1
|
Monovich AC, Gurumurthy A, Ryan RJH. The Diverse Roles of ETV6 Alterations in B-Lymphoblastic Leukemia and Other Hematopoietic Cancers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1459:291-320. [PMID: 39017849 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-62731-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Genetic alterations of the repressive ETS family transcription factor gene ETV6 are recurrent in several categories of hematopoietic malignancy, including subsets of B-cell and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (B-ALL and T-ALL), myeloid neoplasms, and mature B-cell lymphomas. ETV6 is essential for adult hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), contributes to specific functions of some mature immune cells, and plays a key role in thrombopoiesis as demonstrated by familial ETV6 mutations associated with thrombocytopenia and predisposition to hematopoietic cancers, particularly B-ALL. ETV6 appears to have a tumor suppressor role in several hematopoietic lineages, as demonstrated by recurrent somatic loss-of-function (LoF) and putative dominant-negative alterations in leukemias and lymphomas. ETV6 rearrangements contribute to recurrent fusion oncogenes such as the B-ALL-associated transcription factor (TF) fusions ETV6::RUNX1 and PAX5::ETV6, rare drivers such as ETV6::NCOA6, and a spectrum of tyrosine kinase gene fusions encoding hyperactive signaling proteins that self-associate via the ETV6 N-terminal pointed domain. Another subset of recurrent rearrangements involving the ETV6 gene locus appear to function primarily to drive overexpression of the partner gene. This review surveys what is known about the biochemical and genome regulatory properties of ETV6 as well as our current understanding of how alterations in these functions contribute to hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Monovich
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Aishwarya Gurumurthy
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Russell J H Ryan
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yin H, Wang J, Tan Y, Jiang M, Zhang H, Meng G. Transcription factor abnormalities in B-ALL leukemogenesis and treatment. Trends Cancer 2023; 9:855-870. [PMID: 37407363 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
The biological regulation of transcription factors (TFs) and repressor proteins is an important mechanism for maintaining cell homeostasis. In B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) TF abnormalities occur at high frequency and are often recognized as the major driving factor in carcinogenesis. We provide an in-depth review of molecular mechanisms of six major TF rearrangements in B-ALL, including DUX4-rearranged (DUX4-R), MEF2D-R, ZNF384-R, ETV6-RUNX1 and TCF3-PBX1 fusions, and KMT2A-R. In addition, the therapeutic options and prognoses for patients who harbor these TF abnormalities are discussed. This review aims to provide an up-to-date panoramic view of how TF-based oncogenic fusions might drive carcinogenesis and impact on potential therapeutic exploration of B-ALL treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Yin
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Junfei Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yangxia Tan
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Minghao Jiang
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute for Translational Brain Research, Ministry of Education (MOE) Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai, China.
| | - Guoyu Meng
- Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine, Rui-Jin Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Churpek JE, Bresnick EH. Transcription factor mutations as a cause of familial myeloid neoplasms. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:476-488. [PMID: 30707109 DOI: 10.1172/jci120854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiation and evolution of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) are driven by genomic events that disrupt multiple genes controlling hematopoiesis. Human genetic studies have discovered germline mutations in single genes that instigate familial MDS/AML. The best understood of these genes encode transcription factors, such as GATA-2, RUNX1, ETV6, and C/EBPα, which establish and maintain genetic networks governing the genesis and function of blood stem and progenitor cells. Many questions remain unanswered regarding how genes and circuits within these networks function in physiology and disease and whether network integrity is exquisitely sensitive to or efficiently buffered from perturbations. In familial MDS/AML, mutations change the coding sequence of a gene to generate a mutant protein with altered activity or introduce frameshifts or stop codons or disrupt regulatory elements to alter protein expression. Each mutation has the potential to exert quantitatively and qualitatively distinct influences on networks. Consistent with this mechanistic diversity, disease onset is unpredictable and phenotypic variability can be considerable. Efforts to elucidate mechanisms and forge prognostic and therapeutic strategies must therefore contend with a spectrum of patient-specific leukemogenic scenarios. Here we illustrate mechanistic advances in our understanding of familial MDS/AML syndromes caused by germline mutations of hematopoietic transcription factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jane E Churpek
- Section of Hematology/Oncology and Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Emery H Bresnick
- UW-Madison Blood Research Program, Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, UW Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Molina MD, Quirin M, Haillot E, De Crozé N, Range R, Rouel M, Jimenez F, Amrouche R, Chessel A, Lepage T. MAPK and GSK3/ß-TRCP-mediated degradation of the maternal Ets domain transcriptional repressor Yan/Tel controls the spatial expression of nodal in the sea urchin embryo. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007621. [PMID: 30222786 PMCID: PMC6160229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the sea urchin embryo, specification of the dorsal-ventral axis critically relies on the spatially restricted expression of nodal in the presumptive ventral ectoderm. The ventral restriction of nodal expression requires the activity of the maternal TGF-β ligand Panda but the mechanism by which Panda restricts nodal expression is unknown. Similarly, what initiates expression of nodal in the ectoderm and what are the mechanisms that link patterning along the primary and secondary axes is not well understood. We report that in Paracentrotus lividus, the activity of the maternally expressed ETS-domain transcription factor Yan/Tel is essential for the spatial restriction of nodal. Inhibiting translation of maternal yan/tel mRNA disrupted dorsal-ventral patterning in all germ layers by causing a massive ectopic expression of nodal starting from cleavage stages, mimicking the phenotype caused by inactivation of the maternal Nodal antagonist Panda. We show that like in the fly or in vertebrates, the activity of sea urchin Yan/Tel is regulated by phosphorylation by MAP kinases. However, unlike in the fly or in vertebrates, phosphorylation by GSK3 plays a central role in the regulation Yan/Tel stability in the sea urchin. We show that GSK3 phosphorylates Yan/Tel in vitro at two different sites including a β-TRCP ubiquitin ligase degradation motif and a C-terminal Ser/Thr rich cluster and that phosphorylation of Yan/Tel by GSK3 triggers its degradation by a β-TRCP/proteasome pathway. Finally, we show that, Yan is epistatic to Panda and that the activity of Yan/Tel is required downstream of Panda to restrict nodal expression. Our results identify Yan/Tel as a central regulator of the spatial expression of nodal in Paracentrotus lividus and uncover a key interaction between the gene regulatory networks responsible for patterning the embryo along the dorsal-ventral and animal-vegetal axes. Specification of the embryonic axes is an essential step during early development of metazoa. In the sea urchin embryo, specification of the dorsal-ventral axis critically relies on the spatial restriction of the expression of the TGF-ß family member Nodal in ventral cells, a process that requires the activity of the maternal determinant Panda. How the spatially restricted expression of nodal is established downstream of Panda is not well understood. We have discovered that, in the Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus, the spatial restriction of nodal on the ventral side of the embryo requires the inhibitory activity of a transcriptional repressor named Yan/Tel. This finding suggests a molecular mechanism for the control of nodal expression by the release of a repression. We found that this release requires the activity of two families of kinases that we identified as the MAP kinases and GSK3, a kinase which, intriguingly, was previously known as a key regulator of patterning along the animal-vegetal axis. We discovered that phosphorylation by MAPK and GSK3 triggers degradation of Yan/Tel by a β-TRCP proteasome pathway. Finally, we find that Yan/Tel likely acts downstream of Panda in the hierarchy of genes required for nodal restriction. Our study therefore identifies Yan/Tel as a new essential regulator of nodal expression downstream of Panda and identifies a novel key interaction between the gene regulatory networks responsible for patterning along the primary and secondary axis of polarity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Dolores Molina
- Department of Natural Sciences, Institut Biologie Valrose, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Magali Quirin
- Department of Natural Sciences, Institut Biologie Valrose, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Emmanuel Haillot
- Department of Natural Sciences, Institut Biologie Valrose, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Noémie De Crozé
- Department of Natural Sciences, Institut Biologie Valrose, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Ryan Range
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Mathieu Rouel
- Department of Natural Sciences, Institut Biologie Valrose, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Felipe Jimenez
- Department of Natural Sciences, Institut Biologie Valrose, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Radja Amrouche
- Department of Natural Sciences, Institut Biologie Valrose, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Aline Chessel
- Department of Natural Sciences, Institut Biologie Valrose, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Thierry Lepage
- Department of Natural Sciences, Institut Biologie Valrose, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rasighaemi P, Ward AC. ETV6 and ETV7: Siblings in hematopoiesis and its disruption in disease. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 116:106-115. [PMID: 28693791 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ETV6 (TEL1) and ETV7 (TEL2) are closely-related members of the ETS family of transcriptional regulators. Both ETV6 and ETV7 have been demonstrated to play key roles in hematopoiesis, particularly with regard to maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells and control of lineage-specific differentiation, with evidence of functional interactions between both proteins. ETV6 has been strongly implicated in the molecular etiology of a number of hematopoietic diseases, including as a tumor suppressor, an oncogenic fusion partner, and an important regulator of thrombopoiesis, but recent evidence has also identified ETV7 as a potential oncogene in certain malignancies. This review provides an overview of ETV6 and ETV7 and their contribution to both normal and disrupted hematopoiesis. It also highlights the key clinical implications of the growing knowledge base regarding ETV6 abnormalities with respect to prognosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Rasighaemi
- School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3216, Australia.
| | - Alister C Ward
- School of Medicine and Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, 3216, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang X, Qiao Y, Asangani IA, Ateeq B, Poliakov A, Cieślik M, Pitchiaya S, Chakravarthi BVSK, Cao X, Jing X, Wang CX, Apel IJ, Wang R, Tien JCY, Juckette KM, Yan W, Jiang H, Wang S, Varambally S, Chinnaiyan AM. Development of Peptidomimetic Inhibitors of the ERG Gene Fusion Product in Prostate Cancer. Cancer Cell 2017; 31:532-548.e7. [PMID: 28344039 PMCID: PMC5443258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors play a key role in the development of diverse cancers, and therapeutically targeting them has remained a challenge. In prostate cancer, the gene encoding the transcription factor ERG is recurrently rearranged and plays a critical role in prostate oncogenesis. Here, we identified a series of peptides that interact specifically with the DNA binding domain of ERG. ERG inhibitory peptides (EIPs) and derived peptidomimetics bound ERG with high affinity and specificity, leading to proteolytic degradation of the ERG protein. The EIPs attenuated ERG-mediated transcription, chromatin recruitment, protein-protein interactions, cell invasion and proliferation, and tumor growth. Thus, peptidomimetic targeting of transcription factor fusion products may provide a promising therapeutic strategy for prostate cancer as well as other malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoju Wang
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Qiao
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Irfan A Asangani
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Bushra Ateeq
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Biological Sciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, UP, India
| | - Anton Poliakov
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Marcin Cieślik
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sethuramasundaram Pitchiaya
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Balabhadrapatruni V S K Chakravarthi
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Xuhong Cao
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xiaojun Jing
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Cynthia X Wang
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ingrid J Apel
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rui Wang
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jean Ching-Yi Tien
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kristin M Juckette
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Wei Yan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hui Jiang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Shaomeng Wang
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sooryanarayana Varambally
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Arul M Chinnaiyan
- Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Urology, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, 1400 East Medical Center Drive, 5316 CCGC, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Issuree PDA, Ng CP, Littman DR. Heritable Gene Regulation in the CD4:CD8 T Cell Lineage Choice. Front Immunol 2017; 8:291. [PMID: 28382035 PMCID: PMC5360760 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune system is dependent on functionally distinct lineages of T cell antigen receptor αβ-expressing T cells that differentiate from a common progenitor in the thymus. CD4+CD8+ progenitor thymocytes undergo selection following interaction with MHC class I and class II molecules bearing peptide self-antigens, giving rise to CD8+ cytotoxic and CD4+ helper or regulatory T cell lineages, respectively. The strict correspondence of CD4 and CD8 expression with distinct cellular phenotypes has made their genes useful surrogates for investigating molecular mechanisms of lineage commitment. Studies of Cd4 and Cd8 transcriptional regulation have uncovered cis-regulatory elements that are critical for mediating epigenetic modifications at distinct stages of development to establish heritable transcriptional programs. In this review, we examine the epigenetic mechanisms involved in Cd4 and Cd8 gene regulation during T cell lineage specification and highlight the features that make this an attractive system for uncovering molecular mechanisms of heritability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya D A Issuree
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine , New York, NY , USA
| | - Charles P Ng
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine , New York, NY , USA
| | - Dan R Littman
- The Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine of the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
RUNX1 is a member of the core-binding factor family of transcription factors and is indispensable for the establishment of definitive hematopoiesis in vertebrates. RUNX1 is one of the most frequently mutated genes in a variety of hematological malignancies. Germ line mutations in RUNX1 cause familial platelet disorder with associated myeloid malignancies. Somatic mutations and chromosomal rearrangements involving RUNX1 are frequently observed in myelodysplastic syndrome and leukemias of myeloid and lymphoid lineages, that is, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. More recent studies suggest that the wild-type RUNX1 is required for growth and survival of certain types of leukemia cells. The purpose of this review is to discuss the current status of our understanding about the role of RUNX1 in hematological malignancies.
Collapse
|
9
|
Sundaresh A, Williams O. Mechanism of ETV6-RUNX1 Leukemia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 962:201-216. [PMID: 28299659 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3233-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The t(12;21)(p13;q22) translocation is the most frequently occurring single genetic abnormality in pediatric leukemia. This translocation results in the fusion of the ETV6 and RUNX1 genes. Since its discovery in the 1990s, the function of the ETV6-RUNX1 fusion gene has attracted intense interest. In this chapter, we will summarize current knowledge on the clinical significance of ETV6-RUNX1, the experimental models used to unravel its function in leukemogenesis, the identification of co-operating mutations and the mechanisms responsible for their acquisition, the function of the encoded transcription factor and finally, the future therapeutic approaches available to mitigate the associated disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Sundaresh
- Cancer section, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Owen Williams
- Cancer section, Developmental Biology and Cancer Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Moqattash S, Lutton JD. Leukemia Cells and the Cytokine Network: Therapeutic Prospects. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 229:121-37. [PMID: 14734791 DOI: 10.1177/153537020422900201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The network and balance of cytokines is of major importance in maintaining proper homeostasis of hematopoiesis. Abnormalities in this network may result in a variety of blood disorders; however, the role of this network is not clear in leukemia. The use of antineoplastic agents has improved the survival rate of some types of leukemia, and adjunctive therapy with cytokines may be helpful. Chemotherapeutic approaches are no longer the best choice because cytotoxicity may affect normal and leukemic cells, and leukemic cells may develop resistance to the chemotherapeutic agent. Induction of differentiation to a mature phenotype and the control of apoptotic-gene expression have provided other possible alternative therapies. Combined effects of cytokines and vitamin derivatives such as retinoic acid (RA) and 1, 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3) were found more beneficial than any of these agents individually. These agents exhibit cooperative effects, potentiate each other's effects, or both. Therefore, understanding the hematopoietic actions of these agents, their interactions with their receptors, and their differentiation signaling pathways may result In the design of new therapies. However, the role of cytokines in apoptosis is controversial because in some cases they were found to increase tumor cell resistance to apoptosis-inducing agents. Recent studies in the molecular biology of gene regulation, transcription factors, and repressors have led to new possible approaches such as differentiation therapy for the treatment of leukemia. In addition, the development of drugs that act on the molecular level such as imatinib is just the beginning of a new era in molecular targeted therapy in which the drug acts specifically on the leukemic cell. There are many possible combinations of cytokines, retinoids, and VD3, and perhaps the best therapeutic combination is yet to be described. This minireview is an update on the role of cytokines and the therapeutic potential of combinations with agents such as RA, VD3, and other chemotherapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satei Moqattash
- Department of Human and Clinical Anatomy, College of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Teppo S, Laukkanen S, Liuksiala T, Nordlund J, Oittinen M, Teittinen K, Grönroos T, St-Onge P, Sinnett D, Syvänen AC, Nykter M, Viiri K, Heinäniemi M, Lohi O. Genome-wide repression of eRNA and target gene loci by the ETV6-RUNX1 fusion in acute leukemia. Genome Res 2016; 26:1468-1477. [PMID: 27620872 PMCID: PMC5088590 DOI: 10.1101/gr.193649.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 20%–25% of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemias carry the ETV6-RUNX1 (E/R) fusion gene, a fusion of two central hematopoietic transcription factors, ETV6 (TEL) and RUNX1 (AML1). Despite its prevalence, the exact genomic targets of E/R have remained elusive. We evaluated gene loci and enhancers targeted by E/R genome-wide in precursor B acute leukemia cells using global run-on sequencing (GRO-seq). We show that expression of the E/R fusion leads to widespread repression of RUNX1 motif–containing enhancers at its target gene loci. Moreover, multiple super-enhancers from the CD19+/CD20+-lineage were repressed, implicating a role in impediment of lineage commitment. In effect, the expression of several genes involved in B cell signaling and adhesion was down-regulated, and the repression depended on the wild-type DNA-binding Runt domain of RUNX1. We also identified a number of E/R-regulated annotated and de novo noncoding genes. The results provide a comprehensive genome-wide mapping between E/R-regulated key regulatory elements and genes in precursor B cell leukemia that disrupt normal B lymphopoiesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Teppo
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Saara Laukkanen
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Thomas Liuksiala
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland.,Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Jessica Nordlund
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75105, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikko Oittinen
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Kaisa Teittinen
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Toni Grönroos
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pascal St-Onge
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Daniel Sinnett
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Ann-Christine Syvänen
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Medicine and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75105, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Matti Nykter
- Institute of Biosciences and Medical Technology, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland.,Department of Signal Processing, Tampere University of Technology, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Keijo Viiri
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Merja Heinäniemi
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Lohi
- Tampere Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Covalent linkage to members of the small ubiquitin-like (SUMO) family of proteins is an important mechanism by which the functions of many cellular proteins are regulated. Sumoylation has roles in the control of protein stability, activity and localization, and is involved in the regulation of transcription, gene expression, chromatin structure, nuclear transport and RNA metabolism. Sumoylation is also linked, both positively and negatively, with the replication of many different viruses both in terms of modification of viral proteins and modulation of sumoylated cellular proteins that influence the efficiency of infection. One prominent example of the latter is the widespread reduction in the levels of cellular sumoylated species induced by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) ubiquitin ligase ICP0. This activity correlates with relief from intrinsic immunity antiviral defence mechanisms. Previous work has shown that ICP0 is selective in substrate choice, with some sumoylated proteins such the promyelocytic leukemia protein PML being extremely sensitive, while RanGAP is completely resistant. Here we present a comprehensive proteomic analysis of changes in the cellular SUMO2 proteome during HSV-1 infection. Amongst the 877 potentially sumoylated species detected, we identified 124 whose abundance was decreased by a factor of 3 or more by the virus, several of which were validated by western blot and expression analysis. We found many previously undescribed substrates of ICP0 whose degradation occurs by a range of mechanisms, influenced or not by sumoylation and/or the SUMO2 interaction motif within ICP0. Many of these proteins are known or are predicted to be involved in the regulation of transcription, chromatin assembly or modification. These results present novel insights into mechanisms and host cell proteins that might influence the efficiency of HSV-1 infection. Proteins are subject to many types of modification that regulate their functions and which are applied after their initial synthesis in the cell. One such modification is known as sumoylation, the covalent linkage of a small ubiquitin-like protein to a wide variety of substrate proteins. Sumoylation is involved in the regulation of many cellular pathways, including transcription, DNA repair, chromatin modification and defence to viral infections. Several viruses have connections with sumoylation, either through modification of their own proteins or in changing the sumoylation status of cellular proteins in ways that may be beneficial for infection. Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) causes a widespread reduction in uncharacterized sumoylated cellular protein species, an effect that is caused by one of its key regulatory proteins (ICP0), which also induces the degradation of a number of repressive cellular proteins and thereby stimulates efficient infection. This study describes a comprehensive analysis of cellular proteins whose sumoylation status is altered by HSV-1 infection. Of 877 putative cellular sumoylation substrates, we found 124 whose sumoylation status reduces at least three-fold during infection. We validated the behavior of several such proteins and identified amongst them several novel targets of ICP0 activity with predicted repressive properties.
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang MY, Churpek JE, Keel SB, Walsh T, Lee MK, Loeb KR, Gulsuner S, Pritchard CC, Sanchez-Bonilla M, Delrow JJ, Basom RS, Forouhar M, Gyurkocza B, Schwartz BS, Neistadt B, Marquez R, Mariani CJ, Coats SA, Hofmann I, Lindsley RC, Williams DA, Abkowitz JL, Horwitz MS, King MC, Godley LA, Shimamura A. Germline ETV6 mutations in familial thrombocytopenia and hematologic malignancy. Nat Genet 2015; 47:180-5. [PMID: 25581430 PMCID: PMC4540357 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We report germline missense mutations in ETV6 segregating with the dominant transmission of thrombocytopenia and hematologic malignancy in three unrelated kindreds, defining a new hereditary syndrome featuring thrombocytopenia with susceptibility to diverse hematologic neoplasms. Two variants, p.Arg369Gln and p.Arg399Cys, reside in the highly conserved ETS DNA-binding domain. The third variant, p.Pro214Leu, lies within the internal linker domain, which regulates DNA binding. These three amino acid sites correspond to hotspots for recurrent somatic mutation in malignancies. Functional studies show that the mutations abrogate DNA binding, alter subcellular localization, decrease transcriptional repression in a dominant-negative fashion and impair hematopoiesis. These familial genetic studies identify a central role for ETV6 in hematopoiesis and malignant transformation. The identification of germline predisposition to cytopenias and cancer informs the diagnosis and medical management of at-risk individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y Zhang
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jane E Churpek
- 1] Section of Hematology/Oncology, Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. [2] Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Siobán B Keel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tom Walsh
- 1] Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. [2] Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ming K Lee
- 1] Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. [2] Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Keith R Loeb
- 1] Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA. [2] Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Suleyman Gulsuner
- 1] Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. [2] Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Colin C Pritchard
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marilyn Sanchez-Bonilla
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Delrow
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resources, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ryan S Basom
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Shared Resources, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Melissa Forouhar
- Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington, USA
| | - Boglarka Gyurkocza
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bradford S Schwartz
- 1] Morgridge Institute for Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA. [2] Departments of Medicine and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Barbara Neistadt
- 1] Section of Hematology/Oncology, Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. [2] Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rafael Marquez
- 1] Section of Hematology/Oncology, Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. [2] Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Christopher J Mariani
- 1] Section of Hematology/Oncology, Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. [2] Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Scott A Coats
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Inga Hofmann
- 1] Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - R Coleman Lindsley
- 1] Division of Hematology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David A Williams
- 1] Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Janis L Abkowitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Marshall S Horwitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Mary-Claire King
- 1] Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. [2] Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lucy A Godley
- 1] Section of Hematology/Oncology, Center for Clinical Cancer Genetics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA. [2] Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Akiko Shimamura
- 1] Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA. [2] Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA. [3] Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Mol Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1017/cbo9781139046947.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
15
|
Linka Y, Ginzel S, Krüger M, Novosel A, Gombert M, Kremmer E, Harbott J, Thiele R, Borkhardt A, Landgraf P. The impact of TEL-AML1 (ETV6-RUNX1) expression in precursor B cells and implications for leukaemia using three different genome-wide screening methods. Blood Cancer J 2013; 3:e151. [PMID: 24121163 PMCID: PMC3816209 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2013.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The reciprocal translocation t(12;21)(p13;q22), the most common structural genomic alteration in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children, results in a chimeric transcription factor TEL-AML1 (ETV6-RUNX1). We identified directly and indirectly regulated target genes utilizing an inducible TEL-AML1 system derived from the murine pro B-cell line BA/F3 and a monoclonal antibody directed against TEL-AML1. By integration of promoter binding identified with chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-on-chip, gene expression and protein output through microarray technology and stable labelling of amino acids in cell culture, we identified 217 directly and 118 indirectly regulated targets of the TEL-AML1 fusion protein. Directly, but not indirectly, regulated promoters were enriched in AML1-binding sites. The majority of promoter regions were specific for the fusion protein and not bound by native AML1 or TEL. Comparison with gene expression profiles from TEL-AML1-positive patients identified 56 concordantly misregulated genes with negative effects on proliferation and cellular transport mechanisms and positive effects on cellular migration, and stress responses including immunological responses. In summary, this work for the first time gives a comprehensive insight into how TEL-AML1 expression may directly and indirectly contribute to alter cells to become prone for leukemic transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Linka
- Heinrich-Heine University of Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Clinic for Pediatric Oncology, Hematology and Clinical Immunology, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Rossetti S, Sacchi N. RUNX1: A microRNA hub in normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:1566-88. [PMID: 23344057 PMCID: PMC3565335 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14011566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic development is orchestrated by gene regulatory networks that progressively induce lineage-specific transcriptional programs. To guarantee the appropriate level of complexity, flexibility, and robustness, these networks rely on transcriptional and post-transcriptional circuits involving both transcription factors (TFs) and microRNAs (miRNAs). The focus of this review is on RUNX1 (AML1), a master hematopoietic transcription factor which is at the center of miRNA circuits necessary for both embryonic and post-natal hematopoiesis. Interference with components of these circuits can perturb RUNX1-controlled coding and non-coding transcriptional programs in leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Rossetti
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Nicoletta Sacchi
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA; E-Mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
ETV6-RUNX1 promotes survival of early B lineage progenitor cells via a dysregulated erythropoietin receptor. Blood 2011; 118:4910-8. [PMID: 21900195 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2011-05-354266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ETV6-RUNX1 gene fusion is usually an early, prenatal event in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Transformation results in the generation of a persistent (> 14 years) preleukemic clone, which postnatally converts to ALL after the acquisition of necessary secondary genetic alterations. Many cancer cells show some expression of the erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) gene, although the "functionality" of any EPOR complexes and their relevant signaling pathways in nonerythroid cells has not been validated. EPOR mRNA is selectively and ectopically expressed in ETV6-RUNX1(+) ALL, but the presence of a functional EPOR on the cell surface and its role in leukemogenesis driven by ETV6-RUNX1 remains to be identified. Here, we show that ETV6-RUNX1 directly binds the EPOR promoter and that expression of ETV6-RUNX1 alone in normal pre-B cells is sufficient to activate EPOR transcription. We further reveal that murine and human ETV6-RUNX1(+) cells expressing EPOR mRNA have EPO ligand binding activity that correlates with an increased cell survival through activation of the JAK2-STAT5 pathway and up-regulation of antiapoptotic BCL-XL. These data support the contention that ETV6-RUNX1 directly activates ectopic expression of a functional EPOR and provides cell survival signals that may contribute critically to persistence of covert premalignant clones in children.
Collapse
|
18
|
Zaliova M, Meyer C, Cario G, Vaskova M, Marschalek R, Stary J, Zuna J, Trka J. TEL/AML1-positive patients lacking TEL exon 5 resemble canonical TEL/AML1 cases. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011; 56:217-25. [PMID: 21157892 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.22686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The TEL/AML1 fusion gene which represents the most frequent genetic abnormality in childhood ALL, usually results from genomic breakpoints in TEL intron 5 and AML1 intron 1 or 2. At the protein level, the helix-loop-helix domain and exon 5-coded central region of TEL are typically fused to almost entire AML1 including DNA-binding domain. PROCEDURE We identified two ALL patients with genomic breakpoints within TEL intron 4 resulting in variant TEL/AML1 fusion lacking the TEL exon 5-coded central region. This region was supposed to play an important role in TEL/AML1 function, particularly in TEL/AML1-mediated transcriptional repression of AML1 targets. We aimed at investigating the impact of the loss of this region on disease behavior and TEL/AML1 function. We compared clinical and biological characteristics, treatment response, and outcome of the variant versus classical TEL/AML1 cases, analyzed genome wide gene expression profiles and performed reporter gene assay. RESULTS No distinct differences between variant and classical TEL/AML1 cases were observed including gene expression profiling and detailed immunophenotyping. By using reporter gene assay, we showed that the loss of the central region does not influence the TEL/AML1-mediated transcriptional repression. CONCLUSIONS The deletion of the central region did not affect the TEL/AML1-specific phenotype; we did not find any relevant differences in clinical and biological features when variant versus classical TEL/AML1-positive cases were compared. Thus, our data does not support hypothesis that the central region of TEL is indispensable for TEL/AML1 driven leukemogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Zaliova
- CLIP, Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Leclerc GJ, Sanderson C, Hunger S, Devidas M, Barredo JC. Folylpolyglutamate synthetase gene transcription is regulated by a multiprotein complex that binds the TEL-AML1 fusion in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leuk Res 2010; 34:1601-9. [PMID: 20538338 PMCID: PMC2946984 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2010.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) non-random fusions influence clinical outcome and alter the accumulation of MTX-PGs in vivo. Analysis of primary ALL samples uncovered subtype-specific patterns of folate gene expression. Using an FPGS-luciferase reporter gene assay, we determined that E2A-PBX1 and TEL-AML1 expression decreased FPGS transcription. ChIP assays uncovered HDAC1, AML1, mSin3A, E2F, and Rb interactions with the FPGS promoter region. We demonstrate that FPGS expression is epigenetically regulated through binding of selected ALL fusions to a multiprotein complex, which also controls the cell cycle dependence of FPGS expression. This study provides insights into the pharmacogenomics of MTX in ALL subtypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guy J. Leclerc
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33101
| | - Christopher Sanderson
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33101
| | | | - Meenakshi Devidas
- Children's Oncology Group and Department of Epidemiology and Health Policy Research, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Julio C. Barredo
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33101
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33101
- UM Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33101
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Green SM, Coyne HJ, McIntosh LP, Graves BJ. DNA binding by the ETS protein TEL (ETV6) is regulated by autoinhibition and self-association. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:18496-504. [PMID: 20400516 PMCID: PMC2881775 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.096958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The ETS protein TEL, a transcriptional repressor, contains a PNT domain that, as an isolated fragment in vitro, self-associates to form a head-to-tail polymer. How such polymerization might affect the DNA-binding properties of full-length TEL is unclear. Here we report that monomeric TEL binds to a consensus ETS site with unusually low affinity (K(d) = 2.8 x 10(-8) M). A deletion analysis demonstrated that the low affinity was caused by a C-terminal inhibitory domain (CID) that attenuates DNA binding by approximately 10-fold. An NMR spectroscopically derived structure of a TEL fragment, deposited in the Protein Data Bank, revealed that the CID consists of two alpha-helices, one of which appears to block the DNA binding surface of the TEL ETS domain. Based on this structure, we substituted two conserved glutamic acids (Glu-431 and Glu-434) with alanines and found that this activated DNA binding and enhanced trypsin sensitivity in the CID. We propose that TEL displays a conformational equilibrium between inhibited and activated states and that electrostatic interactions involving these negatively charged residues play a role in stabilizing the inhibited conformation. Using a TEL dimer as a model polymer, we show that self-association facilitates cooperative binding to DNA. Cooperativity was observed on DNA duplexes containing tandem consensus ETS sites at variable spacing and orientations, suggesting flexibility in the region of TEL linking its self-associating PNT domain and DNA-binding ETS domain. We speculate that TEL compensates for the low affinity, which is caused by autoinhibition, by binding to DNA as a cooperative polymer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Green
- From the
Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-5550 and
| | - H. Jerome Coyne
- the
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lawrence P. McIntosh
- the
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Chemistry, and Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Barbara J. Graves
- From the
Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112-5550 and
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Boyle P, Després C. Dual-function transcription factors and their entourage: unique and unifying themes governing two pathogenesis-related genes. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2010; 5:629-34. [PMID: 20383056 PMCID: PMC3001550 DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.6.11570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Much of what we, as plant molecular biologists studying gene regulation, know comes from paradigms characterized or developed in mammalian systems. Although plants, animals, and fungi have been diverging for a very long time, a great deal of the machineries and components discovered in yeast and mammals seem to have been maintained in plants. Nevertheless, despite this apparent conservation, evolutionary pressures on the mechanisms of gene regulation are likely to be different between these kingdoms, given their different environmental constraints. As such, it is imperative for plant molecular biologists to develop their own paradigms, even on seemingly conserved systems. It is with this intent that we compare and contrast the regulation of two pathogenesis-related genes, the arabidopsis PR-1 and potato PR-10a genes. The transcription factors regulating these genes present prime paradigms for the study of plant signal- and context-dependent dual-function transcription factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Boyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, ON, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Myeloid translocation gene 16 (MTG16) interacts with Notch transcription complex components to integrate Notch signaling in hematopoietic cell fate specification. Mol Cell Biol 2010; 30:1852-63. [PMID: 20123979 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.01342-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway regulates gene expression programs to influence the specification of cell fate in diverse tissues. In response to ligand binding, the intracellular domain of the Notch receptor is cleaved by the gamma-secretase complex and then translocates to the nucleus. There, it binds the transcriptional repressor CSL, triggering its conversion to an activator of Notch target gene expression. The events that control this conversion are poorly understood. We show that the transcriptional corepressor, MTG16, interacts with both CSL and the intracellular domains of Notch receptors, suggesting a pivotal role in regulation of the Notch transcription complex. The Notch1 intracellular domain disrupts the MTG16-CSL interaction. Ex vivo fate specification in response to Notch signal activation is impaired in Mtg16-/- hematopoietic progenitors, and restored by MTG16 expression. An MTG16 derivative lacking the binding site for the intracellular domain of Notch1 fails to restore Notch-dependent cell fate. These data suggest that MTG16 interfaces with critical components of the Notch transcription complex to affect Notch-dependent lineage allocation in hematopoiesis.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Runx2 is an essential transcription factor for skeletal mineralization because it stimulates osteoblast differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, promotes chondrocyte hypertrophy, and contributes to endothelial cell migration and vascular invasion of developing bones. Runx2 is also expressed during mouse embryo development in nascent mammary gland epithelium. Recent evidence implicates deregulation of Runx2 as a contributing factor in breast cancer-induced osteolysis and invasion, as well as in ectopic vascular calcification. Like other Runt domain proteins, Runx2 is a context-dependent transcriptional activator and repressor of genes that regulate cellular proliferation and differentiation. Proteins that temporally and spatially associate with Runx2 dictate these opposing transcriptional activities. Recent studies have identified several co-repressor proteins that bind to Runx2 to regulate gene expression. These co-factors include histone deacetylases (HDACs), transducin-like enhancer of split (TLE) proteins, mSin3a, and yes-associated protein (YAP). These proteins do not bind DNA themselves and appear to act by preventing Runx2 from binding DNA, altering chromatin structure, and/or by possibly blocking co-activator complexes. The nuclear localization of several of these factors is regulated by extracellular signaling events. Understanding the mechanisms whereby co-repressor proteins affect Runx2 activity during normal cellular development and tumor progression will identify new therapeutic targets for skeletal disorders such as osteoporosis and for bone metastatic cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Westendorf
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Roudaia L, Cheney MD, Manuylova E, Chen W, Morrow M, Park S, Lee CT, Kaur P, Williams O, Bushweller JH, Speck NA. CBFbeta is critical for AML1-ETO and TEL-AML1 activity. Blood 2009; 113:3070-9. [PMID: 19179469 PMCID: PMC2662647 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-03-147207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AML1-ETO and TEL-AML1 are chimeric proteins resulting from the t(8;21)(q22;q22) in acute myeloid leukemia, and the t(12;21)(p13;q22) in pre-B-cell leukemia, respectively. The Runt domain of AML1 in both proteins mediates DNA binding and heterodimerization with the core binding factor beta (CBFbeta) subunit. To determine whether CBFbeta is required for AML1-ETO and TEL-AML1 activity, we introduced amino acid substitutions into the Runt domain that disrupt heterodimerization with CBFbeta but not DNA binding. We show that CBFbeta contributes to AML1-ETO's inhibition of granulocyte differentiation, is essential for its ability to enhance the clonogenic potential of primary mouse bone marrow cells, and is indispensable for its cooperativity with the activated receptor tyrosine kinase TEL-PDGFbetaR in generating acute myeloid leukemia in mice. Similarly, CBFbeta is essential for TEL-AML1's ability to promote self-renewal of B cell precursors in vitro. These studies validate the Runt domain/CBFbeta interaction as a therapeutic target in core binding factor leukemias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liya Roudaia
- Department of Biochemistry, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Engel ME, Hiebert SW. Proleukemic RUNX1 and CBFbeta mutations in the pathogenesis of acute leukemia. Cancer Treat Res 2009; 145:127-47. [PMID: 20306249 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-69259-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The existence of non-random mutations in critical regulators of cell growth and differentiation is a recurring theme in cancer pathogenesis and provides the basis for our modern, molecular approach to the study and treatment of malignant diseases. Nowhere is this more true than in the study of leukemogenesis, where research has converged upon a critical group of genes involved in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell self-renewal and fate specification. Prominent among these is the heterodimeric transcriptional regulator, RUNX1/CBFbeta. RUNX1 is a site-specific DNA-binding protein whose consensus response element is found in the promoters of many hematopoietically relevant genes. CBFbeta interacts with RUNX1, stabilizing its interaction with DNA to promote the actions of RUNX1/CBFbeta in transcriptional control. Both the RUNX1 and the CBFbeta genes participate in proleukemic chromosomal alterations. Together they contribute to approximately one-third of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and one-quarter of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases, making RUNX1 and CBFbeta the most frequently affected genes known in the pathogenesis of acute leukemia. Investigating the mechanisms by which RUNX1, CBFbeta, and their proleukemic fusion proteins influence leukemogenesis has contributed greatly to our understanding of both normal and malignant hematopoiesis. Here we present an overview of the structural features of RUNX1/CBFbeta and their derivatives, their roles in transcriptional control, and their contributions to normal and malignant hematopoiesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E Engel
- Department of Pediatrics, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Godman CA, Joshi R, Tierney BR, Greenspan E, Rasmussen TP, Wang HW, Shin DG, Rosenberg DW, Giardina C. HDAC3 impacts multiple oncogenic pathways in colon cancer cells with effects on Wnt and vitamin D signaling. Cancer Biol Ther 2008; 7:1570-80. [PMID: 18769117 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.7.10.6561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) is overexpressed in approximately half of all colon adenocarcinomas. We took an RNAi approach to determine how HDAC3 influenced chromatin modifications and the expression of growth regulatory genes in colon cancer cells. A survey of histone modifications revealed that HDAC3 knockdown in SW480 cells significantly increased histone H4-K12 acetylation, a modification present during chromatin assembly that has been implicated in imprinting. This modification was found to be most prominent in proliferating cells in the intestinal crypt and in APC(Min) tumors, but was less pronounced in the tumors that overexpress HDAC3. Gene expression profiling of SW480 revealed that HDAC3 shRNA impacted the expression of genes in the Wnt and vitamin D signaling pathways. The impact of HDAC3 on Wnt signaling was complex, with both positive and negative effects observed. However, long-term knockdown of HDAC3 suppressed beta-catenin translocation from the plasma membrane to the nucleus, and increased expression of Wnt inhibitors TLE1, TLE4 and SMO. HDAC3 knockdown also enhanced expression of the TLE1 and TLE4 repressors in HT-29 and HCT116 cells. HDAC3 shRNA enhanced expression of the vitamin D receptor in SW480 and HCT116 cells, and rendered SW480 cells sensitive to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. We propose that HDAC3 overexpression alters the epigenetic programming of colon cancer cells to impact intracellular Wnt signaling and their sensitivity to external growth regulation by vitamin D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra A Godman
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Transcriptional repression of the RUNX3/AML2 gene by the t(8;21) and inv(16) fusion proteins in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 2008; 112:3391-402. [PMID: 18663147 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2008-02-137083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
RUNX3/AML2 is a Runt domain transcription factor like RUNX1/AML1 and RUNX2/AML3. Regulated by 2 promoters P1 and P2, RUNX3 is frequently inactivated by P2 methylation in solid tumors. Growing evidence has suggested a role of this transcription factor in hematopoiesis. However, genetic alterations have not been reported in blood cancers. In this study on 73 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients (44 children and 29 adults), we first showed that high RUNX3 expression among childhood AML was associated with a shortened event-free survival, and RUNX3 was significantly underexpressed in the prognostically favorable subgroup of AML with the t(8;21) and inv(16) translocations. We further demonstrated that this RUNX3 repression was mediated not by P2 methylation, but RUNX1-ETO and CBFbeta-MYH11, the fusion products of t(8;21) and inv(16), via a novel transcriptional mechanism that acts directly or indirectly in collaboration with RUNX1, on 2 conserved RUNX binding sites in the P1 promoter. In in vitro studies, ectopically expressed RUNX1-ETO and CBFbeta-MYH11 also inhibited endogenous RUNX3 expression. Taken together, RUNX3 was the first transcriptional target found to be commonly repressed by the t(8;21) and inv(16) fusion proteins and might have an important role in core-binding factor AML.
Collapse
|
28
|
Wotton S, Terry A, Kilbey A, Jenkins A, Herzyk P, Cameron E, Neil JC. Gene array analysis reveals a common Runx transcriptional programme controlling cell adhesion and survival. Oncogene 2008; 27:5856-66. [PMID: 18560354 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Runx genes are important in development and cancer, where they can act either as oncogenes or tumour suppressors. We compared the effects of ectopic Runx expression in established fibroblasts, where all three genes produce an indistinguishable phenotype entailing epithelioid morphology and increased cell survival under stress conditions. Gene array analysis revealed a strongly overlapping transcriptional signature, with no examples of opposing regulation of the same target gene. A common set of 50 highly regulated genes was identified after further filtering on regulation by inducible RUNX1-ER. This set revealed a strong bias toward genes with annotated roles in cancer and development, and a preponderance of targets encoding extracellular or surface proteins, reflecting the marked effects of Runx on cell adhesion. Furthermore, in silico prediction of resistance to glucocorticoid growth inhibition was confirmed in fibroblasts and lymphoid cells expressing ectopic Runx. The effects of fibroblast expression of common RUNX1 fusion oncoproteins (RUNX1-ETO, TEL-RUNX1 and CBFB-MYH11) were also tested. Although two direct Runx activation target genes were repressed (Ncam1 and Rgc32), the fusion proteins appeared to disrupt the regulation of downregulated targets (Cebpd, Id2 and Rgs2) rather than impose constitutive repression. These results elucidate the oncogenic potential of the Runx family and reveal novel targets for therapeutic inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Wotton
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Molecular Oncology Laboratory,Institute of Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Iwai S, Amekawa S, Yomogida K, Sumi T, Nakazawa M, Yura Y, Nishimune Y, Nozaki M. ESE-1 inhibits the invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma in conjunction with MMP-9 suppression. Oral Dis 2008; 14:144-9. [PMID: 18302674 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2007.01360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) regulated by ets transcription factors facilitate carcinoma cell invasion. An ets family member, ESE-1, is expressed specifically in epithelial tissues, but its association with MMPs is obscure. In this study, we investigated whether ESE-1 regulates invasion of oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) via transcriptional activity of MMP-9. METHODS HSC-3 and KB were used as human oral SCC lines. The expression of ESE-1 and MMP-9 was detected by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Invasion assay, gelatin zymography and Northern blotting were used to detect the invasion activity, the gelatinolytic activity and the expression of MMP-9 in the ESE-1 transfectants. Luciferase assays and mutation analysis were used for the transcriptional analysis of MMP-9 promoter region by ESE-1. RESULTS ESE-1 was expressed in the intermediate layer but not in the invasive area, in which MMP-9 was expressed, in the oral SCC tissues. ESE-1 suppressed invasion activity and 92 kDa gelatinolytic activity in HSC-3 as a result of transfection. ESE-1 regulates MMP-9 expression in a negative manner and the ets binding site on the MMP-9 promoter contributed to suppression by ESE-1. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that ESE-1 negatively regulates the invasion of oral SCC via transcriptional suppression of MMP-9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Iwai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Faculty of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Hanson CA, Wood LD, Hiebert SW. Cellular stress triggers TEL nuclear export via two genetically separable pathways. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:488-98. [PMID: 18022807 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
TEL (translocation ets leukemia, also known as ETV6) is a repressor of transcription that is disrupted by the t(12;21), which is the most frequent chromosomal translocation in pediatric acute lymphocytic leukemia. TEL is modified by SUMOylation, and the lysine (Lys 99) that is conjugated to SUMO is required for TEL nuclear export. In addition, TEL is phosphorylated by p38 kinase, which is activated by cellular stress. Induction of cellular stress reduced the ability of TEL to repress transcription in vitro, but the mechanistic basis of this phenomenon was unclear. In this study, we show that osmotic stress causes re-localization of TEL to the cytoplasm and that p38-mediated phosphorylation of TEL is sufficient for this re-localization. However, impairment of both SUMOylation of Lys 99 and p38-dependent phosphorylation of Ser 257 of TEL were required to impair the re-localization of TEL in response to cellular stress induced by high salt, identifying two separate nuclear export pathways. Thus, alteration of the cellular localization of TEL may be a part of the cellular stress response and re-localization of TEL to the cytoplasm is an important step in the regulation of TEL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Hanson
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Knutson SK, Chyla BJ, Amann JM, Bhaskara S, Huppert SS, Hiebert SW. Liver-specific deletion of histone deacetylase 3 disrupts metabolic transcriptional networks. EMBO J 2008; 27:1017-28. [PMID: 18354499 PMCID: PMC2323257 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2008.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 3 (Hdac3) is an enzymatic component of transcriptional repression complexes recruited by the nuclear hormone receptors. Inactivation of Hdac3 in cancer cell lines triggered apoptosis, and removal of Hdac3 in the germ line of mice caused embryonic lethality. Therefore, we deleted Hdac3 in the postnatal mouse liver. These mice developed hepatomegaly, which was the result of hepatocyte hypertrophy, and these morphological changes coincided with significant imbalances between carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Loss of Hdac3 triggered changes in gene expression consistent with inactivation of repression mediated by nuclear hormone receptors. Loss of Hdac3 also increased the levels of Ppar gamma2, and treatment of these mice with a Ppar gamma antagonist partially reversed the lipid accumulation in the liver. In addition, gene expression analysis identified mammalian target of rapamycin signalling as being activated after deletion of Hdac3, and inhibition by rapamycin affected the accumulation of neutral lipids in Hdac3-null livers. Thus, Hdac3 regulates metabolism through multiple signalling pathways in the liver, and deletion of Hdac3 disrupts normal metabolic homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Knutson
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Brenda J Chyla
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joseph M Amann
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Srividya Bhaskara
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Stacey S Huppert
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Scott W Hiebert
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 512 Preston Research Building, 23rd and Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA. Tel.: +1 615 936 3582; Fax: +1 615 936 1790; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
The most frequent targets of genetic alterations in human lymphoid leukemias are transcription factor genes with essential functions in blood cell development. TAL1, LYL1, HOX11 and other transcription factors essential for normal hematopoiesis are often misexpressed in the thymus in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), leading to differentiation arrest and cell transformation. Recent advances in the ability to assess DNA copy number have led to the discovery that the MYB transcription factor oncogene is tandemly duplicated in T-ALL. The NOTCH1 gene, which is essential for key embryonic cell-fate decisions in multicellular organisms, was found to be activated by mutation in a large percentage of T-ALL patients. The gene encoding the FBW7 protein ubiquitin ligase, which regulates the turnover of the intracellular form of NOTCH (ICN), is also mutated in T-ALL, resulting in stabilization of the ICN and activation of the NOTCH signaling pathway. In mature B-lineage ALL and Burkitt lymphoma, the MYC transcription factor oncogene is overexpressed due to translocation into the IG locus. PAX5, a transcription factor essential for B-lineage commitment, is inactivated in 32% of cases of B-progenitor ALL. Translocations resulting in oncogenic fusion transcription factors also occur frequently in this form of ALL. The most frequent transcription factor chimeric fusion, TEL-AML1, is an initiating event in B-progenitor ALL that acts by repressing transcription. Therefore, deregulated transcription and its consequent effects on key developmental pathways play a major role in the molecular pathogenesis of lymphoid malignancy. Once the full complement of cooperating mutations in transformed B- and T-progenitor cells is known, and the deregulated downstream pathways have been elucidated, it will be possible to identify vulnerable components and to target them with small-molecule inhibitors.
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Known histone deacetylases (HDACs) are divided into different classes, and HDAC3 belongs to Class I. Through forming multiprotein complexes with the corepressors SMRT and N-CoR, HDAC3 regulates the transcription of a plethora of genes. A growing list of nonhistone substrates extends the role of HDAC3 beyond transcriptional repression. Here, we review data on the composition, regulation and mechanism of action of the SMRT/N-CoR-HDAC3 complexes and provide several examples of nontranscriptional functions, to illustrate the wide variety of physiological processes affected by this deacetylase. Furthermore, we discuss the implication of HDAC3 in cancer, focusing on leukemia. We conclude with some thoughts about the potential therapeutic efficacies of HDAC3 activity modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Karagianni
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Morrow M, Samanta A, Kioussis D, Brady HJM, Williams O. TEL-AML1 preleukemic activity requires the DNA binding domain of AML1 and the dimerization and corepressor binding domains of TEL. Oncogene 2007; 26:4404-14. [PMID: 17237815 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1210227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2006] [Revised: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 11/22/2006] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The t(12;21)(p13;q22) translocation generates the TEL-AML1 (TEL, translocation-Ets-leukemia; AML1, acute myeloid leukemia-1) (ETV6-RUNX1) fusion product and is the most common chromosomal abnormality in pediatric leukemia. Our previous studies using a murine fetal liver transplantation model demonstrated that TEL-AML1 promotes the self-renewal of B-cell precursors in vitro and enhances the expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in vivo. This is consistent with the hypothesis that TEL-AML1 induces expansion of a preleukemic clone. Several studies have described domains within TEL-AML1 involved in the transcriptional regulation of specific target genes. However, it is unclear which of these domains is important for the activity of TEL-AML1 in preleukemic hematopoiesis. In order to examine this, we have generated a panel of deletion mutants and expressed them in HSCs. These experiments demonstrate that TEL-AML1 requires multiple domains from both TEL and AML1 to alter hematopoiesis. Furthermore, mutation of a single amino-acid residue within the runt homology domain of AML1, required for DNA binding, was sufficient to abrogate TEL-AML1 activity. These data suggest that TEL-AML1 acts as an aberrant transcription factor to perturb multiple pathways during hematopoiesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Morrow
- Molecular Haematology and Cancer Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Carella C, Bonten J, Sirma S, Kranenburg TA, Terranova S, Klein-Geltink R, Shurtleff S, Downing JR, Zwarthoff EC, Liu PP, Grosveld GC. MN1 overexpression is an important step in the development of inv(16) AML. Leukemia 2007; 21:1679-90. [PMID: 17525718 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The gene encoding the transcriptional co-activator MN1 is the target of the reciprocal chromosome translocation (12;22)(p13;q12) in some patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In addition, expression array analysis showed that MN1 was overexpressed in AML specified by inv(16), in some AML overexpressing ecotropic viral integration 1 site (EVI1) and in some AML without karyotypic abnormalities. Here we describe that mice receiving transplants of bone marrow (BM) overexpressing MN1 rapidly developed myeloproliferative disease (MPD). This BM also generated myeloid cell lines in culture. By mimicking the situation in human inv(16) AML, forced coexpression of MN1 and Cbfbeta-SMMHC rapidly caused AML in mice. These findings identify MN1 as a highly effective hematopoietic oncogene and suggest that MN1 overexpression is an important cooperative event in human inv(16) AML.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromosome Inversion
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 16/genetics
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid/etiology
- Leukemia, Myeloid/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/etiology
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/metabolism
- Myeloproliferative Disorders/pathology
- Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Survival Rate
- Trans-Activators
- Translocation, Genetic/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Carella
- Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-0318, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Al-Sweedan SA, Neglia JP, Steiner ME, Bostrom BC, Casey T, Hirsch BA. Characteristics of patients with TEL-AML1-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia with single or multiple fusions. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007; 48:510-4. [PMID: 16763978 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.20911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The TEL-AML1 fusion in precursor-B ALL is generated by a cryptic 12;21 translocation that is detectable by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). It is generally considered a favorable prognostic indicator. Some TEL-AML1+ ALL patients present at diagnosis with extra copies of the fusion, enumerated by FISH. The aim of the study was to determine whether additional copies of TEL-AML1 have clinical significance. PROCEDURE Charts of all TEL-AML1+ ALL patients at the UM and Children's Hospitals and Clinics of Minnesota between 1996 and 2004 were reviewed. RESULTS Eight patients (7 males/1 female, mean age 46 months) with two or more TEL-AML1 fusion signals and 24 with single TEL-AML1 fusion signals (18 males/6 females, mean age 52 months) were identified. There was no statistically significant difference in age or gender between the two groups. Patients with double TEL-AML1+ had a higher frequency of myeloid markers CD13 (P = 0.04) or CD33 (P = 0.003) than single TEL-AML1+ patients. Single TEL-AML1+ patients had higher WBC (P = 0.04) than double TEL-AML1+ patients. A trend toward slower therapy response was seen in double TEL-AML1+ patients versus single, (1 of 7 [14%] <5% marrow blasts on Day 7 vs. 13 of 23 [56%], P = 0.09). Double TEL-AML1+ patients had a higher relapse rate (P = 0.09) than single TEL-AML1+ patients. CONCLUSIONS Utilizing FISH to distinguish subgroups of TEL-AML1 fusion patients may have important prognostic implications. The presence of an extra fusion may portend poorer prognosis. A larger and longer-term follow-up study will be required to verify the possible clinical significance of the presence of multiple TEL-AML1 fusions.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/analysis
- CD13 Antigens/analysis
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Chromosomes, Human, 21-22 and Y
- Chromosomes, Human, 6-12 and X
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Infant
- Leukocyte Count
- Male
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/drug therapy
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Prognosis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Retrospective Studies
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 3
- Translocation, Genetic
- ETS Translocation Variant 6 Protein
Collapse
|
37
|
Starkova J, Madzo J, Cario G, Kalina T, Ford A, Zaliova M, Hrusak O, Trka J. The identification of (ETV6)/RUNX1-regulated genes in lymphopoiesis using histone deacetylase inhibitors in ETV6/RUNX1-positive lymphoid leukemic cells. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:1726-35. [PMID: 17325341 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chimeric transcription factor ETV6/RUNX1 (TEL/AML1) is believed to cause pathologic block in lymphoid cell development via interaction with corepressor complex and histone deacetylase. We wanted to show the regulatory effect of ETV6/RUNX1 and its reversibility by histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi), as well as to identify potential ETV6/RUNX1-regulated genes. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used luciferase assay to show the interaction of ETV6/RUNX1 protein, ETV6/RUNX1-regulated gene, and HDACi. To identify ETV6/RUNX1-regulated genes, we used expression profiling and HDACi in lymphoid cells. Next, using the flow cytometry and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, we measured differentiation changes in gene and protein expression after HDACi treatment. RESULTS Luciferase assay showed repression of granzyme B expression by ETV6/RUNX1 protein and the reversibility of this effect by HDACi. Proving this regulatory role of ETV6/RUNX1, we identified, using complex statistical analysis, 25 genes that are potentially regulated by ETV6/RUNX1 protein. In four selected genes with known role in the cell cycle regulation (JunD, ACK1, PDGFRB, and TCF4), we confirmed expression changes after HDACi by quantitative analysis. After HDACi treatment, ETV6/RUNX1-positive cells showed immunophenotype changes resembling differentiation process compared with other leukemic cells (BCR/ABL, ETV6/PDGFRB positive). Moreover, ETV6/RUNX1-positive leukemic cells accumulated in G(1)-G(0) phase after HDACi whereas other B-lineage leukemic cell lines showed rather unspecific changes including induction of apoptosis and decreased proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Presented data support the hypothesis that HDACi affect ETV6/RUNX1-positive cells via direct interaction with ETV6/RUNX1 protein and that treatment with HDACi may release aberrant transcription activity caused by ETV6/RUNX1 chimeric transcription factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Starkova
- Childhood Leukaemia Investigation Prague, Department of Paediatric Haematology/Oncology, 2nd Medical School, Charles University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
The Runx2 gene is a master transcription factor of bone and plays a role in all stages of bone formation. It is essential for the initial commitment of mesenchymal cells to the osteoblastic lineage and also controls the proliferation, differentiation, and maintenance of these cells. Control is complex, with involvement of a multitude of factors, thereby regulating the expression and activity of this gene both temporally and spatially. The use of multiple promoters and alternative splicing of exons further extends its diversity of actions. RUNX2 is also essential for the later stages of tooth formation, is intimately involved in the development of calcified tooth tissue, and exerts an influence on proliferation of the dental lamina. Furthermore, RUNX2 regulates the alveolar remodelling process essential for tooth eruption and may play a role in the maintenance of the periodontal ligament. In this article, the structure of Runx2 is described. The control and function of the gene and its product are discussed, with special reference to developing tooth tissues, in an attempt to elucidate the role of this gene in the development of the teeth and supporting structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Camilleri
- Department of Orthodontics, Dental Institute of Kings College London, London, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Nguyen-Khac F, Della Valle V, Lopez RG, Ravet E, Mauchauffé M, Friedman AD, Huang LE, Fichelson S, Ghysdael J, Bernard OA. Functional analyses of the TEL-ARNT fusion protein underscores a role for oxygen tension in hematopoietic cellular differentiation. Oncogene 2006; 25:4840-7. [PMID: 16547490 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2005] [Revised: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor hypoxia inducible factor 1 (HIF1), an HIF1alpha-aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (ARNT) dimeric factor, is essential to the cellular response to hypoxia. We described a t(1;12)(q21;p13) chromosomal translocation in human acute myeloblastic leukemia that involves the translocated Ets leukemia (TEL/ETV6) and the ARNT genes and results in the expression of a TEL-ARNT fusion protein. Functional studies show that TEL-ARNT interacts with HIF1alpha and the complex binds to consensus hypoxia response element. In low oxygen tension conditions, the HIF1alpha/TEL-ARNT complex does not activate transcription but exerts a dominant-negative effect on normal HIF1 activity. Differentiation of normal human CD34+ progenitors cells along all the erythrocytic, megakaryocytic and granulocytic pathways was accelerated in low versus high oxygen tension conditions. Murine 32Dcl3 myeloid cells also show accelerated granulocytic differentiation in low oxygen tension in response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Interestingly, stable expression of the TEL-ARNT in 32Dcl3 subclones resulted in impaired HIF1-mediated transcriptional response and inhibition of differentiation enhancement in hypoxic conditions. Taken together, our results underscore the role of oxygen tension in the modulation of normal hematopoietic differentiation, whose targeting can participate in human malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Nguyen-Khac
- Service d'hématologie biologique, Groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, and E0210 INSERM, IRNEM, Université Paris V, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Carella C, Bonten J, Rehg J, Grosveld GC. MN1-TEL, the product of the t(12;22) in human myeloid leukemia, immortalizes murine myeloid cells and causes myeloid malignancy in mice. Leukemia 2006; 20:1582-92. [PMID: 16810199 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
MN1-TEL is the product of the recurrent t(12;22)(p12;q11) associated with human myeloid malignancies. MN1-TEL functions as an activated transcription factor, exhibiting weak transforming activity in NIH3T3 fibroblasts that depends on the presence of a functional TEL DNA-binding domain, the N-terminal transactivating sequences of MN1 and C-terminal sequences of MN1. We determined the transforming activity of MN1-TEL in mouse bone marrow (BM) by using retroviral transfer. MN1-TEL-transduced BM showed increased self-renewal capacity of primitive progenitors in vitro, and prolonged in vitro culture of MN1-TEL-expressing BM produced immortalized myeloid, interleukin (IL)-3/stem cell factor-dependent cell lines with a primitive morphology. Transplantation of such cell lines into lethally irradiated mice rescued them from irradiation-induced death and resulted in the contribution of MN1-TEL-expressing cells to all hematopoietic lineages, underscoring the primitive nature of these cells and their capacity to differentiate in vivo. Three months after transplantation, all mice succumbed to promonocytic leukemia. Transplantation of freshly MN1-TEL-transduced BM into lethally irradiated mice also caused acute myeloid leukemia within 3 months of transplantation. We infer that MN1-TEL is a hematopoietic oncogene that stimulates the growth of hematopoietic cells, but depends on secondary mutations to cause leukemia in mice.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Cell Transplantation
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 22
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Carella
- Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Mikhail FM, Sinha KK, Saunthararajah Y, Nucifora G. Normal and transforming functions of RUNX1: a perspective. J Cell Physiol 2006; 207:582-93. [PMID: 16250015 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Converging studies from many investigators indicate that RUNX1 has a critical role in the correct maintenance of essential cellular functions during embryonic development and after birth. The discovery that this gene is also frequently mutated in human leukemia has increased the interest in the role that RUNX1 plays in both normal and transforming pathways. Here, we provide an overview of the many roles of RUNX1 in hematopoietic self-renewal and differentiation and summarize the information that is currently available on the many mechanisms of RUNX1 deregulation in human leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fady M Mikhail
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Stams WAG, Beverloo HB, den Boer ML, de Menezes RX, Stigter RL, van Drunen E, Ramakers-van-Woerden NL, Loonen AH, van Wering ER, Janka-Schaub GE, Pieters R. Incidence of additional genetic changes in the TEL and AML1 genes in DCOG and COALL-treated t(12;21)-positive pediatric ALL, and their relation with drug sensitivity and clinical outcome. Leukemia 2006; 20:410-6. [PMID: 16424874 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Clinical heterogeneity within t(12;21) or TEL/AML1-positive ALL (25% of childhood common/preB ALL) indicates that additional genetic changes might contribute to outcome. We studied the relation between additional genetic changes in TEL(ETV6) and AML1(RUNX1) (FISH), drug sensitivity (MTT assay) and clinical outcome in 143 DCOG and COALL-treated t(12;21)-positive ALL patients. Additional genetic changes in TEL and AML1 were present in 83% of the patients, and consisted of (partial) deletion of the second TEL gene (70%), an extra AML1 gene (23%) or an extra der(21)t(12;21) (10%). More than one additional change was observed in 20%. Disease-free survival (pDFS) of DCOG patients without additional genetic changes (4 years pDFS +/- s.e. 53 +/- 17%) and of those with an extra der(21)t(12;21) (60 +/- 22%) is poorer than that of compared to patients with other additional genetic changes in TEL or AML1 (79 +/- 6%; P-trend = 0.02). This was mainly due to the occurrence of early relapses within 2.5 years after the first diagnosis. Similar observations were found in the COALL cohort, albeit not significant owing to limited follow-up. Multivariate analysis including age, WBC and genetic abnormalities in TEL and/or AML1 showed that especially, in vitro resistance to prednisolone (hazard ratio 5.78, 95% CI 1.45-23.0; P=0.01) is an independent prognostic factor in DCOG- and COALL-treated t(12;21)-positive ALL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W A G Stams
- Erasmus MC, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Division of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Carella C, Potter M, Bonten J, Rehg JE, Neale G, Grosveld GC. The ETS factor TEL2 is a hematopoietic oncoprotein. Blood 2006; 107:1124-32. [PMID: 16234363 PMCID: PMC1895909 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-03-1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
TEL2/ETV7 is highly homologous to the ETS transcription factor TEL/ETV6, a frequent target of chromosome translocation in human leukemia. Although both proteins are transcriptional inhibitors binding similar DNA recognition sequences, they have opposite biologic effects: TEL inhibits proliferation while TEL2 promotes it. In addition, forced expression of TEL2 but not TEL blocks vitamin D3-induced differentiation of U937 and HL60 myeloid cells. TEL2 is expressed in the hematopoietic system, and its expression is up-regulated in bone marrow samples of some patients with leukemia, suggesting a role in oncogenesis. Recently we also showed that TEL2 cooperates with Myc in B lymphomagenesis in mice. Here we show that forced expression of TEL2 alone in mouse bone marrow causes a myeloproliferative disease with a long latency period but with high penetrance. This suggested that secondary mutations are necessary for disease development. Treating mice receiving transplants with TEL2-expressing bone marrow with the chemical carcinogen N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) resulted in significantly accelerated disease onset. Although the mice developed a GFP-positive myeloid disease with 30% of the mice showing elevated white blood counts, they all died of T-cell lymphoma, which was GFP negative. Together our data identify TEL2 as a bona fide oncogene, but leukemic transformation is dependent on secondary mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cintia Carella
- Department of Genetics and Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Runx1/AML1 (also known as CBFA2 and PEBP23B) is a Runt family transcription factor critical for normal hematopoiesis. Runx1 forms a heterodimer with CBF3 and binds to the consensus PEBP2 sequence through the Runt domain. Runx1 enhances gene transcription by interacting with transcriptional coactivators such as p300 and CREB-binding protein. However, Runx1 can also suppress gene transcription by interacting with transcriptional corepressors, including mSin3A, TLE (mammalian homolog of Groucho), and histone deacetylases. Runx1 not only is critical for definitive hematopoiesis in the fetus but also is required for normal megakaryocytic maturation and T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte development in adult mice. Runx1 has been identified in leukemia-associated chromosomal translocations, including t(8;21) (Runx1-ETO/MTG8), t(16;21) (Runx1-MTG16), t(3;21) (Runx1-Evi1), t(12;21) (TEL-Runx1), and t(X;21) (Runx1-Fog2). The molecular mechanism of leukemogenesis by these fusion proteins is discussed. Various mutant mice expressing these fusion proteins have been created. However, expression of the fusion protein is not sufficient by itself to cause leukemia and likely requires additional events for leukemogenesis. Point mutations in a Runx1 allele cause haploinsufficiency and a biallelic null for Runx1, which are associated with familial platelet disorder with a propensity for acute myeloid leukemia (FPD/AML) and AML-M0, respectively. Thus, the correct protein structure and the precise dosage of Runx1 are essential for the maintenance of normal hematopoiesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Yamagata
- Section on Immunology and Immunogenetics, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Modern clinical treatments of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) employ enzyme-based methods for depletion of blood asparagine in combination with standard chemotherapeutic agents. Significant side effects can arise in these protocols and, in many cases, patients develop drug-resistant forms of the disease that may be correlated with up-regulation of the enzyme glutamine-dependent asparagine synthetase (ASNS). Though the precise molecular mechanisms that result in the appearance of drug resistance are the subject of active study, potent ASNS inhibitors may have clinical utility in treating asparaginase-resistant forms of childhood ALL. This review provides an overview of recent developments in our understanding of (a) the structure and catalytic mechanism of ASNS, and (b) the role that ASNS may play in the onset of drug-resistant childhood ALL. In addition, the first successful, mechanism-based efforts to prepare and characterize nanomolar ASNS inhibitors are discussed, together with the implications of these studies for future efforts to develop useful drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael S. Kilberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611;
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Amann JM, Chyla BJI, Ellis TC, Martinez A, Moore AC, Franklin JL, McGhee L, Meyers S, Ohm JE, Luce KS, Ouelette AJ, Washington MK, Thompson MA, King D, Gautam S, Coffey RJ, Whitehead RH, Hiebert SW. Mtgr1 is a transcriptional corepressor that is required for maintenance of the secretory cell lineage in the small intestine. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:9576-85. [PMID: 16227606 PMCID: PMC1265807 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.21.9576-9585.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two members of the MTG/ETO family of transcriptional corepressors, MTG8 and MTG16, are disrupted by chromosomal translocations in up to 15% of acute myeloid leukemia cases. The third family member, MTGR1, was identified as a factor that associates with the t(8;21) fusion protein RUNX1-MTG8. We demonstrate that Mtgr1 associates with mSin3A, N-CoR, and histone deacetylase 3 and that when tethered to DNA, Mtgr1 represses transcription, suggesting that Mtgr1 also acts as a transcriptional corepressor. To define the biological function of Mtgr1, we created Mtgr1-null mice. These mice are proportionally smaller than their littermates during embryogenesis and throughout their life span but otherwise develop normally. However, these mice display a progressive reduction in the secretory epithelial cell lineage in the small intestine. This is not due to the loss of small intestinal progenitor cells expressing Gfi1, which is required for the formation of goblet and Paneth cells, implying that loss of Mtgr1 impairs the maturation of secretory cells in the small intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Amann
- Department of Biochemistry, 512 Preston Research Building, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 23rd and Pierce Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Fischer M, Schwieger M, Horn S, Niebuhr B, Ford A, Roscher S, Bergholz U, Greaves M, Löhler J, Stocking C. Defining the oncogenic function of the TEL/AML1 (ETV6/RUNX1) fusion protein in a mouse model. Oncogene 2005; 24:7579-91. [PMID: 16044150 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The t(12;21) translocation, generating the TEL/AML1 fusion protein, is the most common genetic lesion in childhood cancer. Using a bone marrow transplantation model, we demonstrate that TEL/AML1 expression impinges on normal hematopoietic differentiation, leading to the in vivo accumulation and persistence of an early progenitor compartment with a Sca1(+)/Kit(hi)/CD11b(+) phenotype and an increased self-renewal capacity, as documented by replating assays in vitro. Differentiation of these cells is not blocked, but the frequency of mature blood cells arising from TEL/AML1-transduced progenitors is low. Impaired differentiation is prominently observed in the pro-B-cell compartment, resulting in an proportional increase in early progenitors in vivo, consistent with the t(12;21) ALL phenotype. Despite the accumulation of both multipotent and B-cell progenitors in vivo, no leukemia induction was observed during an observation period of over 1 year. These results are consistent with findings in twins with concordant ALL, showing that TEL/AML1 generates a preleukemic clone in utero that persists for several years in a clinically covert fashion. Furthermore, our studies showed that the pointed domain of TEL/AML1, which recruits transcriptional repressors and directs oligomerization with either TEL/AML1 or wild-type TEL, was essential for the observed differentiation impairment and could not be replaced with another oligomerization domain.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 12
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 21
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/biosynthesis
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/genetics
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit/physiology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/biosynthesis
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/physiology
- Phenotype
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Preleukemia/genetics
- Preleukemia/physiopathology
- Translocation, Genetic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meike Fischer
- Molecular Pathology Group, Heinrich-Pette-Institut für Experimentelle Immunologie und Virologie, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Steffen B, Müller-Tidow C, Schwäble J, Berdel WE, Serve H. The molecular pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2005; 56:195-221. [PMID: 16236521 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2004.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2004] [Revised: 09/30/2004] [Accepted: 10/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The description of the molecular pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemias (AML) has seen dramatic progress over the last years. Two major types of genetic events have been described that are crucial for leukemic transformation: alterations in myeloid transcription factors governing hematopoietic differentiation and activating mutations of signal transduction intermediates. These processes are highly interdependent, since the molecular events changing the transcriptional control in hematopoietic progenitor cells modify the composition of signal transduction molecules available for growth factor receptors, while the activating mutations in signal transduction molecules induce alterations in the activity and expression of several transcription factors that are crucial for normal myeloid differentiation. The purpose of this article is to review the current literature describing these genetic events, their biological consequences and their clinical implications. As the article will show, the recent description of several critical transforming mutations in AML may soon give rise to more efficient and less toxic molecularly targeted therapies of this deadly disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Björn Steffen
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, 48129 Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Nakamura F, Nakamura Y, Maki K, Sato Y, Mitani K. Cloning and characterization of the novel chimeric gene TEL/PTPRR in acute myelogenous leukemia with inv(12)(p13q13). Cancer Res 2005; 65:6612-21. [PMID: 16061641 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-4631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have cloned a novel TEL/protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor-type R (PTPRR) chimeric gene generated by inv(12)(p13q13). PTPRR is the first protein tyrosine phosphatase identified as a fusion partner of TEL. The chimeric gene fused exon 4 of the TEL gene with exon 7 of the PTPRR gene, and produced 10 isoforms through alternative splicing. Two isoforms that were expressed at the highest level in the leukemic cells could have been translated into COOH-terminally truncated TEL protein possessing the helix-loop-helix domain (tTEL) and TEL/PTPRR chimeric protein linking the helix-loop-helix domain of TEL to the catalytic domain of PTPRR. These two mutant proteins exerted a dominant-negative effect over transcriptional repression mediated by wild-type TEL, although they themselves did not show any transcriptional activity. Heterodimerization with wild-type TEL might be an underlying mechanism in this effect. TEL/PTPRR did not exhibit any tyrosine phosphatase activity. Importantly, overexpression of TEL/PTPRR in granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor-dependent UT7/GM cells resulted in their factor-independent proliferation, whereas overexpression of tTEL did not. After cytokine depletion, phosphorylated signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) significantly declined in mock cells, but remained in both tTEL- and TEL/PTPRR-overexpressing cells. Loss of tumor suppressive function of wild-type TEL and maintenance of STAT3-mediated signal could at least partly contribute to the leukemogenesis caused by inv(12)(p13q13).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Nakamura
- Department of Hematology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Tochigi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Alterations of the ets family transcription factor ETV6 (TEL) and the RUNT domain transcription factor RUNX1 (AML1) play pivotal roles in the leukemogenesis of various types of leukemia. While only three fusion partners of RUNX1 namely ETO, ETV6 and MTG16 have been described so far, there is a plethora of ETV6 fusion partners with about 20 partners described so far. Apart from forming fusion genes there are other genetic alterations of ETV6 including deletions, point mutations and possible alterations at the promoter level that might contribute to the malignant phenotype. This review will focus on ETV6 and on the different mechanisms that are used by this gene to cause leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan K Bohlander
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Grosshadern, Marchioninistr. 15, D-81377 Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|