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Mofunanya A, Cameron ER, Braun CJ, Celeste F, Zhao X, Hemann MT, Scott KL, Li J, Powers S. Simultaneous screening of overexpressed genes in breast cancer for oncogenic drivers and tumor dependencies. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13227. [PMID: 38851782 PMCID: PMC11162420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64297-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
There are hundreds of genes typically overexpressed in breast cancer cells and it's often assumed that their overexpression contributes to cancer progression. However, the precise proportion of these overexpressed genes contributing to tumorigenicity remains unclear. To address this gap, we undertook a comprehensive screening of a diverse set of seventy-two genes overexpressed in breast cancer. This systematic screening evaluated their potential for inducing malignant transformation and, concurrently, assessed their impact on breast cancer cell proliferation and viability. Select genes including ALDH3B1, CEACAM5, IL8, PYGO2, and WWTR1, exhibited pronounced activity in promoting tumor formation and establishing gene dependencies critical for tumorigenicity. Subsequent investigations revealed that CEACAM5 overexpression triggered the activation of signaling pathways involving β-catenin, Cdk4, and mTOR. Additionally, it conferred a growth advantage independent of exogenous insulin in defined medium and facilitated spheroid expansion by inducing multiple layers of epithelial cells while preserving a hollow lumen. Furthermore, the silencing of CEACAM5 expression synergized with tamoxifen-induced growth inhibition in breast cancer cells. These findings underscore the potential of screening overexpressed genes for both oncogenic drivers and tumor dependencies to expand the repertoire of therapeutic targets for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adaobi Mofunanya
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Eleanor R Cameron
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Christian J Braun
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Frank Celeste
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Michael T Hemann
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kenneth L Scott
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jinyu Li
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Scott Powers
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
- Graduate Program in Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
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2
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He J, Abikoye AM, McLaughlin BP, Middleton RS, Sheldon R, Jones RG, Schafer ZT. Reprogramming of iron metabolism confers ferroptosis resistance in ECM-detached cells. iScience 2023; 26:106827. [PMID: 37250802 PMCID: PMC10209538 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells often acquire resistance to cell death programs induced by loss of integrin-mediated attachment to extracellular matrix (ECM). Given that adaptation to ECM-detached conditions can facilitate tumor progression and metastasis, there is significant interest in effective elimination of ECM-detached cancer cells. Here, we find that ECM-detached cells are remarkably resistant to the induction of ferroptosis. Although alterations in membrane lipid content are observed during ECM detachment, it is instead fundamental changes in iron metabolism that underlie resistance of ECM-detached cells to ferroptosis. More specifically, our data demonstrate that levels of free iron are low during ECM detachment because of changes in both iron uptake and iron storage. In addition, we establish that lowering the levels of ferritin sensitizes ECM-detached cells to death by ferroptosis. Taken together, our data suggest that therapeutics designed to kill cancer cells by ferroptosis may be hindered by lack of efficacy toward ECM-detached cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping He
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare & Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Abigail M. Abikoye
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare & Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Brett P. McLaughlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare & Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Ryan S. Middleton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare & Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Ryan Sheldon
- Metabolomics and Bioenergetics Core, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Russell G. Jones
- Department of Metabolism and Nutritional Programming, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Zachary T. Schafer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
- Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare & Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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3
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Kuttanamkuzhi A, Panda D, Malaviya R, Gaidhani G, Lahiri M. Altered expression of anti-apoptotic protein Api5 affects breast tumorigenesis. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:374. [PMID: 37095445 PMCID: PMC10127332 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-10866-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apoptosis or programmed cell death plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis and, therefore, is a tightly regulated process. Deregulation of apoptosis signalling can favour carcinogenesis. Apoptosis inhibitor 5 (Api5), an inhibitor of apoptosis, is upregulated in cancers. Interestingly, Api5 is shown to regulate both apoptosis and cell proliferation. To address the precise functional significance of Api5 in carcinogenesis here we investigate the role of Api5 in breast carcinogenesis. METHODS Initially, we carried out in silico analyses using TCGA and GENT2 datasets to understand expression pattern of API5 in breast cancer patients followed by investigating the protein expression in Indian breast cancer patient samples. To investigate the functional importance of Api5 in breast carcinogenesis, we utilised MCF10A 3D breast acinar cultures and spheroid cultures of malignant breast cells with altered Api5 expression. Various phenotypic and molecular changes induced by altered Api5 expression were studied using these 3D culture models. Furthermore, in vivo tumorigenicity studies were used to confirm the importance of Api5 in breast carcinogenesis. RESULTS In-silico analysis revealed elevated levels of Api5 transcript in breast cancer patients which correlated with poor prognosis. Overexpression of Api5 in non-tumorigenic breast acinar cultures resulted in increased proliferation and cells exhibited a partial EMT-like phenotype with higher migratory potential and disruption in cell polarity. Furthermore, during acini development, the influence of Api5 is mediated via the combined action of FGF2 activated PDK1-Akt/cMYC signalling and Ras-ERK pathways. Conversely, Api5 knock-down downregulated FGF2 signalling leading to reduced proliferation and diminished in vivo tumorigenic potential of the breast cancer cells. CONCLUSION Taken together, our study identifies Api5 as a central player involved in regulating multiple events during breast carcinogenesis including proliferation, and apoptosis through deregulation of FGF2 signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijith Kuttanamkuzhi
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
| | - Debiprasad Panda
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
| | - Radhika Malaviya
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
| | - Gautami Gaidhani
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
- The School of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Lucia Campus, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Mayurika Lahiri
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India.
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4
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Tzavlaki K, Ohata Y, Morén A, Watanabe Y, Eriksson J, Tsuchiya M, Kubo Y, Yamamoto K, Sellin ME, Kato M, Caja L, Heldin CH, Moustakas A. The liver kinase B1 supports mammary epithelial morphogenesis by inhibiting critical factors that mediate epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Cell Physiol 2023; 238:790-812. [PMID: 36791282 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The liver kinase B1 (LKB1) controls cellular metabolism and cell polarity across species. We previously established a mechanism for negative regulation of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling by LKB1. The impact of this mechanism in the context of epithelial polarity and morphogenesis remains unknown. After demonstrating that human mammary tissue expresses robust LKB1 protein levels, whereas invasive breast cancer exhibits significantly reduced LKB1 levels, we focused on mammary morphogenesis studies in three dimensional (3D) acinar organoids. CRISPR/Cas9-introduced loss-of-function mutations of STK11 (LKB1) led to profound defects in the formation of 3D organoids, resulting in amorphous outgrowth and loss of rotation of young organoids embedded in matrigel. This defect was associated with an enhanced signaling by TGFβ, including TGFβ auto-induction and induction of transcription factors that mediate epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Protein marker analysis confirmed a more efficient EMT response to TGFβ signaling in LKB1 knockout cells. Accordingly, chemical inhibition of the TGFβ type I receptor kinase largely restored the morphogenetic defect of LKB1 knockout cells. Similarly, chemical inhibition of the bone morphogenetic protein pathway or the TANK-binding kinase 1, or genetic silencing of the EMT factor SNAI1, partially restored the LKB1 knockout defect. Thus, LKB1 sustains mammary epithelial morphogenesis by limiting pathways that promote EMT. The observed downregulation of LKB1 expression in breast cancer is therefore predicted to associate with enhanced EMT induced by SNAI1 and TGFβ family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Tzavlaki
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yae Ohata
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anita Morén
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yukihide Watanabe
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Jens Eriksson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maiko Tsuchiya
- Department of Oral Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kubo
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouhei Yamamoto
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mikael E Sellin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mitsuyasu Kato
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Transborder Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Laia Caja
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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5
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Linzer RW, Guida DL, Aminov J, Snider JM, Khalife G, Buyukbayraktar AB, Alhaddad C, Resnick AE, Wang P, Pan CH, Allopenna JJ, Clarke CJ. Dihydroceramide desaturase 1 (DES1) promotes anchorage-independent survival downstream of HER2-driven glucose uptake and metabolism. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22558. [PMID: 36165222 PMCID: PMC9597949 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200748r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Oncogenic reprogramming of cellular metabolism is a hallmark of many cancers, but our mechanistic understanding of how such dysregulation is linked to tumor behavior remains poor. In this study, we have identified dihydroceramide desaturase (DES1)-which catalyzes the last step in de novo sphingolipid synthesis-as necessary for the acquisition of anchorage-independent survival (AIS), a key cancer enabling biology, and establish DES1 as a downstream effector of HER2-driven glucose uptake and metabolism. We further show that DES1 is sufficient to drive AIS and in vitro tumorigenicity and that increased DES1 levels-found in a third of HER2+ breast cancers-are associated with worse survival outcomes. Taken together, our findings reveal a novel pro-tumor role for DES1 as a transducer of HER2-driven glucose metabolic signals and provide evidence that targeting DES1 is an effective approach for overcoming AIS. Results further suggest that DES1 may have utility as a biomarker of aggressive and metastasis-prone HER2+ breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Linzer
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Danielle L Guida
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan Aminov
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Justin M Snider
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Gabrielle Khalife
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - A Burak Buyukbayraktar
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Charbel Alhaddad
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Andrew E Resnick
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Pule Wang
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Chun-Hao Pan
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Janet J Allopenna
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Christopher J Clarke
- Department of Medicine and the Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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6
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Ender P, Gagliardi PA, Dobrzyński M, Frismantiene A, Dessauges C, Höhener T, Jacques MA, Cohen AR, Pertz O. Spatiotemporal control of ERK pulse frequency coordinates fate decisions during mammary acinar morphogenesis. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2153-2167.e6. [PMID: 36113484 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The signaling events controlling proliferation, survival, and apoptosis during mammary epithelial acinar morphogenesis remain poorly characterized. By imaging single-cell ERK activity dynamics in MCF10A acini, we find that these fates depend on the average frequency of non-periodic ERK pulses. High pulse frequency is observed during initial acinus growth, correlating with rapid cell motility and proliferation. Subsequent decrease in motility correlates with lower ERK pulse frequency and quiescence. Later, during lumen formation, coordinated multicellular ERK waves emerge, correlating with high and low ERK pulse frequencies in outer surviving and inner dying cells, respectively. Optogenetic entrainment of ERK pulses causally connects high ERK pulse frequency with inner cell survival. Acini harboring the PIK3CA H1047R mutation display increased ERK pulse frequency and inner cell survival. Thus, fate decisions during acinar morphogenesis are coordinated by different spatiotemporal modalities of ERK pulse frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Ender
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Maciej Dobrzyński
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Agne Frismantiene
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Coralie Dessauges
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Höhener
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marc-Antoine Jacques
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrew R Cohen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Drexel University, 3120-40 Market Street, Suite 313, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Olivier Pertz
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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7
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Özkan H, Öztürk DG, Korkmaz G. Transcriptional Factor Repertoire of Breast Cancer in 3D Cell Culture Models. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14041023. [PMID: 35205770 PMCID: PMC8870600 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14041023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Knowledge of the transcriptional regulation of breast cancer tumorigenesis is largely based on studies performed in two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture models, which lack tissue architecture and therefore fail to represent tumor heterogeneity. However, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models are better at mimicking in vivo tumor microenvironment, which is critical in regulating cellular behavior. Hence, 3D cell culture models hold great promise for translational breast cancer research. Abstract Intratumor heterogeneity of breast cancer is driven by extrinsic factors from the tumor microenvironment (TME) as well as tumor cell–intrinsic parameters including genetic, epigenetic, and transcriptomic traits. The extracellular matrix (ECM), a major structural component of the TME, impacts every stage of tumorigenesis by providing necessary biochemical and biomechanical cues that are major regulators of cell shape/architecture, stiffness, cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and migration. Moreover, ECM and tissue architecture have a profound impact on chromatin structure, thereby altering gene expression. Considering the significant contribution of ECM to cellular behavior, a large body of work underlined that traditional two-dimensional (2D) cultures depriving cell–cell and cell–ECM interactions as well as spatial cellular distribution and organization of solid tumors fail to recapitulate in vivo properties of tumor cells residing in the complex TME. Thus, three-dimensional (3D) culture models are increasingly employed in cancer research, as these culture systems better mimic the physiological microenvironment and shape the cellular responses according to the microenvironmental cues that will regulate critical cell functions such as cell shape/architecture, survival, proliferation, differentiation, and drug response as well as gene expression. Therefore, 3D cell culture models that better resemble the patient transcriptome are critical in defining physiologically relevant transcriptional changes. This review will present the transcriptional factor (TF) repertoire of breast cancer in 3D culture models in the context of mammary tissue architecture, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and metastasis, cell death mechanisms, cancer therapy resistance and differential drug response, and stemness and will discuss the impact of culture dimensionality on breast cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande Özkan
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Deniz Gülfem Öztürk
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Correspondence: (D.G.Ö.); (G.K.)
| | - Gozde Korkmaz
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey;
- Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
- Correspondence: (D.G.Ö.); (G.K.)
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8
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Oncogenic signaling inhibits c-FLIP L expression and its non-apoptotic function during ECM-detachment. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18606. [PMID: 34545139 PMCID: PMC8452765 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97715-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of programmed cell death pathways is frequently observed in cancer cells where it functions to facilitate tumor progression. However, some proteins involved in the regulation of cell death function dichotomously to both promote and inhibit cell death depending on the cellular context. As such, understanding how cell death proteins are regulated in a context-dependent fashion in cancer cells is of utmost importance. We have uncovered evidence that cellular FLICE-like Inhibitory Protein (c-FLIP), a well-known anti-apoptotic protein, is often downregulated in tumor tissue when compared to adjacent normal tissue. These data argue that c-FLIP may have activity distinct from its canonical role in antagonizing cell death. Interestingly, we have discovered that detachment from extracellular matrix (ECM) serves as a signal to elevate c-FLIP transcription and that oncogenic signaling blocks ECM-detachment-induced c-FLIP elevation. In addition, our data reveal that downregulation of c-FLIP promotes luminal filling in mammary acini and that c-FLIP overexpression in cancer cells inhibits colony formation in cells exposed to ECM-detachment. Taken together, our study reveals an unexpected, non-apoptotic role for c-FLIP during ECM-detachment and raises the possibility that c-FLIP may have context-dependent roles during tumorigenesis.
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9
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Tripathi A, Kashyap A, Tripathi G, Yadav J, Bibban R, Aggarwal N, Thakur K, Chhokar A, Jadli M, Sah AK, Verma Y, Zayed H, Husain A, Bharti AC, Kashyap MK. Tumor reversion: a dream or a reality. Biomark Res 2021; 9:31. [PMID: 33958005 PMCID: PMC8101112 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-021-00280-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversion of tumor to a normal differentiated cell once considered a dream is now at the brink of becoming a reality. Different layers of molecules/events such as microRNAs, transcription factors, alternative RNA splicing, post-transcriptional, post-translational modifications, availability of proteomics, genomics editing tools, and chemical biology approaches gave hope to manipulation of cancer cells reversion to a normal cell phenotype as evidences are subtle but definitive. Regardless of the advancement, there is a long way to go, as customized techniques are required to be fine-tuned with precision to attain more insights into tumor reversion. Tumor regression models using available genome-editing methods, followed by in vitro and in vivo proteomics profiling techniques show early evidence. This review summarizes tumor reversion developments, present issues, and unaddressed challenges that remained in the uncharted territory to modulate cellular machinery for tumor reversion towards therapeutic purposes successfully. Ongoing research reaffirms the potential promises of understanding the mechanism of tumor reversion and required refinement that is warranted in vitro and in vivo models of tumor reversion, and the potential translation of these into cancer therapy. Furthermore, therapeutic compounds were reported to induce phenotypic changes in cancer cells into normal cells, which will contribute in understanding the mechanism of tumor reversion. Altogether, the efforts collectively suggest that tumor reversion will likely reveal a new wave of therapeutic discoveries that will significantly impact clinical practice in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avantika Tripathi
- Amity Stem Cell Institute, Amity Medical School, Amity University Haryana, Panchgaon, Haryana, Manesar (Gurugram), -122413, India
| | - Anjali Kashyap
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Greesham Tripathi
- Amity Stem Cell Institute, Amity Medical School, Amity University Haryana, Panchgaon, Haryana, Manesar (Gurugram), -122413, India
| | - Joni Yadav
- Department of Zoology, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Delhi (North Campus), New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Rakhi Bibban
- Department of Zoology, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Delhi (North Campus), New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Nikita Aggarwal
- Department of Zoology, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Delhi (North Campus), New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Kulbhushan Thakur
- Department of Zoology, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Delhi (North Campus), New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Arun Chhokar
- Department of Zoology, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Delhi (North Campus), New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Mohit Jadli
- Department of Zoology, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Delhi (North Campus), New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Sah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Amity Medical School, Amity University Haryana, Panchgaon, Haryana, Manesar (Gurugram), India
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medanta-The Medicity, Haryana, Gurugram, India
| | - Yeshvandra Verma
- Department of Toxicology, C C S University, Meerut, UP, 250004, India
| | - Hatem Zayed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Amjad Husain
- Centre for Science & Society, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, India
- Innovation and Incubation Centre for Entrepreneurship (IICE), Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Bhopal, India
| | - Alok Chandra Bharti
- Department of Zoology, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Delhi (North Campus), New Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Manoj Kumar Kashyap
- Amity Stem Cell Institute, Amity Medical School, Amity University Haryana, Panchgaon, Haryana, Manesar (Gurugram), -122413, India.
- Department of Zoology, Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Delhi (North Campus), New Delhi, 110007, India.
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10
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McCann AP, Smyth P, Cogo F, McDaid WJ, Jiang L, Lin J, Evergren E, Burden RE, Van Schaeybroeck S, Scott CJ, Burrows JF. USP17 is required for trafficking and oncogenic signaling of mutant EGFR in NSCLC cells. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:77. [PMID: 30409180 PMCID: PMC6225634 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0291-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The deubiquitinase USP17 is overexpressed in NSCLC and has been shown to be required for the growth and motility of EGFR wild-type (WT) NSCLC cells. USP17 is also required for clathrin-mediated endocytosis of EGFR. Here, we examine the impact of USP17 depletion on the growth, as well as EGFR endocytosis and signaling, of EGFR mutant (MT) NSCLC cells. In particular, we examine NSCLC cells harboring an EGFR activating exon 19 deletion (HCC827), or both the L858R activating mutation and the T790M resistance gatekeeper mutation (H1975) which renders them resistant to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). Methods MTT, trypan blue and clonogenic assays, confocal microscopy, Western blotting and cell cycle analysis were performed. Results USP17 depletion blocks the growth of EGFRMT NSCLC cells carrying either the EGFR exon 19 deletion, or L858R/T790M double mutation. In contrast to EGFRWT cells, USP17 depletion also triggers apoptosis of EGFRMT NSCLC cells. USP17 is required for clathrin-mediated endocytosis in these EGFRMT NSCLC cells, but it is not required for the internalization of the mutated EGFR receptors. Instead, USP17 depletion alters the localization of these receptors within the cell, and although it does not decrease basal EGFR activation, it potently reduces activation of Src, a key kinase in mutant EGFR-dependent tumorigenicity. Finally, we demonstrate that USP17 depletion can trigger apoptosis in EGFRWT NSCLC cells, when combined with the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) gefitinib. Conclusions Our data reveals that USP17 facilitates trafficking and oncogenic signaling of mutant EGFR and indicates targeting USP17 could represent a viable therapeutic strategy in NSCLC tumours carrying either an EGFR activating mutation, or a resistance gatekeeper mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan P McCann
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Peter Smyth
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Francesco Cogo
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - William J McDaid
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Lai Jiang
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Jia Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Emma Evergren
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Roberta E Burden
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Sandra Van Schaeybroeck
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Christopher J Scott
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - James F Burrows
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
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11
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Oudenaarden CRL, van de Ven RAH, Derksen PWB. Re-inforcing the cell death army in the fight against breast cancer. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/16/jcs212563. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.212563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Metastatic breast cancer is responsible for most breast cancer-related deaths. Disseminated cancer cells have developed an intrinsic ability to resist anchorage-dependent apoptosis (anoikis). Anoikis is caused by the absence of cellular adhesion, a process that underpins lumen formation and maintenance during mammary gland development and homeostasis. In healthy cells, anoikis is mostly governed by B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL2) protein family members. Metastatic cancer cells, however, have often developed autocrine BCL2-dependent resistance mechanisms to counteract anoikis. In this Review, we discuss how a pro-apoptotic subgroup of the BCL2 protein family, known as the BH3-only proteins, controls apoptosis and anoikis during mammary gland homeostasis and to what extent their inhibition confers tumor suppressive functions in metastatic breast cancer. Specifically, the role of the two pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins BCL2-modifying factor (BMF) and BCL2-interacting mediator of cell death (BIM) will be discussed here. We assess current developments in treatment that focus on mimicking the function of the BH3-only proteins to induce apoptosis, and consider their applicability to restore normal apoptotic responses in anchorage-independent disseminating tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara R. L. Oudenaarden
- UMC Utrecht, Department of Pathology, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Lund University, Department of Experimental Oncology, Scheelevägen 2, 22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Robert A. H. van de Ven
- UMC Utrecht, Department of Pathology, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Cell Biology, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick W. B. Derksen
- UMC Utrecht, Department of Pathology, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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Gudipaty SA, Conner CM, Rosenblatt J, Montell DJ. Unconventional Ways to Live and Die: Cell Death and Survival in Development, Homeostasis, and Disease. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2018; 34:311-332. [PMID: 30089222 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100616-060748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Balancing cell death and survival is essential for normal development and homeostasis and for preventing diseases, especially cancer. Conventional cell death pathways include apoptosis, a form of programmed cell death controlled by a well-defined biochemical pathway, and necrosis, the lysis of acutely injured cells. New types of regulated cell death include necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, phagoptosis, and entosis. Autophagy can promote survival or can cause death. Newly described processes of anastasis and resuscitation show that, remarkably, cells can recover from the brink of apoptosis or necroptosis. Important new work shows that epithelia achieve homeostasis by extruding excess cells, which then die by anoikis due to loss of survival signals. This mechanically regulated process both maintains barrier function as cells die and matches rates of proliferation and death. In this review, we describe these unconventional ways in which cells have evolved to die or survive, as well as the contributions that these processes make to homeostasis and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapna A Gudipaty
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Christopher M Conner
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA;
| | - Jody Rosenblatt
- Department of Oncological Sciences and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Denise J Montell
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA;
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13
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Yin H, Zhu Q, Liu M, Tu G, Li Q, Yuan J, Wen S, Yang G. GPER promotes tamoxifen-resistance in ER+ breast cancer cells by reduced Bim proteins through MAPK/Erk-TRIM2 signaling axis. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:1191-1198. [PMID: 28902352 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tamoxifen resistance is a major clinical challenge in breast cancer treatment. Our previous studies find that GPER and its down-stream signaling play a pivotal role in the development of tamoxifen (TAM) resistance. cDNA array analysis indicated a set of genes associated with cell apoptosis are aberrant in GPER activated and TAM-resistant MCF-7R cells compared with TAM-sensitive MCF-7 cells. Among these genes, Bim (also named BCL2-L11), a member of the BH3-only pro-apoptotic protein family is significantly decreased, and TRIM RING finger protein TRIM2 (a ubiquitin ligase) is highly expressed in MCF-7R. To understand the mechanism of TAM-resistance in GPER activated ER+ breast cancer, the function of TRIM2 and Bim inducing cell apoptosis was studied. By using immunohistochemical and western blot analysis, there is an adverse correlation between TRIM2 and Bim in TAM-resistant breast tumor tissues and MCF-7R cells. Knockdown Bim in TAM-sensitive MCF-7 cells or overexpression of Bim in TAM-resistant MCF-7 cells significantly changed its sensibility to TAM through altering the levels of cleaved PARP and caspase-3. Activation of GPER and its downstream signaling MAPK/ERK, not PI3K/AKT, led to enhanced TRIM2 protein levels and affected the binding between TRIM2 and Bim which resulted in a reduced Bim in TAM-resistant breast cancer cells. Thus, the present study provides a novel insight to TAM-resistance in ER-positive breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Yin
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Manran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Gang Tu
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Jie Yuan
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Siyang Wen
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Guanglun Yang
- Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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14
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Jandial DD, Krill LS, Chen L, Wu C, Ke Y, Xie J, Hoang BH, Zi X. Induction of G2M Arrest by Flavokawain A, a Kava Chalcone, Increases the Responsiveness of HER2-Overexpressing Breast Cancer Cells to Herceptin. Molecules 2017; 22:E462. [PMID: 28335434 PMCID: PMC5547191 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
HER2/neu positive breast tumors predict a high mortality and comprise 25%-30% of breast cancer. We have shown that Flavokawain A (FKA) preferentially reduces the viabilities of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cell lines (i.e., SKBR3 and MCF7/HER2) versus those with less HER2 expression (i.e., MCF7 and MDA-MB-468). FKA at cytotoxic concentrations to breast cancer cell lines also has a minimal effect on the growth of non-malignant breast epithelial MCF10A cells. FKA induces G2M arrest in cell cycle progression of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cell lines through inhibition of Cdc2 and Cdc25C phosphorylation and downregulation of expression of Myt1 and Wee1 leading to increased Cdc2 kinase activities. In addition, FKA induces apoptosis in SKBR3 cells by increasing the protein expression of Bim and BAX and decreasing expression of Bcl₂, BclX/L, XIAP, and survivin. FKA also downregulates the protein expression of HER-2 and inhibits AKT phosphorylation. Herceptin plus FKA treatment leads to an enhanced growth inhibitory effect on HER-2 overexpressing breast cancer cell lines through downregulation of Myt1, Wee1, Skp2, survivin, and XIAP. Our results suggest FKA as a promising and novel apoptosis inducer and G2 blocking agent that, in combination with Herceptin, enhances for the treatment of HER2-overexpressing breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle D Jandial
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
| | - Lauren S Krill
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
| | - Lixia Chen
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
| | - Chunli Wu
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
| | - Yu Ke
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
| | - Bang H Hoang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10476, USA.
| | - Xiaolin Zi
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
- Department of Urology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, Orange, CA 92868, USA.
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15
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Morii M, Kubota S, Honda T, Yuki R, Morinaga T, Kuga T, Tomonaga T, Yamaguchi N, Yamaguchi N. Src Acts as an Effector for Ku70-dependent Suppression of Apoptosis through Phosphorylation of Ku70 at Tyr-530. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:1648-1665. [PMID: 27998981 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.753202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Src-family tyrosine kinases are widely expressed in many cell types and participate in a variety of signal transduction pathways. Despite the significance of Src in suppression of apoptosis, its mechanism remains poorly understood. Here we show that Src acts as an effector for Ku70-dependent suppression of apoptosis. Inhibition of endogenous Src activity promotes UV-induced apoptosis, which is impaired by Ku70 knockdown. Src phosphorylates Ku70 at Tyr-530, being close to the possible acetylation sites involved in promotion of apoptosis. Src-mediated phosphorylation of Ku70 at Tyr-530 decreases acetylation of Ku70, whereas Src inhibition augments acetylation of Ku70. Importantly, knockdown-rescue experiments with stable Ku70 knockdown cells show that the nonphosphorylatable Y530F mutant of Ku70 reduces the ability of Ku70 to suppress apoptosis accompanied by augmentation of Ku70 acetylation. Our results reveal that Src plays a protective role against hyperactive apoptotic cell death by reducing apoptotic susceptibility through phosphorylation of Ku70 at Tyr-530.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Morii
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Sho Kubota
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Takuya Honda
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Ryuzaburo Yuki
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Takao Morinaga
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Takahisa Kuga
- the Laboratory of Proteome Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tomonaga
- the Laboratory of Proteome Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Noritaka Yamaguchi
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Naoto Yamaguchi
- From the Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
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16
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P73 tumor suppressor and its targets, p21 and PUMA, are required for madin-darby canine kidney cell morphogenesis by maintaining an appropriate level of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Oncotarget 2016; 6:13994-4004. [PMID: 26101856 PMCID: PMC4546446 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
P73, a member of p53 tumor suppressor family, plays a crucial role in tumor suppression and neural development. Due to the usage of two promoters, p73 is expressed as two isoforms, TAp73 and ΔNp73, with opposing functions. Here, we investigated the potential role of p73 in epithelial polarity and morphogenesis by using Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells as a model system. We found that knockdown of TAp73 enhances, whereas knockdown of ΔNp73 inhibits, MDCK cell proliferation and migration in two-dimensional (2-D) culture. We also found that knockdown of TAp73, but not ΔNp73, disrupts cyst formation of MDCK cells in three-dimensional (3-D) culture. Interestingly, we found that p21 and PUMA, both of which are induced by TAp73 but repressed by ΔNp73, are required for suppressing cell proliferation and migration in 2-D culture and for MDCK ce ll morphogenesis in 3-D culture. Finally, we showed knockdown of TAp73, p21 or PUMA induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) with a decrease in E-cadherin and an increase in EMT transcription factors. Together, our data suggest that TAp73, p21 and PUMA play a critical role in modulating MDCK cell morphogenesis by maintaining an appropriate level of the EMT.
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17
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Papadakis ES, Barker CR, Syed H, Reeves T, Schwaiger S, Stuppner H, Troppmair J, Blaydes JP, Cutress RI. The Bag-1 inhibitor, Thio-2, reverses an atypical 3D morphology driven by Bag-1L overexpression in a MCF-10A model of ductal carcinoma in situ. Oncogenesis 2016; 5:e215. [PMID: 27043661 PMCID: PMC4848832 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2016.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary MCF-10A cells seeded on reconstituted basement membrane form spherical structures with a hollow central lumen, termed acini, which are a physiologically relevant model of mammary morphogenesis. Bcl-2-associated athanogene 1 (Bag-1) is a multifunctional protein overexpressed in breast cancer and ductal carcinoma in situ. When present in the nucleus Bag-1 is predictive of clinical outcome in breast cancer. Bag-1 exists as three main isoforms, which are produced by alternative translation initiation from a single mRNA. The long isoform of Bag-1, Bag-1L, contains a nuclear localisation sequence not present in the other isoforms. When present in the nucleus Bag-1L, but not the other Bag-1 isoforms, can interact with and modulate the activities of estrogen-, androgen- and vitamin D-receptors. Overexpression of Bag-1 mRNA in MCF-10A is known to produce acini with luminal filling reminiscent of ductal carcinoma in situ. As this mRNA predominantly overexpresses the short isoform of Bag-1, Bag-1S, we set out to examine whether the nuclear Bag-1L isoform is sufficient to drive premalignant change by developing a Bag-1L-overexpressing MCF-10A model. Two clones differentially overexpressing Bag-1L were grown in two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) cultures and compared with an established model of HER2-driven transformation. In 2D cultures, Bag-1L overexpression reduced proliferation but did not affect growth factor responsiveness or clonogenicity. Acini formed by Bag-1L-overexpressing cells exhibited reduced luminal clearing when compared with controls. An abnormal branching morphology was also observed which correlated with the level of Bag-1L overexpression, suggesting further malignant change. Treatment with Thio-2, a small-molecule inhibitor of Bag-1, reduced the level of branching. In summary, 3D cultures of MCF-10A mammary epithelial cells overexpressing Bag-1L demonstrate a premalignant phenotype with features of ductal carcinoma in situ. Using this model to test the small-molecule Bag-1 inhibitor, Thio-2, reveals its potential to reverse the atypical branched morphology of acini that characterizes this premalignant change.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Papadakis
- Cancer Research UK Centre Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - C R Barker
- Cancer Research UK Centre Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - H Syed
- Cancer Research UK Centre Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - T Reeves
- Cancer Research UK Centre Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - S Schwaiger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - H Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy, Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innrain, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - J Troppmair
- Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral-, Transplant- and Thoracic Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Austria
| | - J P Blaydes
- Cancer Research UK Centre Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - R I Cutress
- Cancer Research UK Centre Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK.,University Hospital Southampton, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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18
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Restraining FOXO3-dependent transcriptional BMF activation underpins tumour growth and metastasis of E-cadherin-negative breast cancer. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1483-92. [PMID: 27035620 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of cellular adhesion leads to the progression of breast cancer through acquisition of anchorage independence, also known as resistance to anoikis. Although inactivation of E-cadherin is essential for acquisition of anoikis resistance, it has remained unclear how metastatic breast cancer cells counterbalance the induction of apoptosis without E-cadherin-dependent cellular adhesion. We report here that E-cadherin inactivation in breast cancer cells induces PI3K/AKT-dependent FOXO3 inhibition and identify FOXO3 as a novel and direct transcriptional activator of the pro-apoptotic protein BMF. As a result, E-cadherin-negative breast fail to upregulate BMF upon transfer to anchorage independence, leading to anoikis resistance. Conversely, expression of BMF in E-cadherin-negative metastatic breast cancer cells is sufficient to inhibit tumour growth and dissemination in mice. In conclusion, we have identified repression of BMF as a major cue that underpins anoikis resistance and tumour dissemination in E-cadherin-deficient metastatic breast cancer.
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19
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Buchheit CL, Schafer ZT. BIM-EL localization: The key to understanding anoikis resistance in inflammatory breast cancer cells. Mol Cell Oncol 2016; 3:e1011474. [PMID: 27308529 PMCID: PMC4845165 DOI: 10.1080/23723556.2015.1011474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a highly metastatic and rare type of breast cancer, accounting for 2-6% of newly diagnosed breast cancer cases each year. The highly metastatic nature of IBC cells remains poorly understood. Here we describe our recent data regarding the ability of IBC cells to overcome anoikis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Buchheit
- Department of Biological Sciences; Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases; University of Notre Dame; Notre Dame, IN USA
| | - Zachary T Schafer
- Department of Biological Sciences; Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases; University of Notre Dame; Notre Dame, IN USA
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20
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Patil PU, D'Ambrosio J, Inge LJ, Mason RW, Rajasekaran AK. Carcinoma cells induce lumen filling and EMT in epithelial cells through soluble E-cadherin-mediated activation of EGFR. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:4366-79. [PMID: 26483386 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.173518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In epithelial cancers, carcinoma cells coexist with normal cells. Although it is known that the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a pivotal role in cancer progression, it is not completely understood how the tumor influences adjacent normal epithelial cells. In this study, a three-dimensional co-culture system comprising non-transformed epithelial cells (MDCK) and transformed carcinoma cells (MSV-MDCK) was used to demonstrate that carcinoma cells sequentially induce preneoplastic lumen filling and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in epithelial cysts. MMP-9 secreted by carcinoma cells cleaves cellular E-cadherin (encoded by CDH1) from epithelial cells to generate soluble E-cadherin (sE-cad), a pro-oncogenic protein. We show that sE-cad induces EGFR activation, resulting in lumen filling in MDCK cysts. Long-term sE-cad treatment induced EMT. sE-cad caused lumen filling by induction of the ERK signaling pathway and triggered EMT through the sustained activation of the AKT pathway. Although it is known that sE-cad induces MMP-9 release and consequent EGFR activation in tumor cells, our results, for the first time, demonstrate that carcinoma cells can induce sE-cad shedding in adjacent epithelial cells, which leads to EGFR activation and the eventual transdifferentiation of the normal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratima U Patil
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Department of Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Julia D'Ambrosio
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Department of Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Landon J Inge
- Thoracic and Esophageal disease, Norton Thoracic Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ 85013, USA
| | - Robert W Mason
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Department of Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Ayyappan K Rajasekaran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA Therapy Architects, LLC, 2700, Silverside Road, Wilmington, DE 19810, USA
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21
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Sionov RV, Vlahopoulos SA, Granot Z. Regulation of Bim in Health and Disease. Oncotarget 2015; 6:23058-134. [PMID: 26405162 PMCID: PMC4695108 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The BH3-only Bim protein is a major determinant for initiating the intrinsic apoptotic pathway under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Tight regulation of its expression and activity at the transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels together with the induction of alternatively spliced isoforms with different pro-apoptotic potential, ensure timely activation of Bim. Under physiological conditions, Bim is essential for shaping immune responses where its absence promotes autoimmunity, while too early Bim induction eliminates cytotoxic T cells prematurely, resulting in chronic inflammation and tumor progression. Enhanced Bim induction in neurons causes neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases. Moreover, type I diabetes is promoted by genetically predisposed elevation of Bim in β-cells. On the contrary, cancer cells have developed mechanisms that suppress Bim expression necessary for tumor progression and metastasis. This review focuses on the intricate network regulating Bim activity and its involvement in physiological and pathophysiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Vogt Sionov
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Spiros A. Vlahopoulos
- First Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Horemeio Research Laboratory, Thivon and Levadias, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Zvi Granot
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel Canada, Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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22
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Blasky AJ, Mangan A, Prekeris R. Polarized protein transport and lumen formation during epithelial tissue morphogenesis. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2015; 31:575-91. [PMID: 26359775 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100814-125323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
One of the major challenges in biology is to explain how complex tissues and organs arise from the collective action of individual polarized cells. The best-studied model of this process is the cross talk between individual epithelial cells during their polarization to form the multicellular epithelial lumen during tissue morphogenesis. Multiple mechanisms of apical lumen formation have been proposed. Some epithelial lumens form from preexisting polarized epithelial structures. However, de novo lumen formation from nonpolarized cells has recently emerged as an important driver of epithelial tissue morphogenesis, especially during the formation of small epithelial tubule networks. In this review, we discuss the latest findings regarding the mechanisms and regulation of de novo lumen formation in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Blasky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045;
| | - Anthony Mangan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045;
| | - Rytis Prekeris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045;
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23
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Lin CH, Shen CY, Lee JH, Huang CS, Yang CH, Kuo WH, Chang DY, Hsiung CN, Kuo KT, Chen WW, Chen IC, Wu PF, Kuo SH, Chen CJ, Lu YS, Cheng AL. High Prevalence of the BIM Deletion Polymorphism in Young Female Breast Cancer in an East Asian Country. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124908. [PMID: 25909194 PMCID: PMC4409392 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A rapid surge of female breast cancer has been observed in young women in several East Asian countries. The BIM deletion polymorphism, which confers cell resistance to apoptosis, was recently found exclusively in East Asian people with prevalence rate of 12%. We aimed to evaluate the possible role of this genetic alteration in carcinogenesis of breast cancer in East Asians. Method Female healthy volunteers (n = 307), patients in one consecutive stage I-III breast cancer cohort (n = 692) and one metastatic breast cancer cohort (n = 189) were evaluated. BIM wild-type and deletion alleles were separately genotyped in genomic DNAs. Results Both cancer cohorts consistently showed inverse associations between the BIM deletion polymorphism and patient age (≤35 y vs. 36-50 y vs. >50 y: 29% vs. 22% vs. 15%, P = 0.006 in the consecutive cohort, and 40% vs. 23% vs. 13%, P = 0.023 in the metastatic cohort). In healthy volunteers, the frequencies of the BIM deletion polymorphism were similar (13%-14%) in all age groups. Further analyses indicated that the BIM deletion polymorphism was not associated with specific clinicopathologic features, but it was associated with poor overall survival (adjusted hazard ratio 1.71) in the consecutive cohort. Conclusions BIM deletion polymorphism may be involved in the tumorigenesis of the early-onset breast cancer among East Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hung Lin
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yang Shen
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Hsiang Lee
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiun-Sheng Huang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Yang
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Oncology and Cancer Research Centre, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Kuo
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dwan-Ying Chang
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ni Hsiung
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ting Kuo
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Wu Chen
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Chun Chen
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Fang Wu
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Hsin Kuo
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Oncology and Cancer Research Centre, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Jen Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Shen Lu
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ann-Lii Cheng
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Oncology and Cancer Research Centre, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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24
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Teh JLF, Shah R, La Cava S, Dolfi SC, Mehta MS, Kongara S, Price S, Ganesan S, Reuhl KR, Hirshfield KM, Karantza V, Chen S. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 disrupts mammary acinar architecture and initiates malignant transformation of mammary epithelial cells. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 151:57-73. [PMID: 25859923 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3365-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1/Grm1) is a member of the G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily, which was once thought to only participate in synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability, but has more recently been implicated in non-neuronal tissue functions. We previously described the oncogenic properties of Grm1 in cultured melanocytes in vitro and in spontaneous melanoma development with 100 % penetrance in vivo. Aberrant mGluR1 expression was detected in 60-80 % of human melanoma cell lines and biopsy samples. As most human cancers are of epithelial origin, we utilized immortalized mouse mammary epithelial cells (iMMECs) as a model system to study the transformative properties of Grm1. We introduced Grm1 into iMMECs and isolated several stable mGluR1-expressing clones. Phenotypic alterations in mammary acinar architecture were assessed using three-dimensional morphogenesis assays. We found that mGluR1-expressing iMMECs exhibited delayed lumen formation in association with decreased central acinar cell death, disrupted cell polarity, and a dramatic increase in the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Orthotopic implantation of mGluR1-expressing iMMEC clones into mammary fat pads of immunodeficient nude mice resulted in mammary tumor formation in vivo. Persistent mGluR1 expression was required for the maintenance of the tumorigenic phenotypes in vitro and in vivo, as demonstrated by an inducible Grm1-silencing RNA system. Furthermore, mGluR1 was found be expressed in human breast cancer cell lines and breast tumor biopsies. Elevated levels of extracellular glutamate were observed in mGluR1-expressing breast cancer cell lines and concurrent treatment of MCF7 xenografts with glutamate release inhibitor, riluzole, and an AKT inhibitor led to suppression of tumor progression. Our results are likely relevant to human breast cancer, highlighting a putative role of mGluR1 in the pathophysiology of breast cancer and the potential of mGluR1 as a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L F Teh
- Susan Lehman Cullman Laboratory for Cancer Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
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25
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Cohen-Dvashi H, Ben-Chetrit N, Russell R, Carvalho S, Lauriola M, Nisani S, Mancini M, Nataraj N, Kedmi M, Roth L, Köstler W, Zeisel A, Yitzhaky A, Zylberg J, Tarcic G, Eilam R, Wigelman Y, Will R, Lavi S, Porat Z, Wiemann S, Ricardo S, Schmitt F, Caldas C, Yarden Y. Navigator-3, a modulator of cell migration, may act as a suppressor of breast cancer progression. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 7:299-314. [PMID: 25678558 PMCID: PMC4364947 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201404134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissemination of primary tumor cells depends on migratory and invasive attributes. Here, we identify Navigator-3 (NAV3), a gene frequently mutated or deleted in human tumors, as a regulator of epithelial migration and invasion. Following induction by growth factors, NAV3 localizes to the plus ends of microtubules and enhances their polarized growth. Accordingly, NAV3 depletion trimmed microtubule growth, prolonged growth factor signaling, prevented apoptosis and enhanced random cell migration. Mathematical modeling suggested that NAV3-depleted cells acquire an advantage in terms of the way they explore their environment. In animal models, silencing NAV3 increased metastasis, whereas ectopic expression of the wild-type form, unlike expression of two, relatively unstable oncogenic mutants from human tumors, inhibited metastasis. Congruently, analyses of > 2,500 breast and lung cancer patients associated low NAV3 with shorter survival. We propose that NAV3 inhibits breast cancer progression by regulating microtubule dynamics, biasing directionally persistent rather than random migration, and inhibiting locomotion of initiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadas Cohen-Dvashi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nir Ben-Chetrit
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Roslin Russell
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Silvia Carvalho
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mattia Lauriola
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sophia Nisani
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maicol Mancini
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nishanth Nataraj
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Merav Kedmi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lee Roth
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Wolfgang Köstler
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Amit Zeisel
- Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Assif Yitzhaky
- Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Jacques Zylberg
- Chemical Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gabi Tarcic
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Raya Eilam
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yoav Wigelman
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rainer Will
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sara Lavi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Porat
- Biological Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Stefan Wiemann
- Division of Molecular Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sara Ricardo
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Schmitt
- IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, Medical Faculty of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yosef Yarden
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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26
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Vanni C, Ognibene M, Finetti F, Mancini P, Cabodi S, Segalerba D, Torrisi MR, Donnini S, Bosco MC, Varesio L, Eva A. Dbl oncogene expression in MCF-10 A epithelial cells disrupts mammary acinar architecture, induces EMT and angiogenic factor secretion. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:1426-37. [PMID: 25723869 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1021516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The proteins of the Dbl family are guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) of Rho GTPases and are known to be involved in cell growth regulation. Alterations of the normal function of these proteins lead to pathological processes such as developmental disorders, neoplastic transformation, and tumor metastasis. We have previously demonstrated that expression of Dbl oncogene in lens epithelial cells modulates genes encoding proteins involved in epithelial-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) and induces angiogenesis in the lens. Our present study was undertaken to investigate the role of Dbl oncogene in epithelial cells transformation, providing new insights into carcinoma progression.To assess how Dbl oncogene can modulate EMT, cell migration, morphogenesis, and expression of pro-apoptotic and angiogenic factors we utilized bi- and 3-dimensional cultures of MCF-10 A cells. We show that upon Dbl expression MCF-10 A cells undergo EMT. In addition, we found that Dbl overexpression sustains Cdc42 and Rac activation inducing morphological alterations, characterized by the presence of lamellipodia and conferring a high migratory capacity to the cells. Moreover, Dbl expressing MCF-10 A cells form altered 3D structures and can induce angiogenesis by producing proangiogenic factors such as CCL2. These results support a role for Dbl oncogene in epithelial cell differentiation and transformation and suggest the relevance of GEF deregulation in tumor onset and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Vanni
- a Laboratory of Molecular Biology ; Istituto Giannina Gaslini ; Genova , Italy
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27
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Rayavarapu RR, Heiden B, Pagani N, Shaw MM, Shuff S, Zhang S, Schafer ZT. The role of multicellular aggregation in the survival of ErbB2-positive breast cancer cells during extracellular matrix detachment. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:8722-33. [PMID: 25681438 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.612754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The metastasis of cancer cells from the site of the primary tumor to distant sites in the body represents the most deadly manifestation of cancer. In order for metastasis to occur, cancer cells need to evade anoikis, which is defined as apoptosis caused by loss of attachment to extracellular matrix (ECM). Signaling from ErbB2 has previously been linked to the evasion of anoikis in breast cancer cells but the precise molecular mechanisms by which ErbB2 blocks anoikis have yet to be unveiled. In this study, we have identified a novel mechanism by which anoikis is inhibited in ErbB2-expressing cells: multicellular aggregation during ECM-detachment. Our data demonstrate that disruption of aggregation in ErbB2-positive cells is sufficient to induce anoikis and that this anoikis inhibition is a result of aggregation-induced stabilization of EGFR and consequent ERK/MAPK survival signaling. Furthermore, these data suggest that ECM-detached ErbB2-expressing cells may be uniquely susceptible to targeted therapy against EGFR and that this sensitivity could be exploited for specific elimination of ECM-detached cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju R Rayavarapu
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Brendan Heiden
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Nicholas Pagani
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Melissa M Shaw
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Sydney Shuff
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
| | - Zachary T Schafer
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
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28
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Sodi VL, Khaku S, Krutilina R, Schwab LP, Vocadlo DJ, Seagroves TN, Reginato MJ. mTOR/MYC Axis Regulates O-GlcNAc Transferase Expression and O-GlcNAcylation in Breast Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2015; 13:923-33. [PMID: 25636967 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cancers exhibit altered metabolism characterized by increased glucose and glutamine uptake. The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) uses glucose and glutamine, and directly contributes to O-linked-β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modifications on intracellular proteins. Multiple tumor types contain elevated total O-GlcNAcylation, in part, by increasing O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) levels, the enzyme that catalyzes this modification. Although cancer cells require OGT for oncogenesis, it is not clear how tumor cells regulate OGT expression and O-GlcNAcylation. Here, it is shown that the PI3K-mTOR-MYC signaling pathway is required for elevation of OGT and O-GlcNAcylation in breast cancer cells. Treatment with PI3K and mTOR inhibitors reduced OGT protein expression and decreased levels of overall O-GlcNAcylation. In addition, both AKT and mTOR activation is sufficient to elevate OGT/O-GlcNAcylation. Downstream of mTOR, the oncogenic transcription factor c-MYC is required and sufficient for increased OGT protein expression in an RNA-independent manner and c-MYC regulation of OGT mechanistically requires the expression of c-MYC transcriptional target HSP90A. Finally, mammary tumor epithelial cells derived from MMTV-c-myc transgenic mice contain elevated OGT and O-GlcNAcylation and OGT inhibition in this model induces apoptosis. Thus, OGT and O-GlcNAcylation levels are elevated via activation of an mTOR/MYC cascade. IMPLICATIONS Evidence indicates OGT as a therapeutic target in c-MYC-amplified cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L Sodi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sakina Khaku
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Raisa Krutilina
- Center for Adult Cancer Research and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Luciana P Schwab
- Center for Adult Cancer Research and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - David J Vocadlo
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tiffany N Seagroves
- Center for Adult Cancer Research and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Mauricio J Reginato
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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29
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Loss of anchorage primarily induces non-apoptotic cell death in a human mammary epithelial cell line under atypical focal adhesion kinase signaling. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1619. [PMID: 25611393 PMCID: PMC4669778 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Anchorage dependence of cellular growth and survival prevents inappropriate cell growth or survival in ectopic environments, and serves as a potential barrier to metastasis of cancer cells. Therefore, obtaining a better understanding of anchorage-dependent responses in normal cells is the first step to understand and impede anchorage independence of growth and survival in cancer cells and finally to eradicate cancer cells during metastasis. Anoikis, a type of apoptosis specifically induced by lack of appropriate cell-extracellular matrix adhesion, has been established as the dominant response of normal epithelial cells to anchorage loss. For example, under detached conditions, the untransformed mammary epithelial cell (MEC) line MCF-10 A, which exhibits myoepithelial characteristics, underwent anoikis dependent on classical ERK signaling. On the other hand, recent studies have revealed a variety of phenotypes resulting in cell death modalities distinct from anoikis, such as autophagy, necrosis, and cornification, in detached epithelial cells. In the present study, we characterized detachment-induced cell death (DICD) in primary human MECs immortalized with hTERT (TertHMECs), which are bipotent progenitor-like cells with a differentiating phenotype to luminal cells. In contrast to MCF-10 A cells, apoptosis was not observed in detached TertHMECs; instead, non-apoptotic cell death marked by features of entosis, cornification, and necrosis was observed along with downregulation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling. Cell death was overcome by anchorage-independent activities of FAK but not PI3K/AKT, SRC, and MEK/ERK, suggesting critical roles of atypical FAK signaling pathways in the regulation of non-apoptotic cell death. Further analysis revealed an important role of TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) as a mediator of FAK signaling in regulation of entosis and necrosis and a role of p38 MAPK in the induction of necrosis. Overall, the present study highlighted outstanding cell subtype or differentiation stage specificity in cell death phenotypes induced upon anchorage loss in human MECs.
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30
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Buchheit CL, Angarola BL, Steiner A, Weigel KJ, Schafer ZT. Anoikis evasion in inflammatory breast cancer cells is mediated by Bim-EL sequestration. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:1275-86. [PMID: 25526094 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is a rare and highly invasive type of breast cancer, and patients diagnosed with IBC often face a very poor prognosis. IBC is characterized by the lack of primary tumor formation and the rapid accumulation of cancerous epithelial cells in the dermal lymphatic vessels. Given that normal epithelial cells require attachment to the extracellular matrix (ECM) for survival, a comprehensive examination of the molecular mechanisms underlying IBC cell survival in the lymphatic vessels is of paramount importance to our understanding of IBC pathogenesis. Here we demonstrate that, in contrast to normal mammary epithelial cells, IBC cells evade ECM-detachment-induced apoptosis (anoikis). ErbB2 and EGFR knockdown in KPL-4 and SUM149 cells, respectively, causes decreased colony growth in soft agar and increased caspase activation following ECM detachment. ERK/MAPK signaling was found to operate downstream of ErbB2 and EGFR to protect cells from anoikis by facilitating the formation of a protein complex containing Bim-EL, LC8, and Beclin-1. This complex forms as a result of Bim-EL phosphorylation on serine 59, and thus Bim-EL cannot localize to the mitochondria and cause anoikis. These results reveal a novel mechanism that could be targeted with innovative therapeutics to induce anoikis in IBC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Buchheit
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - B L Angarola
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - A Steiner
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - K J Weigel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Z T Schafer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boler-Parseghian Center for Rare and Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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31
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Chang J, Nicolau MM, Cox TR, Wetterskog D, Martens JWM, Barker HE, Erler JT. LOXL2 induces aberrant acinar morphogenesis via ErbB2 signaling. Breast Cancer Res 2014; 15:R67. [PMID: 23971878 PMCID: PMC3978831 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is a matrix-remodeling enzyme that has been shown to play a key role in invasion and metastasis of breast carcinoma cells. However, very little is known about its role in normal tissue homeostasis. Here, we investigated the effects of LOXL2 expression in normal mammary epithelial cells to gain insight into how LOXL2 mediates cancer progression. METHODS LOXL2 was expressed in MCF10A normal human mammary epithelial cells. The 3D acinar morphogenesis of these cells was assessed, as well as the ability of the cells to form branching structures on extracellular matrix (ECM)-coated surfaces. Transwell-invasion assays were used to assess the invasive properties of the cells. Clinically relevant inhibitors of ErbB2, lapatinib and Herceptin (traztuzumab), were used to investigate the role of ErbB2 signaling in this model. A retrospective study on a previously published breast cancer patient dataset was carried out by using Disease Specific Genomic Analysis (DSGA) to investigate the correlation of LOXL2 mRNA expression level with metastasis and survival of ErbB2-positive breast cancer patients. RESULTS Fluorescence staining of the acini revealed increased proliferation, decreased apoptosis, and disrupted polarity, leading to abnormal lumen formation in response to LOXL2 expression in MCF10A cells. When plated onto ECM, the LOXL2-expressing cells formed branching structures and displayed increased invasion. We noted that LOXL2 induced ErbB2 activation through reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and ErbB2 inhibition by using Herceptin or lapatinib abrogated the effects of LOXL2 on MCF10A cells. Finally, we found LOXL2 expression to be correlated with decreased overall survival and metastasis-free survival in breast cancer patients with ErbB2-positive tumors. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that LOXL2 expression in normal epithelial cells can induce abnormal changes that resemble oncogenic transformation and cancer progression, and that these effects are driven by LOXL2-mediated activation of ErbB2. LOXL2 may also be a beneficial marker for breast cancer patients that could benefit most from anti-ErbB2 therapy.
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32
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Buchheit CL, Weigel KJ, Schafer ZT. Cancer cell survival during detachment from the ECM: multiple barriers to tumour progression. Nat Rev Cancer 2014; 14:632-41. [PMID: 25098270 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells require attachment to the extracellular matrix (ECM) for survival. However, during tumour progression and metastasis, cancerous epithelial cells must adapt to and survive in the absence of ECM. During the past 20 years, several cellular changes, including anoikis, have been shown to regulate cell viability when cells become detached from the ECM. In this Opinion article, we review in detail how cancer cells can overcome or take advantage of these specific processes. Gaining a better understanding of how cancer cells survive during detachment from the ECM will be instrumental in designing chemotherapeutic strategies that aim to eliminate ECM-detached metastatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Buchheit
- 1] Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA. [2]
| | - Kelsey J Weigel
- 1] Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA. [2]
| | - Zachary T Schafer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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Lu G, Zhang Q, Huang Y, Song J, Tomaino R, Ehrenberger T, Lim E, Liu W, Bronson RT, Bowden M, Brock J, Krop IE, Dillon DA, Gygi SP, Mills GB, Richardson AL, Signoretti S, Yaffe MB, Kaelin WG. Phosphorylation of ETS1 by Src family kinases prevents its recognition by the COP1 tumor suppressor. Cancer Cell 2014; 26:222-34. [PMID: 25117710 PMCID: PMC4169234 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oncoproteins and tumor suppressors antagonistically converge on critical nodes governing neoplastic growth, invasion, and metastasis. We discovered that phosphorylation of the ETS1 and ETS2 transcriptional oncoproteins at specific serine or threonine residues creates binding sites for the COP1 tumor suppressor protein, which is an ubiquitin ligase component, leading to their destruction. In the case of ETS1, however, phosphorylation of a neighboring tyrosine residue by Src family kinases disrupts COP1 binding, thereby stabilizing ETS1. Src-dependent accumulation of ETS1 in breast cancer cells promotes anchorage-independent growth in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. These findings expand the list of potential COP1 substrates to include proteins whose COP1-binding sites are subject to regulatory phosphorylation and provide insights into transformation by Src family kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jiaxi Song
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ross Tomaino
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tobias Ehrenberger
- Department of Biology, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Elgene Lim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Wenbin Liu
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Roderick T Bronson
- Rodent Histopathology Core, Dana Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michaela Bowden
- Center for Molecular Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jane Brock
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ian E Krop
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Deborah A Dillon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steven P Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Andrea L Richardson
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sabina Signoretti
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael B Yaffe
- Department of Biology, Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - William G Kaelin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
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Godde NJ, Sheridan JM, Smith LK, Pearson HB, Britt KL, Galea RC, Yates LL, Visvader JE, Humbert PO. Scribble modulates the MAPK/Fra1 pathway to disrupt luminal and ductal integrity and suppress tumour formation in the mammary gland. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004323. [PMID: 24852022 PMCID: PMC4031063 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarity coordinates cell movement, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis to build and maintain complex epithelial tissues such as the mammary gland. Loss of polarity and the deregulation of these processes are critical events in malignant progression but precisely how and at which stage polarity loss impacts on mammary development and tumourigenesis is unclear. Scrib is a core polarity regulator and tumour suppressor gene however to date our understanding of Scrib function in the mammary gland has been limited to cell culture and transplantation studies of cell lines. Utilizing a conditional mouse model of Scrib loss we report for the first time that Scrib is essential for mammary duct morphogenesis, mammary progenitor cell fate and maintenance, and we demonstrate a critical and specific role for Scribble in the control of the early steps of breast cancer progression. In particular, Scrib-deficiency significantly induced Fra1 expression and basal progenitor clonogenicity, which resulted in fully penetrant ductal hyperplasia characterized by high cell turnover, MAPK hyperactivity, frank polarity loss with mixing of apical and basolateral membrane constituents and expansion of atypical luminal cells. We also show for the first time a role for Scribble in mammalian spindle orientation with the onset of mammary hyperplasia being associated with aberrant luminal cell spindle orientation and a failure to apoptose during the final stage of duct tubulogenesis. Restoring MAPK/Fra1 to baseline levels prevented Scrib-hyperplasia, whereas persistent Scrib deficiency induced alveolar hyperplasia and increased the incidence, onset and grade of mammary tumours. These findings, based on a definitive genetic mouse model provide fundamental insights into mammary duct maturation and homeostasis and reveal that Scrib loss activates a MAPK/Fra1 pathway that alters mammary progenitor activity to drive premalignancy and accelerate tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J. Godde
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie M. Sheridan
- ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lorey K. Smith
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen B. Pearson
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kara L. Britt
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ryan C. Galea
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura L. Yates
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane E. Visvader
- ACRF Stem Cells and Cancer Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick O. Humbert
- Cell Cycle and Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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35
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Weigel KJ, Jakimenko A, Conti BA, Chapman SE, Kaliney WJ, Leevy WM, Champion MM, Schafer ZT. CAF-Secreted IGFBPs Regulate Breast Cancer Cell Anoikis. Mol Cancer Res 2014; 12:855-66. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-14-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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36
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Antioxidants decrease the apoptotic effect of 5-Fu in colon cancer by regulating Src-dependent caspase-7 phosphorylation. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e983. [PMID: 24407236 PMCID: PMC4040661 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although the rate of development of drug resistance remains very high, 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) is still the most common chemotherapeutic drug used for the treatment of colon cancer. A better understanding of the mechanism of why cancers develop resistance to 5-Fu could improve its therapeutic effect. Sometimes, antioxidants are used simultaneously with 5-Fu treatment. However, a recent clinical trial showed no advantage or even a harmful effect of combining antioxidants with 5-Fu compared with administration of 5-Fu alone. The mechanism explaining this phenomenon is still poorly understood. In this study, we show that 5-Fu can induce reactive oxygen species-dependent Src activation in colon cancer cells. Mouse embryonic fibroblasts that are deficient in Src showed a clear resistance to 5-Fu, and knocking down Src protein expression in colon cancer cells also decreased 5-Fu-induced apoptosis. We found that Src could interact with and phosphorylate caspase-7 at multiple tyrosine sites. Functionally, the tyrosine phosphorylation of caspase-7 increases its activity, thereby enhancing cellular apoptosis. When using 5-Fu and antioxidants together, Src activation was blocked, resulting in decreased 5-Fu-induced apoptosis. Our results provide a novel explanation as to why 5-Fu is not effective in combination with some antioxidants in colon cancer patients, which is important for clinical chemotherapy.
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37
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Teckchandani A, Laszlo GS, Simó S, Shah K, Pilling C, Strait AA, Cooper JA. Cullin 5 destabilizes Cas to inhibit Src-dependent cell transformation. J Cell Sci 2013; 127:509-20. [PMID: 24284072 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.127829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation-dependent protein ubiquitylation and degradation provides an irreversible mechanism to terminate protein kinase signaling. Here, we report that mammary epithelial cells require cullin-5-RING-E3-ubiquitin-ligase complexes (Cul5-CRLs) to prevent transformation by a Src-Cas signaling pathway. Removal of Cul5 stimulates growth-factor-independent growth and migration, membrane dynamics and colony dysmorphogenesis, which are all dependent on the endogenous tyrosine kinase Src. Src is activated in Cul5-deficient cells, but Src activation alone is not sufficient to cause transformation. We found that Cul5 and Src together stimulate degradation of the Src substrate p130Cas (Crk-associated substrate). Phosphorylation stimulates Cas binding to the Cul5-CRL adaptor protein SOCS6 and consequent proteasome-dependent degradation. Cas is necessary for the transformation of Cul5-deficient cells. Either knockdown of SOCS6 or use of a degradation-resistant Cas mutant stimulates membrane ruffling, but not other aspects of transformation. Our results show that endogenous Cul5 suppresses epithelial cell transformation by several pathways, including inhibition of Src-Cas-induced ruffling through SOCS6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Teckchandani
- Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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38
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Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein 2 effects on epithelial acinus development reveal distinct requirements for the PY and YEEA motifs. J Virol 2013; 87:13803-15. [PMID: 24109232 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02203-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a gammaherpesvirus associated with numerous cancers, including the epithelial cancers nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and gastric carcinoma. The latent membrane protein 2 (LMP2) encoded by EBV is consistently detected in NPC tumors and promotes a malignant phenotype when expressed in epithelial cells by inducing transformation and migration and inhibiting differentiation. Grown in three dimensions (3D) on Matrigel, the nontumorigenic mammary epithelial cell line MCF10A forms hollow, spherical acinar structures that maintain normal glandular features. Expression of oncogenes in these cells allows for the study of multiple aspects of tumor development in a 3D culture system. This study sought to examine the effects of LMP2 on the generation of MCF10A acini. LMP2 expression induced abnormal acini that were large, misshapen, and filled, indicating that LMP2 induced proliferation, impaired cellular polarization, and induced resistance to cell death, leading to luminal filling. Induction of cell death resistance required the PY, immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motif (ITAM), and YEEA signaling domains of LMP2 and activation of the Src and Akt signaling pathways. The PY domain was required for the inhibition of anoikis and also the delayed proliferative arrest of the LMP2-expressing cells. In addition to directly altering acinus formation, expression of LMP2 also induced morphological and protein expression changes consistent with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a manner that required only the YEEA signaling motif of LMP2. These findings indicate that LMP2 has considerable transforming properties that are not evident in standard tissue culture and requires the ability of LMP2A to bind ubiquitin ligases and Src family kinases.
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39
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Gauger KJ, Schneider SS. Tumour supressor secreted frizzled related protein 1 regulates p53-mediated apoptosis. Cell Biol Int 2013; 38:124-30. [PMID: 24038862 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The most frequently occurring cancer in women, and the second leading cause of cancer death among women, is breast cancer. Cancer results from cellular mutations that enhance proliferation and decrease programmed cell death (apoptosis). Secreted frizzled-related proteins (SFRPs) are a family of proteins known for their ability to negatively modulate the Wnt signalling cascade. SFRP1 expression is lost in a multitude of cancers, including breast cancer, and SFRP1 down regulation reduces apoptosis in vitro but the mechanisms remain unclear, as also the effect of Sfrp1 deficiency on apoptosis on mammary epithelial cells in vivo. Our data show that mammary glands from Sfrp1(-/-) mice express significantly less Bcl2l11 (Bim) and Bax mRNA in response to DNA damage. The effect of Sfrp1 loss in reducing γ-irradiation induced apoptosis was examined by TUNEL staining and cleaved-caspase-3 immunostaining. The findings show that Sfrp1(-/-) mice have less DNA fragmentation, whilst caspase-3 expression is decreased, and that p53 expression is generally diminished. Recombinant SFRP1 could replace endogenous expression and elevate the levels of pro-apoptotic and p53-mediated gene expression (Bcl2l, Bax, Cdkn1a and Bbc3) in mammary epithelial cells derived from Sfrp1(-/-) mice. Thus Sfrp1 plays an important role in mediating mammary epithelial apoptotic response to DNA damage in vivo. The role SFRP1 plays in p53 target gene expression was also noted, which suggests that this pathway may be worth exploiting for novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Gauger
- Pioneer Valley Life Sciences Institute, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts, 01199, USA; Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, USA
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40
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Davison CA, Durbin SM, Thau MR, Zellmer VR, Chapman SE, Diener J, Wathen C, Leevy WM, Schafer ZT. Antioxidant enzymes mediate survival of breast cancer cells deprived of extracellular matrix. Cancer Res 2013; 73:3704-15. [PMID: 23771908 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis by cancer cells relies upon the acquisition of the ability to evade anoikis, a cell death process elicited by detachment from extracellular matrix (ECM). The molecular mechanisms that ECM-detached cancer cells use to survive are not understood. Striking increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) occur in ECM-detached mammary epithelial cells, threatening cell viability by inhibiting ATP production, suggesting that ROS must be neutralized if cells are to survive ECM-detachment. Here, we report the discovery of a prominent role for antioxidant enzymes, including catalase and superoxide dismutase, in facilitating the survival of breast cancer cells after ECM-detachment. Enhanced expression of antioxidant enzymes in nonmalignant mammary epithelial cells detached from ECM resulted in ATP elevation and survival in the luminal space of mammary acini. Conversely, silencing antioxidant enzyme expression in multiple breast cancer cell lines caused ATP reduction and compromised anchorage-independent growth. Notably, antioxidant enzyme-deficient cancer cells were compromised in their ability to form tumors in mice. In aggregate, our results reveal a vital role for antioxidant enzyme activity in maintaining metabolic activity and anchorage-independent growth in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, these findings imply that eliminating antioxidant enzyme activity may be an effective strategy to enhance susceptibility to cell death in cancer cells that may otherwise survive ECM-detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calli A Davison
- Department of Biological Sciences; Notre Dame Integrated Imaging Facility, and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
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Zhang Y, Yan W, Jung YS, Chen X. PUMA Cooperates with p21 to Regulate Mammary Epithelial Morphogenesis and Epithelial-To-Mesenchymal Transition. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66464. [PMID: 23805223 PMCID: PMC3689819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lumen formation is essential for mammary morphogenesis and requires proliferative suppression and apoptotic clearance of the inner cells within developing acini. Previously, we showed that knockdown of p53 or p73 leads to aberrant mammary acinus formation accompanied with decreased expression of p53 family targets PUMA and p21, suggesting that PUMA, an inducer of apoptosis, and p21, an inducer of cell cycle arrest, directly regulate mammary morphogenesis. To address this, we generated multiple MCF10A cell lines in which PUMA, p21, or both were stably knocked down. We found that morphogenesis of MCF10A cells was altered modestly by knockdown of either PUMA or p21 alone but markedly by knockdown of both PUMA and p21. Moreover, we found that knockdown of PUMA and p21 leads to loss of E-cadherin expression along with increased expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers. Interestingly, we found that knockdown of ΔNp73, which antagonizes the ability of wide-type p53 and TA isoform of p73 to regulate PUMA and p21, mitigates the abnormal morphogenesis and EMT induced by knockdown of PUMA or p21. Together, our data suggest that PUMA cooperates with p21 to regulate normal acinus formation and EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zhang
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United State of America
| | - Wensheng Yan
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United State of America
| | - Yong Sam Jung
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United State of America
| | - Xinbin Chen
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, Schools of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United State of America
- * E-mail:
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42
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Whelan KA, Schwab LP, Karakashev SV, Franchetti L, Johannes GJ, Seagroves TN, Reginato MJ. The oncogene HER2/neu (ERBB2) requires the hypoxia-inducible factor HIF-1 for mammary tumor growth and anoikis resistance. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:15865-77. [PMID: 23585570 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.426999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
ERBB2, a receptor tyrosine kinase amplified in breast cancer, is a well established regulator of tumor growth in vivo and anoikis resistance leading to disruption of architecture in three-dimensional mammary epithelial acinar structures in vitro. ERBB2 promotes anoikis resistance by maintaining signaling pathways and by rescuing metabolic defects and thus inhibiting accumulation of deleterious reactive oxygen species. Recent evidence suggests that hypoxia, via hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs), can inhibit anoikis; thus, we hypothesized that HIF-1 may play a role in ERBB2-mediated anoikis resistance and oncogenesis. Indeed, tumors isolated from MMTV-Neu mice contain elevated HIF-1α levels and tumor cells created from MMTV-Neu mice harboring deletion of Hif1α alleles reduced primary tumor growth in vivo. ERBB2 overexpressing cancer cells stabilize HIF under normoxic conditions and require HIF-1 for ERBB2-mediated anchorage-independence, three-dimensional culture growth and anoikis resistance. HIF-1 reduction in ERBB2 cells was associated with induction of the pro-anoikis protein BIM and decreased ERK and AKT signaling during cell detachment. ERBB2-mediated inhibition of metabolic defects, including decreased reactive oxygen species generation in suspension, required HIF-1 expression that was critical for ERBB2-mediated oncogenesis. Gene expression profiling of hypoxic three-dimensional acinar structures identified a number of genes elevated in response to hypoxia that are known ERBB2 targets, suggesting that hypoxic conditions and ERBB2 overexpression share both phenotypic and genetic components via HIF-1 regulation. Thus, our data demonstrate that ERBB2 requires HIF-1 for tumor growth and suggest that HIF is a major downstream regulator of ERBB2 that protects cells from anoikis and metabolic stress caused by decreased matrix adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Whelan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19102, USA
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Barwe SP, Skay A, McSpadden R, Huynh TP, Langhans SA, Inge LJ, Rajasekaran AK. Na,K-ATPase β-subunit cis homo-oligomerization is necessary for epithelial lumen formation in mammalian cells. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:5711-20. [PMID: 23077177 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.108795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Na,K-ATPase is a hetero-oligomer of an α- and a β-subunit. The α-subunit (Na,K-α) possesses the catalytic function, whereas the β-subunit (Na,K-β) has cell-cell adhesion function and is localized to the apical junctional complex in polarized epithelial cells. Earlier, we identified two distinct conserved motifs on the Na,K-β(1) transmembrane domain that mediate protein-protein interactions: a glycine zipper motif involved in the cis homo-oligomerization of Na,K-β(1) and a heptad repeat motif that is involved in the hetero-oligomeric interaction with Na,K-α(1). We now provide evidence that knockdown of Na,K-β(1) prevents lumen formation and induces activation of extracellular regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) mediated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in MDCK cells grown in three-dimensional collagen cultures. These cells sustained cell proliferation in an ERK1/2-dependent manner and did not show contact inhibition at high cell densities, as revealed by parental MDCK cells. This phenotype could be rescued by wild-type Na,K-β(1) or heptad repeat motif mutant of Na,K-β(1), but not by the glycine zipper motif mutant that abrogates Na,K-β(1) cis homo-oligomerization. These studies suggest that Na,K-β(1) cis homo-oligomerization rather than hetero-oligomerization with Na,K-α(1) is involved in epithelial lumen formation. The relevance of these findings to pre-neoplastic lumen filling in epithelial cancer is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali P Barwe
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
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44
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Marchese S, Silva E. Disruption of 3D MCF-12A breast cell cultures by estrogens--an in vitro model for ER-mediated changes indicative of hormonal carcinogenesis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45767. [PMID: 23056216 PMCID: PMC3462778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Estrogens regulate the proliferation of normal and neoplastic breast epithelium. Although the intracellular mechanisms of estrogens in the breast are largely understood, little is known about how they induce changes in the structure of the mammary epithelium, which are characteristic of breast cancer. In vitro three dimensional (3D) cultures of immortalised breast epithelial cells recapitulate features of the breast epithelium in vivo, including formation of growth arrested acini with hollow lumen and basement membrane. This model can also reproduce features of malignant transformation and breast cancer, such as increased cellular proliferation and filling of the lumen. However, a system where a connection between estrogen receptor (ER) activation and disruption of acini formation can be studied to elucidate the role of estrogens is still missing. Methods/Principal Findings We describe an in vitro 3D model for breast glandular structure development, using breast epithelial MCF-12A cells cultured in a reconstituted basement membrane matrix. These cells are estrogen receptor (ER)α, ERβ and G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER) competent, allowing the investigation of the effects of estrogens on mammary gland formation and disruption. Under normal conditions, MCF-12A cells formed organised acini, with deposition of basement membrane and hollow lumen. However, treatment with 17β-estradiol, and the exogenous estrogens bisphenol A and propylparaben resulted in deformed acini and filling of the acinar lumen. When these chemicals were combined with ER and GPER inhibitors (ICI 182,780 and G-15, respectively), the deformed acini recovered normal features, such as a spheroid shape, proliferative arrest and luminal clearing, suggesting a role for the ER and GPER in the estrogenic disruption of acinar formation. Conclusion This new model offers the opportunity to better understand the role of the ER and GPER in the morphogenesis of breast glandular structure as well as the events implicated in breast cancer initiation and progression.
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MESH Headings
- Benzhydryl Compounds/pharmacology
- Benzodioxoles/pharmacology
- Cell Culture Techniques
- Cell Line
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Epithelial Cells/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Estradiol/analogs & derivatives
- Estradiol/pharmacology
- Estrogen Antagonists/pharmacology
- Estrogen Receptor Modulators/pharmacology
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/genetics
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/metabolism
- Estrogen Receptor beta/antagonists & inhibitors
- Estrogen Receptor beta/genetics
- Estrogen Receptor beta/metabolism
- Estrogens/pharmacology
- Estrogens, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Female
- Fulvestrant
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Mammary Glands, Human/cytology
- Mammary Glands, Human/drug effects
- Mammary Glands, Human/metabolism
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Parabens/pharmacology
- Phenols/pharmacology
- Quinolines/pharmacology
- Receptors, Estrogen/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Trefoil Factor-1
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisabete Silva
- UCL School of Pharmacy, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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45
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Mouse mammary tumor virus suppresses apoptosis of mammary epithelial cells through ITAM-mediated signaling. J Virol 2012; 86:13232-40. [PMID: 23015704 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02029-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Many receptors in hematopoietic cells use a common signaling pathway that relies on a highly conserved immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM), which signals through Src family tyrosine kinases. ITAM-bearing proteins are also found in many oncogenic viruses, including the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) envelope (Env). We previously showed that MMTV Env expression transformed normal mammary epithelial cells and that Src kinases were important mediators in this transformation. To study how ITAM signaling affects mammary cell transformation, we utilized mammary cell lines expressing two different ITAM-containing proteins, one encoding a MMTV provirus and the other a B cell receptor fusion protein. ITAM-expressing cells were resistant to both serum starvation- and chemotherapeutic drug-induced apoptosis, whereas cells transduced with these molecules bearing ITAM mutations were indistinguishable from untransduced cells in their sensitivity to these treatments. We also found that Src kinase was activated in the MMTV-expressing cells and that MMTV-induced apoptosis resistance was completely restored by the Src inhibitor PP2. In vivo, MMTV infection delayed involution-induced apoptosis in the mouse mammary gland. Our results show that MMTV suppresses apoptosis through ITAM-mediated Src tyrosine kinase signaling. These studies could lead to the development of effective treatment of nonhematopoietic cell cancers in which ITAM-mediated signaling plays a role.
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Singh AB, Sharma A, Dhawan P. Claudin-1 expression confers resistance to anoikis in colon cancer cells in a Src-dependent manner. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:2538-47. [PMID: 22941059 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Denial of the appropriate cell-matrix interaction in epithelial cells induces apoptosis and is called 'anoikis'. Cancer cells are resistant to anoikis and it is believed that the resistance to anoikis helps promote tumor malignancy especially metastasis. We and others have demonstrated that the expression of tight junction protein claudin-1 is highly upregulated in colorectal cancer (CRC) and helps promote tumor progression and metastasis. However, molecular mechanism/s underlying claudin-1-dependent regulation of CRC progression remains poorly understood. In current study, we have determined that claudin-1 expression modulates anoikis in colon cancer cells to influence colon cancer invasion and thus metastasis. We have further provided data that claudin-1 modulates anoikis in a Src-Akt-Bcl-2-dependent manner. Importantly, claudin-1 physically associates with Src/p-Src in a multiprotein complex that also includes ZO-1, a PDZ-binding tight junction protein. Taken together, our data support the role of claudin-1 in the regulation of CRC progression and suggest that the regulation of anoikis may serve as a key regulatory mechanism in claudin-1-dependent regulation of CRC progression. Our findings are of direct clinical relevance and may open new therapeutic opportunity in colon cancer treatment and/or management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar B Singh
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN-37232, USA
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47
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Abstract
Grb2-associated binder 1 (Gab1) is a docking protein that transduces signals from a variety of tyrosine kinases, including Met and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Although the related protein Gab2 is strongly implicated in human cancer, a role for Gab1 has been less clear. However, a screen for gene mutations in breast cancer identified two somatic mutations in Gab1, Y83C and T387N. In this paper we describe the functional characterization of these Gab1 mutants. MCF-10A immortalized mammary epithelial cells overexpressing Gab1 Y83C and T387N exhibited a more elongated, fibroblastic phenotype compared with wild-type Gab1 controls. Expression of Gab1 or the mutants promoted epidermal growth factor (EGF)-independent proliferation in monolayer culture to a similar degree. However, in Matrigel culture, both mutants enhanced the formation of acini exhibiting an aberrant, branched morphology. In addition, expression of the mutants modestly increased Erk activation. The two mutants also enhanced branching morphogenesis in a different mammary epithelial cell line, HC11. To gain further insights into the mechanism of action of these mutations, we mapped Gab1 phosphorylation sites by mass spectrometry. This detected phosphorylation of T387 but ;not Y83. Cellular stimulation with EGF or hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) led to a transient, or sustained, induction of T387 phosphorylation, respectively. As T387 corresponds in position to Gab2 T391, which suppresses Gab2 signaling in a phosphorylation-dependent manner, these data support a model in which the T387N mutation abrogates negative-feedback regulation of Gab1. Interrogation of publically-available databases revealed additional cancer-associated mutations at, or in close proximity to, identified serine/threonine phosphorylation sites in other docking proteins. These data indicate that aberrant Gab1 signaling can directly contribute to breast cancer progression, and that negative feedback sites in docking proteins can be targeted by oncogenic mutations.
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48
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Qi Y, Tian X, Liu J, Han Y, Graham AM, Simon MC, Penninger JM, Carmeliet P, Li S. Bnip3 and AIF cooperate to induce apoptosis and cavitation during epithelial morphogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 198:103-14. [PMID: 22753893 PMCID: PMC3392936 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201111063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis during epithelial lumen formation is mediated by hypoxia-induced expression of the proapoptotic protein Bnip3, which is promoted by AIF-mediated reactive oxygen species production and HIF-2α stabilization. Apoptosis is an essential step in cavitation during embryonic epithelial morphogenesis, but its mechanisms are largely unknown. In this paper, we used embryonic stem cell–differentiated embryoid bodies (EBs) as a model and found that Bnip3 (Bcl-2/adenovirus E1B 19-kD interacting protein), a BH3-only proapoptotic protein, was highly up-regulated during cavitation in a hypoxia-dependent manner. Short hairpin RNA silencing of Bnip3 inhibited apoptosis of the core cells and delayed cavitation. We show that the Bnip3 up-regulation was mediated mainly by hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)–2. Ablation of HIF-2α or HIF-1β, the common β subunit of HIF-1 and -2, suppressed Bnip3 up-regulation and inhibited apoptosis and cavitation. We further show that apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) cooperated with Bnip3 to promote lumen clearance. Bnip3 silencing in AIF-null EBs nearly blocked apoptosis and cavitation. Moreover, AIF also regulated Bnip3 expression through mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species and consequent HIF-2α stabilization. These results uncover a mechanism of cavitation through hypoxia-induced apoptosis of the core cells mediated by HIFs, Bnip3, and AIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Qi
- Department of Surgery, University of Medicine and Dentistry New Jersey Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08093, USA
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49
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Knutson TP, Daniel AR, Fan D, Silverstein KAT, Covington KR, Fuqua SAW, Lange CA. Phosphorylated and sumoylation-deficient progesterone receptors drive proliferative gene signatures during breast cancer progression. Breast Cancer Res 2012; 14:R95. [PMID: 22697792 PMCID: PMC3446358 DOI: 10.1186/bcr3211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Progesterone receptors (PR) are emerging as important breast cancer drivers. Phosphorylation events common to breast cancer cells impact PR transcriptional activity, in part by direct phosphorylation. PR-B but not PR-A isoforms are phosphorylated on Ser294 by mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and cyclin dependent kinase 2 (CDK2). Phospho-Ser294 PRs are resistant to ligand-dependent Lys388 SUMOylation (that is, a repressive modification). Antagonism of PR small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)ylation by mitogenic protein kinases suggests a mechanism for derepression (that is, transcriptional activation) of target genes. As a broad range of PR protein expression is observed clinically, a PR gene signature would provide a valuable marker of PR contribution to early breast cancer progression. METHODS Global gene expression patterns were measured in T47D and MCF-7 breast cancer cells expressing either wild-type (SUMOylation-capable) or K388R (SUMOylation-deficient) PRs and subjected to pathway analysis. Gene sets were validated by RT-qPCR. Recruitment of coregulators and histone methylation levels were determined by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Changes in cell proliferation and survival were determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays and western blotting. Finally, human breast tumor cohort datasets were probed to identify PR-associated gene signatures; metagene analysis was employed to define survival rates in patients whose tumors express a PR gene signature. RESULTS 'SUMO-sensitive' PR target genes primarily include genes required for proliferative and pro-survival signaling. DeSUMOylated K388R receptors are preferentially recruited to enhancer regions of derepressed genes (that is, MSX2, RGS2, MAP1A, and PDK4) with the steroid receptor coactivator, CREB-(cAMP-response element-binding protein)-binding protein (CBP), and mixed lineage leukemia 2 (MLL2), a histone methyltransferase mediator of nucleosome remodeling. PR SUMOylation blocks these events, suggesting that SUMO modification of PR prevents interactions with mediators of early chromatin remodeling at 'closed' enhancer regions. SUMO-deficient (phospho-Ser294) PR gene signatures are significantly associated with human epidermal growth factor 2 (ERBB2)-positive luminal breast tumors and predictive of early metastasis and shortened survival. Treatment with antiprogestin or MEK inhibitor abrogated expression of SUMO-sensitive PR target-genes and inhibited proliferation in BT-474 (estrogen receptor (ER)+/PR+/ERBB2+) breast cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that reversible PR SUMOylation/deSUMOylation profoundly alters target gene selection in breast cancer cells. Phosphorylation-induced PR deSUMOylation favors a permissive chromatin environment via recruitment of CBP and MLL2. Patients whose ER+/PR+ tumors are driven by hyperactive (that is, derepressed) phospho-PRs may benefit from endocrine (antiestrogen) therapies that contain an antiprogestin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd P Knutson
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation) and Pharmacology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Andrea R Daniel
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation) and Pharmacology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Danhua Fan
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Core, Masonic Cancer Center, 425 Delaware St SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Kevin AT Silverstein
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Core, Masonic Cancer Center, 425 Delaware St SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Kyle R Covington
- Department of Medicine, Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Suzanne AW Fuqua
- Department of Medicine, Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Carol A Lange
- Departments of Medicine (Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation) and Pharmacology, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
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50
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Nedvetsky PI, Kwon SH, Debnath J, Mostov KE. Cyclic AMP regulates formation of mammary epithelial acini in vitro. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:2973-81. [PMID: 22675028 PMCID: PMC3408423 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-02-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic AMP–dependent protein kinase A (PKA) is required for MCF10A mammary epithelial acinus formation in vitro. PKA plays a dual role by facilitating polarization of cells attached to the extracellular matrix and apoptosis of detached cells. Epithelial cells form tubular and acinar structures notable for a hollow lumen. In three-dimensional culture utilizing MCF10A mammary epithelial cells, acini form due to integrin-dependent polarization and survival of cells contacting extracellular matrix (ECM), and the apoptosis of inner cells of acini lacking contact with the ECM. In this paper, we report that cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) promotes acinus formation via two mechanisms. First, cAMP accelerates redistribution of α6-integrin to the periphery of the acinus and thus facilitates the polarization of outer acinar cells. Blocking of α6-integrin function by inhibitory antibody prevents cAMP-dependent polarization. Second, cAMP promotes the death of inner cells occupying the lumen. In the absence of cAMP, apoptosis is delayed, resulting in perturbed luminal clearance. cAMP-dependent apoptosis is accompanied by a posttranscriptional PKA-dependent increase in the proapoptotic protein Bcl-2 interacting mediator of cell death. These data demonstrate that cAMP regulates lumen formation in mammary epithelial cells in vitro, both through acceleration of polarization of outer cells and apoptosis of inner cells of the acinus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel I Nedvetsky
- Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-2140, USA
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