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Noguchi S, Kajimoto T, Kumamoto T, Shingai M, Narasaki S, Urabe T, Imamura S, Harada K, Hide I, Tanaka S, Yanase Y, Nakamura SI, Tsutsumi YM, Sakai N. Features and mechanisms of propofol-induced protein kinase C (PKC) translocation and activation in living cells. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1284586. [PMID: 38026993 PMCID: PMC10662334 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1284586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: In this study, we aimed to elucidate the action mechanisms of propofol, particularly those underlying propofol-induced protein kinase C (PKC) translocation. Experimental approach: Various PKCs fused with green fluorescent protein (PKC-GFP) or other GFP-fused proteins were expressed in HeLa cells, and their propofol-induced dynamics were observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Propofol-induced PKC activation in cells was estimated using the C kinase activity receptor (CKAR), an indicator of intracellular PKC activation. We also examined PKC translocation using isomers and derivatives of propofol to identify the crucial structural motifs involved in this process. Key results: Propofol persistently translocated PKCα conventional PKCs and PKCδ from novel PKCs (nPKCs) to the plasma membrane (PM). Propofol translocated PKCδ and PKCη of nPKCs to the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum, respectively. Propofol also induced the nuclear translocation of PKCζ of atypical PKCs or proteins other than PKCs, such that the protein concentration inside and outside the nucleus became uniform. CKAR analysis revealed that propofol activated PKC in the PM and Golgi apparatus. Moreover, tests using isomers and derivatives of propofol predicted that the structural motifs important for the induction of PKC and nuclear translocation are different. Conclusion and implications: Propofol induced the subtype-specific intracellular translocation of PKCs and activated PKCs. Additionally, propofol induced the nuclear translocation of PKCs and other proteins, probably by altering the permeability of the nuclear envelope. Interestingly, propofol-induced PKC and nuclear translocation may occur via different mechanisms. Our findings provide insights into the action mechanisms of propofol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Noguchi
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Kajimoto
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takuya Kumamoto
- Department of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masashi Shingai
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Soshi Narasaki
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Urabe
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Serika Imamura
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kana Harada
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Izumi Hide
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Sigeru Tanaka
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuhki Yanase
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Nakamura
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuo M. Tsutsumi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Norio Sakai
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Narasaki S, Noguchi S, Urabe T, Harada K, Hide I, Tanaka S, Yanase Y, Kajimoto T, Uchida K, Tsutsumi YM, Sakai N. Identification of protein kinase C domains involved in its translocation induced by propofol. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 955:175806. [PMID: 37230321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Propofol is widely used for general anesthesia and sedation; however, the mechanisms of its anesthetic and adverse effects are not fully understood. We have previously shown that propofol activates protein kinase C (PKC) and induces its translocation in a subtype-specific manner. The purpose of this study was to identify the PKC domains involved in propofol-induced PKC translocation. The regulatory domains of PKC consist of C1 and C2 domains, and the C1 domain is subdivided into the C1A and C1B subdomains. Mutant PKCα and PKCδ with each domain deleted were fused with green fluorescent protein (GFP) and expressed in HeLa cells. Propofol-induced PKC translocation was observed by time-lapse imaging using a fluorescence microscope. The results showed that persistent propofol-induced PKC translocation to the plasma membrane was abolished by the deletion of both C1 and C2 domains in PKCα and by the deletion of the C1B domain in PKCδ. Therefore, propofol-induced PKC translocation involves the C1 and C2 domains of PKCα and the C1B domain of PKCδ. We also found that treatment with calphostin C, a C1 domain inhibitor, abolished propofol-induced PKCδ translocation. In addition, calphostin C inhibited the propofol-induced phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). These results suggest that it may be possible to modulate the exertion of propofol effects by regulating the PKC domains involved in propofol-induced PKC translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soshi Narasaki
- Dept of Mol & Pharmacol Neurosci, Grad Sch of Biomed & Health Sci, Hiroshima Univ, Japan; Dept of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, Grad Sch of Biomed & Health Sci, Hiroshima Univ, Japan
| | - Soma Noguchi
- Dept of Mol & Pharmacol Neurosci, Grad Sch of Biomed & Health Sci, Hiroshima Univ, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Urabe
- Dept of Mol & Pharmacol Neurosci, Grad Sch of Biomed & Health Sci, Hiroshima Univ, Japan; Dept of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, Grad Sch of Biomed & Health Sci, Hiroshima Univ, Japan
| | - Kana Harada
- Dept of Mol & Pharmacol Neurosci, Grad Sch of Biomed & Health Sci, Hiroshima Univ, Japan
| | - Izumi Hide
- Dept of Mol & Pharmacol Neurosci, Grad Sch of Biomed & Health Sci, Hiroshima Univ, Japan
| | - Shigeru Tanaka
- Dept of Mol & Pharmacol Neurosci, Grad Sch of Biomed & Health Sci, Hiroshima Univ, Japan
| | - Yuhki Yanase
- Dept of Pharmacotherapy, Grad Sch of Biomed & Health Sci, Hiroshima Univ, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Kajimoto
- Div of Biochem, Dept of Biochem and Mol Biol, Kobe Univ Grad Sch of Med, Japan
| | - Kazue Uchida
- Dept of Dermatology, Grad Sch of Biomed & Health Sci, Hiroshima Univ, Japan
| | - Yasuo M Tsutsumi
- Dept of Anesthesiology & Critical Care, Grad Sch of Biomed & Health Sci, Hiroshima Univ, Japan
| | - Norio Sakai
- Dept of Mol & Pharmacol Neurosci, Grad Sch of Biomed & Health Sci, Hiroshima Univ, Japan.
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3
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Khan MS, Liu C, Meng F, Yang M, Zhou K, Hu R, Wang X, Dai K. X-rays Stimulate Granular Secretions and Activate Protein Kinase C Signaling in Human Platelets. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:6024-6039. [PMID: 37504296 PMCID: PMC10378519 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45070380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
X-rays can induce morphological as well as functional changes in cells. Platelets are anuclear cellular fragments originating from megakaryocytes and are the major regulators in hemostasis and thrombosis. Platelet products are irradiated to avoid medical complications associated with platelet transfusion. So far, gamma, UV, and laser radiation have been used for this purpose. However, scientists are divided about the effects of radiation on platelet quality. The present study was designed to explore the possible effects of X-rays in washed human platelets and understand the molecular mechanism behind them. In the present study, we exposed washed human platelets to 10 or 30 Gy X-rays at 0.25 Gy/min. Flow cytometry, aggregometry, and western blot were performed to investigate the effect of X-rays on platelet degranulation, integrin activation, platelet aggregation, and apoptosis. It was found that X-rays immediately induced granular secretions with no effect on GP IIb/IIIa activation. Not surprisingly, due to granule secretions in irradiated platelets, platelet aggregation was significantly reduced. In contrast to granular secretions and platelet aggregation, X-rays induced mitochondrial transmembrane potential depolarization in a time-dependent manner to induce apoptosis and activated protein kinase C (PKC) signaling. This study revealed and explained the molecular mechanism activated by X-rays in washed human platelets. Here we also introduced Gö 6983, a PKC inhibitor, as an agent that counteracts X-ray-induced changes and maintains the integrity of platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shoaib Khan
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College, Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Chunliang Liu
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College, Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Fanbi Meng
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College, Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Mengnan Yang
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College, Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Kangxi Zhou
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College, Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Renping Hu
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College, Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xuexiang Wang
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College, Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Kesheng Dai
- Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital and Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College, Soochow University, Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Ministry of Health, Suzhou 215006, China
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Yamada K, Yoshida K. Multiple subcellular localizations and functions of protein kinase Cδ in liver cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:188-198. [PMID: 35110944 PMCID: PMC8776529 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i2.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) is a member of the PKC family, and its implications have been reported in various biological and cancerous processes, including cell proliferation, cell death, tumor suppression, and tumor progression. In liver cancer cells, accumulating reports show the bi-functional regulation of PKCδ in cell death and survival. PKCδ function is defined by various factors, such as phosphorylation, catalytic domain cleavage, and subcellular localization. PKCδ has multiple intracellular distribution patterns, ranging from the cytosol to the nucleus. We recently found a unique extracellular localization of PKCδ in liver cancer and its growth factor-like function in liver cancer cells. In this review, we first discuss the structural features of PKCδ and then focus on the functional diversity of PKCδ based on its subcellular localization, such as the nucleus, cell surface, and extracellular space. These findings improve our knowledge of PKCδ involvement in the progression of liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohji Yamada
- Department of Biochemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
| | - Kiyotsugu Yoshida
- Department of Biochemistry, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo 105-8461, Japan
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5
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Mizuguchi H, Kitamura Y, Takeda N, Fukui H. Molecular Signaling and Transcriptional Regulation of Histamine H 1 Receptor Gene. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2021; 59:91-110. [PMID: 34595742 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2021_256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Histamine-activated histamine H1 receptor (H1R) signaling regulates many gene expressions, mainly through the protein kinase C (PKC)/extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) signaling. Involvement of other signaling, including NF-κB, Wnt, RUNX-2, and Rho A signaling was also demonstrated. In addition, cAMP production through the activation of H1R signaling was reported. H1R gene itself is also up-regulated by the activation of H1R signaling with histamine. Here, we review our recent findings in the molecular signaling and transcriptional regulation of the H1R gene. Stimulation with histamine up-regulates H1R gene expression through the activation of H1R in HeLa cells. The PKCδ/ERK/poly(ADP)ribosyl transferase-1 (PARP-1) signaling was involved in this up-regulation. Heat shock protein 90 also plays an important role in regulating PKCδ translocation. Promoter analyses revealed the existence of two promoters in the human H1R gene in HeLa cells. H1R-activated H1R gene up-regulation in response to histamine was also observed in U373 astroglioma cells. However, this up-regulation was mediated not through the PKCδ signaling but possibly through the PKCα signaling. In addition, the promoter region responsible for histamine-induced H1R gene transcription in U373 cells was different from that of HeLa cells. These findings suggest that the molecular signaling and transcriptional regulation of the H1R gene are different between neuronal cells and non-neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Mizuguchi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Ohtani University, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Yoshiaki Kitamura
- Department of Otolaryngology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Noriaki Takeda
- Department of Otolaryngology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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6
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Wan B, Belghazi M, Lemauf S, Poirié M, Gatti JL. Proteomics of purified lamellocytes from Drosophila melanogaster HopT um-l identifies new membrane proteins and networks involved in their functions. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 134:103584. [PMID: 34033897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In healthy Drosophila melanogaster larvae, plasmatocytes and crystal cells account for 95% and 5% of the hemocytes, respectively. A third type of hemocytes, lamellocytes, are rare, but their number increases after oviposition by parasitoid wasps. The lamellocytes form successive layers around the parasitoid egg, leading to its encapsulation and melanization, and finally the death of this intruder. However, the total number of lamellocytes per larva remains quite low even after parasitoid infestation, making direct biochemical studies difficult. Here, we used the HopTum-l mutant strain that constitutively produces large numbers of lamellocytes to set up a purification method and analyzed their major proteins by 2D gel electrophoresis and their plasma membrane surface proteins by 1D SDS-PAGE after affinity purification. Mass spectrometry identified 430 proteins from 2D spots and 344 affinity-purified proteins from 1D bands, for a total of 639 unique proteins. Known lamellocyte markers such as PPO3 and the myospheroid integrin were among the components identified with specific chaperone proteins. Affinity purification detected other integrins, as well as a wide range of integrin-associated proteins involved in the formation and function of cell-cell junctions. Overall, the newly identified proteins indicate that these cells are highly adapted to the encapsulation process (recognition, motility, adhesion, signaling), but may also have several other physiological functions (such as secretion and internalization of vesicles) under different signaling pathways. These results provide the basis for further in vivo and in vitro studies of lamellocytes, including the development of new markers to identify coexisting populations and their respective origins and functions in Drosophila immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wan
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institute Sophia-Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Maya Belghazi
- Institute of NeuroPhysiopathology (INP), UMR7051, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, 13015, France
| | - Séverine Lemauf
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institute Sophia-Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Marylène Poirié
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institute Sophia-Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Jean-Luc Gatti
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, Institute Sophia-Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis, France.
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7
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Tian Y, Korn P, Tripathi P, Komnig D, Wiemuth D, Nikouee A, Classen A, Bolm C, Falkenburger BH, Lüscher B, Gründer S. The mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase ARTD10 regulates the voltage-gated K + channel Kv1.1 through protein kinase C delta. BMC Biol 2020; 18:143. [PMID: 33059680 PMCID: PMC7558731 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00878-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background ADP-ribosylation is a ubiquitous post-translational modification that involves both mono- and poly-ADP-ribosylation. ARTD10, also known as PARP10, mediates mono-ADP-ribosylation (MARylation) of substrate proteins. A previous screen identified protein kinase C delta (PKCδ) as a potential ARTD10 substrate, among several other kinases. The voltage-gated K+ channel Kv1.1 constitutes one of the dominant Kv channels in neurons of the central nervous system and the inactivation properties of Kv1.1 are modulated by PKC. In this study, we addressed the role of ARTD10-PKCδ as a regulator of Kv1.1. Results We found that ARTD10 inhibited PKCδ, which increased Kv1.1 current amplitude and the proportion of the inactivating current component in HeLa cells, indicating that ARTD10 regulates Kv1.1 in living cells. An inhibitor of ARTD10, OUL35, significantly decreased peak amplitude together with the proportion of the inactivating current component of Kv1.1-containing channels in primary hippocampal neurons, demonstrating that the ARTD10-PKCδ signaling cascade regulates native Kv1.1. Moreover, we show that the pharmacological blockade of ARTD10 increases excitability of hippocampal neurons. Conclusions Our results, for the first time, suggest that MARylation by ARTD10 controls neuronal excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuemin Tian
- Institute of Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Patricia Korn
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Priyanka Tripathi
- Institute of Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,Present address: Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Daniel Komnig
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Dominik Wiemuth
- Institute of Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Azadeh Nikouee
- Institute of Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Arno Classen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Björn H Falkenburger
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-Institute Molecular Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany.,Present address: Department of Neurology, Dresden University Medical Center, Fetscherstraße 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Bernhard Lüscher
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Gründer
- Institute of Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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8
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Ireland S, Ramnarayanan S, Fu M, Zhang X, Zhang J, Li J, Emebo D, Wang Y. Cytosolic Ca 2+ Modulates Golgi Structure Through PKCα-Mediated GRASP55 Phosphorylation. iScience 2020; 23:100952. [PMID: 32179476 PMCID: PMC7078314 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.100952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well documented that the ER responds to cellular stresses through the unfolded protein response (UPR), but it is unknown how the Golgi responds to similar stresses. In this study, we treated HeLa cells with ER stress inducers, thapsigargin (TG), tunicamycin (Tm), and dithiothreitol (DTT), and found that only TG treatment resulted in Golgi fragmentation. TG induced Golgi fragmentation at a low dose and short time when UPR was undetectable, indicating that Golgi fragmentation occurs independently of ER stress. Further experiments demonstrated that TG induces Golgi fragmentation through elevating intracellular Ca2+ and protein kinase Cα (PKCα) activity, which phosphorylates the Golgi stacking protein GRASP55. Significantly, activation of PKCα with other activating or inflammatory agents, including phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and histamine, modulates Golgi structure in a similar fashion. Hence, our study revealed a novel mechanism through which increased cytosolic Ca2+ modulates Golgi structure and function. Thapsigargin (TG) treatment leads to Golgi fragmentation independent of ER stress TG induces Golgi fragmentation through elevated cytosolic Ca2+ TG-induced cytosolic Ca2+ spikes activate PKCα that phosphorylates GRASP55 Histamine modulates the Golgi structure and function by a similar mechanism
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Ireland
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
| | - Saiprasad Ramnarayanan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
| | - Mingzhou Fu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
| | - Jianchao Zhang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
| | - Dabel Emebo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Biological Sciences Building, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA.
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9
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The Role of Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Protein Kinase C Delta in Infection and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061498. [PMID: 30917487 PMCID: PMC6471617 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein Kinase C (PKC) is a family composed of phospholipid-dependent serine/threonine kinases that are master regulators of inflammatory signaling. The activity of different PKCs is context-sensitive and these kinases can be positive or negative regulators of signaling pathways. The delta isoform (PKCδ) is a critical regulator of the inflammatory response in cancer, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies implicate PKCδ as an important regulator of the inflammatory response in sepsis. PKCδ, unlike other members of the PKC family, is unique in its regulation by tyrosine phosphorylation, activation mechanisms, and multiple subcellular targets. Inhibition of PKCδ may offer a unique therapeutic approach in sepsis by targeting neutrophil-endothelial cell interactions. In this review, we will describe the overall structure and function of PKCs, with a focus on the specific phosphorylation sites of PKCδ that determine its critical role in cell signaling in inflammatory diseases such as sepsis. Current genetic and pharmacological tools, as well as in vivo models, that are used to examine the role of PKCδ in inflammation and sepsis are presented and the current state of emerging tools such as microfluidic assays in these studies is described.
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10
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Miyahara T, Adachi N, Seki T, Hide I, Tanaka S, Saito N, Irifune M, Sakai N. Propofol induced diverse and subtype-specific translocation of PKC families. J Pharmacol Sci 2018; 137:20-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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11
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Slepchenko KG, Holub JM, Li YV. Intracellular zinc increase affects phosphorylation state and subcellular localization of protein kinase C delta (δ). Cell Signal 2018; 44:148-157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Misuth M, Joniova J, Belej D, Hrivnak S, Horvath D, Huntosova V. Estimation of PKCδ autophosphorylation in U87 MG glioma cells: combination of experimental, conceptual and numerical approaches. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2017; 10:423-432. [PMID: 27158772 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Golgi apparatus (GA) is a center for lipid metabolism and the final target of ceramide pathway, which may result in apoptosis. In this work localization of highly hydrophobic hypericin is followed by time-resolved imaging of NBDC6 (fluorescent ceramide) in U87 MG glioma cells. Decrease of NBDC6 fluorescence lifetimes in cells indicates that hypericin can also follow this pathway. It is known that both, ceramide and hypericin can significantly influence protein kinase C (PKC) activity. Western blotting analysis shows increase of PKCδ autophosphorylation at Ser645 (p(S645)PKCδ) in glioma cells incubated with 500 nM hypericin and confocal-fluorescence microscopy distinguishes p(S645)PKCδ localization between GA related compartments and nucleus. Experimental and numerical methods are combined to study p(S645)PKCδ in U87 MG cell line. Image processing based on conceptual qualitative description is combined with numerical treatment via simple exponential saturation model which describes redistribution of p(S645)PKCδ between nucleus and GA related compartments after hypericin administration. These results suggest, that numerical methods can significantly improve quantification of biomacromolecules (p(S645)PKCδ) directly from the fluorescence images and such obtained outputs are complementary if not equal to typical used methods in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matus Misuth
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P.J. Safarik University (UPJS) in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslava Joniova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P.J. Safarik University (UPJS) in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54, Kosice, Slovakia
- Laboratory of Organometallic and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, Batiment de Chimie, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Belej
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P.J. Safarik University (UPJS) in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Hrivnak
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P.J. Safarik University (UPJS) in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Denis Horvath
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Science, P.J. Safarik University (UPJS) in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Huntosova
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Science, P.J. Safarik University (UPJS) in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54, Kosice, Slovakia
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13
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Misuth M, Joniova J, Horvath D, Dzurova L, Nichtova Z, Novotova M, Miskovsky P, Stroffekova K, Huntosova V. The flashlights on a distinct role of protein kinase C δ: Phosphorylation of regulatory and catalytic domain upon oxidative stress in glioma cells. Cell Signal 2017; 34:11-22. [PMID: 28237688 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme are considered to be aggressive high-grade tumors with poor prognosis for patient survival. Photodynamic therapy is one of the adjuvant therapies which has been used for glioblastoma multiforme during last decade. Hypericin, a photosensitizer, can be employed in this treatment. We have studied the effect of hypericin on PKCδ phosphorylation in U87 MG cells before and after light application. Hypericin increased PKCδ phosphorylation at tyrosine 155 in the regulatory domain and serine 645 in the catalytic domain. However, use of the light resulted in apoptosis, decreased phosphorylation of tyrosine 155 and enhanced serine 645. The PKCδ localization and phosphorylation of regulatory and catalytic domains were shown to play a distinct role in the anti-apoptotic response of glioma cells. We hypothesized that PKCδ phosphorylated at the regulatory domain is primarily present in the cytoplasm and in mitochondria before irradiation, and it may participate in Bcl-2 phosphorylation. After hypericin and light application, PKCδ phosphorylated at a regulatory domain which is in the nucleus. In contrast, PKCδ phosphorylated at the catalytic domain may be mostly active in the nucleus before irradiation, but active in the cytoplasm after the irradiation. In summary, light-induced oxidative stress significantly regulates PKCδ pro-survival and pro-apoptotic activity in glioma cells by its phosphorylation at serine 645 and tyrosine 155.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matus Misuth
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Sciences, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslava Joniova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Sciences, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Denis Horvath
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences, P.J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Dzurova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Sciences, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Nichtova
- Department of Muscle Cell Research, Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marta Novotova
- Department of Muscle Cell Research, Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Miskovsky
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences, P.J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54, Kosice, Slovakia; SAFTRA Photonics Ltd., Jesenna 5, 041 54, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Stroffekova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Sciences, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54, Kosice, Slovakia; Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences, P.J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Huntosova
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Faculty of Sciences, P.J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54, Kosice, Slovakia.
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14
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Kim WK, Yun S, Park CK, Bauer S, Kim J, Lee MG, Kim H. Sustained Mutant KIT Activation in the Golgi Complex Is Mediated by PKC-θ in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:845-856. [PMID: 27440273 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tumorigenesis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) is driven by gain-of-function mutations in the KIT gene, which result in overexpression of activated mutant KIT proteins (MT-KIT). However, the mechanism of MT-KIT overexpression is poorly understood. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN By protein expression analysis and immunofluorescent microscopic analysis, we determine the stability and localization of MT-KIT in four GIST cell lines with different mutations and HeLa cells transfected with mutant KIT model vectors. We also used 154 human GIST tissues to analyze the relationship between the expression of PKC-θ and MT-KITs, and correlations between PKC-θ overexpression and clinicopathological parameters. RESULTS We report that four different MT-KIT proteins are intrinsically less stable than wild-type KIT due to proteasome-mediated degradation and abnormally localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or the Golgi complex. By screening a MT-KIT-stabilizing factor, we find that PKC-θ is strongly and exclusively expressed in GISTs and interacts with intracellular MT-KIT to promote its stabilization by increased retention in the Golgi complex. In addition, Western blotting analysis using 50 GIST samples shows strong correlation between PKC-θ and MT-KIT expression (correlation coefficient = 0.682, P < 0.000001). Immunohistochemical analysis using 154 GISTs further demonstrates that PKC-θ overexpression significantly correlates with several clinicopathological parameters such as high tumor grade, frequent recurrence/metastasis, and poor patient survival. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that sustained MT-KIT overexpression through PKC-θ-mediated stabilization in the Golgi contributes to GIST progression and provides a rationale for anti-PKC-θ therapy in GISTs. Clin Cancer Res; 23(3); 845-56. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Kyu Kim
- Department of Pathology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Projects for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - SeongJu Yun
- Department of Pathology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Projects for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Keun Park
- Department of Pathology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Projects for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sebastian Bauer
- Sarcoma Center, West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jiyoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomic Research Center for Membrane Transporters, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Goo Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacogenomic Research Center for Membrane Transporters, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Sciences, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoguen Kim
- Department of Pathology and Brain Korea 21 PLUS Projects for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Fiumara F, Rajasethupathy P, Antonov I, Kosmidis S, Sossin WS, Kandel ER. MicroRNA-22 Gates Long-Term Heterosynaptic Plasticity in Aplysia through Presynaptic Regulation of CPEB and Downstream Targets. Cell Rep 2015; 11:1866-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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16
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Protein kinase C signaling pathway involvement in cardioprotection during isoflurane pretreatment. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:2683-8. [PMID: 25482108 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.3042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The well‑known cardioprotective effect of isoflurane, a type of volatile anesthetic, against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury has become an important focus in cardiovascular research. During reperfusion numerous oxidants, such as H2O2, are produced. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is a protective factor in myocardial I/R, and once phosphorylated and activated ALDH2 may confer cardioprotection. The present study investigated whether cardioprotection by isoflurane depends on the activation of ALDH2 and aimed to determine how protein kinase C (PKC)δ is involved in isoflurane‑induced cardioprotection. Anaesthetized rats were used to produce I/R injury models by imposing 40 min of coronary artery occlusion followed by 120 min of reperfusion. The animals were assigned randomly to the following groups: Untreated controls, and isoflurane preconditioning with and without the PKCδ inhibitor. I/R injury was estimated by the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase‑MB (CK‑MB). Isoflurane pretreatment was observed to attenuate the release of LDH and CK‑MB, and enhance the phosphorylation of ALDH2. Activation of ALDH2 and cardioprotection induced by isoflurane preconditioning were enhanced by a PKCδ inhibitor. The results suggest that the activation of ALDH2 by the inhibition of the mitochondrial translocation of PKCδ is important in the protection of the myocardium from I/R injury, and that the effect of PKCδ on isoflurane preconditioning is directly opposed to that of PKCε. PKCε activation was involved in isoflurane pretreatment, which consequently activated downstream signaling pathways and aided cardioprotection. Isoflurane pretreatment also led to attenuated mitochondrial translocation of PKCδ.
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17
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Shamseddine AA, Airola MV, Hannun YA. Roles and regulation of neutral sphingomyelinase-2 in cellular and pathological processes. Adv Biol Regul 2014; 57:24-41. [PMID: 25465297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the functions of ceramide signaling has advanced tremendously over the past decade. In this review, we focus on the roles and regulation of neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2), an enzyme that generates the bioactive lipid ceramide through the hydrolysis of the membrane lipid sphingomyelin. A large body of work has now implicated nSMase2 in a diverse set of cellular functions, physiological processes, and disease pathologies. We discuss different aspects of this enzyme's regulation from transcriptional, post-translational, and biochemical. Furthermore, we highlight nSMase2 involvement in cellular processes including inflammatory signaling, exosome generation, cell growth, and apoptosis, which in turn play important roles in pathologies such as cancer metastasis, Alzheimer's disease, and other organ systems disorders. Lastly, we examine avenues where targeted nSMase2-inhibition may be clinically beneficial in disease scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achraf A Shamseddine
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; The Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Michael V Airola
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; The Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; The Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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18
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Abstract
Diabetes and obesity are both associated with lipotoxic cardiomyopathy exclusive of coronary artery disease and hypertension. Lipotoxicities have become a public health concern and are responsible for a significant portion of clinical cardiac disease. These abnormalities may be the result of a toxic metabolic shift to more fatty acid and less glucose oxidation with concomitant accumulation of toxic lipids. Lipids can directly alter cellular structures and activate downstream pathways leading to toxicity. Recent data have implicated fatty acids and fatty acyl coenzyme A, diacylglycerol, and ceramide in cellular lipotoxicity, which may be caused by apoptosis, defective insulin signaling, endoplasmic reticulum stress, activation of protein kinase C, MAPK activation, or modulation of PPARs.
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19
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Xia L, Wang TD, Shen SM, Zhao M, Sun H, He Y, Xie L, Wu ZX, Han SF, Wang LS, Chen GQ. Phosphoproteomics study on the activated PKCδ-induced cell death. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:4280-301. [PMID: 23879269 DOI: 10.1021/pr400089v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The proteolytic activation of protein kinase Cδ (PKCδ) generates a catalytic fragment called PKCδ-CF, which induces cell death. However, the mechanisms underlying PKCδ-CF-mediated cell death are largely unknown. On the basis of an engineering leukemic cell line with inducible expression of PKCδ-CF, here we employ SILAC-based quantitative phosphoproteomics to systematically and dynamically investigate the overall phosphorylation events during cell death triggered by PKCδ-CF expression. Totally, 3000 phosphorylation sites were analyzed. Considering the fact that early responses to PKCδ-CF expression initiate cell death, we sought to identify pathways possibly related directly with PKCδ by further analyzing the data set of phosphorylation events that occur in the initiation stage of cell death. Interacting analysis of this data set indicates that PKCδ-CF triggers complicated networks to initiate cell death, and motif analysis and biochemistry verification reveal that several kinases in the downstream of PKCδ conduct these networks. By analysis of the specific sequence motif of kinase-substrate, we also find 59 candidate substrates of PKCδ from the up-regulated phosphopeptides, of which 12 were randomly selected for in vitro kinase assay and 9 were consequently verified as substrates of PKCδ. To our greatest understanding, this study provides the most systematic analysis of phosphorylation events initiated by the cleaved activated PKCδ, which would vastly extend the profound understanding of PKCδ-directed signal pathways in cell death. The MS data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD000225.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xia
- The Department of Pathophysiology and Shanghai Universities E-Institute for Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of National Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTU-SM) , Shanghai, P.R. China , 200025
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20
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Bessa C, Pereira C, Leão M, Maciel C, Gomes S, Gonçalves J, Corte-Real M, Costa V, Saraiva L. Using yeast to uncover the regulation of protein kinase Cδ by ceramide. FEMS Yeast Res 2013; 13:700-5. [PMID: 23937324 DOI: 10.1111/1567-1364.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms by ceramide is still controversial. In this work, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used as a model to elucidate the effect of ceramide on the activity of mammalian PKC isoforms. For that, isc1Δ cells, with a deletion in the pathway for ceramide production by hydrolysis of complex sphingolipids, individually expressing mammalian PKCα, δ and ζ were used. Contrary to PKCα and ζ, expression of PKCδ in isc1Δ cells exhibited a similar phenotype to that observed with wild-type yeast cells expressing PKCδ treated with a PKC activator, as phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), specifically a growth inhibition associated with a G2/M cell cycle arrest. Interestingly, in isc1Δ yeast cells expressing PKCδ this phenotype was completely abrogated in the presence of exogenous ceramide. Moreover, using a yeast-based assay previously developed for the screening of PKC inhibitors, it was also shown that, like the known PKC inhibitor NPC 15437, ceramide reduced the PMA-induced growth inhibition, supporting an inhibitory effect of ceramide on PKCδ. Altogether, these results may indicate that ceramide distinctly interfere with the activity of PKCα, δ and ζ. Most importantly, they showed that ceramide is an inhibitor of PKCδ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Bessa
- REQUIMTE, Laboratório de Microbiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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21
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Both C1B domain and pseudosubstrate region are necessary for saturated fatty acid-induced translocation of εPKC to the plasma membrane: Distinct role of intramolecular domains for different translocation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 432:384-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Suzuki M, Iio Y, Saito N, Fujimoto T. Protein kinase Cη is targeted to lipid droplets. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 139:505-11. [PMID: 23436195 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1083-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of kinases that regulate numerous cellular functions. They are classified into three subfamilies, i.e., conventional PKCs, novel PKCs, and atypical PKCs, that have different domain structures. Generally, PKCs exist as a soluble protein in the cytosol in resting cells and they are recruited to target membranes upon stimulation. In the present study, we found that PKCη tagged with EGFP distributed in lipid droplets (LD) and induced a significant reduction in LD size. Two other novel PKCs, PKCδ and PKCε, also showed some concentration around LDs, but it was less distinct and less frequent than that of PKCη. Conventional and atypical PKCs (α, βII, γ, and ζ) did not show any preferential distribution around LDs. 1,2-Diacylglycerol, which can activate novel PKCs without an increase of Ca(2+) concentration, is the immediate precursor of triacylglycerol and exists in LDs. The present results suggest that PKCη modifies lipid metabolism by phosphorylating unidentified targets in LDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michitaka Suzuki
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
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23
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Protein kinase cδ in apoptosis: a brief overview. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2012; 60:361-72. [PMID: 22918451 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-012-0188-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C-delta (PKCδ), a member of the lipid-regulated serine/threonine PKC family, has been implicated in a wide range of important cellular processes. In the past decade, the critical role of PKCδ in the regulation of both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways has been widely explored. In most cases, over-expression or activation of PKCδ results in the induction of apoptosis. The phosphorylations and multiple cell organelle translocations of PKCδ initiate apoptosis by targeting multiple downstream effectors. During apoptosis, PKCδ is proteolytically cleaved by caspase-3 to generate a constitutively activated catalytic fragment, which amplifies apoptosis cascades in nucleus and mitochondria. However, PKCδ also exerts its anti-apoptotic and pro-survival roles in some cases. Therefore, the complicated role of PKCδ in apoptosis appears to be stimulus and cell type dependent. This review is mainly focused on how PKCδ gets activated in diverse ways in response to apoptotic signals and how PKCδ targets different downstream regulators to sponsor or restrain apoptosis induction.
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Lengfeld J, Wang Q, Zohlman A, Salvarezza S, Morgan S, Ren J, Kato K, Rodriguez-Boulan E, Liu B. Protein kinase C δ regulates the release of collagen type I from vascular smooth muscle cells via regulation of Cdc42. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:1955-63. [PMID: 22456512 PMCID: PMC3350558 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-06-0531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Both gene knockout and chemical inhibition show that PKCδ is critical for efficient secretion of type I collagen by arterial smooth muscle cells. The data suggest that PKCδ regulates trafficking of collagen I by controlling its exit from the trans-Golgi network through a mechanism involving Cdc42. Collagen type I is the most abundant component of extracellular matrix in the arterial wall. Mice knocked out for the protein kinase C δ gene (PKCδ KO) show a marked reduction of collagen I in the arterial wall. The lack of PKCδ diminished the ability of arterial smooth muscle cells (SMCs) to secrete collagen I without significantly altering the intracellular collagen content. Moreover, the unsecreted collagen I molecules accumulate in large perinuclear puncta. These perinuclear structures colocalize with the trans-Golgi network (TGN) marker TGN38 and to a lesser degree with cis-Golgi marker (GM130) but not with early endosomal marker (EEA1). Associated with diminished collagen I secretion, PKCδ KO SMCs exhibit a significant reduction in levels of cell division cycle 42 (Cdc42) protein and mRNA. Restoring PKCδ expression partially rescues Cdc42 expression and collagen I secretion in PKCδ KO SMCs. Inhibition of Cdc42 expression or activity with small interfering RNA or secramine A in PKCδ WT SMCs eliminates collagen I secretion. Conversely, restoring Cdc42 expression in PKCδ KO SMCs enables collagen I secretion. Taken together, our data demonstrate that PKCδ mediates collagen I secretion from SMCs, likely through a Cdc42-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Lengfeld
- Division of Peripheral Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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25
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Saminathan H, Asaithambi A, Anantharam V, Kanthasamy AG, Kanthasamy A. Environmental neurotoxic pesticide dieldrin activates a non receptor tyrosine kinase to promote PKCδ-mediated dopaminergic apoptosis in a dopaminergic neuronal cell model. Neurotoxicology 2011; 32:567-77. [PMID: 21801747 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and apoptosis are two key pathophysiological mechanisms underlying dopaminergic degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). Recently, we identified that proteolytic activation of protein kinase C-delta (PKCδ), a member of the novel PKC family, contributes to oxidative stress-induced dopaminergic degeneration and that phosphorylation of tyrosine residue 311 (tyr311) on PKCδ is a key event preceding the PKCδ proteolytic activation during oxidative damage. Herein, we report that a non-receptor tyrosine kinase Fyn is significantly expressed in a dopaminergic neuronal N27 cell model. Exposure of N27 cells to the dopaminergic toxicant dieldrin (60 μM) rapidly activated Fyn kinase, PKCδ-tyr311 phosphorylation and proteolytic cleavage. Fyn kinase activation precedes the caspase-3-mediated proteolytic activation of PKCδ. Pre-treatment with p60-tyrosine-specific kinase inhibitor (TSKI) almost completely attenuated dieldrin-induced phosphorylation of PKCδ-tyr311 and its proteolytic activation. Additionally, TSKI almost completely blocked dieldrin-induced apoptotic cell death. To further confirm Fyn's role in the pro-apoptotic function of PKCδ, we adopted the RNAi approach. siRNA-mediated knockdown of Fyn kinase also effectively attenuated dieldrin-induced phosphorylation of PKCδ-tyr311, caspase-3-mediated PKCδ proteolytic cleavage, and DNA fragmentation, suggesting that Fyn kinase regulates the pro-apoptotic function of PKCδ. Collectively, these results demonstrate for the first time that Fyn kinase is a pro-apoptotic kinase that regulates upstream signaling of the PKCδ-mediated apoptotic cell death pathway in neurotoxicity models of pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hariharan Saminathan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa Center for Advanced Neurotoxicology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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26
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Mizuguchi H, Terao T, Kitai M, Ikeda M, Yoshimura Y, Das AK, Kitamura Y, Takeda N, Fukui H. Involvement of protein kinase Cdelta/extracellular signal-regulated kinase/poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) signaling pathway in histamine-induced up-regulation of histamine H1 receptor gene expression in HeLa cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:30542-30551. [PMID: 21730054 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.253104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The histamine H(1) receptor (H1R) gene is up-regulated in patients with allergic rhinitis. However, the mechanism and reason underlying this up-regulation are still unknown. Recently, we reported that the H1R expression level is strongly correlated with the severity of allergic symptoms. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of this up-regulation will help to develop new anti-allergic drugs targeted for H1R gene expression. Here we studied the molecular mechanism of H1R up-regulation in HeLa cells that express H1R endogenously in response to histamine and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). In HeLa cells, histamine stimulation caused up-regulation of H1R gene expression. Rottlerin, a PKCδ-selective inhibitor, inhibited up-regulation of H1R gene expression, but Go6976, an inhibitor of Ca(2+)-dependent PKCs, did not. Histamine or PMA stimulation resulted in PKCδ phosphorylation at Tyr(311) and Thr(505). Activation of PKCδ by H(2)O(2) resulted in H1R mRNA up-regulation. Overexpression of PKCδ enhanced up-regulation of H1R gene expression, and knockdown of the PKCδ gene suppressed this up-regulation. Histamine or PMA caused translocation PKCδ from the cytosol to the Golgi. U0126, an MEK inhibitor, and DPQ, a poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 inhibitor, suppressed PMA-induced up-regulation of H1R gene expression. These results were confirmed by a luciferase assay using the H1R promoter. Phosphorylation of ERK and Raf-1 in response to PMA was also observed. However, real-time PCR analysis showed no inhibition of H1R mRNA up-regulation by a Raf-1 inhibitor. These results suggest the involvement of the PKCδ/ERK/poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 signaling pathway in histamine- or PMA-induced up-regulation of H1R gene expression in HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takuma Terao
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Mika Kitai
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Ikeda
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | | | - Asish Kumar Das
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kitamura
- Otolaryngology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Noriaki Takeda
- Otolaryngology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fukui
- Departments of Molecular Pharmacology, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan.
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27
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Abstract
The protein processing and trafficking function of the Golgi is intimately linked to multiple intracellular signaling pathways. Assembly of Golgi trafficking structures and lipid sorting at the Golgi complex is controlled and coordinated by specific phosphoinositide kinases and phosphatases. The intra-Golgi transport machinery is also regulated by kinases belonging to several functionally distinct families, for example, MAP kinase signaling is required for mitotic disassembly of the Golgi. However, the Golgi plays an additional, prominent role in compartmentalizing other signaling cascades that originate at the plasma membrane or at other organelles. This article summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the signaling network that converges at the Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mayinger
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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28
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Spooren A, Mestdagh P, Rondou P, Kolmus K, Haegeman G, Gerlo S. IL-1β potently stabilizes IL-6 mRNA in human astrocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 81:1004-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Protein kinase C: an attractive target for cancer therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:531-67. [PMID: 24212628 PMCID: PMC3756376 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3010531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis plays an important role during all stages of carcinogenesis and the development of chemoresistance in tumor cells may be due to their selective defects in the intracellular signaling proteins, central to apoptotic pathways. Consequently, many studies have focused on rendering the chemotherapy more effective in order to prevent chemoresistance and pre-clinical and clinical data has suggested that protein kinase C (PKC) may represent an attractive target for cancer therapy. Therefore, a complete understanding of how PKC regulates apoptosis and chemoresistance may lead to obtaining a PKC-based therapy that is able to reduce drug dosages and to prevent the development of chemoresistance.
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30
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Kajimoto T, Sawamura S, Tohyama Y, Mori Y, Newton AC. Protein kinase C {delta}-specific activity reporter reveals agonist-evoked nuclear activity controlled by Src family of kinases. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:41896-910. [PMID: 20959447 PMCID: PMC3009917 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.184028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional and novel protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes transduce the abundance of signals mediated by phospholipid hydrolysis; however redundancy in regulatory mechanisms confounds dissecting the unique signaling properties of each of the eight isozymes constituting these two subgroups. Previously, we created a genetically encoded reporter (C kinase activity reporter (CKAR)) to visualize the rate, amplitude, and duration of agonist-evoked PKC signaling at specific locations within the cell. Here we designed a reporter, δCKAR, that specifically measures the activation signature of one PKC isozyme, PKC δ, in cells, revealing unique spatial and regulatory properties of this isozyme. Specifically, we show two mechanisms of activation: 1) agonist-stimulated activation at the plasma membrane (the site of most robust PKC δ signaling), Golgi, and mitochondria that is independent of Src and can be triggered by phorbol esters and 2) agonist-stimulated activation in the nucleus that requires Src kinase activation and cannot be triggered by phorbol esters. Translocation studies reveal that the G-protein-coupled receptor agonist UTP induces the translocation of PKC δ into the nucleus by a mechanism that depends on the C2 domain and requires Src kinase activity. However, translocation from the cytosol into the nucleus is not required for the Src-dependent regulation of nuclear activity; a construct of PKC δ prelocalized to the nucleus continues to be activated by UTP by a mechanism dependent on Src kinase activity. These data identify the nucleus as a signaling hub for PKC δ that is driven by receptor-mediated signaling pathways (but not phorbol esters) and differs from signaling at plasma membrane and Golgi in that it is controlled by Src family kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taketoshi Kajimoto
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
- the Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto-daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan, and
| | - Seishiro Sawamura
- the Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto-daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan, and
| | - Yumi Tohyama
- the Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, 7-2-1 Kamiohno, Himeji, Hyogo 670-8524, Japan
| | - Yasuo Mori
- the Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto-daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan, and
| | - Alexandra C. Newton
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
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31
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Yanase Y, Hide I, Mihara S, Shirai Y, Saito N, Nakata Y, Hide M, Sakai N. A critical role of conventional protein kinase C in morphological changes of rodent mast cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 89:149-59. [PMID: 20498673 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In mast cells, crosslinking the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcɛRI) results in a dynamic reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton that is associated with membrane ruffling. Although the signaling involved in degranulation has been well described, it is less understood in morphological changes. In this study, we investigated the specific role of conventional protein kinase C (cPKC), a crucial signal for degranulation, in antigen-induced membrane ruffling of mast cells. In RBL-2H3 mast cells, antigen induced a long-lasting membrane ruffling, which was blocked with late-added Gö6976, a specific cPKC inhibitor, indicating that sustained activation of cPKC is required for maintaining the reaction. Immunofluorescence staining of endogenous PKCα/β and real-time imaging of transfected green fluorescent protein-tagged PKCα/β demonstrated that in response to antigen both PKCα and PKCβI quickly translocated to the plasma membrane and were colocalized with actin filaments at the ruffling sites. These reactions were blocked by expression of kinase-negative PKCβI, but not kinase-negative PKCα, and by treatment with a specific PKCβ inhibitor, LY333531. The adhesion, spreading and membrane ruffling of mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs), which are mostly nonadhesive, were promoted by both antigen and thymeleatoxin. Treatment with Gö6976 abolished all these reactions. Antigen-mediated migration of BMMC was also sensitive to Gö6076 and LY333531. In addition, BMMC adhesion by and migration toward stem cell factor were shown to be dependent on cPKC. Thus, cPKC, at least PKCβ subtype, may be critical for the dynamic morphological changes that lead to the migration of mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhki Yanase
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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32
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Subcellular Localization of Diacylglycerol-responsive Protein Kinase C Isoforms in HeLa Cells. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2009. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2009.30.9.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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33
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Katakura Y, Udono M, Katsuki K, Nishide H, Tabira Y, Ikei T, Yamashita M, Fujiki T, Shirahata S. Protein kinase C delta plays a key role in cellular senescence programs of human normal diploid cells. J Biochem 2009; 146:87-93. [PMID: 19279193 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvp046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we clarified that transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) induces cellular senescence in human normal diploid cells, TIG-1, and identified protein kinase Cs (PKCs) as downstream mediators of TGF-beta-induced cellular senescence. Among PKCs, we showed that PKC-delta induced cellular senescence in TIG-1 cells and was activated in replicatively and prematurely senescent TIG-1 cells. The causative role of PKC-delta in cellular senescence programs was demonstrated using a kinase negative PKC-delta and small interfering RNA against PKC-delta. Furthermore, PKC-delta was shown to function in human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene repression. These results indicate that PKC-delta plays a key role in cellular senescence programs, and suggest that the induction of senescence and hTERT repression are coordinately regulated by PKC-delta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Katakura
- Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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34
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Kim S, Hwang J, Lee WH, Hwang DY, Suk K. Role of protein kinase Cdelta in paraquat-induced glial cell death. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:2062-70. [PMID: 18335519 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Paraquat (1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium) is structurally similar to the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-4-phenylpyridium ion (MPP+), the active metabolite of the parkinsonism-inducing agent 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), which can induce the parkinsonism property in rodents, nonhuman primates, and human. In contrast to the neurotoxic effects of paraquat, little is known about its effects on glial cells. Here, we examined the mechanisms of paraquat toxicity in glial cells in culture. Paraquat treatment also reduced the viability of C6 glial cells in primary astrocyte cultures, and cell death was mostly apoptotic in nature. PKCdelta played a central role in the paraquat-induced glial cell death: (1) the PKCdelta-specific inhibitor rottlerin blocked paraquat-induced glial cell death; (2) paraquat induced tyrosine and threonine phosphorylation of PKCdelta; and (3) transfection of the dominant-negative mutant of PKCdelta attenuated paraquat toxicity. PKCdelta was also involved in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which mediated the paraquat toxicity. The nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced form) oxidase (NADPH oxidase) inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium blocked the paraquat-induced ROS production and subsequent cell death, indicating the involvement of NADPH oxidase in the cytotoxic action of paraquat in glia. PKCdelta was also important in glial cell death induced by MPP+ but not in that induced by rotenone. Last, Rac1 appeared to antagonize paraquat toxicity in glia. These results indicate a gliotoxic effect of paraquat and an opposing role of PKCdelta and Rac1 in paraquat-induced glial cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangseop Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, CMRI, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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35
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Clarke CJ, Guthrie JM, Hannun YA. Regulation of neutral sphingomyelinase-2 (nSMase2) by tumor necrosis factor-alpha involves protein kinase C-delta in lung epithelial cells. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 74:1022-32. [PMID: 18653803 DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.046250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutral sphingomyelinases (N-SMases) are major candidates for stress-induced ceramide production, but there is still limited knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of the cloned N-SMase enzyme-nSMase2. We have reported that p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was upstream of nSMase2 in tumor necrosis-alpha (TNF-alpha)-stimulated A549 cells ( J Biol Chem 282: 1384-1396, 2007 ). Here, we report a role for protein kinase C (PKC) in mediating TNF-induced translocation of nSMase2 from the Golgi to the plasma membrane (PM). Pharmacological inhibition of PKCs prevented TNF-stimulated nSMase2 translocation to the PM in A549 cells. Using phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) as a tool to dissect PKC responses, we found that PMA induced nSMase2 translocation to the PM in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Pharmacological inhibitors and specific siRNA implicated the novel PKCs, specifically PKC-delta, in both TNF and PMA-stimulated nSMase2 translocation. However, PMA did not increase in vitro N-SMase activity and PKC-delta did not regulate TNF-induced N-SMase activity. Furthermore, PKC-delta and nSMase2 did not coimmunoprecipitate, suggesting that other signaling proteins may be involved. PMA-stimulated nSMase2 translocation was independent of p38 MAPK, and neither PKC inhibitors nor small interfering RNA had significant effects on TNF-stimulated p38 MAPK activation, indicating that PKC-delta does not act through p38 MAPK in regulating nSMase2. Finally, down-regulation of PKC-delta inhibited induction of vascular cell and intercellular adhesion molecules, previously identified as downstream of nSMase2 in A549 cells. Taken together, these data implicate PKC-delta as a regulator of nSMase2 and, for the first time, identify nSMase2 as a point of cross-talk between the PKC and sphingolipid pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Clarke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 173 Ashley Ave, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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36
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Chang CW, Chou HY, Lin YS, Huang KH, Chang CJ, Hsu TC, Lee SC. Phosphorylation at Ser473 regulates heterochromatin protein 1 binding and corepressor function of TIF1beta/KAP1. BMC Mol Biol 2008; 9:61. [PMID: 18590578 PMCID: PMC2474647 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-9-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As an epigenetic regulator, the transcriptional intermediary factor 1β (TIF1β)/KAP1/TRIM28) has been linked to gene expression and chromatin remodeling at specific loci by association with members of the heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) family and various other chromatin factors. The interaction between TIF1β and HP1 is crucial for heterochromatin formation and maintenance. The HP1-box, PXVXL, of TIF1β is responsible for its interaction with HP1. However, the underlying mechanism of how the interaction is regulated remains poorly understood. Results This work demonstrates that TIF1β is phosphorylated on Ser473, the alteration of which is dynamically associated with cell cycle progression and functionally linked to transcriptional regulation. Phosphorylation of TIF1β/Ser473 coincides with the induction of cell cycle gene cyclin A2 at the S-phase. Interestingly, chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated that the promoter of cyclin A2 gene is occupied by TIF1β and that such occupancy is inversely correlated with Ser473 phosphorylation. Additionally, when HP1β was co-expressed with TIF1β/S473A, but not TIF1β/S473E, the colocalization of TIF1β/S473A and HP1β to the promoters of Cdc2 and Cdc25A was enhanced. Non-phosphorylated TIF1β/Ser473 allowed greater TIF1β association with the regulatory regions and the consequent repression of these genes. Consistent with possible inhibition of TIF1β's corepressor function, the phosphorylation of the Ser473 residue, which is located near the HP1-interacting PXVXL motif, compromised the formation of TIF1β-HP1 complex. Finally, we found that the phosphorylation of TIF1β/Ser473 is mediated by the PKCδ pathway and is closely linked to cell proliferation. Conclusion The modulation of HP1β-TIF1β interaction through the phosphorylation/de-phosphorylation of TIF1β/Ser473 may constitute a molecular switch that regulates the expression of particular genes. Higher levels of phosphorylated TIF1β/Ser473 may be associated with the expression of key regulatory genes for cell cycle progression and the proliferation of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Wen Chang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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37
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Hung JH, Lu YS, Wang YC, Ma YH, Wang DS, Kulp SK, Muthusamy N, Byrd JC, Cheng AL, Chen CS. FTY720 induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells through activation of protein kinase C delta signaling. Cancer Res 2008; 68:1204-12. [PMID: 18281497 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-2621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed at elucidating the mechanism by which FTY720, a synthetic sphingosine immunosuppressant, mediated antitumor effects in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. The three HCC cell lines examined, Hep3B, Huh7, and PLC5, exhibited differential susceptibility to FTY720-mediated suppression of cell viability, with IC(50) values of 4.5, 6.3, and 11 mumol/L, respectively. Although FTY720 altered the phosphorylation state of protein kinase B and p38, our data refuted the role of these two signaling kinases in FTY720-mediated apoptosis. Evidence indicates that the antitumor effect of FTY720 was attributable to its ability to stimulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which culminated in protein kinase C (PKC)delta activation and subsequent caspase-3-dependent apoptosis. We showed that FTY720 activated PKC delta through two distinct mechanisms: phosphorylation and caspase-3-dependent cleavage. Cotreatment with the caspase-3 inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK abrogated the effect of FTY720 on facilitating PKC delta proteolysis. Equally important, pharmacologic inhibition or shRNA-mediated knockdown of PKC delta protected FTY720-treated Huh7 cells from caspase-3 activation. Moreover, FTY720 induced ROS production to different extents among the three cell lines, in the order of Hep3B > Huh7 >> PLC5, which inversely correlated with the respective glutathione S-transferase pi expression levels. The low level of ROS generation might underlie the resistant phenotype of PLC5 cells to the apoptotic effects of FTY720. Blockade of ROS production by an NADPH oxidase inhibitor protected Huh7 cells from FTY720-induced PKC delta activation and caspase-3-dependent apoptosis. Together, this study provides a rationale to use FTY720 as a scaffold to develop potent PKC delta-activating agents for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Hsiang Hung
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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38
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Abstract
PKCdelta is essential for apoptosis, but regulation of the proapoptotic function of this ubiquitous kinase is not well understood. Nuclear translocation of PKCdelta is necessary and sufficient to induce apoptosis and is mediated via a C-terminal bipartite nuclear localization sequence. However, PKCdelta is found predominantly in the cytoplasm of nonapoptotic cells, and the apoptotic signal that activates its nuclear translocation is not known. We show that in salivary epithelial cells, phosphorylation at specific tyrosine residues in the N-terminal regulatory domain directs PKCdelta to the nucleus where it induces apoptosis. Analysis of each tyrosine residue in PKCdelta by site-directed mutagenesis identified two residues, Y64 and Y155, as essential for nuclear translocation. Suppression of apoptosis correlated with suppressed nuclear localization of the Y --> F mutant proteins. Moreover, a phosphomimetic PKCdelta Y64D/Y155D mutant accumulated in the nucleus in the absence of an apoptotic signal. Forced nuclear accumulation of PKCdelta-Y64F and Y155F mutant proteins, by attachment of an SV40 nuclear localization sequence, fully reconstituted their ability to induce apoptosis, indicating that tyrosine phosphorylation per se is not required for apoptosis, but for targeting PKCdelta to the nucleus. We propose that phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of PKCdelta in the regulatory domain functions as a switch to promote cell survival or cell death.
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39
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Oyasu M, Fujimiya M, Kashiwagi K, Ohmori S, Imaeda H, Saito N. Immunogold electron microscopic demonstration of distinct submembranous localization of the activated gammaPKC depending on the stimulation. J Histochem Cytochem 2007; 56:253-65. [PMID: 18040079 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.7a7291.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the precise intracellular translocation of gamma subtype of protein kinase C (gammaPKC) after various extracellular stimuli using confocal laser-scanning fluorescent microscopy (CLSM) and immunogold electron microscopy. By CLSM, treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) resulted in a slow and irreversible accumulation of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged gammaPKC (gammaPKC-GFP) on the plasma membrane. In contrast, treatment with Ca(2+) ionophore and activation of purinergic or NMDA receptors induced a rapid and transient membrane translocation of gammaPKC-GFP. Although each stimulus resulted in PKC localization at the plasma membrane, electron microscopy revealed that gammaPKC showed a subtle but significantly different localization depending on stimulation. Whereas TPA and UTP induced a sustained localization of gammaPKC-GFP on the plasma membrane, Ca(2+) ionophore and NMDA rapidly translocated gammaPKC-GFP to the plasma membrane and then restricted gammaPKC-GFP in submembranous area (<500 nm from the plasma membrane). These results suggest that Ca(2+) influx alone induced the association of gammaPKC with the plasma membrane for only a moment and then located this enzyme at a proper distance in a touch-and-go manner, whereas diacylglycerol or TPA tightly anchored this enzyme on the plasma membrane. The distinct subcellular targeting of gammaPKC in response to various stimuli suggests a novel mechanism for PKC activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Oyasu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
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40
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Multiple PKCdelta tyrosine residues are required for PKCdelta-dependent activation of involucrin expression--a key role of PKCdelta-Y311. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 128:833-45. [PMID: 17943181 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C-delta (PKCdelta) is a key regulator of human involucrin (hINV) gene expression and is regulated by tyrosine phosphorylation. However, a comprehensive analysis of the requirement for individual PKCdelta tyrosine residues is lacking. We show that multiple tyrosine residues influence the ability of PKCdelta to increase hINV gene expression. Mutation of individual PKCdelta tyrosine residues 52, 64, 155, 187, or 565 does not reduce the ability of PKCdelta to increase hINV promoter activity; however, simultaneous mutation of these five tyrosines markedly reduces activity. Moreover, restoration of any one of these residues results in nearly full activity restoration. It is significant that phosphorylation of PKCdelta-Y(311) is reduced in the five-tyrosine mutant and that mutation of Y(311) results in reduced PKCdelta activity comparable to that observed in the five-tyrosine mutant. Restoration of any one of the tyrosine residues in the five-tyrosine mutant restores Y(311) phosphorylation and biological activity. In addition, reduced phosphorylation of endogenous PKCdelta-Y(311) is associated with reduced biological activity. These findings indicate that PKCdelta activity requires Y(311) and a second tyrosine residue; however, any one of the several tyrosine residues can serve in the secondary role.
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41
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Takahashi H, Namiki H. Mechanism of membrane redistribution of protein kinase C by its ATP-competitive inhibitors. Biochem J 2007; 405:331-40. [PMID: 17373912 PMCID: PMC1904528 DOI: 10.1042/bj20070299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
ATP-competitive inhibitors of PKC (protein kinase C) such as the bisindolylmaleimide GF 109203X, which interact with the ATP-binding site in the PKC molecule, have also been shown to affect several redistribution events of PKC. However, the reason why these inhibitors affect the redistribution is still controversial. In the present study, using immunoblot analysis and GFP (green fluorescent protein)-tagged PKC, we showed that, at commonly used concentrations, these ATP-competitive inhibitors alone induced redistribution of DAG (diacylglycerol)-sensitive PKCalpha, PKCbetaII, PKCdelta and PKCepsilon, but not atypical PKCzeta, to the endomembrane or the plasma membrane. Studies with deletion and point mutants showed that the DAG-sensitive C1 domain of PKC was required for membrane redistribution by these inhibitors. Furthermore, membrane redistribution was prevented by the aminosteroid PLC (phospholipase C) inhibitor U-73122, although an ATP-competitive inhibitor had no significant effect on acute DAG generation. Immunoblot analysis showed that an ATP-competitive inhibitor enhanced cell-permeable DAG analogue- or phorbol-ester-induced translocation of endogenous PKC. Furthermore, these inhibitors also enhanced [3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate binding to the cytosolic fractions from PKCalpha-GFP-overexpressing cells. These results clearly demonstrate that ATP-competitive inhibitors cause redistribution of DAG-sensitive PKCs to membranes containing endogenous DAG by altering the DAG sensitivity of PKC and support the idea that the inhibitors destabilize the closed conformation of PKC and make the C1 domain accessible to DAG. Most importantly, our findings provide novel insights for the interpretation of studies using ATP-competitive inhibitors, and, especially, suggest caution about the interpretation of the relationship between the redistribution and kinase activity of PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Takahashi
- Department of Biology, School of Education, Waseda University, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 169-0051, Japan.
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42
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Gomel R, Xiang C, Finniss S, Lee HK, Lu W, Okhrimenko H, Brodie C. The Localization of Protein Kinase Cδ in Different Subcellular Sites Affects Its Proapoptotic and Antiapoptotic Functions and the Activation of Distinct Downstream Signaling Pathways. Mol Cancer Res 2007; 5:627-39. [PMID: 17579121 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-06-0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) regulates cell apoptosis and survival in diverse cellular systems. PKCdelta translocates to different subcellular sites in response to apoptotic stimuli; however, the role of its subcellular localization in its proapoptotic and antiapoptotic functions is just beginning to be understood. Here, we used a PKCdelta constitutively active mutant targeted to the cytosol, nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and examined whether the subcellular localization of PKCdelta affects its apoptotic and survival functions. PKCdelta-Cyto, PKCdelta-Mito, and PKCdelta-Nuc induced cell apoptosis, whereas no apoptosis was observed with the PKCdelta-ER. PKCdelta-Cyto and PKCdelta-Mito underwent cleavage, whereas no cleavage was observed in the PKCdelta-Nuc and PKCdelta-ER. Similarly, caspase-3 activity was increased in cells overexpressing PKCdelta-Cyto and PKCdelta-Mito. In contrast to the apoptotic effects of the PKCdelta-Cyto, PKCdelta-Mito, and PKCdelta-Nuc, the PKCdelta-ER protected the cells from tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced and etoposide-induced apoptosis. Moreover, overexpression of a PKCdelta kinase-dead mutant targeted to the ER abrogated the protective effect of the endogenous PKCdelta and increased tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced apoptosis. The localization of PKCdelta differentially affected the activation of downstream signaling pathways. PKCdelta-Cyto increased the phosphorylation of p38 and decreased the phosphorylation of AKT and the expression of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein, whereas PKCdelta-Nuc increased c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase phosphorylation. Moreover, p38 phosphorylation and the decrease in X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein expression played a role in the apoptotic effect of PKCdelta-Cyto, whereas c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase activation mediated the apoptotic effect of PKCdelta-Nuc. Our results indicate that the subcellular localization of PKCdelta plays important roles in its proapoptotic and antiapoptotic functions and in the activation of downstream signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Gomel
- Hermelin Brain Tumor Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
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43
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Xu TR, He G, Dobson K, England K, Rumsby M. Phosphorylation at Ser729 specifies a Golgi localisation for protein kinase C epsilon (PKCepsilon) in 3T3 fibroblasts. Cell Signal 2007; 19:1986-95. [PMID: 17611075 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2007.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2006] [Revised: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate that GFP-PKCepsilon concentrates at a perinuclear site in living fibroblasts and that cell passage induces rapid translocation of PKCepsilon to the periphery where it appears to colocalise with F-actin. When newly passaged cells have adhered and are proliferating again, GFP-PKCepsilon returns to its perinuclear site. GFP-PKCepsilon co-localises with wheat germ agglutinin suggesting that it is associated with the Golgi at the perinuclear site. In support, PKCepsilon is detected in a Golgi-enriched fraction in pre-passage cells but is lost from the fraction after passage. PKCepsilon at the perinuclear Golgi site is phosphorylated at Ser729 but cell passage induces the loss of the phosphate at this site as reported previously [England et al. (2001) J. Biol. Chem. 276, 10437-10442]. PKCepsilon S729A, S729E and S729T mutants, which are not recognised by a specific antiphosphoPKCepsilon (Ser729) antibody, do not concentrate at a perinuclear/Golgi site in proliferating fibroblasts. This suggests that both phosphorylation and serine rather than threonine are needed at position 729 to locate PKCepsilon at its perinuclear/Golgi site. Phorbol ester induced translocation of PKCepsilon to the nucleus also requires dephosphorylation at Ser729; after translocation nuclear PKCepsilon lacks a phosphate at Ser729. Sulphation and secretion of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains from fibroblasts increases on passage and returns to basal as cells proliferate showing that cell passage influences secretory events at the Golgi. The results indicate that Ser729 phosphorylation plays a role in determining PKCepsilon localisation in fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Rui Xu
- SHWFGF-Proteomics Section, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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44
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Torgersen ML, Wälchli S, Grimmer S, Skånland SS, Sandvig K. Protein Kinase Cδ Is Activated by Shiga Toxin and Regulates Its Transport. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:16317-28. [PMID: 17403690 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610886200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes regulate different vesicular trafficking steps in the recycling or degradative pathways. However, a possible role of these kinases in the retrograde pathway from endosomes to the Golgi complex has previously not been investigated. We report here the involvement of a specific PKC isozyme, PKCdelta, in the intracellular transport of the glycolipid-binding Shiga toxin (Stx), which utilizes the retrograde pathway to intoxicate cells. Upon binding to cells, Stx was shown to specifically activate PKCdelta and not PKCalpha. The involvement of PKCdelta and PKCalpha in the retrograde transport of Stx was then monitored biochemically and by immunofluorescence after inhibition or depletion of the isozymes. PKCdelta, but not PKCalpha, was shown to selectively regulate the endosome-to-Golgi transport of StxB. Upon inhibition or knockdown of PKCdelta, StxB molecules colocalized less with giantin and more with EEA1, indicating that the molecules were accumulated in endosomes, unable to reach the Golgi complex. The inhibition of Golgi transport of Stx was reflected by a strong reduction in the toxic effect, demonstrating that transport of Stx to the cytosol is dependent on PKCdelta activity. These results are in agreement with our previous data, which show that Stx is able to stimulate its own transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Torgersen
- Institute for Cancer Research, Faculty Division, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, University of Oslo, Montebello, 0310 Oslo, Norway
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45
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Zeidan YH, Hannun YA. Activation of Acid Sphingomyelinase by Protein Kinase Cδ-mediated Phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:11549-61. [PMID: 17303575 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m609424200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although important for cellular stress signaling pathways, the molecular mechanisms of acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) activation remain poorly understood. Previous studies showed that treatment of MCF-7 mammary carcinoma cells with the potent protein kinase C (PKC) agonist, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), induces a transient drop in sphingomyelin concomitant with an increase in cellular ceramide levels (Becker, K. P., Kitatani, K., Idkowiak-Baldys, J., Bielawski, J., and Hannun, Y. A. (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280, 2606-2612). Here we show that PMA selectively activates ASMase and that ASMase accounts for the majority of PMA-induced ceramide. Pharmacologic inhibition and RNA interference experiments indicated that the novel PKC, PKCdelta, is required for ASMase activation. Immunoprecipitation experiments revealed the formation of a novel PKCdelta-ASMase complex after PMA stimulation, and PKCdelta was able to phosphorylate ASMase in vitro and in cells. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we identify serine 508 as the key residue phosphorylated in response to PMA. Phosphorylation of Ser(508) proved to be an indispensable step for ASMase activation and membrane translocation in response to PMA. The relevance of the proposed mechanism of ASMase regulation is further validated in a model of UV radiation. UV radiation also induced phosphorylation of ASMase at serine 508. Moreover, when transiently overexpressed, ASMase(S508A) blocked the ceramide formation after PMA treatment, suggesting a dominant negative function for this mutant. Taken together, these results establish a novel direct biochemical mechanism for ASMase activation in which PKCdelta serves as a key upstream kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef H Zeidan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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46
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Masukawa K, Sakai N, Ohmori S, Shirai Y, Saito N. Spatiotemporal analysis of the molecular interaction between PICK1 and PKC. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2006; 39:173-81. [PMID: 17327904 PMCID: PMC1779951 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.06025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PICK1 is a protein which was initially identified as a protein kinase Calpha (alphaPKC) binding protein using the yeast two-hybrid system. In addition to alphaPKC, the PICK1 complex binds to and regulates various transmembrane proteins including receptors and transporters. However, it has not been clarified when and where PICK1 binds to alphaPKC. We examined the spatio-temporal interaction of PICK1 and PKC using live imaging techniques and showed that the activated alphaPKC binds to PICK1 and transports it to the plasma membrane. Although the membrane translocation of PICK1 requires the activation of alphaPKC, PICK1 is retained on the membrane even after PKC moves back to the cytosol. These results suggest that the interaction between alphaPKC and PICK1 is transient and may not be necessary for the regulation of receptors/transporters by PICK1 or by alphaPKC on the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Masukawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657–8501, Japan
| | - Norio Sakai
- Department of Molecular and Pharmacological Neuroscience, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University
| | - Shiho Ohmori
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657–8501, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Shirai
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657–8501, Japan
| | - Naoaki Saito
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657–8501, Japan
- Correspondence to: Naoaki Saito, Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, 1–1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe 657–8501, Japan. E-mail:
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47
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Anderie I, Schulz I, Schmid A. Direct interaction between ER membrane-bound PTP1B and its plasma membrane-anchored targets. Cell Signal 2006; 19:582-92. [PMID: 17092689 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2006.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitously expressed protein tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B is involved in the regulation of numerous cellular signaling pathways. PTP1B is anchored to the ER membrane while many of its substrates are localized to the plasma membrane. This spatial separation raises the question how PTP1B can interact with its targets. In our study we demonstrate direct interaction of PTP1B with the Ser/Thr kinase PKCdelta, the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src and the insulin receptor which all are key enzymes in cellular signaling cascades. Protein complex formation was visualized in vivo using Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC). We demonstrate that complex formation of PTP1B with plasma membrane-anchored proteins is possible without detachment of PTP1B from the ER. Our data indicate that the dynamic ER membrane network is in constant contact to the plasma membrane. Local attachments of the two membrane systems enable a direct communication of ER- and plasma membrane-anchored proteins. The reported formation of membrane junctions is an important step towards the understanding of signal transmissions between the ER and the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Anderie
- Department of Physiology, University of the Saarland, D-66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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48
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Sallese M, Pulvirenti T, Luini A. The physiology of membrane transport and endomembrane-based signalling. EMBO J 2006; 25:2663-73. [PMID: 16763561 PMCID: PMC1500860 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Some of the important open questions concerning the physiology of the secretory pathway relate to its homeostasis. Secretion involves a number of separate compartments for which their transport activities should be precisely cross-coordinated to avoid gross imbalances in the trafficking system. Moreover, the membrane fluxes across these compartments should be able to adapt to environmental 'requests' and to respond to extracellular signals. How is this regulation effected? Here, we consider evidence that endomembrane-based signalling cascades that are similar in organization to those used at the plasma membrane coordinate membrane traffic. If this is the case, this would also represent a model for a more general inter-organelle signalling network for functionally interconnecting different intracellular activities, a necessity for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and to express harmonic global cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Sallese
- Laboratory of Membrane Traffic, Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy
| | - Teodoro Pulvirenti
- Laboratory of Membrane Traffic, Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alberto Luini
- Laboratory of Membrane Traffic, Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti, Italy
- Laboratory of Membrane Traffic, Department of Cell Biology and Oncology, Consorzio Mario, Negri Sud, Santa Maria Imbaro, Chieti 66030, Italy. Tel.: +39 0872 570355; Fax: +39 0872 570412; E-mail:
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49
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Mandadi S, Tominaga T, Numazaki M, Murayama N, Saito N, Armati PJ, Roufogalis BD, Tominaga M. Increased sensitivity of desensitized TRPV1 by PMA occurs through PKCepsilon-mediated phosphorylation at S800. Pain 2006; 123:106-16. [PMID: 16564619 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2006.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Revised: 02/05/2006] [Accepted: 02/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Important mechanisms that regulate inhibitory and facilitatory effects on TRPV1-mediated nociception are desensitization and phosphorylation, respectively. Using Ca2+-imaging, we have previously shown that desensitization of TRPV1 upon successive capsaicin applications was reversed by protein kinase C activation in dorsal root ganglion neurons and CHO cells. Here, using both Ca2+-imaging and patch-clamp methods, we show that PMA-induced activation of PKCepsilon is essential for increased sensitivity of desensitized TRPV1. TRPV1 has two putative substrates S502 and S800 for PKCepsilon-mediated phosphorylation. Patch-clamp analysis showed that contribution of single mutant S502A or S800A towards increased sensitivity of desensitized TRPV1 is indistinguishable from that observed in a double mutant S502A/S800A. Since S502 is a non-specific substrate for TRPV1 phosphorylation by kinases like PKC, PKA or CAMKII, evidence for a role of PKC specific substrate S800 was investigated. Evidence for in vivo phosphorylation of TRPV1 at S800 was demonstrated for the first time. We also show that the expression level of PKCepsilon paralleled the amount of phosphorylated TRPV1 protein using an antibody specific for phosphorylated TRPV1 at S800. Furthermore, the anti-phosphoTRPV1 antibody detected phosphorylation of TRPV1 in mouse and rat DRG neurons and may be useful for research regarding nociception in native tissues. This study, therefore, identifies PKCepsilon and S800 as important therapeutic targets that may help regulate inhibitory effects on TRPV1 and hence its desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravan Mandadi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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50
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Choi SY, Kim MJ, Kang CM, Bae S, Cho CK, Soh JW, Kim JH, Kang S, Chung HY, Lee YS, Lee SJ. Activation of Bak and Bax through c-abl-protein kinase Cdelta-p38 MAPK signaling in response to ionizing radiation in human non-small cell lung cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:7049-59. [PMID: 16410245 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m512000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular signaling molecules and apoptotic factors seem to play an important role in determining the radiation response of tumor cells. However, the basis for the link between signaling pathway and apoptotic cell death machinery after ionizing irradiation remains still largely unclear. In this study, we showed that c-Abl-PKCdelta-Rac1-p38 MAPK signaling is required for the conformational changes of Bak and Bax during ionizing radiation-induced apoptotic cell death in human non-small cell lung cancer cells. Ionizing radiation induced conformational changes and subsequent oligomerizations of Bak and Bax, dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential, and cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Small interference (siRNA) targeting of Bak and Bax effectively protected cells from radiation-induced mitochondrial membrane potential loss and apoptotic cell death. p38 MAPK was found to be selectively activated in response to radiation treatment. Inhibition of p38 MAPK completely suppressed radiation-induced Bak and Bax activations, dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential, and cell death. Moreover, expression of a dominant negative form of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) or siRNA targeting of PKCdelta attenuated p38 MAPK activation and conformational changes of Bak and Bax. In addition, ectopic expression of RacN17, a dominant negative form of Rac1, markedly inhibited p38 MAPK activation but did not affect PKCdelta activation. Upon stimulation of cells with radiation, PKCdelta was phosphorylated dramatically on tyrosine. c-Abl-PKCdelta complex formation was also increased in response to radiation. Moreover, siRNA targeting of c-Abl attenuated radiation-induced PKCdelta and p38 MAPK activations, and Bak and Bax modulations. These data support a notion that activation of the c-Abl-PKCdelta-Rac1-p38 MAPK pathway in response to ionizing radiation signals conformational changes of Bak and Bax, resulting in mitochondrial activation-mediated apoptotic cell death in human non-small cell lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Young Choi
- Laboratory of Radiation Experimental Therapeutics, Laboratory of Radiation Cytogenetics and Epidemiology, and Laboratory of Radiation Effect, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Gongneung-Dong, Nowon-Ku, Seoul 139-706
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