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Quach H, Farrell S, Wu MJM, Kanagarajah K, Leung JWH, Xu X, Kallurkar P, Turinsky AL, Bear CE, Ratjen F, Kalish B, Goyal S, Moraes TJ, Wong AP. Early human fetal lung atlas reveals the temporal dynamics of epithelial cell plasticity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5898. [PMID: 39003323 PMCID: PMC11246468 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50281-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Studying human fetal lungs can inform how developmental defects and disease states alter the function of the lungs. Here, we sequenced >150,000 single cells from 19 healthy human pseudoglandular fetal lung tissues ranging between gestational weeks 10-19. We capture dynamic developmental trajectories from progenitor cells that express abundant levels of the cystic fibrosis conductance transmembrane regulator (CFTR). These cells give rise to multiple specialized epithelial cell types. Combined with spatial transcriptomics, we show temporal regulation of key signalling pathways that may drive the temporal and spatial emergence of specialized epithelial cells including ciliated and pulmonary neuroendocrine cells. Finally, we show that human pluripotent stem cell-derived fetal lung models contain CFTR-expressing progenitor cells that capture similar lineage developmental trajectories as identified in the native tissue. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive single-cell atlas of the developing human lung, outlining the temporal and spatial complexities of cell lineage development and benchmarks fetal lung cultures from human pluripotent stem cell differentiations to similar developmental window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Quach
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Spencer Farrell
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ming Jia Michael Wu
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kayshani Kanagarajah
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Wai-Hin Leung
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaoqiao Xu
- Centre for Computational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Prajkta Kallurkar
- Centre for Computational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrei L Turinsky
- Centre for Computational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christine E Bear
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Felix Ratjen
- Program in Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Kalish
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sidhartha Goyal
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Theo J Moraes
- Program in Translational Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy P Wong
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Jank M, Schwartz J, Miyake Y, Ozturk Aptekmann A, Patel D, Boettcher M, Keijzer R. Dysregulation of CITED2 in abnormal lung development in the nitrofen rat model. Pediatr Surg Int 2024; 40:43. [PMID: 38291157 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-023-05607-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE CITED2 both modulates lung, heart and diaphragm development. The role of CITED2 in the pathogenesis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is unknown. We aimed to study CITED2 during abnormal lung development in the nitrofen model. METHODS Timed-pregnant rats were given nitrofen on embryonic day (E) 9 to induce CDH. Fetal lungs were harvested on E15, 18 and 21. We performed RT-qPCR, RNAscope™ in situ hybridization and immunofluorescence staining for CITED2. RESULTS We observed no difference in RT-qPCR (control: 1.09 ± 0.22 and nitrofen: 0.95 ± 0.18, p = 0.64) and in situ hybridization (1.03 ± 0.03; 1.04 ± 0.03, p = 0.97) for CITED2 expression in E15 nitrofen and control pups. At E18, CITED2 expression was reduced in in situ hybridization of nitrofen lungs (1.47 ± 0.05; 1.14 ± 0.07, p = 0.0006), but not altered in RT-qPCR (1.04 ± 0.16; 0.81 ± 0.13, p = 0.33). In E21 nitrofen lungs, CITED2 RNA expression was increased in RT-qPCR (1.04 ± 0.11; 1.52 ± 0.17, p = 0.03) and in situ hybridization (1.08 ± 0.07, 1.29 ± 0.04, p = 0.02). CITED2 protein abundance was higher in immunofluorescence staining of E21 nitrofen lungs (2.96 × 109 ± 0.13 × 109; 4.82 × 109 ± 0.25 × 109, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Our data suggest that dysregulation of CITED2 contributes to abnormal lung development of CDH, as demonstrated by the distinct spatial-temporal distribution in nitrofen-induced lungs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Female
- Pregnancy
- Rats
- 2,4-Dinitrophenol
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital/chemically induced
- Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital/genetics
- Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital/metabolism
- Lung/abnormalities
- Lung Diseases/metabolism
- Phenyl Ethers/toxicity
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Respiratory System Abnormalities
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietta Jank
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, and Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, AE402-820 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3A 1S1, Canada
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jacquelyn Schwartz
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, and Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, AE402-820 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3A 1S1, Canada
| | - Yuichiro Miyake
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, and Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, AE402-820 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3A 1S1, Canada
- Department of Pediatric General and Urogenital Surgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arzu Ozturk Aptekmann
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, and Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, AE402-820 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3A 1S1, Canada
| | - Daywin Patel
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, and Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, AE402-820 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3A 1S1, Canada
| | - Michael Boettcher
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Richard Keijzer
- Department of Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, and Children's Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, AE402-820 Sherbrook Street, Winnipeg, MB, R3A 1S1, Canada.
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3
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LKB1 drives stasis and C/EBP-mediated reprogramming to an alveolar type II fate in lung cancer. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1090. [PMID: 35228570 PMCID: PMC8885825 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28619-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
LKB1 is among the most frequently altered tumor suppressors in lung adenocarcinoma. Inactivation of Lkb1 accelerates the growth and progression of oncogenic KRAS-driven lung tumors in mouse models. However, the molecular mechanisms by which LKB1 constrains lung tumorigenesis and whether the cancer state that stems from Lkb1 deficiency can be reverted remains unknown. To identify the processes governed by LKB1 in vivo, we generated an allele which enables Lkb1 inactivation at tumor initiation and subsequent Lkb1 restoration in established tumors. Restoration of Lkb1 in oncogenic KRAS-driven lung tumors suppressed proliferation and led to tumor stasis. Lkb1 restoration activated targets of C/EBP transcription factors and drove neoplastic cells from a progenitor-like state to a less proliferative alveolar type II cell-like state. We show that C/EBP transcription factors govern a subset of genes that are induced by LKB1 and depend upon NKX2-1. We also demonstrate that a defining factor of the alveolar type II lineage, C/EBPα, constrains oncogenic KRAS-driven lung tumor growth in vivo. Thus, this key tumor suppressor regulates lineage-specific transcription factors, thereby constraining lung tumor development through enforced differentiation.
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Uemasu K, Tanabe N, Tanimura K, Hasegawa K, Mizutani T, Hamakawa Y, Sato S, Ogawa E, Thomas MJ, Ikegami M, Muro S, Hirai T, Sato A. Serine Protease Imbalance in the Small Airways and Development of Centrilobular Emphysema in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2020; 63:67-78. [PMID: 32101459 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0377oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial dysfunction in the small airways may cause the development of emphysema in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. C/EBPα (CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α), a transcription factor, is required for lung maturation during development, and is also important for lung homeostasis after birth, including the maintenance of serine protease/antiprotease balance in the bronchiolar epithelium. This study aimed to show the roles of C/EBPα in the distal airway during chronic cigarette smoke exposure in mice and in the small airways in smokers. In a model of chronic smoke exposure using epithelial cell-specific C/EBPα-knockout mice, significant pathological phenotypes, such as higher protease activity, impaired ciliated cell regeneration, epithelial cell barrier dysfunction via reduced zonula occludens-1 (Zo-1), and decreased alveolar attachments, were found in C/EBPα-knockout mice compared with control mice. We found that Spink5 (serine protease inhibitor kazal-type 5) gene (encoding lymphoepithelial Kazal-type-related inhibitor [LEKTI], an anti-serine protease) expression in the small airways is a key regulator of protease activity in this model. Finally, we showed that daily antiprotease treatment counteracted the phenotypes of C/EBPα-knockout mice. In human studies, CEBPA (CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α) gene expression in the lung was downregulated in patients with emphysema, and six smokers with centrilobular emphysema (CLE) showed a significant reduction in LEKTI in the small airways compared with 22 smokers without CLE. LEKTI downregulation in the small airways was associated with disease development during murine small airway injury and CLE in humans, suggesting that LEKTI might be a key factor linking small airway injury to the development of emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Uemasu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoya Tanabe
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuya Tanimura
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Hasegawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Mizutani
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoko Hamakawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Susumu Sato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Emiko Ogawa
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Health Administration Center, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Matthew J Thomas
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Disease Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Ko KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Machiko Ikegami
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Shigeo Muro
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Toyohiro Hirai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsuyasu Sato
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Strunz M, Simon LM, Ansari M, Kathiriya JJ, Angelidis I, Mayr CH, Tsidiridis G, Lange M, Mattner LF, Yee M, Ogar P, Sengupta A, Kukhtevich I, Schneider R, Zhao Z, Voss C, Stoeger T, Neumann JHL, Hilgendorff A, Behr J, O'Reilly M, Lehmann M, Burgstaller G, Königshoff M, Chapman HA, Theis FJ, Schiller HB. Alveolar regeneration through a Krt8+ transitional stem cell state that persists in human lung fibrosis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3559. [PMID: 32678092 PMCID: PMC7366678 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17358-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell type specific sequences of transcriptional programs during lung regeneration have remained elusive. Using time-series single cell RNA-seq of the bleomycin lung injury model, we resolved transcriptional dynamics for 28 cell types. Trajectory modeling together with lineage tracing revealed that airway and alveolar stem cells converge on a unique Krt8 + transitional stem cell state during alveolar regeneration. These cells have squamous morphology, feature p53 and NFkB activation and display transcriptional features of cellular senescence. The Krt8+ state appears in several independent models of lung injury and persists in human lung fibrosis, creating a distinct cell-cell communication network with mesenchyme and macrophages during repair. We generated a model of gene regulatory programs leading to Krt8+ transitional cells and their terminal differentiation to alveolar type-1 cells. We propose that in lung fibrosis, perturbed molecular checkpoints on the way to terminal differentiation can cause aberrant persistence of regenerative intermediate stem cell states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Strunz
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Lukas M Simon
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Meshal Ansari
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jaymin J Kathiriya
- Biomedical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ilias Angelidis
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph H Mayr
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - George Tsidiridis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marius Lange
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Mathematics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura F Mattner
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Min Yee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Paulina Ogar
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Arunima Sengupta
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Igor Kukhtevich
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Schneider
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carola Voss
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Stoeger
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Jens H L Neumann
- Institute of Pathology, Ludwig Maximilians University Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Hilgendorff
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Center for Comprehensive Developmental Care (CDeCLMU), Department of Neonatology, Perinatal Center Grosshadern, Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Behr
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Department of Internal Medicine V, Ludwig Maximilians University Hospital (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
- Asklepios Fachkliniken in Munich-Gauting, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael O'Reilly
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Mareike Lehmann
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Gerald Burgstaller
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Königshoff
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
- University of Colorado, Department of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Harold A Chapman
- Biomedical Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Fabian J Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Mathematics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | - Herbert B Schiller
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.
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Zhu Y, Chen X, Mi L, Wang Q, Zhu H, Ju H, Lu H. Sumoylation of CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein α inhibits lung differentiation in Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia model rats. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:7067-7071. [PMID: 32363643 PMCID: PMC7299724 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in premature infants, characterized by alveolar simplification, surfactant deficiency, and respiratory distress. In the present study, we have investigated the functional roles of sumoylated CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) in the BPD rat model. A significant increase in small ubiquitin‐like modifier 1 (SUMO1) and sumoylated C/EBPα protein levels were observed in BPD rats, and the levels of the sumoylated C/EBPα were associated with the pulmonary surfactant proteins (SPs). In order to confirm the role of sumoylated C/EBPα in BPD rats, SUMO1 was knocked down by lentiviral transfection of neonatal rat lungs with SUMO1‐RNAi‐LV. We found that the expression of C/EBPα and surfactant proteins increased following SUMO1 knockdown. Furthermore, the relatively low decrease in the levels of C/EBPα sumoylation was correlated with reduced glycogen consumption. Besides, co‐immunoprecipitation assays revealed that sumoylation is involved in the regulation of the interaction between C/EBPα and TGFβ2 in the lung. In conclusion, our findings indicate that sumoylation may act as a negative regulator of the C/EBPα‐mediated transactivation in BPD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lanlan Mi
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qiuxia Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Haitao Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Huimin Ju
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hongyan Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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7
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Emerging Role of C/EBPβ and Epigenetic DNA Methylation in Ageing. Trends Genet 2020; 36:71-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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8
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Targeted regulation of fibroblast state by CRISPR-mediated CEBPA expression. Respir Res 2019; 20:281. [PMID: 31829168 PMCID: PMC6907247 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-019-1253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fibroblasts regulate tissue homeostasis and the balance between tissue repair and fibrosis. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBPA) is a key transcription factor that regulates adipogenesis. CEBPA has been shown to be essential for lung maturation, and deficiency of CEBPA expression leads to abnormal lung architecture. However, its specific role in lung fibroblast regulation and fibrosis has not yet been elucidated. Methods Lung fibroblast CEBPA expression, pro-fibrotic and lipofibroblast gene expression were assessed by qRT-PCR. CEBPA gain and loss of function experiments were carried out to evaluate the role of CEBPA in human lung fibroblast activation with and without TGF-β1 treatment. Adipogenesis assay was used to measure the adiopogenic potential of lung fibroblasts. Finally, CRISPR activation system was used to enhance endogenous CEBPA expression. Results We found that CEBPA gene expression is significantly decreased in IPF-derived fibroblasts compared to normal lung fibroblasts. CEBPA knockdown in normal human lung fibroblasts enhanced fibroblast pro-fibrotic activation and ECM production. CEBPA over-expression by transient transfection in IPF-derived fibroblasts significantly reduced pro-fibrotic gene expression, ECM deposition and αSMA expression and promoted the formation of lipid droplets measured by Oil Red O staining and increased lipofibroblast gene expression. Inhibition of the histone methyl transferase G9a enhanced CEBPA expression, and the anti-fibrotic effects of G9a inhibition were partially mediated by CEBPA expression. Finally, targeted CRISPR-mediated activation of CEBPA resulted in fibroblasts switching from fibrogenic to lipofibroblast states. Conclusions CEBPA expression is reduced in human IPF fibroblasts and its deficiency reduces adipogenic potential and promotes fibrogenic activation. CEBPA expression can be rescued via an inhibitor of epigenetic repression or by targeted CRISPR activation, leading to reduced fibrogenic activation.
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9
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Yong KJ, Basseres DS, Welner RS, Zhang WC, Yang H, Yan B, Alberich-Jorda M, Zhang J, de Figueiredo-Pontes LL, Battelli C, Hetherington CJ, Ye M, Zhang H, Maroni G, O'Brien K, Magli MC, Borczuk AC, Varticovski L, Kocher O, Zhang P, Moon YC, Sydorenko N, Cao L, Davis TW, Thakkar BM, Soo RA, Iwama A, Lim B, Halmos B, Neuberg D, Tenen DG, Levantini E. Targeted BMI1 inhibition impairs tumor growth in lung adenocarcinomas with low CEBPα expression. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:350ra104. [PMID: 27488898 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad6066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer deaths. The expression of the transcription factor C/EBPα (CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α) is frequently lost in non-small cell lung cancer, but the mechanisms by which C/EBPα suppresses tumor formation are not fully understood. In addition, no pharmacological therapy is available to specifically target C/EBPα expression. We discovered a subset of pulmonary adenocarcinoma patients in whom negative/low C/EBPα expression and positive expression of the oncogenic protein BMI1 (B lymphoma Mo-MLV insertion region 1 homolog) have prognostic value. We also generated a lung-specific mouse model of C/EBPα deletion that develops lung adenocarcinomas, which are prevented by Bmi1 haploinsufficiency. BMI1 activity is required for both tumor initiation and maintenance in the C/EBPα-null background, and pharmacological inhibition of BMI1 exhibits antitumor effects in both murine and human adenocarcinoma lines. Overall, we show that C/EBPα is a tumor suppressor in lung cancer and that BMI1 is required for the oncogenic process downstream of C/EBPα loss. Therefore, anti-BMI1 pharmacological inhibition may offer a therapeutic benefit for lung cancer patients with low expression of C/EBPα and high BMI1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kol Jia Yong
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Daniela S Basseres
- Biochemistry Department, Chemistry Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508, Brazil. Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Robert S Welner
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
| | - Wen Cai Zhang
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Henry Yang
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Benedict Yan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 119074, Singapore
| | - Meritxell Alberich-Jorda
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague 14200, Czech Republic
| | - Junyan Zhang
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lorena Lobo de Figueiredo-Pontes
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Hematology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 14020, Brazil
| | - Chiara Battelli
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Christopher J Hetherington
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Min Ye
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Giorgia Maroni
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Karen O'Brien
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Maria Cristina Magli
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Alain C Borczuk
- Department of Pathology, Weill Cornell University Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lyuba Varticovski
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Olivier Kocher
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Pu Zhang
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Young-Choon Moon
- PTC Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Nadiya Sydorenko
- PTC Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Liangxian Cao
- PTC Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Thomas W Davis
- PTC Therapeutics, 100 Corporate Court, South Plainfield, NJ 07080, USA
| | - Bhavin M Thakkar
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Ross A Soo
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore. Department of Haematology-Oncology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Atsushi Iwama
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Bing Lim
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Balazs Halmos
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Montefiore Hospital, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Donna Neuberg
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Daniel G Tenen
- Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| | - Elena Levantini
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA. Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa 56124, Italy.
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10
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Chen YD, Liu JY, Lu YM, Zhu HT, Tang W, Wang QX, Lu HY. Functional roles of C/EBPα and SUMO‑modification in lung development. Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:1037-1046. [PMID: 28902364 PMCID: PMC5593452 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) is a transcription factor regulating the core aspects of cell growth and differentiation. The present study investigated the level and functional role of C/EBPα during the development of the rat lung. C/EBPα protein exhibits a dynamic expression pattern. The correlation between the expression of C/EBPα protein and the content of glycogen during lung maturation was analyzed to understand the function of C/EBPα in lung differentiation. The high expression of C/EBPα coincides with the reduction of glycogen in the fetal lung. In addition, the authors identified that changes in the level of C/EBPα are associated with the secretion of pulmonary surfactant. C/EBPα is modified by small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) post-translationally. The results of double immunofluorescence staining and immunoprecipitation demonstrated that SUMO-modified C/EBPα was present in the lung. The sumoylated C/EBPα gradually decreased during lung differentiation and was negatively correlated with pulmonary surfactant secretion, thereby suggesting that the SUMO modification may participate in C/EBPα-mediated lung growth and differentiation. These results indicated that C/EBPα played a role in lung development and provided the insight into the mechanism underlying SUMO-modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Dong Chen
- Dean's Office, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Jiang-Yan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Min Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Tao Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Qiu-Xia Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Yan Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212001, P.R. China
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11
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Fino KK, Yang L, Silveyra P, Hu S, Umstead TM, DiAngelo S, Halstead ES, Cooper TK, Abraham T, Takahashi Y, Zhou Z, Wang HG, Chroneos ZC. SH3GLB2/endophilin B2 regulates lung homeostasis and recovery from severe influenza A virus infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7262. [PMID: 28779131 PMCID: PMC5544693 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07724-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
New influenza A viruses that emerge frequently elicit composite inflammatory responses to both infection and structural damage of alveolar-capillary barrier cells that hinders regeneration of respiratory function. The host factors that relinquish restoration of lung health to enduring lung injury are insufficiently understood. Here, we investigated the role of endophilin B2 (B2) in susceptibility to severe influenza infection. WT and B2-deficient mice were infected with H1N1 PR8 by intranasal administration and course of influenza pneumonia, inflammatory, and tissue responses were monitored over time. Disruption of B2 enhanced recovery from severe influenza infection as indicated by swift body weight recovery and significantly better survival of endophilin B2-deficient mice compared to WT mice. Compared to WT mice, the B2-deficient lungs exhibited induction of genes that express surfactant proteins, ABCA3, GM-CSF, podoplanin, and caveolin mRNA after 7 days, temporal induction of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein CEBPα, β, and δ mRNAs 3-14 days after infection, and differences in alveolar extracellular matrix integrity and respiratory mechanics. Flow cytometry and gene expression studies demonstrated robust recovery of alveolar macrophages and recruitment of CD4+ lymphocytes in B2-deficient lungs. Targeting of endophilin B2 alleviates adverse effects of IAV infection on respiratory and immune cells enabling restoration of alveolar homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin K Fino
- Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Linlin Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patricia Silveyra
- Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sanmei Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Todd M Umstead
- Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Susan DiAngelo
- Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - E Scott Halstead
- Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Critical Care Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA
- Children's Hospital, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Timothy K Cooper
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department Pathology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Thomas Abraham
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, and the Microscopy Imaging Facility, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yoshinori Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology Oncology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zhixiang Zhou
- The College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Gang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Hematology Oncology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Zissis C Chroneos
- Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonary Immunology and Physiology Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Pennsylvania, USA.
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12
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A tumor suppressor role for C/EBPα in solid tumors: more than fat and blood. Oncogene 2017; 36:5221-5230. [PMID: 28504718 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) plays a critical role during embryogenesis and is thereafter required for homeostatic glucose metabolism, adipogenesis and myeloid development. Its ability to regulate the expression of lineage-specific genes and induce growth arrest contributes to the terminal differentiation of several cell types, including hepatocytes, adipocytes and granulocytes. CEBPA loss of-function mutations contribute to the development of ~10% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), stablishing a tumor suppressor role for C/EBPα. Deregulation of C/EBPα expression has also been reported in a variety of additional human neoplasias, including liver, breast and lung cancer. However, functional CEBPA mutations have not been found in solid tumors, suggesting that abrogation of C/EBPα function in non-hematopoietic tissues is regulated by alternative mechanisms. Here we review the function of C/EBPα in solid tumors and focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying its tumor suppressive role.
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13
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An autonomous CEBPA enhancer specific for myeloid-lineage priming and neutrophilic differentiation. Blood 2016; 127:2991-3003. [PMID: 26966090 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-01-695759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophilic differentiation is dependent on CCAAT enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), a transcription factor expressed in multiple organs including the bone marrow. Using functional genomic technologies in combination with clustered regularly-interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 genome editing and in vivo mouse modeling, we show that CEBPA is located in a 170-kb topological-associated domain that contains 14 potential enhancers. Of these, 1 enhancer located +42 kb from CEBPA is active and engages with the CEBPA promoter in myeloid cells only. Germ line deletion of the homologous enhancer in mice in vivo reduces Cebpa levels exclusively in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and myeloid-primed progenitor cells leading to severe defects in the granulocytic lineage, without affecting any other Cebpa-expressing organ studied. The enhancer-deleted progenitor cells lose their myeloid transcription program and are blocked in differentiation. Deletion of the enhancer also causes loss of HSC maintenance. We conclude that a single +42-kb enhancer is essential for CEBPA expression in myeloid cells only.
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14
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Cheung WKC, Nguyen DX. Lineage factors and differentiation states in lung cancer progression. Oncogene 2015; 34:5771-80. [PMID: 25823023 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer encompasses a heterogeneous group of malignancies. Here we discuss how the remarkable diversity of major lung cancer subtypes is manifested in their transforming cell of origin, oncogenic dependencies, phenotypic plasticity, metastatic competence and response to therapy. More specifically, we review the increasing evidence that links this biological heterogeneity to the deregulation of cell lineage-specific pathways and the transcription factors that ultimately control them. As determinants of pulmonary epithelial differentiation, these poorly characterized transcriptional networks may underlie the etiology and biological progression of distinct lung cancers, while providing insight into innovative therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K C Cheung
- Department of Pathology, Pathology and Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - D X Nguyen
- Department of Pathology, Pathology and Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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15
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Cai Y, Hirata A, Nakayama S, VanderLaan PA, Levantini E, Yamamoto M, Hirai H, Wong KK, Costa DB, Watanabe H, Kobayashi SS. CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β is dispensable for development of lung adenocarcinoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120647. [PMID: 25767874 PMCID: PMC4358974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Although disruption of normal proliferation and differentiation is a vital component of tumorigenesis, the mechanisms of this process in lung cancer are still unclear. A transcription factor, C/EBPβ is a critical regulator of proliferation and/or differentiation in multiple tissues. In lung, C/EBPβ is expressed in alveolar pneumocytes and bronchial epithelial cells; however, its roles on normal lung homeostasis and lung cancer development have not been well described. Here we investigated whether C/EBPβ is required for normal lung development and whether its aberrant expression and/or activity contribute to lung tumorigenesis. We showed that C/EBPβ was expressed in both human normal pneumocytes and lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. We found that overall lung architecture was maintained in Cebpb knockout mice. Neither overexpression of nuclear C/EBPβ nor suppression of CEBPB expression had significant effects on cell proliferation. C/EBPβ expression and activity remained unchanged upon EGF stimulation. Furthermore, deletion of Cebpb had no impact on lung tumor burden in a lung specific, conditional mutant EGFR lung cancer mouse model. Analyses of data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) revealed that expression, promoter methylation, or copy number of CEBPB was not significantly altered in human lung adenocarcinoma. Taken together, our data suggest that C/EBPβ is dispensable for development of lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Cai
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ayako Hirata
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Transfusion Medicine & Cell Therapy, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sohei Nakayama
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Paul A. VanderLaan
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elena Levantini
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy
| | - Mihoko Yamamoto
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hideyo Hirai
- Department of Transfusion Medicine & Cell Therapy, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kwok-Kin Wong
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel B. Costa
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hideo Watanabe
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HW); (SSK)
| | - Susumu S. Kobayashi
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HW); (SSK)
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16
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Sen N, Weingarten M, Peter Y. Very late antigen-5 facilitates stromal progenitor cell differentiation into myofibroblast. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:1342-53. [PMID: 25273539 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrotic disease is associated with abrogated stromal cell proliferation and activity. The precise identity of the cells that drive fibrosis remains obscure, in part because of a lack of information on their lineage development. To investigate the role of an early stromal progenitor cell (SPC) on the fibrotic process, we selected for, and monitored the stages of, fibroblast development from a previously reported free-floating anchorage-independent cell (AIC) progenitor population. Our findings demonstrate that organotypic pulmonary, cardiac, and renal fibroblast commitment follows a two-step process of attachment and remodeling in culture. Cell differentiation was confirmed by the inability of SPCs to revert to the free-floating state and functional mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) differentiation into osteoblast, adipocyte, chondrocyte, and fibroblastic lineages. The myofibroblastic phenotype was reflected by actin stress-fiber formation, α-smooth muscle production, and a greater than threefold increase in proliferative activity compared with that of the progenitors. SPC-derived pulmonary myofibroblasts demonstrated a more than 300-fold increase in fibronectin-1 (Fn1), collagen, type 1, α1, integrin α-5 (Itga5), and integrin β-1 (Itgb1) transcript levels. Very late antigen-5 (ITGA5/ITGB1) protein cluster formations were also prevalent on the differentiated cells. Normalized SPC-derived myofibroblast expression patterns reflected those of primary cultured lung myofibroblasts. Intratracheal implantation of pulmonary AICs into recipient mouse lungs resulted in donor cell FN1 production and evidence of epithelial derivation. SPC derivation into stromal tissue in vitro and in vivo and the observation that MSC and fibroblast lineages share a common ancestor could potentially lead to personalized antifibrotic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namita Sen
- Department of Biology, Yeshiva University, New York, New York, USA; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Mark Weingarten
- Department of Biology, Yeshiva University, New York, New York, USA; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Yakov Peter
- Department of Biology, Yeshiva University, New York, New York, USA; Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, USA
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17
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Abrogation of Eya1/Six1 disrupts the saccular phase of lung morphogenesis and causes remodeling. Dev Biol 2013; 382:110-23. [PMID: 23895934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The Eya1 gene encodes a transcriptional co-activator that acts with Six1 to control the development of different organs. However, Six1-Eya1 interactions and functional roles in mesenchymal cell proliferation and differentiation as well as alveolarization during the saccular stage of lung development are still unknown. Herein, we provide the first evidence that Six1 and Eya1 act together to regulate mesenchymal development as well as alveolarization during the saccular phase of lung morphogenesis. Deletion of either or both Six1 and Eya1 genes results in a severe saccular phenotype, including defects of mesenchymal cell development and remodeling of the distal lung septae and arteries. Mutant lung histology at the saccular phase shows mesenchymal and saccular wall thickening, and abnormal proliferation of α-smooth muscle actin-positive cells, as well as increased mesenchymal/fibroblast cell differentiation, which become more sever when deleting both genes. Our study indicates that SHH but not TGF-β signaling pathway is a central mediator for the histologic alterations described in the saccular phenotype of Eya1(-/-) or Six1(-/-) lungs. Indeed, genetic reduction of SHH activity in vivo or inhibition of its activity in vitro substantially rescues lung mesenchymal and alveolar phenotype of mutant mice at the saccular phase. These findings uncover novel functions for Six1-Eya1-SHH pathway during the saccular phase of lung morphogenesis, providing a conceptual framework for future mechanistic and translational studies in this area.
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18
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Yu H, He K, Li L, Sun L, Tang F, Li R, Ning W, Jin Y. Deletion of STK40 protein in mice causes respiratory failure and death at birth. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:5342-52. [PMID: 23293024 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.409433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
STK40 is a putative serine/threonine kinase and was shown to induce extraembryonic endoderm differentiation from mouse embryonic stem cells. However, little is known about its physiological function in vivo. Here, we generate Stk40 knock-out mice and demonstrate that loss of the Stk40 gene causes neonatal lethality at birth. Further examination reveals that the respiratory distress and atelectasis occur in the homozygous mutants. The maturation of lung and alveolar epithelium is delayed in the mutant, as indicated by narrowed air spaces, thickened interstitial septa, and increased glycogen content in the lungs of Stk40(-/-) mice. The reduction in levels of T1-α, SP-B, and SP-C indicates delayed maturation of both type I and type II respiratory epithelial cells in Stk40(-/-) lungs. Moreover, Stk40 is found to be most highly expressed in lungs of both fetal and adult mice among all organs tested. Mechanistically, a genome-wide RNA microarray analysis reveals significantly altered expression of multiple genes known to participate in lung development. The expression of some genes involved in lipid metabolism, immune response, and glycogen metabolism is also disrupted in the lung of Stk40(-/-) mice. Protein affinity purification identifies RCN2, an activator of ERK/MAPK signaling, as an STK40-associated protein. Consistently, Stk40 deficiency attenuates the ERK/MAPK activation, and inhibition of ERK/MAPK activities reduces surfactant protein gene expression in lung epithelial cells. Collectively, this study uncovers an important role of STK40 for lung maturation and neonatal survival. STK40 may associate with RCN2 to activate ERK/MAPK signaling and control the expression of multiple key regulators of lung development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 225 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
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19
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A Relationship between Epithelial Maturation, Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Pulm Med 2012; 2012:196194. [PMID: 23320163 PMCID: PMC3540891 DOI: 10.1155/2012/196194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature infants frequently develop bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Lung immaturity and impaired epithelial differentiation contribute together with invasive oxygen treatment to BPD onset and disease progression. Substantial evidence suggests that prematurity is associated with long term pulmonary consequences. Moreover, there is increasing concern that lung immaturity at birth may increase the risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The mechanisms contributing to this phenomenon remains unknown, largely as a consequence of inadequate experimental models and clinical follow-up studies. Recent evidence suggests that defective transcriptional regulation of epithelial differentiation and maturation may contribute to BPD pathogenesis as well as early onset of COPD. The transcriptional regulators CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)α and C/EBPβ, SMAD family member (Smad)3, GATA binding protein (GATA)6, and NK2 homeobox (NKX)2-1 are reported to be involved in processes contributing to pathogenesis of both BPD and COPD. Increased knowledge of the mechanisms contributing to early onset COPD among BPD survivors could translate into improved treatment strategies and reduced frequency of respiratory disorders among adult survivors of BPD. In this paper, we introduce critical transcriptional regulators in epithelial differentiation and summarize the current knowledge on the contribution of impaired epithelial maturation to the pathogenesis of inflammatory lung disorders.
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20
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Peter Y, Sen N, Levantini E, Keller S, Ingenito EP, Ciner A, Sackstein R, Shapiro SD. CD45/CD11b positive subsets of adult lung anchorage-independent cells harness epithelial stem cells in culture. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 7:572-83. [PMID: 22585451 DOI: 10.1002/term.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Compensatory growth is mediated by multiple cell types that interact during organ repair. To elucidate the relationship between stem/progenitor cells that proliferate or differentiate and somatic cells of the lung, we used a novel organotypic ex vivo pneumoexplant system. Applying this technique, we identified a sustained culture of repopulating adult progenitors in the form of free-floating anchorage-independent cells (AICs). AICs did not express integrin proteins α5, β3 and β7, and constituted 37% of the total culture at day 14, yielding a mixed yet conservative population that recapitulated RNA expression patterns of the healthy lung. AICs exhibited rapid proliferation manifested by a marked 60-fold increase in cell numbers by day 21. More than 50% of the AIC population was c-KIT(+) or double-positive for CD45(+) and CD11b(+) antigenic determinants, consistent with cells of hematopoietic origin. The latter subset was found to be enriched with prosurfactant protein-C and SCGB1A1 expressing putative stem cells and with aquaporin-5 producing cells, characteristic of terminally differentiated alveolar epithelial type-1 pneumocytes. At the air/gel interface, AICs undergo remodeling to form a cellular lining, whereas TGF(β)1 treatment modifies protein expression properties to further imply a robust effect of the microenvironment on AIC phenotypic changes. These data confirm the active participation of clonogenic hematopoietic stem cells in a mammalian model of lung repair and validate mixed stem/somatic cell cultures, which license sustained cell viability, proliferation and differentiation, for use in studies of compensatory pulmonary growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakov Peter
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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21
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Roos AB, Berg T, Barton JL, Didon L, Nord M. Airway epithelial cell differentiation during lung organogenesis requires C/EBPα and C/EBPβ. Dev Dyn 2012; 241:911-23. [PMID: 22411169 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.23773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP)α is crucial for lung development and differentiation of the pulmonary epithelium. Conversely, no lung defects have been observed in C/EBPβ-deficient mice, although C/EBPβ trans-activate pulmonary genes by binding to virtually identical DNA-sequences as C/EBPα. Thus, the pulmonary phenotype of mice lacking C/EBPβ could be explained by functional replacement with C/EBPα. We investigated whether C/EBPα and C/EBPβ have overlapping functions in regulating lung epithelial differentiation during organogenesis. Epithelial differentiation was assessed in mice with a lung epithelial-specific (SFTPC-Cre-mediated) deletion of C/EBPα (Cebpa(ΔLE) ), C/EBPβ (Cebpb(ΔLE) ), or both genes (Cebpa(ΔLE) ; Cebpb(ΔLE) ). RESULTS Both Cebpa(ΔLE) mice and Cebpa(ΔLE) ; Cebpb(ΔLE) mice demonstrated severe pulmonary immaturity compared to wild-type littermates, while no differences in lung histology or epithelial differentiation were observed in Cebpb(ΔLE) mice. In contrast to Cebpa(ΔLE) mice, Cebpa(ΔLE) ; Cebpb(ΔLE) mice also displayed undifferentiated Clara cells with markedly impaired protein and mRNA expression of Clara cell secretory protein (SCGB1A1), compared to wild-type littermates. In addition, ectopic mucus-producing cells were observed in the conducting airways of Cebpa(ΔLE) ; Cebpb(ΔLE) mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that C/EBPα and C/EBPβ play pivotal, and partly overlapping roles in determining airway epithelial differentiation, with possible implications for tissue regeneration in lung homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham B Roos
- Department of Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) have been successfully used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases for decades. However, there is a relative GC resistance in several inflammatory lung disorders, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but still the mechanism(s) behind this unresponsiveness remains unknown. Interaction between transcription factors and the GC receptor contribute to GC effects but may also provide mechanisms explaining steroid resistance. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) transcription factors are important regulators of pulmonary gene expression and have been implicated in inflammatory lung diseases such as asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, sarcoidosis, and COPD. In addition, several studies have indicated a role for C/EBPs in mediating GC effects. In this review, we discuss the different mechanisms of GC action as well as the function of the lung-enriched members of the C/EBP transcription factor family. We also summarize the current knowledge of the role of C/EBP transcription factors in mediating the effects of GCs, with emphasis on pulmonary effects, and their potential role in mediating GC resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham B Roos
- Respiratory Medicine Unit, Lung Research Laboratory L4:01, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital - Solna, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Becker PM, Tran TS, Delannoy MJ, He C, Shannon JM, McGrath-Morrow S. Semaphorin 3A contributes to distal pulmonary epithelial cell differentiation and lung morphogenesis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27449. [PMID: 22096573 PMCID: PMC3214054 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) is a neural guidance cue that also mediates cell migration, proliferation and apoptosis, and inhibits branching morphogenesis. Because we have shown that genetic deletion of neuropilin-1, which encodes an obligatory Sema3A co-receptor, influences airspace remodeling in the smoke-exposed adult lung, we sought to determine whether genetic deletion of Sema3A altered distal lung structure. Methods To determine whether loss of Sema3A signaling influenced distal lung morphology, we compared pulmonary histology, distal epithelial cell morphology and maturation, and the balance between lung cell proliferation and death, in lungs from mice with a targeted genetic deletion of Sema3A (Sema3A-/-) and wild-type (Sema3A+/+) littermate controls. Results Genetic deletion of Sema3A resulted in significant perinatal lethality. At E17.5, lungs from Sema3A-/- mice had thickened septae and reduced airspace size. Distal lung epithelial cells had increased intracellular glycogen pools and small multivesicular and lamellar bodies with atypical ultrastructure, as well as reduced expression of type I alveolar epithelial cell markers. Alveolarization was markedly attenuated in lungs from the rare Sema3A-/- mice that survived the immediate perinatal period. Furthermore, Sema3A deletion was linked with enhanced postnatal alveolar septal cell death. Conclusions These data suggest that Sema3A modulates distal pulmonary epithelial cell development and alveolar septation. Defining how Sema3A influences structural plasticity of the developing lung is a critical first step for determining if this pathway can be exploited to develop innovative strategies for repair after acute or chronic lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice M Becker
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America.
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Besnard V, Wert SE, Ikegami M, Xu Y, Heffner C, Murray SA, Donahue LR, Whitsett JA. Maternal synchronization of gestational length and lung maturation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26682. [PMID: 22096492 PMCID: PMC3212521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Among all mammals, fetal growth and organ maturation must be precisely synchronized with gestational length to optimize survival at birth. Lack of pulmonary maturation is the major cause of infant mortality in preterm birth. Whether fetal or maternal genotypes influence the close relationship between the length of gestation and lung function at birth is unknown. Structural and biochemical indicators of pulmonary maturity were measured in two mouse strains whose gestational length differed by one day. Shorter gestation in C57BL/6J mice was associated with advanced morphological and biochemical pulmonary development and better perinatal survival when compared to A/J pups born prematurely. After ovarian transplantation, A/J pups were born early in C57BL/6J dams and survived after birth, consistent with maternal control gestational length. Expression of genes critical for perinatal lung function was assessed in A/J pups born after ovarian transfer. A subset of mRNAs important for perinatal respiratory adaptation was selectively induced in the A/J pups born after ovarian transfer. mRNAs precociously induced after ovarian transfer indicated an important role for the transcription factors C/EBPα and CREB in maternally induced lung maturation. We conclude that fetal lung maturation is determined by both fetal and maternal genotypes. Ovarian transfer experiments demonstrated that maternal genotype determines the timing of birth and can influence fetal lung growth and maturation to ensure perinatal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Besnard
- The Perinatal Institute and Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, the Department of Pediatrics and The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Susan E. Wert
- The Perinatal Institute and Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, the Department of Pediatrics and The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Machiko Ikegami
- The Perinatal Institute and Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, the Department of Pediatrics and The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yan Xu
- The Perinatal Institute and Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, the Department of Pediatrics and The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Caleb Heffner
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | | | - Leah Rae Donahue
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A. Whitsett
- The Perinatal Institute and Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, the Department of Pediatrics and The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Ali AB, Nin DS, Tam J, Khan M. Role of chaperone mediated autophagy (CMA) in the degradation of misfolded N-CoR protein in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25268. [PMID: 21966475 PMCID: PMC3179509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor co-repressor (N-CoR) plays important role in transcriptional control mediated by several tumor suppressor proteins. Recently, we reported a role of misfolded-conformation dependent loss (MCDL) of N-CoR in the activation of oncogenic survival pathway in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Since N-CoR plays important role in cellular homeostasis in various tissues, therefore, we hypothesized that an APL like MCDL of N-CoR might also be involved in other malignancy. Indeed, our initial screening of N-CoR status in various leukemia and solid tumor cells revealed an APL like MCDL of N-CoR in primary and secondary tumor cells derived from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The NSCLC cell specific N-CoR loss could be blocked by Kaletra, a clinical grade protease inhibitor and by genistein, an inhibitor of N-CoR misfolding previously characterized by us. The misfolded N-CoR presented in NSCLC cells was linked to the amplification of ER stress and was subjected to degradation by NSCLC cell specific aberrant protease activity. In NSCLC cells, misfolded N-CoR was found to be associated with Hsc70, a molecular chaperone involved in chaperone mediated autophagy (CMA). Genetic and chemical inhibition of Lamp2A, a rate limiting factor of CMA, significantly blocked the loss of N-CoR in NSCLC cells, suggesting a crucial role of CMA in N-CoR degradation. These findings identify an important role of CMA-induced degradation of misfolded N-CoR in the neutralization of ER stress and suggest a possible role of misfolded N-CoR protein in the activation of oncogenic survival pathway in NSCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar Bin Ali
- Cancer Science Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dawn Sijin Nin
- Cancer Science Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - John Tam
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Departments of Cardiac, Thoracic & Vascular Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matiullah Khan
- Cancer Science Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Yao PL, Lin YC, Richburg JH. Transcriptional suppression of Sertoli cell Timp2 in rodents following mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure is regulated by CEBPA and MYC. Biol Reprod 2011; 85:1203-15. [PMID: 21832167 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.111.093484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies showed that the prototypical testicular toxic phthalate monoester, mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), suppresses Sertoli cell TIMP2 levels and allows for the activation of MMP2 in seminiferous epithelium. Activation of MMP2 is important for triggering germ cell apoptosis and instigating germ cell detachment from Sertoli cells. These novel findings led us to examine the transcriptional regulation of the Timp2 gene that accounts for the decrease in Sertoli cell TIMP2 levels following MEHP exposure. Sequential deletion of the Timp2 5'-upstream activating sequence (1200 bp) was used to survey transcriptional activation in the Timp2 promoter region in response to MEHP. Results indicate that under control conditions in rat Sertoli cells, CCAAT enhancer-binding protein alpha (CEBPA) acts as a transactivator to initiate Timp2 gene transcription, and its action is deactivated by exposure to MEHP. By contrast, MYC protein acts as an inhibitor of Timp2 gene transcription, and its activity is increased after MEHP treatment. Addition of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to cells causes translocation of CEBPA into the Sertoli cell nucleus and rescues MEHP-suppressed TIMP2 levels. Down-regulation of TIMP2 expression by MEHP exposure is blocked by forskolin (a cAMP-elevating agent), suggesting that the decrease in Sertoli cell TIMP2 expression following MEHP exposure is cAMP-dependent. Taken together, these data indicate that MEHP both disrupts the FSH-stimulated cAMP signaling pathway and activates the inhibitory signaling mediated by MYC protein, to ultimately account for the cellular mechanism underlying the decreased expression of TIMP2 in Sertoli cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Li Yao
- Center for Molecular and Cellular Toxicology, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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27
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Yang G, Hinson MD, Bordner JE, Lin QS, Fernando AP, La P, Wright CJ, Dennery PA. Silencing hyperoxia-induced C/EBPα in neonatal mice improves lung architecture via enhanced proliferation of alveolar epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 301:L187-96. [PMID: 21571903 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00082.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Postnatal lung development requires proliferation and differentiation of specific cell types at precise times to promote proper alveolar formation. Hyperoxic exposure can disrupt alveolarization by inhibiting cell growth; however, it is not fully understood how this is mediated. The transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBPα) is highly expressed in the lung and plays a role in cell proliferation and differentiation in many tissues. After 72 h of hyperoxia, C/EBPα expression was significantly enhanced in the lungs of newborn mice. The increased C/EBPα protein was predominantly located in alveolar type II cells. Silencing of C/EBPα with a transpulmonary injection of C/EBPα small interfering RNA (siRNA) prior to hyperoxic exposure reduced expression of markers of type I cell and differentiation typically observed after hyperoxia but did not rescue the altered lung morphology at 72 h. Nevertheless, when C/EBPα hyperoxia-exposed siRNA-injected mice were allowed to recover for 2 wk in room air, lung epithelial cell proliferation was increased and lung morphology was restored compared with hyperoxia-exposed control siRNA-injected mice. These data suggest that C/EBPα is an important regulator of postnatal alveolar epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation during injury and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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28
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Davis H, Lewis A, Spencer-Dene B, Tateossian H, Stamp G, Behrens A, Tomlinson I. FBXW7 mutations typically found in human cancers are distinct from null alleles and disrupt lung development. J Pathol 2011; 224:180-9. [PMID: 21503901 PMCID: PMC3757315 DOI: 10.1002/path.2874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
FBXW7 is the substrate recognition component of a SCF-type E3 ubiquitin ligase. It has multiple targets such as Notch1, c-Jun, and cyclin E that function in critical developmental and signalling pathways. Mutations in FBXW7 are often found in many types of cancer. In most cases, these mutations do not inactivate the protein, but are mono-allelic missense changes at specific arginine resides involved in substrate binding. We have hypothesized that FBXW7 mutations are selected in cancers for reasons other than haploinsufficiency or full loss-of-function. Given that the existing mutant Fbxw7 mice carry null alleles, we created a mouse model carrying one of the commonly occurring point mutations (Fbxw7) in the WD40 substrate recognition domain of Fbxw7. Mice heterozygous for this mutation apparently developed normally in utero, died perinatally due to a defect in lung development, and in some cases showed cleft palate and eyelid fusion defects. By comparison, Fbxw7+/− mice were viable and developed normally. Fbxw7−/− animals died of vascular abnormalities at E10.5. We screened known FBXW7 targets for changes in the lungs of the Fbxw7R482Q/+ mice and found Tgif1 and Klf5 to be up-regulated. Fbxw7 alleles are not functionally equivalent to heterozygous or homozygous null alleles, and we propose that they are selected in tumourigenesis because they cause a selective or partial loss of FBXW7 function. Copyright © 2011 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley Davis
- Molecular and Population Genetics Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Oxford University, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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29
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Onaitis M, D'Amico TA, Clark CP, Guinney J, Harpole DH, Rawlins EL. A 10-gene progenitor cell signature predicts poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 91:1046-50; discussion 1050. [PMID: 21353202 PMCID: PMC3376444 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2010.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One aspect of the cancer stem cell hypothesis is that patients with tumors that exhibit stem-like phenotypes have poor prognoses. Distal epithelial progenitors from lungs early in development demonstrate both self-renewal and potential to differentiate into all bronchial and alveolar epithelial cell types. By contrast, late progenitors are only able to produce alveolar cells. We sought to create a lung-specific progenitor cell signature for possible prognosis prediction in human lung cancer. METHODS A transgenic mouse was created in which embryonic distal epithelial progenitor cells express green fluorescent protein when tamoxifen is administered. Lung progenitor cells were harvested after tamoxifen injection at either embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) or 17.5 (E17.5). The RNA extracted from these cells was hybridized to Affymetrix 430.2 mouse chips (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA). A genomic signature was created by comparing the cell types using L1 logistic regression and applied to transcriptome datasets of resected patients from our tumor bank and the National Institutes of Health Director's Challenge Consortium. RESULTS When a 10-gene genomic signature was applied to resected human adenocarcinoma datasets, tumors that were transcriptionally similar to the early progenitors had a significantly worse prognosis than those similar to the late progenitors. Using a Cox model in which age and stage were included, the predicted score from the logistic regression model was an independent predictor of survival. CONCLUSIONS A lung progenitor cell signature predicts poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma. Modulation of these genes or their signaling pathways may be effective therapeutic strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Onaitis
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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Ito Y, Ahmad A, Kewley E, Mason RJ. Hypoxia-inducible factor regulates expression of surfactant protein in alveolar type II cells in vitro. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 45:938-45. [PMID: 21454802 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2011-0052oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar type II (ATII) cells cultured at an air-liquid (A/L) interface maintain differentiation, but they lose these properties when they are submerged. Others showed that an oxygen tension gradient develops in the culture medium as ATII cells consume oxygen. Therefore, we wondered whether hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) signaling could explain differences in the phenotypes of ATII cells cultured under A/L interface or submerged conditions. ATII cells were isolated from male Sprague-Dawley rats and cultured on inserts coated with a mixture of rat-tail collagen and Matrigel, in medium including 5% rat serum and 10 ng/ml keratinocyte growth factor, with their apical surfaces either exposed to air or submerged. The A/L interface condition maintained the expression of surfactant proteins, whereas that expression was down-regulated under the submerged condition, and the effect was rapid and reversible. Under submerged conditions, there was an increase in HIF1α and HIF2α in nuclear extracts, mRNA levels of HIF inducible genes, vascular endothelial growth factor, glucose transporter-1 (GLUT1), and the protein level of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase isozyme-1. The expression of surfactant proteins was suppressed and GLUT1 mRNA levels were induced when cells were cultured with 1 mM dimethyloxalyl glycine. The expression of surfactant proteins was restored under submerged conditions with supplemented 60% oxygen. HIF signaling and oxygen tension at the surface of cells appears to be important in regulating the phenotype of rat ATII cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Ito
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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Kido T, Tomita T, Okamoto M, Cai Y, Matsumoto Y, Vinson C, Maru Y, Kimura S. FOXA1 plays a role in regulating secretoglobin 1a1 expression in the absence of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein activities in lung in vivo. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2010; 300:L441-52. [PMID: 21224212 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00435.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretoglobin (SCGB) 1A1, also called Clara cell secretor protein (CCSP) or Clara cell-specific 10-kDa protein (CC10), is a small molecular weight secreted protein mainly expressed in lung, with anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory properties. Previous in vitro studies demonstrated that CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) are the major transcription factors for the regulation of Scbg1a1 gene expression, whereas FOXA1 had a minimum effect on the transcription. To determine the in vivo role of C/EBPs in the regulation of SCGB1A1 expression, experiments were performed in which A-C/EBP, a dominant-negative form of C/EBP that interferes with DNA binding activities of all C/EBPs, was specifically expressed in lung. Surprisingly, despite the in vitro findings, expression of SCGB1A1 mRNA was not decreased in vivo in the absence of C/EBPs. This may be due to a compensatory role assumed by FOXA1 in the regulation of Scgb1a1 gene expression in lung in the absence of active C/EBPs. This disconnect between in vitro and in vivo results underscores the importance of studies using animal models to determine the role of specific transcription factors in the regulation of gene expression in intact multicellular complex organs such as lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taketomo Kido
- Laboratory or Metabolism, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Nerlov C. Transcriptional and translational control of C/EBPs: The case for “deep” genetics to understand physiological function. Bioessays 2010; 32:680-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201000004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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O'Brien KB, Alberich-Jordà M, Yadav N, Kocher O, DiRuscio A, Ebralidze A, Levantini E, Sng NJL, Bhasin M, Caron T, Kim D, Steidl U, Huang G, Halmos B, Rodig SJ, Bedford MT, Tenen DG, Kobayashi S. CARM1 is required for proper control of proliferation and differentiation of pulmonary epithelial cells. Development 2010; 137:2147-56. [PMID: 20530543 PMCID: PMC2882134 DOI: 10.1242/dev.037150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase I (CARM1; PRMT4) regulates gene expression by multiple mechanisms including methylation of histones and coactivation of steroid receptor transcription. Mice lacking CARM1 are small, fail to breathe and die shortly after birth, demonstrating the crucial role of CARM1 in development. In adults, CARM1 is overexpressed in human grade-III breast tumors and prostate adenocarcinomas, and knockdown of CARM1 inhibits proliferation of breast and prostate cancer cell lines. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that loss of CARM1 in mouse embryos would inhibit pulmonary cell proliferation, resulting in respiratory distress. By contrast, we report here that loss of CARM1 results in hyperproliferation of pulmonary epithelial cells during embryonic development. The lungs of newborn mice lacking CARM1 have substantially reduced airspace compared with their wild-type littermates. In the absence of CARM1, alveolar type II cells show increased proliferation. Electron microscopic analyses demonstrate that lungs from mice lacking CARM1 have immature alveolar type II cells and an absence of alveolar type I cells. Gene expression analysis reveals a dysregulation of cell cycle genes and markers of differentiation in the Carm1 knockout lung. Furthermore, there is an overlap in gene expression in the Carm1 knockout and the glucocorticoid receptor knockout lung, suggesting that hyperproliferation and lack of maturation of the alveolar cells are at least in part caused by attenuation of glucocorticoid-mediated signaling. These results demonstrate for the first time that CARM1 inhibits pulmonary cell proliferation and is required for proper differentiation of alveolar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen B. O'Brien
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute and Center for Life Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Meritxell Alberich-Jordà
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute and Center for Life Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Neelu Yadav
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA
| | - Olivier Kocher
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Annalisa DiRuscio
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute and Center for Life Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander Ebralidze
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute and Center for Life Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | - Manoj Bhasin
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tyler Caron
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daehoon Kim
- The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Ulrich Steidl
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Gang Huang
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Balázs Halmos
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Scott J. Rodig
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mark T. Bedford
- The University of Texas, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Science Park, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Daniel G. Tenen
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute and Center for Life Sciences, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Cancer Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, 117456 Singapore
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House JS, Zhu S, Ranjan R, Linder K, Smart RC. C/EBPalpha and C/EBPbeta are required for Sebocyte differentiation and stratified squamous differentiation in adult mouse skin. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9837. [PMID: 20352127 PMCID: PMC2843749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
C/EBPalpha and C/EBPbeta are bZIP transcription factors that are highly expressed in the interfollicular epidermis and sebaceous glands of skin and yet germ line deletion of either family member alone has only mild or no effect on keratinocyte biology and their role in sebocyte biology has never been examined. To address possible functional redundancies and reveal functional roles of C/EBPalpha and C/EBPbeta in postnatal skin, mouse models were developed in which either family member could be acutely ablated alone or together in the epidermis and sebaceous glands of adult mice. Acute removal of either C/EBPalpha or C/EBPbeta alone in adult mouse skin revealed modest to no discernable changes in epidermis or sebaceous glands. In contrast, co-ablation of C/EBPalpha and C/EBPbeta in postnatal epidermis resulted in disruption of stratified squamous differentiation characterized by hyperproliferation of basal and suprabasal keratinocytes and a defective basal to spinous keratinocyte transition involving an expanded basal compartment and a diminished and delayed spinous compartment. Acute co-ablation of C/EBPalpha and C/EBPbeta in sebaceous glands resulted in severe morphological defects, and sebocyte differentiation was blocked as determined by lack of sebum production and reduced expression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD3) and melanocortin 5 receptor (MC5R), two markers of terminal sebocyte differentiation. Specialized sebocytes of Meibomian glands and preputial glands were also affected. Our results indicate that in adult mouse skin, C/EBPalpha and C/EBPbeta are critically involved in regulating sebocyte differentiation and epidermal homeostasis involving the basal to spinous keratinocyte transition and basal cell cycle withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S House
- Cell Signaling and Cancer Group, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
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Didon L, Roos AB, Elmberger GP, Gonzalez FJ, Nord M. Lung-specific inactivation of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha causes a pathological pattern characteristic of COPD. Eur Respir J 2009; 35:186-97. [PMID: 19608583 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00185008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The link between respiratory complications in prematurely born infants and susceptibility for developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is receiving increasing attention. We have previously found that CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) activity in airway epithelial cells of COPD patients is decreased compared to healthy smokers, suggesting a previously unknown role for C/EBPs in COPD pathogenesis. To investigate the role of the transcription factor C/EBPalpha in lung development and its potential role in COPD, mice with a lung epithelial-specific disruption of the C/EBPalpha gene (Cebpa(DeltaLE)) were generated using Cre-mediated excision, and the resulting pathology was studied during development and into adulthood. Cebpa(DeltaLE) mice exhibit impaired lung development and epithelial differentiation, as well as affected vascularity. Furthermore, Cebpa(DeltaLE) mice that survive until adulthood develop a severe pathological picture with irregular emphysema; bronchiolitis, including goblet cell hyperplasia, bronchiolar metaplasia, fibrosis and mucus plugging; and an inflammatory cell and gene expression profile similar to COPD. Cebpa(DeltaLE) mice display lung immaturity during development, and adult Cebpa(DeltaLE) mice develop a majority of the histopathological and inflammatory characteristics of COPD. Cebpa(DeltaLE) mice could thus provide new valuable insights into understanding the long-term consequences of lung immaturity and the link to susceptibility of developing COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Didon
- Dept of Medicine, Division for Respiratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Ranjan R, Thompson EA, Yoon K, Smart RC. C/EBPalpha expression is partially regulated by C/EBPbeta in response to DNA damage and C/EBPalpha-deficient fibroblasts display an impaired G1 checkpoint. Oncogene 2009; 28:3235-45. [PMID: 19581927 PMCID: PMC2741539 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2009.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We observed that C/EBPα is highly inducible in primary fibroblasts by DNA damaging agents that induce strand breaks, alkylate and crosslink DNA as well as those that produce bulky DNA lesions. Fibroblasts deficient in C/EBPα (C/EBPα-/-) display an impaired G1 checkpoint as evidenced by inappropriate entry into S-phase in response to DNA damage and these cells also display an enhanced G1 to S transition in response to mitogens. The induction of C/EBPα by DNA damage in fibroblasts does not require p53. EMSA analysis of nuclear extracts prepared from UVB- and MNNG-treated fibroblasts revealed increased binding of C/EBPβ to a C/EBP consensus sequence and ChIP analysis revealed increased C/EBPβ binding to the C/EBPα promoter. To determine whether C/EBPβ has a role in the regulation of C/EBPα we treated C/EBPβ-/- fibroblasts with UVB or MNNG. We observed C/EBPα induction was impaired in both UVB- and MNNG- treated C/EBPβ-/- fibroblasts. Our study reveals a novel role for C/EBPβ in the regulation of C/EBPα in response to DNA damage and provides definitive genetic evidence that C/EBPα has a critical role in the DNA damage G1 checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ranjan
- Cell Signaling and Cancer Group, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7633, USA
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37
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Koschmieder S, Halmos B, Levantini E, Tenen DG. Dysregulation of the C/EBPalpha differentiation pathway in human cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:619-28. [PMID: 19075268 PMCID: PMC2645860 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.17.9812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While much is known about aberrant pathways affecting cell growth and apoptosis, our understanding of another critical step of neoplastic transformation, differentiation arrest, remains poor. The differentiation-inducing transcription factor CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha) is required for proper control of adipogenesis, glucose metabolism, granulocytic differentiation, and lung development. Studies investigating the function of this protein in hematopoietic malignancies as well as in lung and skin cancer have revealed numerous ways how tumor cells abrogate C/EBPalpha function. Genetic and global expression analysis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cases identifies C/EBPalpha-deficient AML as a separate entity yielding novel classification schemes. In patients with a dysfunctional C/EBPalpha pathway, targeted therapies may overcome the block in differentiation, and in combination with conventional chemotherapy, may lead to complete eradication of the malignant clone. Overall, a better understanding of the mechanisms of how C/EBPalpha dysregulation participates in the neoplastic process has opened new gateways for differentiation biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Koschmieder
- From the University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore; and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Balazs Halmos
- From the University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore; and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Elena Levantini
- From the University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore; and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Daniel G. Tenen
- From the University of Münster, Münster, Germany; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore; and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Morimoto M, Kopan R. rtTA toxicity limits the usefulness of the SP-C-rtTA transgenic mouse. Dev Biol 2008; 325:171-8. [PMID: 19013447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The doxycycline (DOX)-inducible gene expression systems allow tight temporal and spatial control of transgene expression, invaluable in studies of organ development and disease pathogenesis. Transgenic mice using the human Surfactant Protein C promoter to drive the expression of the reverse tetracycline transactivator (SP-C-rtTA) enabled functional analysis of essential gene function during lung development. Here we report that DOX-fed SP-C-rtTA mice during the period in which Type II cells differentiate results in cellular toxicity that may have confounded the interpretation of previous reports using this line. These effects included impaired alveologenesis, loss/reduction in expression of surfactant-associated proteins, and death. Severity was dependent on genetic background: outbred mice or those on a CD1 background are highly susceptible, whereas the C57BL/6 background appeared resistant by morphological criteria. However, quantitative analysis reveled that DOX-fed, SP-C-rtTA C57BL/6 pups had reduced surfactant mRNA accumulation that could contribute to synthetic lethality when combined with other genetic alterations. We conclude that the combination of genetic backgrounds, length of DOX exposure and the presence of the SP-C-rtTA transgene contributed more than previously appreciated to the similarities seen in the phenotypes reported by investigators using the SP-C-rtTA, (tetO)(7)-Cre. These studies demonstrate the importance of using appropriate SP-C-rtTA only controls in all experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Morimoto
- Department of Developmental Biology, Division of Dermatology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Huang G, Eisenberg R, Yan M, Monti S, Lawrence E, Fu P, Walbroehl J, Löwenberg E, Golub T, Merchan J, Tenen DG, Markowitz SD, Halmos B. 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase is a target of hepatocyte nuclear factor 3beta and a tumor suppressor in lung cancer. Cancer Res 2008; 68:5040-8. [PMID: 18593902 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The forkhead transcription factor hepatocyte nuclear factor 3beta (HNF3beta) is essential in foregut development and the regulation of lung-specific genes. HNF3beta expression leads to growth arrest and apoptosis in lung cancer cells and HNF3beta is a candidate tumor suppressor in lung cancer. In a transcriptional profiling study using a conditional cell line system, we now identify 15-PGDH as one of the major genes induced by HNF3beta expression. 15-PGDH is a critical metabolic enzyme of proliferative prostaglandins, an antagonist to cyclooxygenase-2 and a tumor suppressor in colon cancer. We confirmed the regulation of 15-PGDH expression by HNF3beta in a number of systems and showed direct binding of HNF3beta to 15-PGDH promoter elements. Western blotting of lung cancer cell lines and immunohistochemical examination of human lung cancer tissues found loss of 15-PGDH expression in approximately 65% of lung cancers. Further studies using in vitro cell-based assays and in vivo xenograft tumorigenesis assays showed a lack of in vitro but significant in vivo tumor suppressor activity of 15-PGDH via an antiangiogenic mechanism analogous to its role in colon cancer. In summary, we identify 15-PGDH as a direct downstream effector of HNF3beta and show that 15-PGDH acts as a tumor suppressor in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guosheng Huang
- Department of Pathology, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Peacock CD, Watkins DN. Cancer stem cells and the ontogeny of lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:2883-9. [PMID: 18539968 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2007.15.2702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the world today and is poised to claim approximately 1 billion lives during the 21st century. A major challenge in treating this and other cancers is the intrinsic resistance to conventional therapies demonstrated by the stem/progenitor cell that is responsible for the sustained growth, survival, and invasion of the tumor. Identifying these stem cells in lung cancer and defining the biologic processes necessary for their existence is paramount in developing new clinical approaches with the goal of preventing disease recurrence. This review summarizes our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms operating within the putative cancer-initiating cell at the core of lung neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig D Peacock
- The Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans St, Rm 546, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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41
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Xu B, Qu X, Gu S, Doughman YQ, Watanabe M, Dunwoodie SL, Yang YC. Cited2 is required for fetal lung maturation. Dev Biol 2008; 317:95-105. [PMID: 18358466 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 01/23/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lung maturation at the terminal sac stage of lung development is characterized by a coordinated increase in terminal sac formation and vascular development in conjunction with the differentiation of alveolar type I and type II epithelial cells. The Cited2-Tcfap2a/c complex has been shown to activate transcription of Erbb3 and Pitx2c during mouse development. In this study, we show that E17.5 to E18.5 Cited2-null lungs had significantly reduced terminal sac space due to an altered differentiation of type I and type II alveolar epithelial cells. In addition, E17 Cited2-null lungs exhibited a decrease in the number of apoptotic cells, contributing to the loss in airspace. Consistent with the phenotype, genes associated with alveolar cell differentiation and survival were differentially expressed in Cited2-null fetal lungs compared to those of wild-type littermates. Moreover, expression of Cebpa, a key regulator of airway epithelial maturation, was significantly decreased in Cited2-null fetal lungs. Cited2 and Tcfap2c were present on the Cebpa promoter in E18.5 lungs to activate Cebpa transcription. We propose that the Cited2-Tcfap2c complex controls lung maturation by regulating Cebpa expression. Understanding the function of this complex may provide novel therapeutic strategies for patients with respiratory distress syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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42
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Loomis KD, Zhu S, Yoon K, Johnson PF, Smart RC. Genetic ablation of CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha in epidermis reveals its role in suppression of epithelial tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2007; 67:6768-76. [PMID: 17638888 PMCID: PMC3773581 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha) is a basic leucine zipper transcription factor that inhibits cell cycle progression and regulates differentiation in various cell types. C/EBPalpha is inactivated by mutation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and is considered a human tumor suppressor in AML. Although C/EBPalpha mutations have not been observed in malignancies other than AML, greatly diminished expression of C/EBPalpha occurs in numerous human epithelial cancers including lung, liver, endometrial, skin, and breast, suggesting a possible tumor suppressor function. However, direct evidence for C/EBPalpha as an epithelial tumor suppressor is lacking due to the absence of C/EBPalpha mutations in epithelial tumors and the lethal effect of C/EBPalpha deletion in mouse model systems. To examine the function of C/EBPalpha in epithelial tumor development, an epidermal-specific C/EBPalpha knockout mouse was generated. The epidermal-specific C/EBPalpha knockout mice survived and displayed no detectable abnormalities in epidermal keratinocyte proliferation, differentiation, or apoptosis, showing that C/EBPalpha is dispensable for normal epidermal homeostasis. In spite of this, the epidermal-specific C/EBPalpha knockout mice were highly susceptible to skin tumor development involving oncogenic Ras. These mice displayed decreased tumor latency and striking increases in tumor incidence, multiplicity, growth rate, and the rate of malignant progression. Mice hemizygous for C/EBPalpha displayed an intermediate-enhanced tumor phenotype. Our results suggest that decreased expression of C/EBPalpha contributes to deregulation of tumor cell proliferation. C/EBPalpha had been proposed to block cell cycle progression through inhibition of E2F activity. We observed that C/EBPalpha blocked Ras-induced and epidermal growth factor-induced E2F activity in keratinocytes and also blocked Ras-induced cell transformation and cell cycle progression. Our study shows that C/EBPalpha is dispensable for epidermal homeostasis and provides genetic evidence that C/EBPalpha is a suppressor of epithelial tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari D. Loomis
- Cell Signaling and Cancer Group, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology
- Functional Genomics Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Songyun Zhu
- Cell Signaling and Cancer Group, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology
| | - Kyungsil Yoon
- Cell Signaling and Cancer Group, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology
| | - Peter F. Johnson
- Laboratory of Protein Dynamics and Signaling, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Robert C. Smart
- Cell Signaling and Cancer Group, Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology
- Functional Genomics Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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The C/EBP family of transcription factors: a paradigm for interaction between gene expression and proliferation control. Trends Cell Biol 2007; 17:318-24. [PMID: 17658261 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a link between the transcriptional regulators of lineage-specific gene expression and progenitor proliferation control has emerged. A main exponent of this phenomenon is the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) family of basic region-leucine zipper proteins. These transcription factors control the differentiation of a range of cell types, and have key roles in regulating cellular proliferation through interaction with cell cycle proteins. More recently, their position at the crossroads between proliferation and differentiation has made them strong candidate regulators of tumorigenesis, and C/EBPs have been described as both tumor promoters and tumor suppressors.
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Ventura JJ, Tenbaum S, Perdiguero E, Huth M, Guerra C, Barbacid M, Pasparakis M, Nebreda AR. p38alpha MAP kinase is essential in lung stem and progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation. Nat Genet 2007; 39:750-8. [PMID: 17468755 DOI: 10.1038/ng2037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/30/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell function is central for the maintenance of normal tissue homeostasis. Here we show that deletion of p38alpha mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in adult mice results in increased proliferation and defective differentiation of lung stem and progenitor cells both in vivo and in vitro. We found that p38alpha positively regulates factors such as CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein that are required for lung cell differentiation. In addition, p38alpha controls self-renewal of the lung stem and progenitor cell population by inhibiting proliferation-inducing signals, most notably epidermal growth factor receptor. As a consequence, the inactivation of p38alpha leads to an immature and hyperproliferative lung epithelium that is highly sensitized to K-Ras(G12V)-induced tumorigenesis. Our results indicate that by coordinating proliferation and differentiation signals in lung stem and progenitor cells, p38alpha has a key role in the regulation of lung cell renewal and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José Ventura
- CNIO (Spanish National Cancer Center), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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46
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Abstract
The vertebrate lung consists of multiple cell types that are derived primarily from endodermal and mesodermal compartments of the early embryo. The process of pulmonary organogenesis requires the generation of precise signaling centers that are linked to transcriptional programs that, in turn, regulate cell numbers, differentiation, and behavior, as branching morphogenesis and alveolarization proceed. This review summarizes knowledge regarding the expression and proposed roles of transcription factors influencing lung formation and function with particular focus on knowledge derived from the study of the mouse. A group of transcription factors active in the endodermally derived cells of the developing lung tubules, including thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), beta-catenin, Forkhead orthologs (FOX), GATA, SOX, and ETS family members are required for normal lung morphogenesis and function. In contrast, a group of distinct proteins, including FOXF1, POD1, GLI, and HOX family members, play important roles in the developing lung mesenchyme, from which pulmonary vessels and bronchial smooth muscle develop. Lung formation is dependent on reciprocal signaling among cells of both endodermal and mesenchymal compartments that instruct transcriptional processes mediating lung formation and adaptation to breathing after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Maeda
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and The University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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47
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Costa DB, Li S, Kocher O, Feins RH, Keller SM, Schiller JH, Johnson DH, Tenen DG, Halmos B. Immunohistochemical analysis of C/EBPalpha in non-small cell lung cancer reveals frequent down-regulation in stage II and IIIA tumors: a correlative study of E3590. Lung Cancer 2007; 56:97-103. [PMID: 17239984 PMCID: PMC3380244 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2006.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 10/30/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We sought to determine the association of C/EBPalpha expression status with clinical, pathologic and molecular characteristics, as well as outcomes, in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This is the first comprehensive study of this transcription factor in patients with NSCLC. PATIENTS AND METHODS Our cohort originated from ECOG 3590 (randomized trial of postoperative adjuvant therapy with thoracic radiation or cisplatin and etoposide plus thoracic radiation in patients with completely resected stages II and IIIA NSCLC; and its laboratory correlate, ECOG 4592). One hundred and sixty four tumor samples contained sufficient material for immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis. C/EBPalpha tumor staining was compared to that of basal bronchial cells (3+). 0 or 1+ (weak) suggested lack of, while 2 or 3+ (strong) suggested C/EBPalpha expression. RESULTS Ninety tumors (55%) had 0 or 1+ C/EBPalpha staining, and the remaining 74 (45%) 2 or 3+. Patients with squamous cell carcinomas had a higher percentage of weak C/EBPalpha IHC staining compared to other histologies (p=0.048) and there was a trend for loss of C/EBPalpha in poorly differentiated compared to well differentiated tumors (p=0.07). There was no association between C/EBPalpha IHC and mutations in p53 or K-ras. The median disease-free survival for patients with weak and strong C/EBPalpha IHC expression was 29.6 and 30.6 months, respectively (p=0.94). The median overall survival between the weak and strong groups was 43.5 and 38.5 months, respectively (p=0.83). CONCLUSIONS Loss of expression of C/EBPalpha is seen in over half of stage II and IIIA NSCLC, specifically in squamous cell carcinomas and poorly differentiated tumors. Since down-regulation of C/EBPalpha is a common event in NSCLC, further elucidation of the involvement of C/EBPalpha in the pathogenesis and progression of lung cancer may identify novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B. Costa
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sigui Li
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Olivier Kocher
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel G. Tenen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Corresponding author:, Daniel G. Tenen, MD, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, HIM-954, 77 Louis Pasteur Ave., Boston, MA 02215, , telephone: (617) 667-5561, fax: (617) 667-3299
| | - Balazs Halmos
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
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Abstract
Respiration at birth depends on maturation changes in lung tissue architecture, cell differentiation, and gene expression. At the transcriptional level, maturation is controlled by the actions of a group of transcription factors mediating gene expression in the lung. A network of transcription factors regulates gene expression in the respiratory epithelium, which then influences cell maturation throughout the lung. Glucocorticoids (via the glucocorticoid receptor), acting primarily in the pulmonary mesenchyme, influence maturation in the respiratory epithelium. Elucidation of the intersecting pathways controlling perinatal lung function may provide opportunities to induce pulmonary maturation in preterm infants at risk for respiratory distress syndrome before birth, and will help identify genes and processes important for various aspects of lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3333 Burnet Avenue Cincinnati, OH 45229-3039, USA.
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Davé V, Childs T, Xu Y, Ikegami M, Besnard V, Maeda Y, Wert SE, Neilson JR, Crabtree GR, Whitsett JA. Calcineurin/Nfat signaling is required for perinatal lung maturation and function. J Clin Invest 2006; 116:2597-609. [PMID: 16998587 PMCID: PMC1570374 DOI: 10.1172/jci27331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary surfactant proteins and lipids are required for lung function after birth. Lung immaturity and resultant surfactant deficiency cause respiratory distress syndrome, a common disorder contributing to morbidity and mortality in preterm infants. Surfactant synthesis increases prior to birth in association with formation of the alveoli that mediate efficient gas exchange. To identify mechanisms controlling perinatal lung maturation, the Calcineurin b1 (Cnb1) gene was deleted in the respiratory epithelium of the fetal mouse. Deletion of Cnb1 caused respiratory failure after birth and inhibited the structural maturation of the peripheral lung. Synthesis of surfactant and a lamellar body-associated protein, ABC transporter A3 (ABCA3), was decreased prior to birth. Nuclear factor of activated T cells (Nfat) calcineurin-dependent 3 (Nfatc3), a transcription factor modulated by calcineurin, was identified as a direct activator of Sftpa, Sftpb, Sftpc, Abca3, Foxa1, and Foxa2 genes. The calcineurin/Nfat pathway controls the morphologic maturation of lungs prior to birth and regulates expression of genes involved in surfactant homeostasis that are critical for adaptation to air breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrushank Davé
- Section of Neonatology, Perinatal and Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, USA.
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Costa DB, Dayaram T, D'Alo F, Wouters BJ, Tenen DG, Meyerson M, Tsao MS, Halmos B. C/EBP alpha mutations in lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2006; 53:253-4. [PMID: 16765476 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2006.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Revised: 04/27/2006] [Accepted: 04/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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