascular Institute, Departments of Medicine and Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA (R.L.-S., W.K., Q.W., L.L., P.P.S., R.J.)
| | - Deepak Srivastava
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA (A.P., M.A., B.G.-T., Y.H., A.H., Q.D., S.A.B.W., F.F., J.A.P.-B., S.M.H., D.S.).,Department of Pediatrics (D.S.), University of California, San Francisco.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics (D.S.), University of California, San Francisco.,Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA (D.S.)
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3
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Bruneau BG. The developing heart: from The Wizard of Oz to congenital heart disease. Development 2020; 147:147/21/dev194233. [PMID: 33087326 DOI: 10.1242/dev.194233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The heart is an essential organ with a fascinating developmental biology. It is also one of the organs that is most often affected in human disease, either during development or in postnatal life. Over the last few decades, insights into the development of the heart have led to fundamental new concepts in gene regulation, but also to genetic and mechanistic insights into congenital heart defects. In more recent years, the lessons learned from studying heart development have been applied to interrogating regeneration of the diseased heart, exemplifying the importance of understanding the mechanistic underpinnings that lead to the development of an organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit G Bruneau
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA .,Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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4
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Abstract
Investigations into the mixed muscle-secretory phenotype of cardiomyocytes from the atrial appendages of the heart led to the discovery that these cells produce, in a regulated manner, two polypeptide hormones - the natriuretic peptides - referred to as atrial natriuretic factor or atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain or B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), thereby demonstrating an endocrine function for the heart. Studies on the gene encoding ANP (NPPA) initiated the field of modern research into gene regulation in the cardiovascular system. Additionally, ANP and BNP were found to be the natural ligands for cell membrane-bound guanylyl cyclase receptors that mediate the effects of natriuretic peptides through the generation of intracellular cGMP, which interacts with specific enzymes and ion channels. Natriuretic peptides have many physiological actions and participate in numerous pathophysiological processes. Important clinical entities associated with natriuretic peptide research include heart failure, obesity and systemic hypertension. Plasma levels of natriuretic peptides have proven to be powerful diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of heart disease. Development of pharmacological agents that are based on natriuretic peptides is an area of active research, with vast potential benefits for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Vincentz JW, Firulli BA, Toolan KP, Arking DE, Sotoodehnia N, Wan J, Chen PS, de Gier-de Vries C, Christoffels VM, Rubart-von der Lohe M, Firulli AB. Variation in a Left Ventricle-Specific Hand1 Enhancer Impairs GATA Transcription Factor Binding and Disrupts Conduction System Development and Function. Circ Res 2019; 125:575-589. [PMID: 31366290 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.119.315313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The ventricular conduction system (VCS) rapidly propagates electrical impulses through the working myocardium of the ventricles to coordinate chamber contraction. GWAS (Genome-wide association studies) have associated nucleotide polymorphisms, most are located within regulatory intergenic or intronic sequences, with variation in VCS function. Two highly correlated polymorphisms (r2>0.99) associated with VCS functional variation (rs13165478 and rs13185595) occur 5' to the gene encoding the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor HAND1 (heart- and neural crest derivatives-expressed protein 1). OBJECTIVE Here, we test the hypothesis that these polymorphisms influence HAND1 transcription thereby influencing VCS development and function. METHODS AND RESULTS We employed transgenic mouse models to identify an enhancer that is sufficient for left ventricle (LV) cis-regulatory activity. Two evolutionarily conserved GATA transcription factor cis-binding elements within this enhancer are bound by GATA4 and are necessary for cis-regulatory activity, as shown by in vitro DNA binding assays. CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9-mediated deletion of this enhancer dramatically reduces Hand1 expression solely within the LV but does not phenocopy previously published mouse models of cardiac Hand1 loss-of-function. Electrophysiological and morphological analyses reveals that mice homozygous for this deleted enhancer display a morphologically abnormal VCS and a conduction system phenotype consistent with right bundle branch block. Using 1000 Genomes Project data, we identify 3 additional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), located within the Hand1 LV enhancer, that compose a haplotype with rs13165478 and rs13185595. One of these SNPs, rs10054375, overlaps with a critical GATA cis-regulatory element within the Hand1 LV enhancer. This SNP, when tested in electrophoretic mobility shift assays, disrupts GATA4 DNA-binding. Modeling 2 of these SNPs in mice causes diminished Hand1 expression and mice present with abnormal VCS function. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings reveal that SNP rs10054375, which is located within a necessary and sufficient LV-specific Hand1 enhancer, exhibits reduces GATA DNA-binding in electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and this enhancer in total, is required for VCS development and function in mice and perhaps humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W Vincentz
- From the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Departments of Pediatrics, Anatomy and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana Medical School, Indianapolis (J.W.V., B.A.F., K.P.T., M.R.L., A.B.F.)
| | - Beth A Firulli
- From the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Departments of Pediatrics, Anatomy and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana Medical School, Indianapolis (J.W.V., B.A.F., K.P.T., M.R.L., A.B.F.)
| | - Kevin P Toolan
- From the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Departments of Pediatrics, Anatomy and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana Medical School, Indianapolis (J.W.V., B.A.F., K.P.T., M.R.L., A.B.F.)
| | - Dan E Arking
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD (D.E.A.)
| | - Nona Sotoodehnia
- Department of Epidemiology, Division of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle (N.S.)
| | - Juyi Wan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indianapolis (J.W., P.-S.C.).,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan Province, China (J.W.)
| | - Peng-Sheng Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Krannert Institute of Cardiology, Indianapolis (J.W., P.-S.C.)
| | - Corrie de Gier-de Vries
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands (C.d.G.V., V.M.C.)
| | - Vincent M Christoffels
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands (C.d.G.V., V.M.C.)
| | - Michael Rubart-von der Lohe
- From the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Departments of Pediatrics, Anatomy and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana Medical School, Indianapolis (J.W.V., B.A.F., K.P.T., M.R.L., A.B.F.)
| | - Anthony B Firulli
- From the Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Departments of Pediatrics, Anatomy and Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana Medical School, Indianapolis (J.W.V., B.A.F., K.P.T., M.R.L., A.B.F.)
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6
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Doyle MJ, Magli A, Estharabadi N, Amundsen D, Mills LJ, Martin CM. Sox7 Regulates Lineage Decisions in Cardiovascular Progenitor Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2019; 28:1089-1103. [PMID: 31154937 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Specification of the mesodermal lineages requires a complex set of morphogenetic events orchestrated by interconnected signaling pathways and gene regulatory networks. The transcription factor Sox7 has critical functions in differentiation of multiple mesodermal lineages, including cardiac, endothelial, and hematopoietic. Using a doxycycline-inducible mouse embryonic stem cell line, we have previously shown that expression of Sox7 in cardiovascular progenitor cells promotes expansion of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). In this study, we show that the ability of Sox7 to promote endothelial cell fate occurs at the expense of the cardiac lineage. Using ChIP-Seq coupled with ATAC-Seq we identify downstream target genes of Sox7 in cardiovascular progenitor cells and by integrating these data with transcriptomic analyses, we define Sox7-dependent gene programs specific to cardiac and EPCs. Furthermore, we demonstrate a protein-protein interaction between SOX7 and GATA4 and provide evidence that SOX7 interferes with the transcriptional activity of GATA4 on cardiac genes. In addition, we show that Sox7 modulates WNT and BMP signaling during cardiovascular differentiation. Our data represent the first genome-wide analysis of Sox7 function and reveal a critical role for Sox7 in regulating signaling pathways that affect cardiovascular progenitor cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Doyle
- 1Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,2Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Alessandro Magli
- 2Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,3Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Nima Estharabadi
- 1Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,2Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Danielle Amundsen
- 1Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,2Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Lauren J Mills
- 4Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Cindy M Martin
- 1Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,2Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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7
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Lin KH, Shibu MA, Peramaiyan R, Chen YF, Shen CY, Hsieh YL, Chen RJ, Viswanadha VP, Kuo WW, Huang CY. Bioactive flavone fisetin attenuates hypertension associated cardiac hypertrophy in H9c2 cells and in spontaneously hypertension rats. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.10.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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8
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Nakagawa Y, Nishikimi T, Kuwahara K. Atrial and brain natriuretic peptides: Hormones secreted from the heart. Peptides 2019; 111:18-25. [PMID: 29859763 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The natriuretic peptide family consists of three biologically active peptides: atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), brain (or B-type) natriuretic peptide (BNP), and C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP). Among these, ANP and BNP are secreted by the heart and act as cardiac hormones. Both ANP and BNP preferentially bind to natriuretic peptide receptor-A (NPR-A or guanylyl cyslase-A) and exert similar effects through increases in intracellular cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) within target tissues. Expression and secretion of ANP and BNP are stimulated by various factors and are regulated via multiple signaling pathways. Human ANP has three molecular forms, α-ANP, β-ANP, and proANP (or γ-ANP), with proANP predominating in healthy atrial tissue. During secretion proANP is proteolytically processed by corin, resulting in secretion of bioactive α-ANP into the peripheral circulation. ProANP and β-ANP are minor forms in the circulation but are increased in patients with heart failure. The human BNP precursor proBNP is proteolytically processed to BNP1-32 and N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP) within ventricular myocytes. Uncleaved proBNP as well as mature BNP1-32 and NT-proBNP is secreted from the heart, and its secretion is increased in patients with heart failure. Mature BNP, its metabolites including BNP3-32, BNP4-32, and BNP5-32, and proBNP are all detected as immunoreactive-BNP by the current BNP assay system. We recently developed an assay system that specifically detects human proBNP. Using this assay system, we observed that miR30-GALNTs-dependent O-glycosylation in the N-terminal region of proBNP contributes to regulation of the processing and secretion of proBNP from the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Nakagawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Toshio Nishikimi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Internal Medicine, Wakakusa-Tatsuma Rehabilitation Hospital, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kuwahara
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Japan.
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Månsson-Broberg A, Rodin S, Bulatovic I, Ibarra C, Löfling M, Genead R, Wärdell E, Felldin U, Granath C, Alici E, Le Blanc K, Smith CIE, Salašová A, Westgren M, Sundström E, Uhlén P, Arenas E, Sylvén C, Tryggvason K, Corbascio M, Simonson OE, Österholm C, Grinnemo KH. Wnt/β-Catenin Stimulation and Laminins Support Cardiovascular Cell Progenitor Expansion from Human Fetal Cardiac Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2016; 6:607-617. [PMID: 27052314 PMCID: PMC4834052 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic regenerative capacity of human fetal cardiac mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) has not been fully characterized. Here we demonstrate that we can expand cells with characteristics of cardiovascular progenitor cells from the MSC population of human fetal hearts. Cells cultured on cardiac muscle laminin (LN)-based substrata in combination with stimulation of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway showed increased gene expression of ISL1, OCT4, KDR, and NKX2.5. The majority of cells stained positive for PDGFR-α, ISL1, and NKX2.5, and subpopulations also expressed the progenitor markers TBX18, KDR, c-KIT, and SSEA-1. Upon culture of the cardiac MSCs in differentiation media and on relevant LNs, portions of the cells differentiated into spontaneously beating cardiomyocytes, and endothelial and smooth muscle-like cells. Our protocol for large-scale culture of human fetal cardiac MSCs enables future exploration of the regenerative functions of these cells in the context of myocardial injury in vitro and in vivo. Cells with progenitor properties can be expanded from human fetal cardiac MSCs Specific LNs support expansion and differentiation of cardiac MSCs The fetal cardiac MSCs express ISL1, PDGFR-α, and NKX2.5 Subpopulations express the progenitor markers KDR, SSEA-1, c-KIT, and TBX18
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Affiliation(s)
- Agneta Månsson-Broberg
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sergey Rodin
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ivana Bulatovic
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cristián Ibarra
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca R&D, 43150 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Marie Löfling
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rami Genead
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Wärdell
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Felldin
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Granath
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Evren Alici
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Cell Therapy Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| | - Katarina Le Blanc
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C I Edvard Smith
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alena Salašová
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Westgren
- CLINTEC, Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Erik Sundström
- Division of Neurodegeneration, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Uhlén
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ernest Arenas
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Sylvén
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Tryggvason
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Matthias Corbascio
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oscar E Simonson
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Österholm
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Cell Therapy Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
| | - Karl-Henrik Grinnemo
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anesthesiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Cell Therapy Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA.
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10
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Luna-Zurita L, Stirnimann CU, Glatt S, Kaynak BL, Thomas S, Baudin F, Samee MAH, He D, Small EM, Mileikovsky M, Nagy A, Holloway AK, Pollard KS, Müller CW, Bruneau BG. Complex Interdependence Regulates Heterotypic Transcription Factor Distribution and Coordinates Cardiogenesis. Cell 2016; 164:999-1014. [PMID: 26875865 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are thought to function with partners to achieve specificity and precise quantitative outputs. In the developing heart, heterotypic TF interactions, such as between the T-box TF TBX5 and the homeodomain TF NKX2-5, have been proposed as a mechanism for human congenital heart defects. We report extensive and complex interdependent genomic occupancy of TBX5, NKX2-5, and the zinc finger TF GATA4 coordinately controlling cardiac gene expression, differentiation, and morphogenesis. Interdependent binding serves not only to co-regulate gene expression but also to prevent TFs from distributing to ectopic loci and activate lineage-inappropriate genes. We define preferential motif arrangements for TBX5 and NKX2-5 cooperative binding sites, supported at the atomic level by their co-crystal structure bound to DNA, revealing a direct interaction between the two factors and induced DNA bending. Complex interdependent binding mechanisms reveal tightly regulated TF genomic distribution and define a combinatorial logic for heterotypic TF regulation of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Luna-Zurita
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Christian U Stirnimann
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Glatt
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bogac L Kaynak
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sean Thomas
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Florence Baudin
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; UJF-EMBL-CNRS UMI 3265, Unit of Virus Host-Cell Interactions, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | | | - Daniel He
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Eric M Small
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Maria Mileikovsky
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Andras Nagy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Alisha K Holloway
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Katherine S Pollard
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Christoph W Müller
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Benoit G Bruneau
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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11
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Bouveret R, Waardenberg AJ, Schonrock N, Ramialison M, Doan T, de Jong D, Bondue A, Kaur G, Mohamed S, Fonoudi H, Chen CM, Wouters MA, Bhattacharya S, Plachta N, Dunwoodie SL, Chapman G, Blanpain C, Harvey RP. NKX2-5 mutations causative for congenital heart disease retain functionality and are directed to hundreds of targets. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26146939 PMCID: PMC4548209 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We take a functional genomics approach to congenital heart disease mechanism. We used DamID to establish a robust set of target genes for NKX2-5 wild type and disease associated NKX2-5 mutations to model loss-of-function in gene regulatory networks. NKX2-5 mutants, including those with a crippled homeodomain, bound hundreds of targets including NKX2-5 wild type targets and a unique set of "off-targets", and retained partial functionality. NKXΔHD, which lacks the homeodomain completely, could heterodimerize with NKX2-5 wild type and its cofactors, including E26 transformation-specific (ETS) family members, through a tyrosine-rich homophilic interaction domain (YRD). Off-targets of NKX2-5 mutants, but not those of an NKX2-5 YRD mutant, showed overrepresentation of ETS binding sites and were occupied by ETS proteins, as determined by DamID. Analysis of kernel transcription factor and ETS targets show that ETS proteins are highly embedded within the cardiac gene regulatory network. Our study reveals binding and activities of NKX2-5 mutations on WT target and off-targets, guided by interactions with their normal cardiac and general cofactors, and suggest a novel type of gain-of-function in congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romaric Bouveret
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | | | - Nicole Schonrock
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | | | - Tram Doan
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Danielle de Jong
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Antoine Bondue
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | | | - Hananeh Fonoudi
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Chiann-Mun Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Merridee A Wouters
- Bioinformatics, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shoumo Bhattacharya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Plachta
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | | | - Gavin Chapman
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Cédric Blanpain
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
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12
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Silva I, Conceição N. Cloning, characterization and analysis of the 5′ regulatory region of zebrafish xpd gene. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 185:47-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Parikh A, Wu J, Blanton RM, Tzanakakis ES. Signaling Pathways and Gene Regulatory Networks in Cardiomyocyte Differentiation. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2015; 21:377-92. [PMID: 25813860 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2014.0662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Strategies for harnessing stem cells as a source to treat cell loss in heart disease are the subject of intense research. Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can be expanded extensively in vitro and therefore can potentially provide sufficient quantities of patient-specific differentiated cardiomyocytes. Although multiple stimuli direct heart development, the differentiation process is driven in large part by signaling activity. The engineering of hPSCs to heart cell progeny has extensively relied on establishing proper combinations of soluble signals, which target genetic programs thereby inducing cardiomyocyte specification. Pertinent differentiation strategies have relied as a template on the development of embryonic heart in multiple model organisms. Here, information on the regulation of cardiomyocyte development from in vivo genetic and embryological studies is critically reviewed. A fresh interpretation is provided of in vivo and in vitro data on signaling pathways and gene regulatory networks (GRNs) underlying cardiopoiesis. The state-of-the-art understanding of signaling pathways and GRNs presented here can inform the design and optimization of methods for the engineering of tissues for heart therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhirath Parikh
- 1 Lonza Walkersville, Inc. , Lonza Group, Walkersville, Maryland
| | - Jincheng Wu
- 2 Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Robert M Blanton
- 3 Division of Cardiology, Molecular Cardiology Research Institute , Tufts Medical Center, Tufts School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emmanuel S Tzanakakis
- 2 Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University , Medford, Massachusetts.,4 Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute (CTSI) , Boston, Massachusetts
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14
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Arif A, Zehra S, Patel N, Azhar A. Two novel mutations in NKX 2.5 gene un-translated regions in congenital heart diseases patients from Pakistan. ACTA MEDICA INTERNATIONAL 2015. [DOI: 10.5530/ami.2015.2.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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15
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Brody MJ, Cho E, Mysliwiec MR, Kim TG, Carlson CD, Lee KH, Lee Y. Lrrc10 is a novel cardiac-specific target gene of Nkx2-5 and GATA4. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 62:237-46. [PMID: 23751912 PMCID: PMC3940241 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac gene expression is precisely regulated and its perturbation causes developmental defects and heart disease. Leucine-rich repeat containing 10 (Lrrc10) is a cardiac-specific factor that is crucial for proper cardiac development and deletion of Lrrc10 in mice results in dilated cardiomyopathy. However, the mechanisms regulating Lrrc10 expression in cardiomyocytes remain unknown. Therefore, we set out to determine trans-acting factors and cis-elements critical for mediating Lrrc10 expression. We identify Lrrc10 as a transcriptional target of Nkx2-5 and GATA4. The Lrrc10 promoter region contains two highly conserved cardiac regulatory elements, which are functional in cardiomyocytes but not in fibroblasts. In vivo, Nkx2-5 and GATA4 endogenously occupy the proximal and distal cardiac regulatory elements of Lrrc10 in the heart. Moreover, embryonic hearts of Nkx2-5 knockout mice have dramatically reduced expression of Lrrc10. These data demonstrate the importance of Nkx2-5 and GATA4 in regulation of Lrrc10 expression in vivo. The proximal cardiac regulatory element located at around -200bp is synergistically activated by Nkx2-5 and GATA4 while the distal cardiac regulatory element present around -3kb requires SRF in addition to Nkx2-5 and GATA4 for synergistic activation. Mutational analyses identify a pair of adjacent Nkx2-5 and GATA binding sites within the proximal cardiac regulatory element that are necessary to induce expression of Lrrc10. In contrast, only the GATA site is functional in the distal regulatory element. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the transcription factors Nkx2-5 and GATA4 cooperatively regulate cardiac-specific expression of Lrrc10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Brody
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Eunjin Cho
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Matthew R. Mysliwiec
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Tae-gyun Kim
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Clayton D. Carlson
- Department of Biochemistry and the Genome Center of Wisconsin, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Kyu-Ho Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Youngsook Lee
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706, USA
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16
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Hashem SI, Lam ML, Mihardja SS, White SM, Lee RJ, Claycomb WC. Shox2 regulates the pacemaker gene program in embryoid bodies. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:2915-26. [PMID: 23767866 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pacemaker tissues of the heart are a complex set of specialized cells that initiate the rhythmic heartbeat. The sinoatrial node (SAN) serves as the primary pacemaker, whereas the atrioventricular node can serve as a subsidiary pacemaker in cases of SAN failure or block. The elucidation of genetic networks regulating the development of these tissues is crucial for understanding the mechanisms underlying arrhythmias and for the design of targeted therapies. Here we report temporal and spatial self-organized formation of the pacemaker and contracting tissues in three-dimensional aggregate cultures of mouse embryonic stem cells termed embryoid bodies (EBs). Using genetic marker expression and electrophysiological analyses we demonstrate that in EBs the pacemaker potential originates from a localized population of cells and propagates into the adjacent contracting region forming a functional syncytium. When Shox2, a major determinant of the SAN genetic pathway, was ablated we observed substantial slowing of spontaneous contraction rates and an altered gene expression pattern including downregulation of HCN4, Cx45, Tbx2, Tbx3, and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4); and upregulation of Cx40, Cx43, Nkx2.5, and Tbx5. This phenotype could be rescued by adding BMP4 to Shox2 knockout EBs in culture from days 6 to 16 of differentiation. When wild-type EBs were treated with Noggin, a potent BMP4 inhibitor, we observed a phenotype consistent with the Shox2 knockout EB. Altogether, we have generated a reproducible in vitro model that will be an invaluable tool for studying the molecular pathways regulating the development of cardiac pacemaker tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherin I Hashem
- 1 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center , New Orleans, Louisiana
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17
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Two novel and functional DNA sequence variants within an upstream enhancer of the human NKX2-5 gene in ventricular septal defects. Gene 2013; 524:152-5. [PMID: 23644027 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mortality in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) is significantly increased even with successful surgeries. The main causes are late cardiac complications, such as heart failure and arrhythmia, probably due to genetic defects. To date, genetic causes for CHD remain largely unknown. NKX2-5 gene encodes a highly conserved homeobox transcription factor, which is essential to the heart development in embryos and cardiac function in adults. Mutations in NKX2-5 gene have been implicated in diverse types of CHD, including ventricular septal defect (VSD). As NKX2-5 is a dosage-sensitive regulator, we have speculated that changed NKX2-5 levels may mediate CHD development by influencing cardiac gene regulatory network. In previous studies, we have analyzed the NKX2-5 gene promoter and a proximal enhancer in VSD patients. In the present study, we further genetically and functionally analyzed an upstream enhancer of the NKX2-5 gene in large cohorts of VSD patients (n=340) and controls (n=347). Two novel heterozygous DNA sequence variants (DSVs), g.17483576C>G and g.17483564C>T, were identified in three VSD patients, but none in controls. Functionally, these two DSVs significantly decreased the activity of the enhancer (P<0.01). Another novel heterozygous DSV, g.17483557Ins, was found in both VSD patients and controls with similar frequencies (P>0.05). Taken together, our data suggested that the DSVs within the upstream enhancer of the NKX2-5 gene may contribute to a small number of VSD. Therefore, genetic studies of CHD may provide insight into designing novel therapies for adult CHD patients.
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18
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Oh SW, Lee JB, Kim B, Jeon S, Kim MK, Nam KH, Ha JR, Bhatia M, Oh GT, Kim DY. Peptidomimetic small-molecule compounds promoting cardiogenesis of stem cells. Arch Pharm Res 2012; 35:1979-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-012-1115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 07/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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19
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Pang S, Shan J, Qiao Y, Ma L, Qin X, Wanyan H, Xing Q, Wu G, Yan B. Genetic and functional analysis of the NKX2-5 gene promoter in patients with ventricular septal defects. Pediatr Cardiol 2012; 33:1355-61. [PMID: 22576768 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-012-0346-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most common type of congenital heart disease (CHD). The morbidity and mortality of CHD patients are significantly higher due to late cardiac complications, likely caused by genetic defects. Mutations in cardiac transcription factor genes such as GATA-4, TBX5, and NKX2-5 have been implicated in CHD cases. The NKX2-5 gene, a homeobox gene, is expressed in the developing heart and the adult heart. Because NKX2-5 is a dosage-sensitive regulator during embryonic development, the authors hypothesized that the expression levels of the NKX2-5 gene rather than the mutant protein may play important roles in CHD. In this study, the promoter regions and exon regions of the NKX2-5 gene were bidirectionally sequenced in large cohorts of VSD patients and healthy control subjects. The results showed that a novel sequence variant (g.4574c>deletion), found only in one VSD patient, and a single nucleotide polymorphism (rs118026695), the frequency of which was significantly higher in VSD patients, were identified within the promoter region. Functional analysis confirmed that these sequence variants significantly enhanced the transcriptional activities of the NKX2-5 gene promoter, altering the expression of the NKX2-5 gene and the cardiac gene regulatory network. In addition, a synonymous mutation in the second exon of the NKX2-5 gene was identified in one VSD patient, which may affect the translation process. Therefore, the authors' data provide supportive evidence that mutations in the coding region of the NKX2-5 gene and sequence variants within its promoter region may be among the contributors to the CHD etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchao Pang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Jining Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Jining Medical University, 79 Guhuai Road, Jining, 272029, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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20
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Zhou L, Liu Y, Lu L, Lu X, Dixon RAF. Cardiac gene activation analysis in mammalian non-myoblasic cells by Nkx2-5, Tbx5, Gata4 and Myocd. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48028. [PMID: 23144723 PMCID: PMC3483304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac transcription factors are master regulators during heart development. Some were shown to transdifferentiate tail tip and cardiac fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes. However, recent studies have showed that controversies exist. Potential difference in tail tip and cardiac fibroblast isolation may possibly confound the observations. Moreover, due to the use of a cardiac reporter (Myh6) selection strategy for induced cardiomyocyte enrichment, and the lack of tracking signals for each transcription factors, individual roles of each transcription factors in activating cardiac gene expression in mammalian non-myoblastic cells have never been elucidated. Answers to these questions are an important step toward cardiomyocyte regeneration. Because mouse 10T1/2 fibroblasts are non-myoblastic in nature and can be induced to express genes of all three types of muscle cells, they are an ideal model for the analysis of cardiac and non-cardiac gene activation after induction. We constructed bi-cistronic lentiviral vectors, capable of expressing cardiac transcription factors along with different fluorescent tracking signals. By infecting 10T1/2 fibroblasts with Nkx2-5, Tbx5, Gata4 or Myocd cardiac transcription factor lentivirus alone or different combinations, we found that only Tbx5+Myocd and Tbx5+Gata4+Myocd combinations induced Myh6 and Tnnt2 cardiac marker protein expression. Microarray-based gene ontology analysis revealed that Tbx5 alone activated genes involved in the Wnt receptor signaling pathway and inhibited genes involved in a number of cardiac-related processes. Myocd alone activated genes involved in a number of cardiac-related processes and inhibited genes involved in the Wnt receptor signaling pathway and non-cardiac processes. Gata4 alone inhibited genes involved in non-cardiac processes. Tbx5+Gata4+Myocd was the most effective activator of genes associated with cardiac-related processes. Unlike Tbx5, Gata4, Myocd alone or Tbx5+Myocd, Tbx5+Gata4+Myocd activated the fewest genes associated with non-cardiac processes. Conclusively, Tbx5, Gata4 and Myocd play different roles in cardiac gene activation in mammalian non-myoblastic cells. Tbx5+Gata4+Myocd activates the most cardiac and the least non-cardiac gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhou
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LZ); (RD)
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xinzheng Lu
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Richard A. F. Dixon
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LZ); (RD)
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Abstract
Differentiated adult cardiomyocytes (CMs) lack significant regenerative potential, which is one reason why degenerative heart diseases are the leading cause of death in the western world. For future cardiac repair, stem cell-based therapeutic strategies may become alternatives to donor heart transplantation. The principle of reprogramming adult terminally differentiated cells (iPSC) had a major impact on stem cell biology. One can now generate autologous pluripotent cells that highly resemble embryonic stem cells (ESC) and that are ethically inoffensive as opposed to human ESC. Yet, due to genetic and epigenetic aberrations arising during the full reprogramming process, it is questionable whether iPSC will enter the clinic in the near future. Therefore, the recent achievement of directly reprogramming fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes via a milder approach, thereby avoiding an initial pluripotent state, may become of great importance. In addition, various clinical scenarios will depend on the availability of specific cardiac cellular subtypes, for which a first step was achieved via our own programming approach to achieve cardiovascular cell subtypes. In this review, we discuss recent progress in the cardiovascular stem cell field addressing the above mentioned aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert David
- 1st Medical Department, University of Munich, Campus Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
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22
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Qin X, Xing Q, Ma L, Meng H, Liu Y, Pang S, Yan B. Genetic analysis of an enhancer of the NKX2-5 gene in ventricular septal defects. Gene 2012; 508:106-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein activates GATA4 transcription and mediates cardiac hypertrophic signaling from angiotensin II receptor 2. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35632. [PMID: 22558183 PMCID: PMC3338737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pressure overload and prolonged angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion elicit cardiac hypertrophy in Ang II receptor 1 (AT(1)) null mouse, whereas Ang II receptor 2 (AT(2)) gene deletion abolishes the hypertrophic response. The roles and signals of the cardiac AT(2) receptor still remain unsettled. Promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger protein (PLZF) was shown to bind to the AT(2) receptor and transmit the hypertrophic signal. Using PLZF knockout mice we directed our studies on the function of PLZF concerning the cardiac specific transcription factor GATA4, and GATA4 targets. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS PLZF knockout and age-matched wild-type (WT) mice were treated with Ang II, infused at a rate of 4.2 ng·kg(-1)·min(-1) for 3 weeks. Ang II elevated systolic blood pressure to comparable levels in PLZF knockout and WT mice (140 mmHg). WT mice developed prominent cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis after Ang II infusion. In contrast, there was no obvious cardiac hypertrophy or fibrosis in PLZF knockout mice. An AT(2) receptor blocker given to Ang II-infused wild type mice prevented hypertrophy, verifying the role of AT(2) receptor for cardiac hypertrophy. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that PLZF bound to the GATA4 gene regulatory region. A Luciferase assay verified that PLZF up-regulated GATA4 gene expression and the absence of PLZF expression in vivo produced a corresponding repression of GATA4 protein. CONCLUSIONS PLZF is an important AT(2) receptor binding protein in mediating Ang II induced cardiac hypertrophy through an AT(2) receptor-dependent signal pathway. The angiotensin II-AT(2)-PLZF-GATA4 signal may further augment Ang II induced pathological effects on cardiomyocytes.
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Amodio V, Tevy MF, Traina C, Ghosh TK, Capovilla M. Transactivation in Drosophila of human enhancers by human transcription factors involved in congenital heart diseases. Dev Dyn 2011; 241:190-9. [PMID: 21990232 PMCID: PMC3326377 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human transcription factors (TFs) GATA4, NKX2.5 and TBX5 form part of the core network necessary to build a human heart and are involved in Congenital Heart Diseases (CHDs). The human natriuretic peptide precursor A (NPPA) and α-myosin heavy chain 6 (MYH6) genes are downstream effectors involved in cardiogenesis that have been demonstrated to be in vitro targets of such TFs. RESULTS To study the interactions between these human TFs and their target enhancers in vivo, we overexpressed them in the whole Drosophila cardiac tube using the UAS/GAL4 system. We observed that all three TFs up-regulate their natural target enhancers in Drosophila and cause developmental defects when overexpressed in eyes and wings. CONCLUSIONS A strong potential of the present model might be the development of combinatorial and mutational assays to study the interactions between human TFs and their natural target promoters, which are not easily undertaken in tissue culture cells because of the variability in transfection efficiency, especially when multiple constructs are used. Thus, this novel system could be used to determine in vivo the genetic nature of the human mutant forms of these TFs, setting up a powerful tool to unravel the molecular genetic mechanisms that lead to CHDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Amodio
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Department of Biology and Evolution, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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25
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Bruneau BG. Atrial natriuretic factor in the developing heart: a signpost for cardiac morphogenesis. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 89:533-7. [PMID: 21806510 DOI: 10.1139/y11-051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The developing heart forms during the early stages of embryogenesis, and misregulated heart development results in congenital heart defects (CHDs). To understand the molecular basis of CHDs, a deep understanding of the morphological and genetic basis of heart development is necessary. Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF) is an important and extremely sensitive marker for specific regions of the developing heart, as well as for disturbances in the patterning of the heart. This review summarizes the dynamic expression of ANF in the developing heart and its usefulness in understanding the early molecular defects underlying CHDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit G Bruneau
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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26
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Caprioli A, Koyano-Nakagawa N, Iacovino M, Shi X, Ferdous A, Harvey RP, Olson EN, Kyba M, Garry DJ. Nkx2-5 represses Gata1 gene expression and modulates the cellular fate of cardiac progenitors during embryogenesis. Circulation 2011; 123:1633-41. [PMID: 21464046 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.008185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that the hematopoietic and cardiac lineages have close ontogenic origins, and that an early mesodermal cell population has the potential to differentiate into both lineages. Studies also suggest that specification of these lineages is inversely regulated. However, the transcriptional networks that govern the cell fate specification of these progenitors are incompletely defined. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we show that Nkx2-5 regulates the hematopoietic/erythroid fate of the mesoderm precursors early during cardiac morphogenesis. Using transgenic technologies to isolate Nkx2-5 expressing cells, we observed an induction of the erythroid molecular program, including Gata1, in the Nkx2-5-null embryos. We further observed that overexpression of Nkx2-5 with an Nkx2-5-inducible embryonic stem cell system significantly repressed Gata1 gene expression and suppressed the hematopoietic/erythroid potential, but not the endothelial potential, of the embryonic stem cells. This suppression was cell-autonomous, and was partially rescued by overexpressing Gata1. In addition, we demonstrated that Nkx2-5 binds to the Gata1 gene enhancer and represses the transcriptional activity of the Gata1 gene. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that the hematopoietic/erythroid cell fate is suppressed via Nkx2-5 during mesodermal fate determination, and that the Gata1 gene is one of the targets that are suppressed by Nkx2-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Caprioli
- Center for Developmental Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
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27
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Ng SY, Wong CK, Tsang SY. Differential gene expressions in atrial and ventricular myocytes: insights into the road of applying embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes for future therapies. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 299:C1234-49. [PMID: 20844252 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00402.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial infarction has been the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries over the past few decades. The transplantation of cardiomyocytes offers a potential method of treatment. However, cardiomyocytes are in high demand and their supply is extremely limited. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), which have been isolated from the inner cell mass of blastocysts, can self-renew and are pluripotent, meaning they have the ability to develop into any type of cell, including cardiomyocytes. This suggests that ESCs could be a good source of genuine cardiomyocytes for future therapeutic purposes. However, problems with the yield and purity of ESC-derived cardiomyocytes, among other hurdles for the therapeutic application of ESC-derived cardiomyocytes (e.g., potential immunorejection and tumor formation problems), need to be overcome before these cells can be used effectively for cell replacement therapy. ESC-derived cardiomyocytes consist of nodal, atrial, and ventricular cardiomyocytes. Specifically, for treatment of myocardial infarction, transplantation of a sufficient quantity of ventricular cardiomyocytes, rather than nodal or atrial cardiomyocytes, is preferred. Hence, it is important to find ways of increasing the yield and purity of specific types of cardiomyocytes. Atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes have differential expression of genes (transcription factors, structural proteins, ion channels, etc.) and are functionally distinct. This paper presents a thorough review of differential gene expression in atrial and ventricular myocytes, their expression throughout development, and their regulation. An understanding of the molecular and functional differences between atrial and ventricular myocytes allows discussion of potential strategies for preferentially directing ESCs to differentiate into chamber-specific cells, or for fine tuning the ESC-derived cardiomyocytes into specific electrical and contractile phenotypes resembling chamber-specific cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Ying Ng
- Biochemistry Programme, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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28
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Bartlett H, Veenstra GJC, Weeks DL. Examining the cardiac NK-2 genes in early heart development. Pediatr Cardiol 2010; 31:335-41. [PMID: 19967350 PMCID: PMC2981039 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-009-9605-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac NK-2 transcription factors are the vertebrate relatives of the Drosophila tinman gene. Without the Drosophila tinman gene, fruit flies fail to form their heart ("dorsal vessel"), and mutations or altered expression of cardiac NK-2 genes may lead to abnormal heart formation in vertebrates. Although the cardiac NK-2 gene NKX2-5 is recognized as an important factor in cases of human congenital heart disease and heart development in vertebrates, the roles of the other cardiac NK-2 genes are less clear. This report reviews what is known about the cardiac NK-2 genes in cardiac development, comparing studies in several different model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Bartlett
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Bowen Science Building, 51 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Gert Jan C. Veenstra
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel L. Weeks
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Bowen Science Building, 51 Newton Road, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA,
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29
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Abstract
Atrial and brain natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP, respectively) are cardiac hormones. During cardiac development, their expression is a maker of cardiomyocyte differentiation and is under tight spatiotemporal regulation. After birth, however, their ventricular expression is only up-regulated in response to various cardiovascular diseases. As a result, analysis of ANP and BNP gene expression has led to discoveries of transcriptional regulators and signaling pathways involved in both cardiac differentiation and cardiac disease. Studies using genetically engineered mice have shed light on the molecular mechanisms regulating ANP and BNP gene expression, as well as the physiological and pathophysiological relevance of the cardiac natriuretic peptide system. In this review we will summarize what is currently known about their regulation and the significance of ANP and BNP as hormones derived from the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Kuwahara
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
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30
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Nakashima Y, Ono K, Yoshida Y, Kojima Y, Kita T, Tanaka M, Kimura T. The search for Nkx2-5-regulated genes using purified embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes with Nkx2-5 gene targeting. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 390:821-6. [PMID: 19836354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac transcription factors play crucial roles in cardiac development and differentiation. To address the target genes they regulate is important for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these processes. In this study, ES cell lines harboring a neomycin resistance gene in the Nkx2-5 gene locus were generated and used to make purified ES cell-derived cardiomyocytes (ESCM) by in vitro differentiation and successive G418 treatment. Three lines with different Nkx2-5 gene expression levels were made and named as Nkx2-5 -/-, +/-, and overexpressing ESCMs. In order to investigate Nkx2-5-regulated gene expression in cardiomyocytes, the gene expression profiles were compared among these lines. The expression patterns of known Nkx2-5 downstream genes were consistent with the previous investigations in vivo. Several genes with Nkx2-5-dependent changes in their expression were detected and confirmed by real-time PCR. This study investigated Nkx2-5-regulated gene expression in ESCM and suggested potential targets of Nkx2-5 in cardiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nakashima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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31
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Majalahti T, Tokola H, Ruskoaho H, Vuolteenaho O. Characterization of promoter elements required for cardiac chamber-specific expression. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 307:50-6. [PMID: 19524126 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2009.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Salmon cardiac natriuretic peptide (sCP, an A-type natriuretic peptide) is an excellent model for the study of cardiac chamber-specific gene expression because it is uniquely specific to the heart and its promoter drives gene expression effectively in mammalian cardiac atrial but not in ventricular cells. We have now prepared hybrid luciferase constructs containing specific sequences from both sCP and BNP 5' promoters. According to our results the simple addition of a short rat BNP proximal promoter fragment to the inert 846 nucleotide sCP proximal promoter increases 100 times the basal activity of the sCP promoter in rat ventricular cardiomyocytes, and also conveys inducibility by mechanical load and endothelin-1. Thus, a small rBNP promoter fragment can transform the prototypical A-type natriuretic peptide regulation of sCP to B-type regulation, a result which argues against a major role of repressors causing the low expression level of A-type peptides in ventricular cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Majalahti
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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32
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Riazi AM, Takeuchi JK, Hornberger LK, Zaidi SH, Amini F, Coles J, Bruneau BG, Van Arsdell GS. NKX2-5 regulates the expression of beta-catenin and GATA4 in ventricular myocytes. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5698. [PMID: 19479054 PMCID: PMC2684637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The molecular pathway that controls cardiogenesis is temporally and spatially regulated by master transcriptional regulators such as NKX2-5, Isl1, MEF2C, GATA4, and β-catenin. The interplay between these factors and their downstream targets are not completely understood. Here, we studied regulation of β-catenin and GATA4 by NKX2-5 in human fetal cardiac myocytes. Methodology/Principal Findings Using antisense inhibition we disrupted the expression of NKX2-5 and studied changes in expression of cardiac-associated genes. Down-regulation of NKX2-5 resulted in increased β-catenin while GATA4 was decreased. We demonstrated that this regulation was conferred by binding of NKX2-5 to specific elements (NKEs) in the promoter region of the β-catenin and GATA4 genes. Using promoter-luciferase reporter assay combined with mutational analysis of the NKEs we demonstrated that the identified NKX2-5 binding sites were essential for the suppression of β-catenin, and upregulation of GATA4 by NKX2-5. Conclusions This study suggests that NKX2-5 modulates the β-catenin and GATA4 transcriptional activities in developing human cardiac myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Riazi
- Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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33
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Macindoe I, Glockner L, Vukasin P, Stennard FA, Costa MW, Harvey RP, Mackay JP, Sunde M. Conformational stability and DNA binding specificity of the cardiac T-box transcription factor Tbx20. J Mol Biol 2009; 389:606-18. [PMID: 19414016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Revised: 04/22/2009] [Accepted: 04/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor Tbx20 acts within a hierarchy of T-box factors in lineage specification and morphogenesis in the mammalian heart and is mutated in congenital heart disease. T-box family members share a approximately 20-kDa DNA-binding domain termed the T-box. The question of how highly homologous T-box proteins achieve differential transcriptional control in heart development, while apparently binding to the same DNA sequence, remains unresolved. Here we show that the optimal DNA recognition sequence for the T-box of Tbx20 corresponds to a T-half-site. Furthermore, we demonstrate using purified recombinant domains that distinct T-boxes show significant differences in the affinity and kinetics of binding and in conformational stability, with the T-box of Tbx20 displaying molten globule character. Our data highlight unique features of Tbx20 and suggest mechanistic ways in which cardiac T-box factors might interact synergistically and/or competitively within the cardiac regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Macindoe
- School of Molecular and Microbial Biosciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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34
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Vincentz JW, Barnes RM, Firulli BA, Conway SJ, Firulli AB. Cooperative interaction of Nkx2.5 and Mef2c transcription factors during heart development. Dev Dyn 2009; 237:3809-19. [PMID: 19035347 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions of diverse transcription factors mediate the molecular programs that regulate mammalian heart development. Among these, Nkx2.5 and the Mef2c regulate common downstream targets and exhibit striking phenotypic similarities when disrupted, suggesting a potential interaction during heart development. Co-immunoprecipitation and mammalian two-hybrid experiments revealed a direct molecular interaction between Nkx2.5 and Mef2c. Assessment of mRNA expression verified spatiotemporal cardiac coexpression. Finally, genetic interaction studies employing histological and molecular analyses showed that, although Nkx2.5(-/-) and Mef2c(-/-) individual mutants both have identifiable ventricles, Nkx2.5(-/-);Mef2c(-/-) double mutants do not, and that mutant cardiomyocytes express only atrial and second heart field markers. Molecular marker and cell death and proliferation analyses provide evidence that ventricular hypoplasia is the result of defective ventricular cell differentiation. Collectively, these data support a hypothesis where physical, functional, and genetic interactions between Nkx2.5 and Mef2c are necessary for ventricle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W Vincentz
- Riley Heart Research Center, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research Division of Pediatrics Cardiology, Department of Anatomy, Indiana Medical School, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202-5225, USA
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35
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Nkx2-5 transactivates the Ets-related protein 71 gene and specifies an endothelial/endocardial fate in the developing embryo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:814-9. [PMID: 19129488 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0807583106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies support the existence of a common progenitor for the cardiac and endothelial cell lineages, but the underlying transcriptional networks responsible for specification of these cell fates remain unclear. Here we demonstrated that Ets-related protein 71 (Etsrp71), a newly discovered ETS family transcription factor, was a novel downstream target of the homeodomain protein, Nkx2-5. Using genetic mouse models and molecular biological techniques, we demonstrated that Nkx2-5 binds to an evolutionarily conserved Nkx2-5 response element in the Etsrp71 promoter and induces the Etsrp71 gene expression in vitro and in vivo. Etsrp71 was transiently expressed in the endocardium/endothelium of the developing embryo (E7.75-E9.5) and was extinguished during the latter stages of development. Using a gene disruption strategy, we found that Etsrp71 mutant embryos lacked endocardial/endothelial lineages and were nonviable. Moreover, using transgenic technologies and transcriptional and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays, we further established that Tie2 is a direct downstream target of Etsrp71. Collectively, our results uncover a novel functional role for Nkx2-5 and define a transcriptional network that specifies an endocardial/endothelial fate in the developing heart and embryo.
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36
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Bovill E, Westaby S, Reji S, Sayeed R, Crisp A, Shaw T. Induction by left ventricular overload and left ventricular failure of the human Jumonji gene (JARID2) encoding a protein that regulates transcription and reexpression of a protective fetal program. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2008; 136:709-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2008.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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37
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Wang J, Zhang H, Iyer D, Feng XH, Schwartz RJ. Regulation of cardiac specific nkx2.5 gene activity by small ubiquitin-like modifier. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:23235-43. [PMID: 18579533 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m709748200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardiac specific homeobox gene nkx2.5, a member of the nk-2 class family, plays a central role in cardiogenesis and is a target of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO). Nkx2.5 was modified by SUMO on its 51st amino acid, a lysine residue conserved across species but absent in other nk-2 members. Conversion of this lysine to an arginine (K51R) substantially reduced Nkx2.5 DNA binding and also its transcriptional activity. Unexpectedly, mutant K51R was targeted by ubiquitin. E3 ligase PIAS proteins PIAS1, PIASx, and PIASy, but not PIAS3, enhanced SUMO-1 attachment to Nkx2.5 on the primary SUMO acceptor site. SUMO-2 linkage to Nkx2.5 was catalyzed only by PIASx and not by other PIAS proteins. SUMO conjugation stabilized the formation of Nkx2.5-containing complexes that led to robust transcriptional activation. Thus, SUMO modification serves as a positive regulator for Nkx2.5 transcriptional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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38
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Horsthuis T, Houweling AC, Habets PE, de Lange FJ, el Azzouzi H, Clout DE, Moorman AF, Christoffels VM. Distinct Regulation of Developmental and Heart Disease–Induced Atrial Natriuretic Factor Expression by Two Separate Distal Sequences. Circ Res 2008; 102:849-59. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.107.170571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nppa
, encoding atrial natriuretic factor, is expressed in fetal atrial and ventricular myocardium and is downregulated in the ventricles after birth. During hypertrophy and heart failure,
Nppa
expression is reactivated in the ventricles and serves as a highly conserved marker of heart disease. The
Nppa
promoter has become a frequently used model to study mechanisms of cardiac gene regulation. Nevertheless, the regulatory sequences that provide the correct developmental pattern and ventricular reactivation during cardiac disease remain to be defined. We found that proximal
Nppa
fragments ranging from 250 bp to 16 kbp provide robust reporter gene activity in the atria and correct repression in the atrioventricular canal and the nodes of the conduction system in vivo. However, depending on fragment size and site of integration into the genome of mice, the fetal ventricular activity was either absent or present in an incorrect pattern. Furthermore, these fragments did not provide ventricular reactivation in heart disease models. These results indicate that the proximal promoter does not provide a physiologically relevant model for ventricular gene activity. In contrast, 2 modified bacterial artificial chromosome clones with partially overlapping genomic
Nppa
sequences provided appropriate reactivation of the green fluorescent protein reporter during pressure overload–induced hypertrophy and heart failure in vivo. However, only 1 of these bacterial artificial chromosomes provided correct fetal ventricular green fluorescent protein activity. These results show that distinct distal regulatory sequences and divergent regulatory pathways control fetal ventricular activity and reactivation of
Nppa
during cardiac disease, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Horsthuis
- From the Heart Failure Research Center (T.H., A.C.H., P.E.M.H.H, F.J.d.L., D.E.W.C., A.F.M.M., V.M.C.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam; and the Hubrecht Institute and Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands (H.e.A.), Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Arjan C. Houweling
- From the Heart Failure Research Center (T.H., A.C.H., P.E.M.H.H, F.J.d.L., D.E.W.C., A.F.M.M., V.M.C.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam; and the Hubrecht Institute and Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands (H.e.A.), Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Petra E.M.H. Habets
- From the Heart Failure Research Center (T.H., A.C.H., P.E.M.H.H, F.J.d.L., D.E.W.C., A.F.M.M., V.M.C.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam; and the Hubrecht Institute and Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands (H.e.A.), Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Frederik J. de Lange
- From the Heart Failure Research Center (T.H., A.C.H., P.E.M.H.H, F.J.d.L., D.E.W.C., A.F.M.M., V.M.C.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam; and the Hubrecht Institute and Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands (H.e.A.), Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hamid el Azzouzi
- From the Heart Failure Research Center (T.H., A.C.H., P.E.M.H.H, F.J.d.L., D.E.W.C., A.F.M.M., V.M.C.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam; and the Hubrecht Institute and Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands (H.e.A.), Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Danielle E.W. Clout
- From the Heart Failure Research Center (T.H., A.C.H., P.E.M.H.H, F.J.d.L., D.E.W.C., A.F.M.M., V.M.C.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam; and the Hubrecht Institute and Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands (H.e.A.), Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Antoon F.M. Moorman
- From the Heart Failure Research Center (T.H., A.C.H., P.E.M.H.H, F.J.d.L., D.E.W.C., A.F.M.M., V.M.C.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam; and the Hubrecht Institute and Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands (H.e.A.), Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent M. Christoffels
- From the Heart Failure Research Center (T.H., A.C.H., P.E.M.H.H, F.J.d.L., D.E.W.C., A.F.M.M., V.M.C.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam; and the Hubrecht Institute and Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands (H.e.A.), Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Lim JY, Kim WH, Kim J, Park SI. Induction of Id2 expression by cardiac transcription factors GATA4 and Nkx2.5. J Cell Biochem 2008; 103:182-94. [PMID: 17559079 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitor of differentiation/DNA binding (Id) proteins function as a regulator of helix-loop-helix proteins participating in cell lineage commitment and differentiation. Here, we observed a marked induction of Id2 during cardiomyocyte differentiation from P19CL6 murine embryonic teratocarcinoma stem cells, prompting us to investigate the upstream regulatory mechanism of Id2 induction. Computer analysis of Id2 promoter and subsequent electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed several binding sites for GATA4 and Nkx2.5 within the Id2 promoter. By further deletion and mutation analysis of the respective binding site, we identified that two motifs located at -497/-502 and -264/-270 were functionally important for Id2 promoter activation by GATA4 and Nkx2.5, respectively. Overexpression of GATA4 and/or Nkx2.5 induced not only Id2 promoter activity but also Id2 protein expression. Additionally, Id proteins significantly inhibit the GATA4 and Nkx2.5-dependent transcription, suggesting Id proteins may play a regulatory role in cardiogenesis. Collectively, our results demonstrate that GATA4 and Nkx2.5 could be one of the upstream regulators of Id2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joong-Yeon Lim
- Division of Intractable Diseases, Center for Biomedical Sciences, National Institute of Health, 194, Tongillo, Eunpyeong-gu, Seoul 122-701, Korea
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40
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Xin M, Small EM, van Rooij E, Qi X, Richardson JA, Srivastava D, Nakagawa O, Olson EN. Essential roles of the bHLH transcription factor Hrt2 in repression of atrial gene expression and maintenance of postnatal cardiac function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:7975-80. [PMID: 17468400 PMCID: PMC1876557 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702447104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The basic helix-loop-helix transcriptional repressor Hairy-related transcription factor 2 (Hrt2) is expressed in ventricular, but not atrial, cardiomyocytes, and in endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Mice homozygous for a null mutation of Hrt2 die perinatally from a spectrum of cardiac abnormalities, raising questions about the specific functions of this transcriptional regulator in individual cardiac cell lineages. Using a conditional Hrt2 null allele, we show that cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of Hrt2 in mice results in ectopic activation of atrial genes in ventricular myocardium with an associated impairment of cardiac contractility and a unique distortion in morphology of the right ventricular chamber. Consistent with the atrialization of ventricular gene expression in Hrt2 mutant mice, forced expression of Hrt2 in atrial cardiomyocytes is sufficient to repress atrial cardiac genes. These findings reveal a ventricular myocardial cell-autonomous function for Hrt2 in the suppression of atrial cell identity and the maintenance of postnatal cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xin
- Departments of *Molecular Biology
| | | | | | | | - James A. Richardson
- Departments of *Molecular Biology
- Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Deepak Srivastava
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158; and
- Departments of Pediatrics (Cardiology) and Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | | | - Eric N. Olson
- Departments of *Molecular Biology
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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41
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Ramos H, de Bold AJ. Gene expression, processing, and secretion of natriuretic peptides: physiologic and diagnostic implications. Heart Fail Clin 2007; 2:255-68. [PMID: 17386895 DOI: 10.1016/j.hfc.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Ramos
- Hospital de Urgencias, National University of Cordoba, Córdoba, Argentina
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Hendren JD, Shah AP, Arguelles AM, Cripps RM. Cardiac expression of the Drosophila Sulphonylurea receptor gene is regulated by an intron enhancer dependent upon the NK homeodomain factor Tinman. Mech Dev 2007; 124:416-26. [PMID: 17433632 PMCID: PMC1955464 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2007.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac development proceeds via the activation of a complex network of regulatory factors which both directly and indirectly impact downstream cardiac structural genes. In Drosophila, the NK homeodomain transcription factor Tinman is critical to cardiac specification and development via the activation of a number of key regulatory genes which mediate heart development. In this manuscript, we demonstrate that Tinman also functions in Drosophila to directly activate transcription of the ATP binding cassette gene Sulphonylurea receptor (Sur). Cardiac expression of Sur is regulated by Tinman via an intron enhancer which first becomes active at stage 12 of embryogenesis, and whose function is restricted to the Tin cardial cells by the end of embryogenesis. Cardiac Sur enhancer activity subsequently persists through larval and adult development, but interestingly becomes modulated in several unique subsets of Tin-expressing cardial cells. The cardiac enhancer contains four binding sites for Tinman protein; mutation of two of these sites significantly reduces enhancer activity at all stages of development, and activation of the wild-type enhancer by ectopic Tinman protein confirms Sur is a direct target of Tinman transcriptional activation. These findings delineate at the molecular level specific sub-types of Tin cardial cells, and define an important regulatory pathway between two Drosophila genes for which mutations in human homologs have been shown to result in cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Gardner
- Diabetes Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0540, USA.
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Nakagawa Y, Kuwahara K, Harada M, Takahashi N, Yasuno S, Adachi Y, Kawakami R, Nakanishi M, Tanimoto K, Usami S, Kinoshita H, Saito Y, Nakao K. Class II HDACs mediate CaMK-dependent signaling to NRSF in ventricular myocytes. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2006; 41:1010-22. [PMID: 17011572 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2006] [Revised: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that a transcriptional repressor, neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF), represses expression of fetal cardiac genes, including atrial and brain natriuretic peptide (ANP and BNP), by recruiting class I histone deacetylase (HDAC) and that attenuation of NRSF-mediated repression contributes to the reactivation of fetal gene expression during cardiac hypertrophy. The molecular mechanism by which the activity of the NRSF-HDAC complex is inhibited in cardiac hypertrophy remains unresolved, however. In the present study, we show that class II HDACs (HDAC4 and 5), which are Ca/calmodulin-dependent kinase (CaMK)-responsive repressors of hypertrophic signaling, associate with NRSF and participate in NRSF-mediated repression. Blockade of the CaMK-class II HDAC signaling pathway using a CaMK-resistant HDAC5 mutant, a CaMK inhibitor (KN62) or a dominant-negative CaMK mutant inhibited ET-1-inducible ANP and BNP promoter activity, but that inhibitory effect was abolished by mutation of the neuron-restrictive silencer element (NRSE) within the ANP and BNP promoter. In addition, adenovirus-mediated expression of a dominant-negative NRSF mutant abolished the inhibitory effect of KN62 on ET-1-inducible endogenous ANP gene expression in ventricular myocytes. Finally, the interaction between NRSF and class II HDACs was decreased in both in vitro and in vivo models of cardiac hypertrophy. These findings show that ET-1-induced CaMK signaling disrupts class II HDAC-NRSF repressor complexes, thereby enabling activation of ANP and BNP gene transcription in ventricular myocytes, and shed light on a novel mechanism by which the fetal cardiac gene program is reactivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Nakagawa
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoinkawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-city, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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45
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Song K, Backs J, McAnally J, Qi X, Gerard RD, Richardson JA, Hill JA, Bassel-Duby R, Olson EN. The transcriptional coactivator CAMTA2 stimulates cardiac growth by opposing class II histone deacetylases. Cell 2006; 125:453-66. [PMID: 16678093 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 02/23/2006] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Postnatal cardiac myocytes respond to diverse signals by hypertrophic growth and activation of a fetal gene program. In an effort to discover regulators of cardiac hypertrophy, we performed a eukaryotic expression screen for activators of the atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) gene, a cardiac-specific marker of hypertrophic signaling. We discovered that a family of transcriptional coactivators, called CAMTAs, promotes cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and activates the ANF gene, at least in part, by associating with the cardiac homeodomain protein Nkx2-5. The transcriptional activity of CAMTAs is governed by association with class II histone deacetylases (HDACs), which negatively regulate cardiac growth. Mice homozygous for a mutation in a CAMTA gene are defective in cardiac growth in response to pressure overload and neurohumoral signaling, whereas mice lacking HDAC5, a class II HDAC, are sensitized to the prohypertrophic actions of CAMTA. These findings reveal a transcriptional regulatory mechanism that modulates cardiac growth and gene expression by linking hypertrophic signals to the cardiac genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunhua Song
- Department of Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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46
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Abstract
Although there have been important advances in diagnostic modalities and therapeutic strategies for congenital heart defects (CHD), these malformations still lead to significant morbidity and mortality in the human population. Over the past 10 years, characterization of the genetic causes of CHD has begun to elucidate some of the molecular causes of these defects. Linkage analysis and candidate-gene approaches have been used to identify gene mutations that are associated with both familial and sporadic cases of CHD. Complementation of the human studies with developmental studies in mouse models provides information for the roles of these genes in normal development as well as indications for disease pathogenesis. Biochemical analysis of these gene mutations has provided further insight into the molecular effects of these genetic mutations. Here we review genetic, developmental, and biochemical studies of six cardiac transcription factors that have been identified as genetic causes for CHD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista L Clark
- Division of Cardiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA.
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Jadrich JL, O'Connor MB, Coucouvanis E. The TGFβ activated kinase TAK1 regulates vascular development in vivo. Development 2006; 133:1529-41. [PMID: 16556914 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
TGFβ activated kinase 1 (TAK1) is a MAPKKK that in cell culture systems has been shown to act downstream of a variety of signaling molecules,including TGFβ. Its role during vertebrate development, however, has not been examined by true loss-of-function studies. In this report, we describe the phenotype of mouse embryos in which the Tak1 gene has been inactivated by a genetrap insertion. Tak1 mutant embryos exhibit defects in the developing vasculature of the embryo proper and yolk sac. These defects include dilation and misbranching of vessels, as well as an absence of vascular smooth muscle. The phenotype of Tak1 mutant embryos is strikingly similar to that exhibited by loss-of-function mutations in the TGFβ type I receptor Alk1 and the type III receptor endoglin,suggesting that TAK1 may be a major effector of TGFβ signals during vascular development. Consistent with this view, we find that in zebrafish,morpholinos to TAK1 and ALK1 synergize to enhance the Alk1 vascular phenotype. Moreover, we show that overexpression of TAK1 is able to rescue the vascular defect produced by morpholino knockdown of ALK1. Taken together,these results suggest that TAK1 is probably an important downstream component of the TGFβ signal transduction pathway that regulates vertebrate vascular development. In addition, as heterozygosity for mutations in endoglin and ALK1 lead to the human syndromes known as hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia 1 and 2, respectively, our results raise the possibility that mutations in human TAK1 might contribute to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy L Jadrich
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Xing W, Zhang TC, Cao D, Wang Z, Antos CL, Li S, Wang Y, Olson EN, Wang DZ. Myocardin induces cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Circ Res 2006; 98:1089-97. [PMID: 16556869 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000218781.23144.3e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In response to stress signals, postnatal cardiomyocytes undergo hypertrophic growth accompanied by activation of a fetal gene program, assembly of sarcomeres, and cellular enlargement. We show that hypertrophic signals stimulate the expression and transcriptional activity of myocardin, a cardiac and smooth muscle-specific coactivator of serum response factor (SRF). Consistent with a role for myocardin as a transducer of hypertrophic signals, forced expression of myocardin in cardiomyocytes is sufficient to substitute for hypertrophic signals and induce cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and the fetal cardiac gene program. Conversely, a dominant-negative mutant form of myocardin, which retains the ability to associate with SRF but is defective in transcriptional activation, blocks cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by hypertrophic agonists such as phenylephrine and leukemia inhibitory factor. Myocardin-dependent hypertrophy can also be partially repressed by histone deacetylase 5, a transcriptional repressor of myocardin. These findings identify myocardin as a nuclear effector of hypertrophic signaling pathways that couples stress signals to a transcriptional program for postnatal cardiac growth and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibing Xing
- Carolina Cardiovascular Biology Center, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7126, USA
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Akazawa H, Komuro I. Cardiac transcription factor Csx/Nkx2-5: Its role in cardiac development and diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2005; 107:252-68. [PMID: 15925411 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, an emerging body of evidence has accumulated that cardiac transcription factors control a cardiac gene program and play a critical role in transcriptional regulation during cardiogenesis and during the adaptive process in adult hearts. Especially, an evolutionally conserved homeobox transcription factor Csx/Nkx2-5 has been in the forefront in the field of cardiac biology, providing molecular insights into the mechanisms of cardiac development and diseases. Csx/Nkx2-5 is indispensable for normal cardiac development, and mutations of the gene are associated with human congenital heart diseases (CHD). In the present review, the regulation of a cardiac gene program by Csx/Nkx2-5 is summarized, with an emphasis on its role in the cardiac development and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Akazawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology and Department of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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Temsah R, Nemer M. GATA factors and transcriptional regulation of cardiac natriuretic peptide genes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 128:177-85. [PMID: 15837526 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2004.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The A- and B-natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP) are the heart major secretory products. ANF and BNP expression is a marker of cardiomyocyte differentiation, and is regulated spatially, developmentally and hormonally. Analysis of the ANP and BNP promoters has contributed in a major way to our present understanding of the key regulators of cardiac development. It has also started to unravel the complex combinatorial interactions required for proper regulation of the cardiac genetic program. The GATA family of transcription factors initially identified as essential regulators of the two natriuretic peptide genes appears to be at the heart of the molecular circuits governing cardiac growth and differentiation. In particular, GATA-4 has emerged as the nuclear effector of several signaling pathways which modulate its function through post-translational modifications and protein-protein interactions. This review will cover our current knowledge of cardiac transcription and the role of GATA factors in embryonic and postnatal heart development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Temsah
- Laboratoire de développement et différenciation cardiaques, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Québec, Canada
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