1
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Datta C, Das P, Swaroop S, Bhattacharjee A. Rac1 plays a crucial role in MCP-1-induced monocyte adhesion and migration. Cell Immunol 2024; 401-402:104843. [PMID: 38905771 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Monocyte migration is an important process in inflammation and atherogenesis. Identification of the key signalling pathways that regulate monocyte migration can provide prospective targets for prophylactic treatments in inflammatory diseases. Previous research showed that the focal adhesion kinase Pyk2, Src kinase and MAP kinases play an important role in MCP-1-induced monocyte migration. In this study, we demonstrate that MCP-1 induces iPLA2 activity, which is regulated by PKCβ and affects downstream activation of Rac1 and Pyk2. Rac1 interacts directly with iPLA2 and Pyk2, and plays a crucial role in MCP-1-mediated monocyte migration by modulating downstream Pyk2 and p38 MAPK activation. Furthermore, Rac1 is necessary for cell spreading and F-actin polymerization during monocyte adhesion to fibronectin. Finally, we provide evidence that Rac1 controls the secretion of inflammatory mediator vimentin from MCP-1-stimulated monocytes. Altogether, this study demonstrates that the PKCβ/iPLA2/Rac1/Pyk2/p38 MAPK signalling cascade is essential for MCP-1-induced monocyte adhesion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandreyee Datta
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur-713209, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Pradip Das
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur-713209, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Surbhi Swaroop
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur-713209, Burdwan, West Bengal, India
| | - Ashish Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Avenue, Durgapur-713209, Burdwan, West Bengal, India.
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2
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Koirala R, Fongsaran C, Poston T, Rogge M, Rogers B, Thune R, Dubytska L. Edwardsiella ictaluri T3SS effector EseN is a phosphothreonine lyase that inactivates ERK1/2, p38, JNK, and PDK1 and modulates cell death in infected macrophages. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0300323. [PMID: 37796003 PMCID: PMC10714789 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03003-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE This work has global significance in the catfish industry, which provides food for increasing global populations. E. ictaluri is a leading cause of disease loss, and EseN is an important player in E. ictaluri virulence. The E. ictaluri T3SS effector EseN plays an essential role in establishing infection, but the specific role EseN plays is not well characterized. EseN belongs to a family of phosphothreonine lyase effectors that specifically target host mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways important in regulating host responses to infection. No phosphothreonine lyase equivalents are known in eukaryotes, making this family of effectors an attractive target for indirect narrow-spectrum antibiotics. Targeting of major vault protein and PDK1 kinase by EseN has not been reported in EseN homologs in other pathogens and may indicate unique functions of E. ictaluri EseN. EseN targeting of PDK1 is particularly interesting in that it is linked to an extraordinarily diverse group of cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Koirala
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Southern University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chanida Fongsaran
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Southern University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Tanisha Poston
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Southern University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Matthew Rogge
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point, Stevens Point, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Bryan Rogers
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Southern University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ronald Thune
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lidiya Dubytska
- Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, Southern University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
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3
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Zheng N, Wei J, Wu D, Xu Y, Guo J. Master kinase PDK1 in tumorigenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188971. [PMID: 37640147 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) is considered as master kinase regulating AGC kinase family members such as AKT, SGK, PLK, S6K and RSK. Although autophosphorylation regulates PDK1 activity, accumulating evidence suggests that PDK1 is manipulated by many other mechanisms, including S6K-mediated phosphorylation, and the E3 ligase SPOP-mediated ubiquitination and degradation. Dysregulation of these upstream regulators or downstream signals involves in cancer development, as PDK1 regulating cell growth, metastasis, invasion, apoptosis and survival time. Meanwhile, overexpression of PDK1 is also exposed in a plethora of cancers, whereas inhibition of PDK1 reduces cell size and inhibits tumor growth and progression. More importantly, PDK1 also modulates the tumor microenvironments and markedly influences tumor immunotherapies. In summary, we comprehensively summarize the downstream signals, upstream regulators, mouse models, inhibitors, tumor microenvironment and clinical treatments for PDK1, and highlight PDK1 as a potential cancer therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Zheng
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jiaqi Wei
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Depei Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Yang Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Jianping Guo
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China.
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Kalra J, Artamonov M, Wang H, Franke A, Markowska Z, Jin L, Derewenda ZS, Ayon RJ, Somlyo A. p90RSK2, a new MLCK mediates contractility in myosin light chain kinase null smooth muscle. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1228488. [PMID: 37781225 PMCID: PMC10533999 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1228488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Phosphorylation of smooth muscle (SM) myosin regulatory light chain (RLC20) is a critical switch leading to SM contraction. The canonical view held that only the short isoform of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK1) catalyzed this reaction. It is now accepted that auxiliary kinases may contribute to vascular SM tone and contractility. We have previously reported that p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK2) functions as such a kinase, in parallel with MLCK1, contributing ∼25% of the maximal myogenic force in resistance arteries. Thus, RSK2 may be instrumental in the regulation of basal vascular tone and blood pressure. Here, we take advantage of a MLCK1 null mouse (mylk1 -/-) to further test our hypothesis that RSK2 can function as an MLCK, playing a significant physiological role in SM contractility. Methods: Using fetal (E14.5-18.5) SM tissues, as embryos die at birth, we investigated the necessity of MLCK for contractility and fetal development and determined the ability of RSK2 kinase to compensate for the lack of MLCK and characterized its signaling pathway in SM. Results and Discussion: Agonists induced contraction and RLC20 phosphorylation in mylk1 -/- SM was attenuated by RSK2 inhibition. The pCa-tension relationships in permeabilized strips of bladder showed no difference in Ca2+ sensitivity in WT vs mylk1 -/- muscles, although the magnitude of force responses was considerably smaller in the absence of MLCK. The magnitude of contractile responses was similar upon addition of GTPγS to activate the RhoA/ROCK pathway or calyculinA to inhibit the myosin phosphatase. The Ca2+-dependent tyrosine kinase, Pyk2, contributed to RSK2-mediated contractility and RLC20 phosphorylation. Proximity-ligation and immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated an association of RSK2, PDK1 and ERK1/2 with MLCK and actin. RSK2, PDK1, ERK1/2 and MLCK formed a signaling complex on the actin filament, positioning them for interaction with adjacent myosin heads. The Ca2+-dependent component reflected the agonist mediated increases in Ca2+, which activated the Pyk2/PDK1/RSK2 signaling cascade. The Ca2+-independent component was through activation of Erk1/2/PDK1/RSK2 leading to direct phosphorylation of RLC20, to increase contraction. Overall, RSK2 signaling constitutes a new third signaling pathway, in addition to the established Ca2+/CaM/MLCK and RhoA/ROCK pathways to regulate SM contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Kalra
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Mykhaylo Artamonov
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Sentara Martha Jefferson Hospital, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Aaron Franke
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Brain Surgery Worldwide, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Zaneta Markowska
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Li Jin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Zygmunt S. Derewenda
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Ramon J. Ayon
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Avril Somlyo
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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5
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Fang T, Liu S, Chen L, Ren Y, Lu D, Yao X, Hong T, Zhang X, Xie Z, Yang K, Wang X. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing identified the key role of the Src family tyrosine kinases and related genes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Genes Genomics 2023; 45:1187-1196. [PMID: 37300789 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-023-01407-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a multisystemic autoimmune illness, the basic mechanisms behind the pathophysiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the possible significance of SLE's DNA methylation and gain further insight into potential SLE-related biomarkers and therapeutic targets. METHODS We used whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) method to analyze DNA methylation in 4 SLE patients and 4 healthy people. RESULTS 702 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified, and 480 DMR-associated genes were annotated. We found the majority of the DMR-associated elements were enriched in repeat and gene bodies. The top 10 hub genes identified were LCK, FYB, PTK2B, LYN, CTNNB1, MAPK1, GNAQ, PRKCA, ABL1, and CD247. Compared to the control group, LCK and PTK2B had considerably decreased levels of mRNA expression in the SLE group. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve suggested that LCK and PTK2B may be potential candidate biomarkers to predict SLE. CONCLUSIONS Our study improved comprehension of the DNA methylation patterns of SLE and identified potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Fang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Suyi Liu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liying Chen
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yating Ren
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dingqi Lu
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Yao
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Hong
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xvfeng Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimin Xie
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kepeng Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinchang Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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Kalra J, Artamonov M, Wang H, Franke A, Markowska Z, Jin L, Derewenda ZS, Ayon R, Somlyo A. p90RSK2, a new MLCK, rescues contractility in myosin light chain kinase null smooth muscle. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.22.541840. [PMID: 37292593 PMCID: PMC10245941 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.22.541840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Background Phosphorylation of smooth muscle (SM) myosin regulatory light chain (RLC 20 ) is a critical switch leading to contraction or cell migration. The canonical view held that the only kinase catalyzing this reaction is the short isoform of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK1). Auxiliary kinases may be involved and play a vital role in blood pressure homeostasis. We have previously reported that p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK2) functions as such a kinase, in parallel with the classical MLCK1, contributing ∼25% of the maximal myogenic force in resistance arteries and regulating blood pressure. Here, we take advantage of a MLCK1 null mouse to further test our hypothesis that RSK2 can function as an MLCK, playing a significant physiological role in SM contractility. Methods Fetal (E14.5-18.5) SM tissues were used as embryos die at birth. We investigated the necessity of MLCK for contractility, cell migration and fetal development and determined the ability of RSK2 kinase to compensate for the lack of MLCK and characterized it's signaling pathway in SM. Results Agonists induced contraction and RLC 20 phosphorylation in mylk1 -/- SM, that was inhibited by RSK2 inhibitors. Embryos developed and cells migrated in the absence of MLCK. The pCa-tension relationships in WT vs mylk1 -/- muscles demonstrated a Ca 2+ -dependency due to the Ca 2+ -dependent tyrosine kinase Pyk2, known to activate PDK1 that phosphorylates and fully activates RSK2. The magnitude of contractile responses was similar upon addition of GTPγS to activate the RhoA/ROCK pathway. The Ca 2+ -independent component was through activation of Erk1/2/PDK1/RSK2 leading to direct phosphorylation of RLC 20 , to increase contraction. RSK2, PDK1, Erk1/2 and MLCK formed a signaling complex on the actin filament, optimally positioning them for interaction with adjacent myosin heads. Conclusions RSK2 signaling constitutes a new third signaling pathway, in addition to the established Ca 2+ /CAM/MLCK and RhoA/ROCK pathways to regulate SM contractility and cell migration.
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7
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The Landscape of PDK1 in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030811. [PMID: 35159078 PMCID: PMC8834120 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Given that 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) plays a crucial role in the malignant biological behaviors of a wide range of cancers, we review the influence of PDK1 in breast cancer (BC). First, we describe the power of PDK1 in cellular behaviors and characterize the interaction networks of PDK1. Then, we establish the roles of PDK1 in carcinogenesis, growth and survival, metastasis, and chemoresistance in BC cells. More importantly, we sort the current preclinical or clinical trials of PDK1-targeted therapy in BC and find that, even though no selective PDK1 inhibitor is currently available for BC therapy, the combination trials of PDK1-targeted therapy and other agents have provided some benefit. Thus, there is increasing anticipation that PDK1-targeted therapy will have its space in future therapeutic approaches related to BC, and we hope the novel approaches of targeted therapy will be conducive to ameliorating the dismal prognosis of BC patients.
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Jin YJ, Chennupati R, Li R, Liang G, Wang S, Iring A, Graumann J, Wettschureck N, Offermanns S. Protein kinase N2 mediates flow-induced endothelial NOS activation and vascular tone regulation. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e145734. [PMID: 34499618 DOI: 10.1172/jci145734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Formation of NO by endothelial NOS (eNOS) is a central process in the homeostatic regulation of vascular functions including blood pressure regulation, and fluid shear stress exerted by the flowing blood is a main stimulus of eNOS activity. Previous work has identified several mechanosensing and -transducing processes in endothelial cells, which mediate this process and induce the stimulation of eNOS activity through phosphorylation of the enzyme via various kinases including AKT. How the initial mechanosensing and signaling processes are linked to eNOS phosphorylation is unclear. In human endothelial cells, we demonstrated that protein kinase N2 (PKN2), which is activated by flow through the mechanosensitive cation channel Piezo1 and Gq/G11-mediated signaling, as well as by Ca2+ and phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1), plays a pivotal role in this process. Active PKN2 promoted the phosphorylation of human eNOS at serine 1177 and at a newly identified site, serine 1179. These phosphorylation events additively led to increased eNOS activity. PKN2-mediated eNOS phosphorylation at serine 1177 involved the phosphorylation of AKT synergistically with mTORC2-mediated AKT phosphorylation, whereas active PKN2 directly phosphorylated human eNOS at serine 1179. Mice with induced endothelium-specific deficiency of PKN2 showed strongly reduced flow-induced vasodilation and developed arterial hypertension accompanied by reduced eNOS activation. These results uncover a central mechanism that couples upstream mechanosignaling processes in endothelial cells to the regulation of eNOS-mediated NO formation, vascular tone, and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-June Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Ramesh Chennupati
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Guozheng Liang
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - ShengPeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Yanta District, Xi'an, China
| | - András Iring
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Johannes Graumann
- Scientific Service Group Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Nina Wettschureck
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, JW Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Rhine-Main Site, Frankfurt and Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany.,Centre for Molecular Medicine, Medical Faculty, JW Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Cardiopulmonary Institute (CPI), Frankfurt, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Rhine-Main Site, Frankfurt and Bad Nauheim, Germany
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9
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Luo QQ, Wang B, Chen X, Qiu HY, Li WT, Yan XJ, Chen SL. Acute stress induces visceral hypersensitivity via glucocorticoid receptor-mediated membrane insertion of TRPM8: Involvement of a non-receptor tyrosine kinase Pyk2. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:1514-1528. [PMID: 32391653 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychological stress is an important factor for the development and recurrence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The mechanisms underlying stress-induced visceral hypersensitivity (VH), a key pathophysiological component in IBS, are still incompletely understood. We aimed to test whether transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) participates in acute stress-induced VH. METHODS Rats were subjected to 1-hour water avoidance stress (WAS). Visceral sensitivity was measured with visceromotor response to colorectal distension. Western blot and immunofluorescence were applied to evaluate the expression of GR and TRPM8 and activation of PKA, Akt, and PKC pathways. RESULTS WAS-caused VH depended on glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) and TRPM8 channels. In a dorsal root ganglion (DRG)-derived cell line, corticosterone rapidly (within 30 minutes) induced membrane expression of TRPM8. This effect was inhibited by GR antagonism and was mimicked by membrane-impermeable corticosterone. PKA, PI3K/Akt, and PKC pathways, which lied downstream of GR and acted in parallel to promote membrane expression of TRPM8, contributed to WAS-induced VH. The non-receptor tyrosine kinase Pyk2, which may serve as a convergence point for PKA, PI3K/Akt, and PKC pathways, facilitated membrane insertion of TRPM8 via tyrosine-phosphorylating TRPM8 in L6-S2 DRGs and participated in WAS-induced VH. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, acute stress-induced VH could involve membrane-bound GR-dependent enhancement of TRPM8 function in nociceptive DRG neurons. Mechanistically, Pyk2 could act as a key mediator that coordinates multiple protein kinase signaling and triggers phosphorylation and membrane insertion of TRPM8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Luo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Yi Qiu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Ting Li
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiu-Juan Yan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Liang Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai, China
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10
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Bruce JIE, James AD. Targeting the Calcium Signalling Machinery in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092351. [PMID: 32825277 PMCID: PMC7565467 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is caused by excessive cell proliferation and a propensity to avoid cell death, while the spread of cancer is facilitated by enhanced cellular migration, invasion, and vascularization. Cytosolic Ca2+ is central to each of these important processes, yet to date, there are no cancer drugs currently being used clinically, and very few undergoing clinical trials, that target the Ca2+ signalling machinery. The aim of this review is to highlight some of the emerging evidence that targeting key components of the Ca2+ signalling machinery represents a novel and relatively untapped therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason I. E. Bruce
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)-161-275-5484
| | - Andrew D. James
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK;
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11
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Aisa Y, Yunusi K, Chen Q, Mi N. Systematic understanding of the potential targets and pharmacological mechanisms of acteoside by network pharmacology approach. Med Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02524-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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12
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Di Blasio L, Gagliardi PA, Puliafito A, Primo L. Serine/Threonine Kinase 3-Phosphoinositide-Dependent Protein Kinase-1 (PDK1) as a Key Regulator of Cell Migration and Cancer Dissemination. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9030025. [PMID: 28287465 PMCID: PMC5366820 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9030025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dissecting the cellular signaling that governs the motility of eukaryotic cells is one of the fundamental tasks of modern cell biology, not only because of the large number of physiological processes in which cell migration is crucial, but even more so because of the pathological ones, in particular tumor invasion and metastasis. Cell migration requires the coordination of at least four major processes: polarization of intracellular signaling, regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and membrane extension, focal adhesion and integrin signaling and contractile forces generation and rear retraction. Among the molecular components involved in the regulation of locomotion, the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway has been shown to exert fundamental role. A pivotal node of such pathway is represented by the serine/threonine kinase 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDPK1 or PDK1). PDK1, and the majority of its substrates, belong to the AGC family of kinases (related to cAMP-dependent protein kinase 1, cyclic Guanosine monophosphate-dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C), and control a plethora of cellular processes, downstream either to PI3K or to other pathways, such as RAS GTPase-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase). Interestingly, PDK1 has been demonstrated to be crucial for the regulation of each step of cell migration, by activating several proteins such as protein kinase B/Akt (PKB/Akt), myotonic dystrophy-related CDC42-binding kinases alpha (MRCKα), Rho associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1), phospholipase C gamma 1 (PLCγ1) and β3 integrin. Moreover, PDK1 regulates cancer cell invasion as well, thus representing a possible target to prevent cancer metastasis in human patients. The aim of this review is to summarize the various mechanisms by which PDK1 controls the cell migration process, from cell polarization to actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesion regulation, and finally, to discuss the evidence supporting a role for PDK1 in cancer cell invasion and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Di Blasio
- Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy.
| | | | | | - Luca Primo
- Candiolo Cancer Institute FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy.
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
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13
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Integrin signaling in atherosclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:2263-2282. [PMID: 28246700 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2490-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, a chronic lipid-driven inflammatory disease affecting large arteries, represents the primary cause of cardiovascular disease in the world. The local remodeling of the vessel intima during atherosclerosis involves the modulation of vascular cell phenotype, alteration of cell migration and proliferation, and propagation of local extracellular matrix remodeling. All of these responses represent targets of the integrin family of cell adhesion receptors. As such, alterations in integrin signaling affect multiple aspects of atherosclerosis, from the earliest induction of inflammation to the development of advanced fibrotic plaques. Integrin signaling has been shown to regulate endothelial phenotype, facilitate leukocyte homing, affect leukocyte function, and drive smooth muscle fibroproliferative remodeling. In addition, integrin signaling in platelets contributes to the thrombotic complications that typically drive the clinical manifestation of cardiovascular disease. In this review, we examine the current literature on integrin regulation of atherosclerotic plaque development and the suitability of integrins as potential therapeutic targets to limit cardiovascular disease and its complications.
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14
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Utepbergenov D, Hennig PM, Derewenda U, Artamonov MV, Somlyo AV, Derewenda ZS. Bacterial Expression, Purification and In Vitro Phosphorylation of Full-Length Ribosomal S6 Kinase 2 (RSK2). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164343. [PMID: 27732676 PMCID: PMC5061434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosomal S6 kinases (RSK) play important roles in cell signaling through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Each of the four RSK isoforms (RSK1-4) is a single polypeptide chain containing two kinase domains connected by a linker sequence with regulatory phosphorylation sites. Here, we demonstrate that full-length RSK2-which is implicated in several types of cancer, and which is linked to the genetic Coffin-Lowry syndrome-can be overexpressed with high yields in Escherichia coli as a fusion with maltose binding protein (MBP), and can be purified to homogeneity after proteolytic removal of MBP by affinity and size-exclusion chromatography. The purified protein can be fully activated in vitro by phosphorylation with protein kinases ERK2 and PDK1. Compared to full-length RSK2 purified from insect host cells, the bacterially expressed and phosphorylated murine RSK2 shows the same levels of catalytic activity after phosphorylation, and sensitivity to inhibition by RSK-specific inhibitor SL0101. Interestingly, we detect low levels of phosphorylation in the nascent RSK2 on Ser386, owing to autocatalysis by the C-terminal domain, independent of ERK. This observation has implications for in vivo signaling, as it suggests that full activation of RSK2 by PDK1 alone is possible, circumventing at least in some cases the requirement for ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darkhan Utepbergenov
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Paulina M Hennig
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Urszula Derewenda
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Mykhaylo V Artamonov
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Avril V Somlyo
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Zygmunt S Derewenda
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
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15
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Münzer P, Walker-Allgaier B, Geue S, Geuss E, Hron G, Rath D, Eißler D, Winter S, Schaeffeler E, Meinert M, Schaller M, Greinacher A, Schwab M, Geisler T, Kleinschnitz C, Lang F, Gawaz M, Borst O. PDK1 Determines Collagen-Dependent Platelet Ca
2+
Signaling and Is Critical to Development of Ischemic Stroke In Vivo. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1507-16. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.307105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
Activation of platelets by subendothelial collagen results in an increase of cytosolic Ca
2+
concentration ([Ca
2+
]
i
) and is followed by platelet activation and thrombus formation that may lead to vascular occlusion. The present study determined the role of phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) in collagen-dependent platelet Ca
2+
signaling and ischemic stroke in vivo.
Approach and Results—
Platelet activation with collagen receptor glycoprotein VI agonists collagen-related peptide or convulxin resulted in a significant increase in PDK1 activity independent of second-wave signaling. PDK1 deficiency was associated with reduced platelet phospholipase Cγ2–dependent inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate production and intracellular [Ca
2+
]
i
in response to stimulation with collagen-related peptide or convulxin. The defective increase of [Ca
2+
]
i
resulted in a substantial defect in activation-dependent platelet secretion and aggregation on collagen-related peptide stimulation. Furthermore, Rac1 activation and spreading, adhesion to collagen, and thrombus formation under high arterial shear rates were significantly diminished in PDK1-deficient platelets. Mice with PDK1-deficient platelets were protected against arterial thrombotic occlusion after FeCl
3
-induced mesenteric arterioles injury and ischemic stroke in vivo. These mice had significantly reduced brain infarct volumes, with a significantly increased survival of 7 days after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion without increase of intracerebral hemorrhage. Tail bleeding time was prolonged in
pdk1
−/−
mice, reflecting an important role of PDK1 in primary hemostasis.
Conclusions—
PDK1 is required for Ca
2+
-dependent platelet activation on stimulation of collagen receptor glycoprotein VI, arterial thrombotic occlusion, and ischemic stroke in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Münzer
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Britta Walker-Allgaier
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Sascha Geue
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Eva Geuss
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Gregor Hron
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Dominik Rath
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Daniela Eißler
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Stefan Winter
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Elke Schaeffeler
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Monika Meinert
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Martin Schaller
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Andreas Greinacher
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Matthias Schwab
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Tobias Geisler
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Christoph Kleinschnitz
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Florian Lang
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Meinrad Gawaz
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
| | - Oliver Borst
- From the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine (P.M., B.W.-A., S.G., D.R., D.E., T.G., M.G., O.B.), Department of Physiology (B.W.-A., F.L.), Department of Evolutionary Biology of Invertebrates, Institute for Evolution and Ecology (M.M.), Department of Dermatology (M.S.), and Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.S.), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (E.G., C.K.); Institute for Immunology and Transfusion
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16
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Ferreira ÉR, Horjales E, Bonfim-Melo A, Cortez C, da Silva CV, De Groote M, Sobreira TJP, Cruz MC, Lima FM, Cordero EM, Yoshida N, da Silveira JF, Mortara RA, Bahia D. Unique behavior of Trypanosoma cruzi mevalonate kinase: A conserved glycosomal enzyme involved in host cell invasion and signaling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24610. [PMID: 27113535 PMCID: PMC4845012 DOI: 10.1038/srep24610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mevalonate kinase (MVK) is an essential enzyme acting in early steps of sterol isoprenoids biosynthesis, such as cholesterol in humans or ergosterol in trypanosomatids. MVK is conserved from bacteria to mammals, and localizes to glycosomes in trypanosomatids. During the course of T. cruzi MVK characterization, we found that, in addition to glycosomes, this enzyme may be secreted and modulate cell invasion. To evaluate the role of TcMVK in parasite-host cell interactions, TcMVK recombinant protein was produced and anti-TcMVK antibodies were raised in mice. TcMVK protein was detected in the supernatant of cultures of metacyclic trypomastigotes (MTs) and extracellular amastigotes (EAs) by Western blot analysis, confirming its secretion into extracellular medium. Recombinant TcMVK bound in a non-saturable dose-dependent manner to HeLa cells and positively modulated internalization of T. cruzi EAs but inhibited invasion by MTs. In HeLa cells, TcMVK induced phosphorylation of MAPK pathway components and proteins related to actin cytoskeleton modifications. We hypothesized that TcMVK is a bifunctional enzyme that in addition to playing a classical role in isoprenoid synthesis in glycosomes, it is secreted and may modulate host cell signaling required for T. cruzi invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éden Ramalho Ferreira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Alexis Bonfim-Melo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristian Cortez
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudio Vieira da Silva
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mário Costa Cruz
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio Mitsuo Lima
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Esteban Mauricio Cordero
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nobuko Yoshida
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José Franco da Silveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Renato Arruda Mortara
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Diana Bahia
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, MG, Brazil
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17
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Tao Y, Gao H, Ackerman B, Guo W, Saffen D, Shugart YY. Evidence for contribution of common genetic variants within chromosome 8p21.2-8p21.1 to restricted and repetitive behaviors in autism spectrum disorders. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:163. [PMID: 26931105 PMCID: PMC4774106 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2475-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors (RRB), one of the core symptom categories for Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), comprises heterogeneous groups of behaviors. Previous research indicates that there are two or more factors (subcategories) within the RRB domain. In an effort to identify common variants associated with RRB, we have carried out a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE) dataset (n = 1,335, all ASD probands of European ancestry) for each identified RRB subcategory, while allowing for comparisons of associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with associated SNPs in the same set of probands analyzed using all the RRB subcategories as phenotypes in a multivariate linear mixed model. The top ranked SNPs were then explored in an independent dataset. RESULTS Using principal component analysis of item scores obtained from Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), two distinct subcategories within Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors were identified: Repetitive Sensory Motor (RSM) and Insistence on Sameness (IS). Quantitative RSM and IS scores were subsequently used as phenotypes in a GWAS using the AGRE ASD cohort. Although no associated SNPs with genome-wide significance (P < 5.0E-08) were detected when RSM or IS were analyzed independently, three SNPs approached genome-wide significance when RSM and IS were considered together using multivariate association analysis. These included the top IS-associated SNP, rs62503729 (P-value = 6.48E-08), which is located within chromosome 8p21.2-8p21.1, a locus previously linked to schizophrenia. Notably, all of the most significantly associated SNPs are located in close proximity to STMN4 and PTK2B, genes previously shown to function in neuron development. In addition, several of the top-ranked SNPs showed correlations with STMN4 mRNA expression in adult CEU (Caucasian and European descent) human prefrontal cortex. However, the association signals within chromosome 8p21.2-8p21.1 failed to replicate in an independent sample of 2,588 ASD probands; the insufficient sample size and between-study heterogeneity are possible explanations for the non-replication. CONCLUSIONS Our analysis indicates that RRB in ASD can be represented by two distinct subcategories: RSM and IS. Subsequent univariate and multivariate genome-wide association studies of these RRB subcategories enabled the detection of associated SNPs at 8p21.2-8p21.1. Although these results did not replicate in an independent ASD dataset, genomic features of this region and pathway analysis suggest that common variants in 8p21.2-8p21.1 may contribute to RRB, particularly IS. Together, these observations warrant future studies to elucidate the possible contributions of common variants in 8p21.2-8p21.1 to the etiology of RSM and IS in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tao
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 130Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 130Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Benjamin Ackerman
- JohnsHopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Unit on Statistical Genomics, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Wei Guo
- Unit on Statistical Genomics, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - David Saffen
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 130Dong'an Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yin Yao Shugart
- Unit on Statistical Genomics, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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18
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Karimi Galougahi K, Ashley EA, Ali ZA. Redox regulation of vascular remodeling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:349-63. [PMID: 26483132 PMCID: PMC11108558 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2068-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Vascular remodeling is a dynamic process of structural and functional changes in response to biochemical and biomechanical signals in a complex in vivo milieu. While inherently adaptive, dysregulation leads to maladaptive remodeling. Reactive oxygen species participate in homeostatic cell signaling in tightly regulated- and compartmentalized cellular circuits. It is well established that perturbations in oxidation-reduction (redox) homeostasis can lead to a state of oxidative-, and more recently, reductive stress. We provide an overview of the redox signaling in the vasculature and review the role of oxidative- and reductive stress in maladaptive vascular remodeling. Particular emphasis has been placed on essential processes that determine phenotype modulation, migration and fate of the main cell types in the vessel wall. Recent advances in systems biology and the translational opportunities they may provide to specifically target the redox pathways driving pathological vascular remodeling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyvan Karimi Galougahi
- Division of Cardiology, Center for Interventional Vascular Therapy, New York Presbyterian Hospital and Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Sydney Medical School Foundation, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Euan A Ashley
- Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ziad A Ali
- Division of Cardiology, Center for Interventional Vascular Therapy, New York Presbyterian Hospital and Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Cardiovascular Research Foundation, New York, NY, USA
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19
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Fan Y, Wang Y, Wang K. Prostaglandin E2 stimulates normal bronchial epithelial cell growth through induction of c-Jun and PDK1, a kinase implicated in oncogenesis. Respir Res 2015; 16:149. [PMID: 26684827 PMCID: PMC4699375 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0309-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclooxygenase-2-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a bioactive eicosanoid, has been implicated in many biological processes including reproduction, inflammation and tumor growth. We previously showed that PGE2 stimulated lung cancer cell growth and progression through PGE2 receptor EP2/EP4-mediated kinase signaling pathways. However, the role of PGE2 in controlling lung airway epithelial cell phenotype remains unknown. We evaluated the effects of c-Jun and 3-phosphoinositede dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1) in mediating epithelial cell hyperplasia induced by PGE2. Method The bronchial epithelial cell lines BEAS-2B and HBEc14-KT were cultured and then treated with PGE2. PDK1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) and a PDK1 inhibitor, an antagonist of the PGE2 receptor subtype EP4 and EP4 siRNA, c-Jun siRNA, and overexpressions of c-Jun and PDK1 have been used to evaluate the effects on cell proliferation. Results We demonstrated that PGE2 increased normal bronchial epithelial cell proliferation through induction of PDK1, an ankyrin repeat-containing Ser/Thr kinase implicated in the induction of apoptosis and the suppression of tumor growth. PDK1 siRNA and a PDK1 inhibitor blocked the effects of PGE2 on normal cell growth. The PGE2-induced PDK1 expression was blocked by an antagonist of the PGE2 receptor subtype EP4 and by EP4 siRNA. In addition, we showed that induction of PDK1 by PGE2 was associated with induction of the transcription factor, c-Jun protein. Silencing of c-Jun using siRNA and point mutations of c-Jun sites in the PDK1 gene promoter resulted in blockade of PDK1 expression and promoter activity induced by PGE2. In contrast, overexpression of c-Jun induced PDK1 gene promoter activity and expression followed increased cell proliferation. Conclusion PGE2 increases normal bronchial epithelial cell proliferation through increased PDK1 gene expression that is dependent on EP4 and induction of c-Jun. Therewith, our data suggest a new role of c-Jun and PDK1 in mediating epithelial cell hyperplasia induced by PGE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China. .,Department of Radiotherapy, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China.
| | - Ye Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China.
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, 610041, China.
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20
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Huang N, Cheng S, Mi X, Tian Q, Huang Q, Wang F, Xu Z, Xie Z, Chen J, Cheng Y. Downregulation of nitrogen permease regulator like-2 activates PDK1-AKT1 and contributes to the malignant growth of glioma cells. Mol Carcinog 2015; 55:1613-1626. [PMID: 26455908 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Si Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics; The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Xiujuan Mi
- Department of neurology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology; Chongqing China
| | - Qin Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
- Institute of Life Sciences; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Qin Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Zongye Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Zongyi Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing China
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21
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Karnik SS, Unal H, Kemp JR, Tirupula KC, Eguchi S, Vanderheyden PML, Thomas WG. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCIX. Angiotensin Receptors: Interpreters of Pathophysiological Angiotensinergic Stimuli [corrected]. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:754-819. [PMID: 26315714 PMCID: PMC4630565 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.010454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin angiotensin system (RAS) produced hormone peptides regulate many vital body functions. Dysfunctional signaling by receptors for RAS peptides leads to pathologic states. Nearly half of humanity today would likely benefit from modern drugs targeting these receptors. The receptors for RAS peptides consist of three G-protein-coupled receptors—the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1 receptor), the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2 receptor), the MAS receptor—and a type II trans-membrane zinc protein—the candidate angiotensin IV receptor (AngIV binding site). The prorenin receptor is a relatively new contender for consideration, but is not included here because the role of prorenin receptor as an independent endocrine mediator is presently unclear. The full spectrum of biologic characteristics of these receptors is still evolving, but there is evidence establishing unique roles of each receptor in cardiovascular, hemodynamic, neurologic, renal, and endothelial functions, as well as in cell proliferation, survival, matrix-cell interaction, and inflammation. Therapeutic agents targeted to these receptors are either in active use in clinical intervention of major common diseases or under evaluation for repurposing in many other disorders. Broad-spectrum influence these receptors produce in complex pathophysiological context in our body highlights their role as precise interpreters of distinctive angiotensinergic peptide cues. This review article summarizes findings published in the last 15 years on the structure, pharmacology, signaling, physiology, and disease states related to angiotensin receptors. We also discuss the challenges the pharmacologist presently faces in formally accepting newer members as established angiotensin receptors and emphasize necessary future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadashiva S Karnik
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Hamiyet Unal
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Jacqueline R Kemp
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Kalyan C Tirupula
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Patrick M L Vanderheyden
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Walter G Thomas
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
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22
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No YR, He P, Yoo BK, Yun CC. Regulation of NHE3 by lysophosphatidic acid is mediated by phosphorylation of NHE3 by RSK2. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 309:C14-21. [PMID: 25855080 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00067.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Na(+)/H(+) exchange by Na(+)/H(+) exchanger 3 (NHE3) is a major route of sodium absorption in the intestine and kidney. We have shown previously that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a small phospholipid produced ubiquitously by all types of cells, stimulates NHE3 via LPA5 receptor. Stimulation of NHE3 activity by LPA involves LPA5 transactivating EGF receptor (EGFR) in the apical membrane. EGFR activates proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) and ERK, both of which are necessary for NHE3 regulation. However, Pyk2 and ERK are regulated by EGFR via independent pathways and appear to converge on an unidentified intermediate that ultimately targets NHE3. The p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) family of Ser/Thr protein kinases is a known effector of EGFR and ERK. Hence, we hypothesized that RSK may be the convergent effector of Pyk2 and ERK although it is not known whether Pyk2 regulates RSK. In this study, we show that Pyk2 is necessary for the maintenance of phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) autophosphorylation, and knockdown of Pyk2 or PDK1 mitigated LPA-induced phosphorylation of RSK and stimulation of NHE3 activity. Additionally, we show that RSK2, but not RSK1, is responsible for NHE3 regulation. RSK2 interacts with NHE3 at the apical membrane domain, where it phosphorylates NHE3. Alteration of S663 of NHE3 ablated LPA-induced phosphorylation of NHE3 and stimulation of the transport activity. Our study identifies RSK2 as a new kinase that regulates NHE3 activity by direct phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ran No
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Peijian He
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Byong Kwon Yoo
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - C Chris Yun
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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23
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di Blasio L, Gagliardi PA, Puliafito A, Sessa R, Seano G, Bussolino F, Primo L. PDK1 regulates focal adhesion disassembly through modulation of αvβ3 integrin endocytosis. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:863-77. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.149294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-amoeboid cell migration is characterised by dynamic competition among multiple protrusions to establish new adhesion sites at the cell's leading edge. However, the mechanisms that regulate the decision to disassemble or to grow nascent adhesions are not fully understood.
Here we show that in endothelial cells (EC) 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein (PDK1) promotes focal adhesions (FA) turnover by controlling endocytosis of integrin αvβ3 in a PI3K-dependent manner. We demonstrate that PDK1 binds and phosphorylates integrin αvβ3. Down-regulation of PDK1 increases FA size and slows down their disassembly. This process requires both PDK1 kinase activity and PI3K activation but does not involve Akt. Moreover, PDK1 silencing stabilizes FA in membrane protrusions decreasing EC migration on vitronectin.
These results indicate that modulation of integrin endocytosis by PDK1 hampers EC adhesion and migration on extracellular matrix, thus unveiling a novel role for this kinase.
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24
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Calleja V, Laguerre M, de Las Heras-Martinez G, Parker PJ, Requejo-Isidro J, Larijani B. Acute regulation of PDK1 by a complex interplay of molecular switches. Biochem Soc Trans 2014; 42:1435-40. [PMID: 25233428 DOI: 10.1042/bst20140222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) is the master regulator of at least 23 other AGC kinases whose downstream signalling has often been implicated in various diseases and in particular in cancer. Therefore there has been great interest in determining how PDK1 is controlled and how it regulates its substrates spatially and temporally. The understanding of these mechanisms could offer new possibilities for therapeutic intervention. Over the years, a more comprehensive view of the mechanisms involved in the regulation of PDK1 has emerged and these comprise serine/threonine as well as tyrosine phosphorylation, subcellular localization, regulator binding and conformation status. In the present review, we discuss how various molecular mechanisms are together responsible for the conformational regulation behind the activation of PDK1 in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michel Laguerre
- ‡Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5248, 2 rue Robert Escarpit, F-33607 Pessac, France
| | | | | | - Jose Requejo-Isidro
- §Biophotonics Lab, Unidad de Biofísica CSIC-UPV/EHU, Barrio de Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
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25
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Koshman YE, Chu M, Kim T, Kalmanson O, Farjah M, Kumar M, Lewis W, Geenen DL, de Tombe P, Goldspink PH, Solaro RJ, Samarel AM. Cardiomyocyte-specific expression of CRNK, the C-terminal domain of PYK2, maintains ventricular function and slows ventricular remodeling in a mouse model of dilated cardiomyopathy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 72:281-91. [PMID: 24713463 PMCID: PMC4064715 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Up-regulation and activation of PYK2, a member of the FAK family of protein tyrosine kinases, is involved in the pathogenesis of left ventricular (LV) remodeling and heart failure (HF). PYK2 activation can be prevented by CRNK, the C-terminal domain of PYK2. We previously demonstrated that adenoviral-mediated CRNK gene transfer improved survival and LV function, and slowed LV remodeling in a rat model of coronary artery ligation-induced HF. We now interrogate whether cardiomyocyte-specific, transgenic CRNK expression prevents LV remodeling and HF in a mouse model of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) caused by constitutively active Protein Kinase Cε (caPKCε). Transgenic (TG; FVB/N background) mice were engineered to express rat CRNK under control of the α-myosin heavy chain promoter, and crossed with FVB/N mice with cardiomyocyte-specific expression of caPKCε to create double TG mice. LV structure, function, and gene expression were evaluated in all 4 groups (nonTG FVB/N; caPKCε(+/-); CRNK(+/-); and caPKCε×CRNK (PXC) double TG mice) at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12mo of age. CRNK expression followed a Mendelian distribution, and CRNK mice developed and survived normally through 12mo. Cardiac structure, function and selected gene expression of CRNK mice were similar to nonTG littermates. CRNK had no effect on caPKCε expression and vice versa. PYK2 was up-regulated ~6-fold in caPKCε mice, who developed a non-hypertrophic, progressive DCM with reduced systolic (Contractility Index=151±5 vs. 90±4s(-1)) and diastolic (Tau=7.5±0.5 vs. 14.7±1.3ms) function, and LV dilatation (LV Remodeling Index (LVRI)=4.2±0.1 vs. 6.0±0.3 for FVB/N vs. caPKCε mice, respectively; P<0.05 for each at 12mo). In double TG PXC mice, CRNK expression significantly prolonged survival, improved contractile function (Contractile Index=115±8s(-1); Tau=9.5±1.0ms), and reduced LV remodeling (LVRI=4.9±0.1). Cardiomyocyte-specific expression of CRNK improves contractile function and slows LV remodeling in a mouse model of DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniya E Koshman
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Miensheng Chu
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Taehoon Kim
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Olivia Kalmanson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Mariam Farjah
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois - Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Mohit Kumar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - William Lewis
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David L Geenen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois - Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Pieter de Tombe
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Paul H Goldspink
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - R John Solaro
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois - Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Allen M Samarel
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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26
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Samarel AM. Focal adhesion signaling in heart failure. Pflugers Arch 2014; 466:1101-11. [PMID: 24515292 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1456-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this brief review, recent evidence is presented to indicate a role for specific components of the cardiomyocyte costamere (and its related structure the focal adhesion complex of cultured cardiomyocytes) in initiating and sustaining the aberrant signal transduction that contributes to myocardial remodeling and the progression to heart failure (HF). Special attention is devoted to the focal adhesion kinase family of nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases in bidirectional signal transduction during cardiac remodeling and HF progression. Finally, some speculations and directions for future study are provided for this rapidly developing field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen M Samarel
- The Cardiovascular Institute and the Department of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Building 110, Rm 5222, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA,
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27
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Ginnan R, Zou X, Pfleiderer PJ, Mercure MZ, Barroso M, Singer HA. Vascular smooth muscle cell motility is mediated by a physical and functional interaction of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIδ2 and Fyn. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:29703-12. [PMID: 24003228 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.477257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cells, Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIδ2 (CaMKIIδ2) activates non-receptor tyrosine kinases and EGF receptor, with a Src family kinase as a required intermediate. siRNA-mediated suppression of Fyn, a Src family kinase, inhibited VSM cell motility. Simultaneous suppression of both Fyn and CaMKIIδ2 was non-additive, suggesting coordinated regulation of cell motility. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy indicated that CaMKIIδ2 and Fyn selectively (compared with Src) co-localized with the Golgi in quiescent cultured VSM cells. Stimulation with PDGF resulted in a rapid (<5 min) partial redistribution and co-localization of both kinases in peripheral membrane regions. Furthermore, CaMKIIδ2 and Fyn selectively (compared with Src) co-immunoprecipitated, suggesting a physical interaction in a signaling complex. Stimulation of VSM cells with ionomycin, a calcium ionophore, resulted in activation of CaMKIIδ2 and Fyn and disruption of the complex. Pretreatment with KN-93, a pharmacological inhibitor of CaMKII, prevented activation-dependent disruption of CaMKIIδ2 and Fyn, implicating CaMKIIδ2 as an upstream mediator of Fyn. Overexpression of constitutively active CaMKII resulted in the dephosphorylation of Fyn at Tyr-527, which is required for Fyn activation. Taken together, these data demonstrate a dynamic interaction between CaMKIIδ2 and Fyn in VSM cells and indicate a mechanism by which CaMKIIδ2 and Fyn may coordinately regulate VSM cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Ginnan
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208
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28
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Park J, Kwon K, Kim SH, Yi MH, Zhang E, Kong G, Kim DW, Park J. Astrocytic phosphorylation of PDK1 on Tyr9 following an excitotoxic lesion in the mouse hippocampus. Brain Res 2013; 1533:37-43. [PMID: 23973607 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1) is suggested to play important roles in the regulation of synaptic plasticity and neuronal cell survival in the mature CNS. Although few studies have investigated the roles of PDK1, little is known about PDK1 changes in glial cells under neuropathological conditions. In current report, phosphorylation of PDK1 was monitored specially on tyrosine residues, following the induction of an excitotoxic lesion in rat brain by using kainic acid administration. In injured hippocampal CA3 region, Tyr9 phosphorylation of PDK1 was increased from 4h until 3 day post-injection. Double immunohistochemistry further evaluated that these phosphorylated forms of PDK1 were localized in astrocytes not other cells. Overexpression of unphosphorylatable mutant, PDK1-Y9F leads to inhibit Protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) activation and cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation. In conclusion, our results suggested for the first time that tyrosine phosphorylation of PDK1 is required for PKB and CREB activation in KA-mediated excitotoxic lesion in mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisoo Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 301-747, South Korea
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29
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Chen YF, Chen YT, Chiu WT, Shen MR. Remodeling of calcium signaling in tumor progression. J Biomed Sci 2013; 20:23. [PMID: 23594099 PMCID: PMC3639169 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-20-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular Ca2+ is one of the crucial signalings that modulate various cellular functions. The dysregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis has been suggested as an important event in driving the expression of the malignant phenotypes, such as proliferation, migration, invasion, and metastasis. Cell migration is an early prerequisite for tumor metastasis that has a significant impact on patient prognosis. During cell migration, the exquisite spatial and temporal organization of intracellular Ca2+ provides a rapid and robust way for the selective activation of signaling components that play a central role in cytoskeletal reorganization, traction force generation, and focal adhesion dynamics. A number of known molecular components involved in Ca2+ influx pathways, including stromal interaction molecule (STIM)/Orai-mediated store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) and the Ca2+-permeable transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, have been implicated in cancer cell migration and tumor metastasis. The clinical significance of these molecules, such as STIM proteins and the TRPM7 channel, in tumor progression and their diagnostic and prognostic potentials have also been demonstrated in specific cancer types. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in understanding the important roles and regulatory mechanisms of these Ca2+ influx pathways on malignant behaviors of tumor cells. The clinical implications in facilitating current diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Fung Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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30
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Min J, Reznichenko M, Poythress RH, Gallant CM, Vetterkind S, Li Y, Morgan KG. Src modulates contractile vascular smooth muscle function via regulation of focal adhesions. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:3585-92. [PMID: 22287273 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Src is a known regulator of focal adhesion turnover in migrating cells; but, in contrast, Src is generally assumed to play little role in differentiated, contractile vascular smooth muscle (dVSM). The goal of the present study was to determine if Src-family kinases regulate focal adhesion proteins and how this might affect contractility of non-proliferative vascular smooth muscle. We demonstrate here, through the use of phosphotyrosine screening, deconvolution microscopy imaging, and differential centrifugation, that the activity of Src family kinases in aorta is regulated by the alpha agonist and vasoconstrictor phenylephrine, and leads to focal adhesion protein phosphorylation and remodeling in dVSM. Furthermore, Src inhibition via morpholino knockdown of Src or by the small molecule inhibitor PP2 prevents phenylephrine-induced adhesion protein phosphorylation, markedly slows the tissue's ability to contract, and decreases steady state contractile force amplitude. Significant vasoconstrictor-induced and Src-dependent phosphorylation of Cas pY-165, FAK pY-925, paxillin pY-118, and Erk1/2 were observed. However, increases in FAK 397 phosphorylation were not seen, demonstrating differences between cells in tissue versus migrating, proliferating cells. We show here that Src, in a cause and effect manner, regulates focal adhesion protein function and, consequently, modulates contractility during the action of a vasoconstrictor. These data point to the possibility that vascular focal adhesion proteins may be useful drug discovery targets for novel therapeutic approaches to cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Min
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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31
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Contractile Activity Regulates Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression and NO(i) Production in Cardiomyocytes via a FAK-Dependent Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2012; 2012:473410. [PMID: 22900166 PMCID: PMC3412095 DOI: 10.1155/2012/473410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular nitric oxide (NOi) is a physiological regulator of excitation-contraction coupling, but is also involved in the development of cardiac dysfunction during hypertrophy and heart failure. To determine whether contractile activity regulates nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression, spontaneously contracting, neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM) were treat with L-type calcium channel blockers (nifedipine and verapamil) or myosin II ATPase inhibitors (butanedione monoxime (BDM) and blebbistatin) to produce contractile arrest. Both types of inhibitors significantly reduced iNOS but not eNOS expression, and also reduced NOi production. Inhibiting contractile activity also reduced focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and AKT phosphorylation. Contraction-induced iNOS expression required FAK and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI(3)K), as both PF573228 and LY294002 (10 μM, 24 h) eliminated contraction-induced iNOS expression. Similarly, shRNAs specific for FAK (shFAK) caused FAK knockdown, reduced AKT phosphorylation at T308 and S473, and reduced iNOS expression. In contrast, shRNA-mediated knockdown of PYK2, the other member of the FAK-family of protein tyrosine kinases, had much less of an effect. Conversely, overexpression of a constitutively active form of FAK (CD2-FAK) or AKT (Myr-AKT) reversed the inhibitory effect of BDM on iNOS expression and NOi production. Thus, contraction-induced iNOS expression and NOi production in NRVM are mediated via a FAK-PI(3)K-AKT signaling pathway.
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Torres RA, Drake DA, Solodushko V, Jadhav R, Smith E, Rocic P, Weber DS. Slingshot isoform-specific regulation of cofilin-mediated vascular smooth muscle cell migration and neointima formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 31:2424-31. [PMID: 21868701 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.232769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that cofilin activation by members of the slingshot (SSH) phosphatase family is a key mechanism regulating vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration and neoinitima formation following vascular injury. METHODS AND RESULTS Scratch wound and modified Boyden chamber assays were used to assess VSMC migration following downregulation of the expression of cofilin and each SSH phosphatase isoform (SSH1, SSH2, and SSH3) by small interfering RNA (siRNA), respectively. Cofilin siRNA greatly attenuated the ability of VSMC migration into the "wound," and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced migration was virtually eliminated versus a 3.5-fold increase in nontreated VSMCs, establishing a critical role for cofilin in VSMC migration. Cofilin activation (dephosphorylation) was increased in PDGF-stimulated VSMCs. Thus, we assessed the role of the SSH family of phosphatases on cofilin activation and VSMC migration. Treatment with either SSH1 or SSH2 siRNA attenuated cofilin activation, whereas SSH3 siRNA had no effect. Only SSH1 siRNA significantly reduced wound healing and PDGF-induced VSMC migration. Both SSH1 expression (4.7-fold) and cofilin expression (3.9-fold) were increased in balloon injured versus noninjured carotid arteries, and expression was prevalent in the neointima. CONCLUSION These studies demonstrate that the regulation of VSMC migration by cofilin is SSH1 dependent and that this mechanism potentially contributes to neointima formation following vascular injury in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Torres
- Department of Physiology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
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Lang Y, Chen D, Li D, Zhu M, Xu T, Zhang T, Qian W, Luo Y. Luteolin inhibited hydrogen peroxide-induced vascular smooth muscle cells proliferation and migration by suppressing the Src and Akt signalling pathways. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 64:597-603. [PMID: 22420665 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Luteolin is a naturally occurring flavonoid found in many vegetables, fruits and medicinal plants. The migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are the critical pathological processes in various cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis. In this study, we investigated the effect of luteolin and its latent mechanism on the proliferation and migration of VSMCs stimulated by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).
Methods
VSMC proliferation and cell viability was assayed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method or by cell counting, and H2O2-elicited migration of VSMCs was measured using a transwell migration assay. The phosphorylation levels of Src, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) and Akt (protein kinase B) were analysed by immunoblotting.
Key findings
This study demonstrated that luteolin showed a particularly inhibitory effect on H2O2-elicited VSMC proliferation and migration. In previous research, we originally explored the function of luteolin in blocking H2O2-triggered Src and Akt signalling pathways. The activation of Src, PDK1, Akt (308), Akt (473) in the luteolin-treated group was significantly lower than that seen in the H2O2 group.
Conclusions
These findings strongly suggested that luteolin suppresses H2O2-directed migration and proliferation in VSMCs partially due to down-regulation of the Akt and Src signalling pathways, which are important participants in the processes of migration and proliferation of VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasong Lang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dongye Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Manyi Zhu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Tongda Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wenhao Qian
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Luo
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
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34
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Focal adhesion kinase functions as an akt downstream target in migration of colorectal cancer cells. Transl Oncol 2011; 2:281-90. [PMID: 19956390 DOI: 10.1593/tlo.09160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Migration is a complex process that, besides its various physiological functions in embryogenesis and adult tissues, plays a crucial role in cancer cell invasion and metastasis. The focus of this study is the involvement and collaboration of Akt, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), and Src kinases in migration and invasiveness of colorectal cancer cells. We show that all three kinases can be found in one protein complex; nevertheless, the interaction between Akt and Src is indirect and mediated by FAK. Interestingly, induced Akt signaling causes an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK, but this increase is attenuated by the Src inhibitor SU6656. We also show that active Akt strongly stimulates cell migration, but this phenomenon is fully blocked by FAK knockdown or partly by inhibition of Src kinase. In addition, we found that all three kinases were indispensable for the successful invasion of colorectal cancer cells. Altogether, the presented data bring new insights into the mechanism how the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3-K)/Akt pathway can influence migration of colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Because FAK is indispensable for cell movements and functions downstream of Akt, our results imply FAK kinase as a potential key molecule during progression of tumors with active PI3-K/Akt signaling.
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35
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Wei H, Malik M, Sheikh AM, Merz G, Ted Brown W, Li X. Abnormal cell properties and down-regulated FAK-Src complex signaling in B lymphoblasts of autistic subjects. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:66-74. [PMID: 21703394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that one of the major pathways to the pathogenesis of autism is reduced cell migration. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) has an important role in neural migration, dendritic morphological characteristics, axonal branching, and synapse formation. The FAK-Src complex, activated by upstream reelin and integrin β1, can initiate a cascade of phosphorylation events to trigger multiple intracellular pathways, including mitogen-activated protein kinase-extracellular signal-regulated kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt signaling. In this study, by using B lymphoblasts as a model, we tested whether integrin β1 and FAK-Src signaling are abnormally regulated in autism and whether abnormal FAK-Src signaling leads to defects in B-lymphoblast adhesion, migration, proliferation, and IgG production. To our knowledge, for the first time, we show that protein expression levels of both integrin β1 and FAK are significantly decreased in autistic lymphoblasts and that Src protein expression and the phosphorylation of an active site (Y416) are also significantly decreased. We also found that lymphoblasts from autistic subjects exhibit significantly decreased migration, increased adhesion properties, and an impaired capacity for IgG production. The overexpression of FAK in autistic lymphoblasts countered the adhesion and migration defects. In addition, we demonstrate that FAK mediates its effect through the activation of Src, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascades and that paxillin is also likely involved in the regulation of adhesion and migration in autistic lymphoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongen Wei
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, New York, New York 10314, USA
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36
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Mizrachy-Schwartz S, Cohen N, Klein S, Kravchenko-Balasha N, Levitzki A. Up-regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase in cancer cell lines is mediated through c-Src activation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:15268-77. [PMID: 21245141 PMCID: PMC3083231 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.211813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We report that the activation level of AMP-dependent protein kinase AMPK is elevated in cancer cell lines as a hallmark of their transformed state. In OVCAR3 and A431 cells, c-Src signals through protein kinase Cα, phospholipase Cγ, and LKB1 to AMPK. AMPK controls internal ribosome entry site (IRES) dependent translation in these cells. We suggest that AMPK activation via PKC might be a general mechanism to regulate IRES-dependent translation in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Mizrachy-Schwartz
- From the Unit of Cellular Signaling, Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Noam Cohen
- From the Unit of Cellular Signaling, Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Shoshana Klein
- From the Unit of Cellular Signaling, Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Nataly Kravchenko-Balasha
- From the Unit of Cellular Signaling, Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Alexander Levitzki
- From the Unit of Cellular Signaling, Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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Nazarewicz RR, Salazar G, Patrushev N, San Martin A, Hilenski L, Xiong S, Alexander RW. Early endosomal antigen 1 (EEA1) is an obligate scaffold for angiotensin II-induced, PKC-alpha-dependent Akt activation in endosomes. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:2886-95. [PMID: 21097843 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.141499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) activation/phosphorylation by angiotensin II (Ang II) is a critical signaling event in hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Conventional wisdom asserts that Akt activation occurs mainly in plasma membrane domains. Recent evidence that Akt activation may take place within intracellular compartments challenges this dogma. The spatial identity and mechanistic features of these putative signaling domains have not been defined. Using cell fractionation and fluorescence methods, we demonstrate that the early endosomal antigen-1 (EEA1)-positive endosomes are a major site of Ang II-induced Akt activation. Akt moves to and is activated in EEA1 endosomes. The expression of EEA1 is required for phosphorylation of Akt at both Thr-308 and Ser-473 as well as for phosphorylation of its downstream targets mTOR and S6 kinase, but not for Erk1/2 activation. Both Akt and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) interact with EEA1. We also found that PKC-α is required for organizing Ang II-induced, EEA1-dependent Akt phosphorylation in VSMC early endosomes. EEA1 expression enables PKC-α phosphorylation, which in turn regulates Akt upstream signaling kinases, PDK1 and p38 MAPK. Our results indicate that PKC-α is a necessary regulator of EEA1-dependent Akt signaling in early endosomes. Finally, EEA1 down-regulation or expression of a dominant negative mutant of PKC-α blunts Ang II-induced leucine incorporation in VSMCs. Thus, EEA1 serves a novel function as an obligate scaffold for Ang II-induced Akt activation in early endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafal Robert Nazarewicz
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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38
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Shen X, Xi G, Radhakrishnan Y, Clemmons DR. Recruitment of Pyk2 to SHPS-1 signaling complex is required for IGF-I-dependent mitogenic signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:3893-903. [PMID: 20521079 PMCID: PMC11115943 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0411-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In vascular smooth muscle cells, IGF-I stimulates SHPS-1/SHP2/Src complex formation which is required for IGF-I-stimulated cell proliferation. Using SHP2/Src silencing and a Pyk2/Y402F mutant, we showed that Pyk2 was also recruited to the SHPS-1 complex. Pyk2 recruitment to SHPS-1 is mediated via the interaction of Pyk2 Tyr402 and the Src in response to IGF-I. Following Src/Pyk2 association, Src phosphorylates Pyk2 on Tyr881 providing a binding site for Grb2. Cells expressing Pyk2/Y881F showed decreased Grb2 recruitment to SHPS-1 and impaired Shc/Grb2 association. This change led to reduced Erk1/2 (MAP kinase) activation and cell proliferation in response to IGF-I. Our results show that, following its recruitment to the SHPS-1 signaling complex, Pyk2 localizes Grb2 in close proximity to Shc thereby facilitating Shc/Grb2 association which leads to Erk1/2 activation in response to IGF-I. Thus, Pyk2 recruitment to SHPS-1 plays an important role in regulating the IGF-I-stimulated mitogenic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Shen
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Gang Xi
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - Yashwanth Radhakrishnan
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
| | - David R. Clemmons
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 USA
- Division of Endocrinology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB# 7170, 8024 Burnett-Womack, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7170 USA
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39
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Shen X, Xi G, Radhakrishnan Y, Clemmons DR. PDK1 recruitment to the SHPS-1 signaling complex enhances insulin-like growth factor-i-stimulated AKT activation and vascular smooth muscle cell survival. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:29416-24. [PMID: 20643654 PMCID: PMC2937974 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.155325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In vascular smooth muscle cells, exposed to hyperglycemia and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), SHPS-1 functions as a scaffold protein, and a signaling complex is assembled that leads to AKT activation. However, the underlying mechanism by which formation of this complex activates the kinase that phosphorylates AKT (Thr(308)) is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the mechanism of PDK1 recruitment to the SHPS-1 signaling complex and the consequences of disrupting PDK1 recruitment for downstream signaling. Our results show that following IGF-I stimulation, PDK1 is recruited to SHPS-1, and its recruitment is mediated by Grb2, which associates with SHPS-1 via its interaction with Pyk2, a component of the SHPS-1-associated complex. A proline-rich sequence in PDK1 bound to an Src homology 3 domain in Grb2 in response to IGF-I. Disruption of Grb2-PDK1 by expression of either a Grb2 Src homology 3 domain or a PDK1 proline to alanine mutant inhibited PDK1 recruitment to SHPS-1, leading to impaired IGF-I-stimulated AKT Thr(308) phosphorylation. Following its recruitment to SHPS-1, PDK1 was further activated via Tyr(373/376) phosphorylation, and this was required for a maximal increase in PDK1 kinase activity and AKT-mediated FOXO3a Thr(32) phosphorylation. PDK1 recruitment was also required for IGF-I to prevent apoptosis that occurred in response to hyperglycemia. Assembly of the Grb2-PDK1 complex on SHPS-1 was specific for IGF-I signaling because inhibiting PDK1 recruitment to SHPS-1 had no effect on EGF-stimulated AKT Thr(308) phosphorylation. These findings reveal a novel mechanism for recruitment of PDK1 to the SHPS-1 signaling complex, which is required for IGF-I-stimulated AKT Thr(308) phosphorylation and inhibition of apoptosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- Binding Sites
- Cell Line
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- GRB2 Adaptor Protein/genetics
- GRB2 Adaptor Protein/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Immunoprecipitation
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/cytology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Protein Transport/drug effects
- Protein Transport/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Acetyl-Transferring Kinase
- RNA Interference
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Swine
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Shen
- From the Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Gang Xi
- From the Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Yashwanth Radhakrishnan
- From the Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - David R. Clemmons
- From the Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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40
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Li Y, Yang KJ, Park J. Multiple implications of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 in human cancer. World J Biol Chem 2010; 1:239-47. [PMID: 21537480 PMCID: PMC3083972 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v1.i8.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 07/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1) is a central mediator of cellular signaling between phosphoinositide-3 kinase and various intracellular serine/threonine kinases, including protein kinase B, p70 ribosomal S6 kinase, serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase, and protein kinase C. PDK1 activates members of the AGC family of protein kinases by phosphorylating serine/threonine residues in the activation loop. Here, we review the regulatory mechanisms of PDK1 and its roles in cancer. PDK1 is activated by autophosphorylation in the activation loop and other serine residues, as well as by phosphorylation of Tyr-9 and Tyr-373/376. Src appears to recognize PDK1 following tyrosine phosphorylation. The role of heat shock protein 90 in regulating PDK1 stability and PDK1-Src complex formation are also discussed. Furthermore, we summarize the subcellular distribution of PDK1. Finally, an important role for PDK1 in cancer chemotherapy is proposed. In conclusion, a better understanding of its molecular regulatory mechanisms in various signaling pathways will help to explain how PDK1 acts as an oncogenic kinase in various cancers, and will contribute to the development of novel cancer chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Li
- Yuwen Li, Keum-Jin Yang, Jongsun Park, Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Cancer Research Institute, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-131, South Korea
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41
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Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell migration is important during vascular development and contributes to lesion formation in the adult vasculature. The mechanisms regulating migration of this cell type are therefore of great interest. Recent work has shown that reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from NADPH oxidases are important mediators of promigratory signaling pathways. ROS regulate the intracellular signals responsible for lamellipodia formation, actin cytoskeleton remodeling, focal adhesion turnover, and contraction of the cell body. In addition, they contribute to matrix remodeling, a critical step to initiate and support vascular smooth muscle cell motility. Despite these recent advances in our understanding of the redox mechanisms that contribute to migration, additional work is needed to evaluate fully the potential of ROS-sensitive molecular signals as therapeutic targets to prevent inappropriate smooth muscle cell migration.
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42
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Do KH, Kim MS, Kim JH, Rhim BY, Lee WS, Kim CD, Bae SS. Angiotensin II-induced aortic ring constriction is mediated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/L-type calcium channel signaling pathway. Exp Mol Med 2009; 41:569-76. [PMID: 19381068 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2009.41.8.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (AngII) is a crucial hormone that affects vasoconstriction and exerts hypertrophic effects on vascular smooth muscle cells. Here, we showed that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent calcium mobilization plays pivotal roles in AngII-induced vascular constriction. Stimulation of rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cell (RASMC)-embedded collagen gel with AngII rapidly induced contraction. AngII-induced collagen gel contraction was blocked by pretreatment with a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor (LY294002) whereas ERK inhibitor (PD98059) was not effective. AngII-induced collagen gel contraction was significantly blocked by extracellular calcium depletion by EGTA or by nifedipine which is an L-type calcium channel blocker. In addition, AngII-induced calcium mobilization was also blocked by nifedipine and EGTA, whereas intracellular calcium store-depletion by thapsigargin was not effective. Finally, pretreatment of rat aortic ring with LY294002 and nifedipine significantly reduced AngII-induced constriction. Given these results, we suggest that PI3K-dependent activation of L-type calcium channels might be involved in AngII-induced vascular constriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kee Hun Do
- MRC for Ischemic Tissue Regeneration and Medical Research Institute, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Korea
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43
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The kinase PDK1 integrates T cell antigen receptor and CD28 coreceptor signaling to induce NF-kappaB and activate T cells. Nat Immunol 2009; 10:158-66. [PMID: 19122654 PMCID: PMC2768497 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In addition to T cell receptor (TCR) ligation, activation of CD28 coreceptor by costimulatory molecule B7 is required for transcription factor NF-κB induction and robust T cell activation, though exactly how CD28 contributes to this remains incompletely understood. We demonstrated here that phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) plays an essential role in integrating TCR and CD28 signals. Upon deletion of PDK1 in T cells, TCR-CD28 signals failed to induce NF-κB activation or protein kinase C θ (PKC-θ) phosphorylation, although T cell survival and pathways dependent on p38 and Jnk kinases or transcription factor NF-AT were unaffected. CD28 facilitated NF-κB activation by regulating PDK1 recruitment and phosphorylation, which are necessary for efficient binding of PDK1 to PKC-θ and CARMA1, and thus for NF-κB induction.
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44
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Ying WZ, Aaron K, Sanders PW. Dietary salt activates an endothelial proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2/c-Src/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase complex to promote endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation. Hypertension 2008; 52:1134-41. [PMID: 18981321 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.108.121582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although many laboratories have shown that dietary NaCl (salt) intake increases NO production in rodents and humans, the mechanism has not been uncovered. In the present study, pharmacological and dominant-negative strategies were used to show that feeding a formulated diet containing increased amounts of salt to young male Sprague-Dawley rats induced the formation of an endothelial cell-signaling complex that contained proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2, c-Src (also known as pp60(c-src)), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. In the setting of a high-salt diet, proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 served as the scaffold for c-Src-mediated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase was the upstream activator of protein kinase B (Akt), which was responsible for phosphorylation of the rat endothelial isoform of NO synthase at S1176 and thereby promoted the increase in NO production. The combined findings illustrated the crucial role for a proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2-signaling complex in the endothelial response to salt intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Zhong Ying
- Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, USA
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45
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Aplin M, Christensen GL, Hansen JL. Pharmacologic Perspectives of Functional Selectivity by the Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2008; 18:305-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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46
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Kurata A, Katayama R, Watanabe T, Tsuruo T, Fujita N. TUSC4/NPRL2, a novel PDK1-interacting protein, inhibits PDK1 tyrosine phosphorylation and its downstream signaling. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:1827-34. [PMID: 18616680 PMCID: PMC11159638 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00874.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
3-Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK1) is a key regulator of cell proliferation and survival signal transduction. PDK1 is known to be constitutively active and is further activated by Src-mediated phosphorylation at the tyrosine-9, -373, and -376 residues. To identify novel regulators of PDK1, we performed E. coli-based two-hybrid screening and revealed that tumor suppressor candidate 4 (TUSC4), also known as nitrogen permease regulator-like 2 (NPRL2), formed a complex with PDK1 and suppressed Src-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of PDK1 in vitro and in cells. The NH(2)-terminal 133 amino acid residues of TUSC4 were involved in binding to PDK1. The deletion mutant of TUSC4 that lacked the NH(2)-terminal domain showed no inhibitory effects on PDK1 tyrosine phosphorylation or activation. Thus, complex formation is indispensable for TUSC4-mediated PDK1 inactivation. The siRNA-mediated down-regulation of TUSC4 induced cell proliferation, while ectopic TUSC4 expression inactivated the PDK1 downstream signaling pathway, including Akt and p70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase, and increased cancer cell sensitivity to several anticancer drugs. Our results suggest that TUSC4/NPRL2, a novel PDK1-interacting protein, plays a role in regulating the Src/PDK1 signaling pathway and cell sensitivity to multiple cancer chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuo Kurata
- Division of Experimental Chemotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, 3-10-6 Ariake, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan
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Block K, Eid A, Griendling KK, Lee DY, Wittrant Y, Gorin Y. Nox4 NAD(P)H oxidase mediates Src-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of PDK-1 in response to angiotensin II: role in mesangial cell hypertrophy and fibronectin expression. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:24061-76. [PMID: 18559349 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m803964200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of glomerular mesangial cells (MCs) by angiotensin II (Ang II) leads to hypertrophy and extracellular matrix accumulation. Here, we demonstrate that, in MCs, Ang II induces an increase in PDK-1 (3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1) kinase activity that required its phosphorylation on tyrosine 9 and 373/376. Introduction into the cells of PDK-1, mutated on these tyrosine residues or kinase-inactive, attenuates Ang II-induced hypertrophy and fibronectin accumulation. Ang II-mediated PDK-1 activation and tyrosine phosphorylation (total and on residues 9 and 373/376) are inhibited in cells transfected with small interfering RNA for Src, indicating that Src is upstream of PDK-1. In cells expressing oxidation-resistant Src mutant C487A, Ang II-induced hypertrophy and fibronectin expression are prevented, suggesting that the pathway is redox-sensitive. Ang II also up-regulates Nox4 protein, and siNox4 abrogates the Ang II-induced increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Small interfering RNA for Nox4 also inhibits Ang II-induced activation of Src and PDK-1 tyrosine phosphorylation (total and on residues 9 and 373/376), demonstrating that Nox4 functions upstream of Src and PDK-1. Importantly, inhibition of Nox4, Src, or PDK-1 prevents the stimulatory effect of Ang II on fibronectin accumulation and cell hypertrophy. This work provides the first evidence that Nox4-derived ROS are responsible for Ang II-induced PDK-1 tyrosine phosphorylation and activation through stimulation of Src. Importantly, this pathway contributes to Ang II-induced MC hypertrophy and fibronectin accumulation. These data shed light on molecular processes underlying the oxidative signaling cascade engaged by Ang II and identify potential targets for intervention to prevent renal hypertrophy and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Block
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7723 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Hart DL, Heidkamp MC, Iyengar R, Vijayan K, Szotek EL, Barakat JA, Leya M, Henze M, Scrogin K, Henderson KK, Samarel AM. CRNK gene transfer improves function and reverses the myosin heavy chain isoenzyme switch during post-myocardial infarction left ventricular remodeling. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2008; 45:93-105. [PMID: 18495152 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Revised: 04/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PYK2 is a Ca(2+)-dependent, nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase that is involved in the induction of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and its transition to heart failure. We and others have previously investigated PYK2's function in vitro using cultured neonatal and adult rat ventricular myocytes as model systems. However, the function of PYK2 in the in vivo adult heart remains unclear. Here we evaluate the effect of PYK2 inhibition following myocardial infarction (MI) using adenoviral (Adv) overexpression of the C-terminal domain of PYK2, known as CRNK. First we demonstrate that CRNK functions as a dominant-negative inhibitor of PYK2-dependent signaling, presumably by displacing PYK2 from focal adhesions and costameres. Then, male Sprague-Dawley rats (~300 g) underwent permanent left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. One wk post-MI, either Adv-GFP (n=34) or Adv-CRNK (n=28) was administered (10(10) pfu, 0.1 ml) via catheter-based, Optison-mediated gene transfer. LV structure and function were evaluated by echocardiography 1 and 3 wk after gene transfer, and LV tissue was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR and Western blotting. CRNK overexpression was readily detected by Western blotting 1 wk following gene transfer. Adv-CRNK improved overall survival (P=0.03; Logrank Test) and LV fractional shortening (23+/-2% vs. 31+/-2% for Adv-GFP vs. Adv-CRNK infected animals, respectively; P<0.05). Whereas MI hearts exhibited increased beta-, and decreased alpha-myosin heavy chain (MHC) mRNA expression characteristic of LVH, Adv-CRNK reversed the MHC isoenzyme switch (3.3+/-1.4 fold increase in alpha MHC; 0.4+/-0.1 fold decrease in beta MHC; P<0.05 for both). In summary, CRNK gene transfer improves survival, increases LV function, and alters MHC gene expression suggesting an attenuation of LV remodeling post-MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davin L Hart
- The Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
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Pysher MD, Chen QM, Vaillancourt RR. Arsenic alters vascular smooth muscle cell focal adhesion complexes leading to activation of FAK-src mediated pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2008; 231:135-41. [PMID: 18486177 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2008] [Revised: 03/30/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to arsenic has been linked to tumorigenesis, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and peripheral vascular disease; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying its pathological effects remain elusive. In this study, we investigated arsenic-induced alteration of focal adhesion protein complexes in normal, primary vascular smooth muscle cells. We demonstrate that exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of arsenic (50 ppb As(3+)) can alter focal adhesion protein co-association leading to activation of downstream pathways. Co-associated proteins were identified and quantitated via co-immunoprecipitation, SDS-PAGE, and Western blot analysis followed by scanning densitometry. Activation of MAPK pathways in total cell lysates was evaluated using phosphor-specific antibodies. In our model, arsenic treatment caused a sustained increase in FAK-src association and activation, and induced the formation of unique signaling complexes (beginning after 3-hour As(3+) exposure and continuing throughout the 12-hour time course studied). The effects of these alterations were manifested as chronic stimulation of downstream PAK, ERK and JNK pathways. Past studies have demonstrated that these pathways are involved in cellular survival, growth, proliferation, and migration in VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele D Pysher
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85724, USA.
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Abstract
Protein tyrosine kinase 2beta (PTK2B) is a member of the focal adhesion kinase family and is activated by angiotensin II through Ca2+-dependent pathways. An evidence exists that PTK2B is involved in cell growth, vascular contraction, inflammatory responses, and salt and water retention through activation of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor. To examine the contribution of PTK2B, we sequenced the PTK2B gene using 48 patients with hypertension, identified 62 genetic polymorphisms, and genotyped six representative single nucleotide polymorphisms in population-based case-control samples from 3655 Japanese individuals (1520 patients with hypertension and 2135 controls). Multivariate logistic regression analysis after adjustments for age, body mass index, present illness (hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus), and lifestyle (smoking and drinking) showed -22A>G to have an association with hypertension in men (AA vs. AG+GG: odds ratio=1.27; 95% confidence interval: 1.02-1.57; P=0.030). Another polymorphism, 53484A>C (K838T), in linkage disequilibrium with -22A>G showed a marginal association with hypertension in men (AA vs. AC+CC: odds ratio=1.25; 95% confidence interval: 0.99-1.57; P=0.059). Diastolic blood pressure was 1.6 mmHg higher in men with the AC+CC genotype of 53484A>C than those with the AA genotype (P=0.003), after adjustments for the same factors. These polymorphisms are in linkage disequilibrium with others in a range of 113 kb in PTK2B. The intracellular distribution of the recombinant PTK2B protein and that of the mutant protein with T838 were indistinguishable even after angiotensin II stimulation, both proteins localizing at a focal point in the peripheral area in the cells. Thus, a haplotype in PTK2B may play a role in essential hypertension in Japanese.
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