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The SV, Santiago JP, Pappenberger C, Hammes UZ, Tegeder M. UMAMIT44 is a key player in glutamate export from Arabidopsis chloroplasts. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1119-1139. [PMID: 38092462 PMCID: PMC10980354 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
Selective partitioning of amino acids among organelles, cells, tissues, and organs is essential for cellular metabolism and plant growth. Nitrogen assimilation into glutamine and glutamate and de novo biosynthesis of most protein amino acids occur in chloroplasts; therefore, various transport mechanisms must exist to accommodate their directional efflux from the stroma to the cytosol and feed the amino acids into the extraplastidial metabolic and long-distance transport pathways. Yet, Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) transporters functioning in plastidial export of amino acids remained undiscovered. Here, USUALLY MULTIPLE ACIDS MOVE IN AND OUT TRANSPORTER 44 (UMAMIT44) was identified and shown to function in glutamate export from Arabidopsis chloroplasts. UMAMIT44 controls glutamate homeostasis within and outside of chloroplasts and influences nitrogen partitioning from leaves to sinks. Glutamate imbalances in chloroplasts and leaves of umamit44 mutants impact cellular redox state, nitrogen and carbon metabolism, and amino acid (AA) and sucrose supply of growing sinks, leading to negative effects on plant growth. Nonetheless, the mutant lines adjust to some extent by upregulating alternative pathways for glutamate synthesis outside the plastids and by mitigating oxidative stress through the production of other amino acids and antioxidants. Overall, this study establishes that the role of UMAMIT44 in glutamate export from chloroplasts is vital for controlling nitrogen availability within source leaf cells and for sink nutrition, with an impact on growth and seed yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Vivia The
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - James P Santiago
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Clara Pappenberger
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Ulrich Z Hammes
- Plant Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Mechthild Tegeder
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
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Yue Z, He S, Wang J, Jiang Q, Wang H, Wu J, Li C, Wang Z, He X, Jia N. Glyceollins from soybean: Their pharmacological effects and biosynthetic pathways. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21874. [PMID: 38034638 PMCID: PMC10682181 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids are a highly abundant class of secondary metabolites present in plants. Isoflavonoids, in particular, are primarily synthesized in leguminous plants within the subfamily Papilionoideae. Numerous reports have established the favorable role of isoflavonoids in preventing a range of human diseases. Among the isoflavonoid components, glyceollins are synthesized specifically in soybean plants and have displayed promising effects in mitigating the occurrence and progression of breast and ovarian cancers as well as other diseases. Consequently, glyceollins have become a sought-after natural component for promoting women's health. In recent years, extensive research has focused on investigating the molecular mechanism underlying the preventative properties of glyceollins against various diseases. Substantial progress has also been made toward elucidating the biosynthetic pathway of glyceollins and exploring potential regulatory factors. Herein, we provide a review of the research conducted on glyceollins since their discovery five decades ago (1972-2023). We summarize their pharmacological effects, biosynthetic pathways, and advancements in chemical synthesis to enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of their function and the genes involved in their biosynthetic pathway. Such knowledge may facilitate improved glyceollin synthesis and the creation of health products based on glyceollins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Yue
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Shanhong He
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Jinpei Wang
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Qi Jiang
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Hanping Wang
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Jia Wu
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
- Engineering Research Center of Personalized Anti-aging Health Product Development and Transformation, Universities of Shaanxi Province, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Chenxi Li
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Zixian Wang
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Xuan He
- School of Engineering, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
| | - Nannan Jia
- School of Medicine, Xi'an International University, 18 Yudou Road, Yanta District, Xi'an Shaanxi, 710077, China
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Salah R, Zhang RJ, Xia SW, Song SS, Hao Q, Hashem MH, Li HX, Li Y, Li XX, Lai YS. Higher Phytohormone Contents and Weaker Phytohormone Signal Transduction Were Observed in Cold-Tolerant Cucumber. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:961. [PMID: 35406941 PMCID: PMC9003209 DOI: 10.3390/plants11070961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) originated from the South Asian subcontinent, and most of them are fragile to cold stress. In this study, we evaluated the cold tolerance of 115 cucumber accessions and screened out 10 accessions showing high resistance to cold stress. We measured and compared plant hormone contents between cold-tolerant cucumber CT90R and cold-sensitive cucumber CT57S in cold treatment. Most of the detected plant hormones showed significantly higher content in CT90R. To elucidate the role of plant hormones, we compared the leaf- and root-transcriptomes of CT90R with those of CT57S in cold stress treatment. In leaves, there were 1209 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between CT90R and CT57S, while there were 703 in roots. These DEGs were not evenly distributed across the chromosomes and there were significant enrichments at particular positions, including qLTT6.2, a known QTL controlling cucumber cold tolerance. The GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that there was a significant difference in the pathway of plant hormone transductions between CT90R and CT57S in leaves. In short, genes involved in plant hormone transductions showed lower transcription levels in CT90R. In roots, the most significantly different pathway was phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. CT90R seemed to actively accumulate more monolignols by upregulating cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) genes. These results above suggest a new perspective on the regulation mechanism of cold tolerance in cucumbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radwa Salah
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (R.S.); (R.-J.Z.); (S.-W.X.); (S.-S.S.); (Q.H.); (M.H.H.); (H.-X.L.); (Y.L.)
- Faculty of Agriculture, Minya University, Minya 61511, Egypt
| | - Rui-Jin Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (R.S.); (R.-J.Z.); (S.-W.X.); (S.-S.S.); (Q.H.); (M.H.H.); (H.-X.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Shi-Wei Xia
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (R.S.); (R.-J.Z.); (S.-W.X.); (S.-S.S.); (Q.H.); (M.H.H.); (H.-X.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Shan-Shan Song
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (R.S.); (R.-J.Z.); (S.-W.X.); (S.-S.S.); (Q.H.); (M.H.H.); (H.-X.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Qian Hao
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (R.S.); (R.-J.Z.); (S.-W.X.); (S.-S.S.); (Q.H.); (M.H.H.); (H.-X.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Mustafa H. Hashem
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (R.S.); (R.-J.Z.); (S.-W.X.); (S.-S.S.); (Q.H.); (M.H.H.); (H.-X.L.); (Y.L.)
- Central Lab. of Organic Agriculture, Agricultural Research Center, Giza 12619, Egypt
| | - Huan-Xiu Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (R.S.); (R.-J.Z.); (S.-W.X.); (S.-S.S.); (Q.H.); (M.H.H.); (H.-X.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yu Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (R.S.); (R.-J.Z.); (S.-W.X.); (S.-S.S.); (Q.H.); (M.H.H.); (H.-X.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xi-Xiang Li
- Institution of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, South Zhongguancun Street 12, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Yun-Song Lai
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; (R.S.); (R.-J.Z.); (S.-W.X.); (S.-S.S.); (Q.H.); (M.H.H.); (H.-X.L.); (Y.L.)
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Mao W, Han Y, Chen Y, Sun M, Feng Q, Li L, Liu L, Zhang K, Wei L, Han Z, Li B. Low temperature inhibits anthocyanin accumulation in strawberry fruit by activating FvMAPK3-induced phosphorylation of FvMYB10 and degradation of Chalcone Synthase 1. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1226-1249. [PMID: 35018459 PMCID: PMC8972286 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Low temperature causes poor coloration of strawberry (Fragaria sp.) fruits, thus greatly reducing their commercial value. Strawberry fruits accumulate anthocyanins during ripening, but how low temperature modulates anthocyanin accumulation in plants remains largely unknown. We identified MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE3 (FvMAPK3) as an important negative regulator of anthocyanin accumulation that mediates the poor coloration of strawberry fruits in response to low temperature. FvMAPK3 activity was itself induced by low temperature, leading to the repression of anthocyanin accumulation via two mechanisms. Activated FvMAPK3 acted as the downstream target of MAPK KINASE4 (FvMKK4) and SUCROSE NONFERMENTING1-RELATED KINASE2.6 (FvSnRK2.6) to phosphorylate the transcription factor FvMYB10 and reduce its transcriptional activity. In parallel, FvMAPK3 phosphorylated CHALCONE SYNTHASE1 (FvCHS1) to enhance its proteasome-mediated degradation. These results not only provide an important reference to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying low-temperature-mediated repression of anthocyanin accumulation in plants, but also offer valuable candidate genes for generating strawberry varieties with high tolerance to low temperature and good fruit quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Mao
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yu Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yating Chen
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mingzhu Sun
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qianqian Feng
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liping Liu
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Kaikai Zhang
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lingzhi Wei
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bingbing Li
- Department of Pomology, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Author for correspondence:
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Biosynthetic Pathway of Proanthocyanidins in Major Cash Crops. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091792. [PMID: 34579325 PMCID: PMC8472070 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) are a group of oligomers or polymers composed of monomeric flavanols. They offer many benefits for human fitness, such as antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. To date, three types of PA have been observed in nature: procyanidins, propelargonidins, and prodelphinidins. These are synthesized as some of the end-products of the flavonoid pathway by different consecutive enzymatic activities, from the same precursor—naringenin. Although the general biosynthetic pathways of PAs have been reported in a few model plant species, little is known about the species-specific pathways in major crops containing different types of PA. In the present study, we identified the species-specific pathways in 10 major crops, based on the presence/absence of flavanol-based intermediates in the metabolic pathway, and found 202 orthologous genes in the reference genomic database of each species, which may encode for key enzymes involved in the biosynthetic pathways of PAs. Parallel enzymatic reactions in the pathway are responsible for the ratio between PAs and anthocyanins, as well as among the three types of PAs. Our study suggests a promising strategy for molecular breeding, to regulate the content of PAs and anthocyanins and improve the nutritional quality of food sources globally.
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Du JS, Hang LF, Hao Q, Yang HT, Ali S, Badawy RSE, Xu XY, Tan HQ, Su LH, Li HX, Zou KX, Li Y, Sun B, Lin LJ, Lai YS. The dissection of R genes and locus Pc5.1 in Phytophthora capsici infection provides a novel view of disease resistance in peppers. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:372. [PMID: 34016054 PMCID: PMC8139160 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07705-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Phytophthora capsici root rot (PRR) is a disastrous disease in peppers (Capsicum spp.) caused by soilborne oomycete with typical symptoms of necrosis and constriction at the basal stem and consequent plant wilting. Most studies on the QTL mapping of P. capsici resistance suggested a consensus broad-spectrum QTL on chromosome 5 named Pc.5.1 regardless of P. capsici isolates and resistant resources. In addition, all these reports proposed NBS-ARC domain genes as candidate genes controlling resistance. Results We screened out 10 PRR-resistant resources from 160 Capsicum germplasm and inspected the response of locus Pc.5.1 and NBS-ARC genes during P. capsici infection by comparing the root transcriptomes of resistant pepper 305R and susceptible pepper 372S. To dissect the structure of Pc.5.1, we anchored genetic markers onto pepper genomic sequence and made an extended Pc5.1 (Ext-Pc5.1) located at 8.35Mb38.13Mb on chromosome 5 which covered all Pc5.1 reported in publications. A total of 571 NBS-ARC genes were mined from the genome of pepper CM334 and 34 genes were significantly affected by P. capsici infection in either 305R or 372S. Only 5 inducible NBS-ARC genes had LRR domains and none of them was positioned at Ext-Pc5.1. Ext-Pc5.1 did show strong response to P. capsici infection and there were a total of 44 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), but no candidate genes proposed by previous publications was included. Snakin-1 (SN1), a well-known antimicrobial peptide gene located at Pc5.1, was significantly decreased in 372S but not in 305R. Moreover, there was an impressive upregulation of sugar pathway genes in 305R, which was confirmed by metabolite analysis of roots. The biological processes of histone methylation, histone phosphorylation, DNA methylation, and nucleosome assembly were strongly activated in 305R but not in 372S, indicating an epigenetic-related defense mechanism. Conclusions Those NBS-ARC genes that were suggested to contribute to Pc5.1 in previous publications did not show any significant response in P. capsici infection and there were no significant differences of these genes in transcription levels between 305R and 372S. Other pathogen defense-related genes like SN1 might account for Pc5.1. Our study also proposed the important role of sugar and epigenetic regulation in the defense against P. capsici. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07705-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Song Du
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lin-Feng Hang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Qian Hao
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Hai-Tao Yang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Siyad Ali
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | | | - Xiao-Yu Xu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Hua-Qiang Tan
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Li-Hong Su
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Huan-Xiu Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Kai-Xi Zou
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Bo Sun
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Li-Jin Lin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yun-Song Lai
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Idris M, Seo N, Jiang L, Kiyota S, Hidema J, Iino M. UV-B signalling in rice: Response identification, gene expression profiling and mutant isolation. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1468-1485. [PMID: 33377203 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Responses of rice seedlings to UV-B radiation (UV-B) were investigated, aiming to establish rice as a model plant for UV-B signalling studies. The growth of japonica rice coleoptiles, grown under red light, was inhibited by brief irradiation with UV-B, but not with blue light. The effective UV-B fluences (10-1 -103 μmol m-2 ) were much lower than those reported in Arabidopsis. The response was much less in indica rice cultivars and its extent varied among Oryza species. We next identified UV-B-specific anthocyanin accumulation in the first leaf of purple rice and used this visible phenotype to isolate mutants. Some isolated mutants were further characterized, and one was found to have a defect in the growth response. Using microarrays, we identified a number of genes that are regulated by low-fluence-rate UV-B in japonica coleoptiles. Some up-regulated genes were analysed by real-time PCR for UV-B specificity and the difference between japonica and indica. More than 70% of UV-B-regulated rice genes had no homologs in UV-B-regulated Arabidopsis genes. Many UV-B-regulated rice genes are related to plant hormones and especially to jasmonate biosynthetic and responsive genes in apparent agreement with the growth response. Possible involvement of two rice homologs of UVR8, a UV-B photoreceptor, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Idris
- Botanical Gardens, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobu Seo
- Botanical Gardens, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Lei Jiang
- Botanical Gardens, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Kiyota
- Office of General Administration, Advanced Analysis Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Jun Hidema
- Department of Molecular and Chemical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Moritoshi Iino
- Botanical Gardens, Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
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Aoki T, Kawaguchi M, Imaizumi-Anraku H, Akao S, Ayabe SI, Akashi T. Mutants of Lotus japonicus deficient in flavonoid biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:341-352. [PMID: 33570676 PMCID: PMC7929969 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spatiotemporal features of anthocyanin accumulation in a model legume Lotus japonicus (Regel) K.Larsen were elucidated to develop criteria for the genetic analysis of flavonoid biosynthesis. Artificial mutants and wild accessions, with lower anthocyanin accumulation in the stem than the standard wild type (B-129 'Gifu'), were obtained by ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis and from a collection of wild-grown variants, respectively. The loci responsible for the green stem of the mutants were named as VIRIDICAULIS (VIC). Genetic and chemical analysis identified two loci, namely, VIC1 and VIC2, required for the production of both anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins (condensed tannins), and two loci, namely, VIC3 and VIC4, required for the steps specific to anthocyanin biosynthesis. A mutation in VIC5 significantly reduced the anthocyanin accumulation. These mutants will serve as a useful system for examining the effects of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins on the interactions with herbivorous pests, pathogenic microorganisms and nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacteria, Mesorhizobium loti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Aoki
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- Division of Symbiotic Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Haruko Imaizumi-Anraku
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Akao
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8634, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Ayabe
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Akashi
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan.
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Akram M, Rasool A, An T, Feng X, Li C. Metabolic engineering of Yarrowia lipolytica for liquiritigenin production. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.116177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Li W, Geng Z, Zhang C, Wang K, Jiang X. Whole-genome characterization of Rosa chinensis AP2/ERF transcription factors and analysis of negative regulator RcDREB2B in Arabidopsis. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:90. [PMID: 33509074 PMCID: PMC7844920 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07396-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rose (Rosa chinensis) is a traditional famous flower with valuable ornamental characteristics. However, drought stress restricts its growth and development, leading to an abnormal phenotype. One of the main transcription factor (TF) protein groups in the plant kingdom are the APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor (AP2/ERF) proteins and are potentially involved in the growth and stress responses of various plants. RESULTS Our investigation mainly focused on exploring the genome of rose and thereby we discovered 135 apparent AP2/ERF TFs. Phylogenic analyses revealed that RcAP2/ERF genes are categorized into DREB, Soloist, AP2, and ERF subfamilies, and are further classified these into 17 groups, with the same as Malus domestica and Arabidopsis thaliana. The analysis of the gene structure revealed that the introns ranged from 0 to 9 in number. Pattern examination demonstrated that the RcAP2/ERF predominantly consists of typical AP2 domains, of which the 2nd motif is the most ubiquitous. Distributions of cis-acting elements indicated that members of the AP2/ERF family are frequently involved in growth and development, phytohormone and stress response in rose species. Also, the distribution mapping of the rose chromosomes indicated that AP2/ERF class genes are dispersed among all seven chromosomes. Additionally, we isolated a novel DREB A2 subgroup gene and named it RcDREB2B. Subsequently, the RcDREB2B transcript accumulation was repressed under the mild and severe drought stress in the root samples of rose. RcDREB2B was targeted to the nucleus and exhibited transactivation in yeast cells. The overexpression of RcDREB2B was found to promote sensitivity to a higher salt concentration, ABA, and PEG at the germination and post-germination stages. Twelve putative osmotic and ABA-related genes were impaired in RcDREB2B-overexpressing plants. CONCLUSIONS The results provide comprehensive information regarding the gene structure, phylogenic, and distribution of the rose AP2/ERF family and bring insight into the complex transcriptional gene regulation of RcAP2/ERF. Findings in this study would also contribute to further understanding of the RcDREB2B gene in rose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Ziwen Geng
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Cuiping Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Kuiling Wang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Xinqiang Jiang
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
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11
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Sohn SI, Pandian S, Oh YJ, Kang HJ, Cho WS, Cho YS. Metabolic Engineering of Isoflavones: An Updated Overview. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:670103. [PMID: 34163508 PMCID: PMC8216759 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.670103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavones are ecophysiologically active secondary metabolites derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. They were mostly found in leguminous plants, especially in the pea family. Isoflavones play a key role in plant-environment interactions and act as phytoalexins also having an array of health benefits to the humans. According to epidemiological studies, a high intake of isoflavones-rich diets linked to a lower risk of hormone-related cancers, osteoporosis, menopausal symptoms, and cardiovascular diseases. These characteristics lead to the significant advancement in the studies on genetic and metabolic engineering of isoflavones in plants. As a result, a number of structural and regulatory genes involved in isoflavone biosynthesis in plants have been identified and characterized. Subsequently, they were engineered in various crop plants for the increased production of isoflavones. Furthermore, with the advent of high-throughput technologies, the regulation of isoflavone biosynthesis gains attention to increase or decrease the level of isoflavones in the crop plants. In the review, we begin with the role of isoflavones in plants, environment, and its benefits in human health. Besides, the main theme is to discuss the updated research progress in metabolic engineering of isoflavones in other plants species and regulation of production of isoflavones in soybeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo In Sohn
- Biosafety Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jeonju, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Soo-In Sohn,
| | - Subramani Pandian
- Biosafety Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Young Ju Oh
- Institute for Future Environmental Ecology Co., Ltd., Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Hyeon Jung Kang
- Biosafety Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Woo Suk Cho
- Biosafety Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Youn Sung Cho
- Biosafety Division, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Jeonju, South Korea
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12
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Demonsais L, Utz‐Pugin A, Loubéry S, Lopez‐Molina L. Identification of tannic cell walls at the outer surface of the endosperm upon Arabidopsis seed coat rupture. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:567-580. [PMID: 32985026 PMCID: PMC7702108 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The seed coat is specialized dead tissue protecting the plant embryo from mechanical and oxidative damage. Tannins, a type of flavonoids, are antioxidants known to accumulate in the Arabidopsis seed coat and transparent testa mutant seeds, deficient in flavonoid synthesis, exhibit low viability. However, their precise contribution to seed coat architecture and biophysics remains evasive. A seed coat cuticle, covering the endosperm outer surface and arising from the seed coat inner integument 1 cell layer was, intriguingly, previously shown to be more permeable in transparent testa mutants deficient not in cuticular component synthesis, but rather in flavonoid synthesis. Investigating the role of flavonoids in cuticle permeability led us to identify periclinal inner integument 1 tannic cell walls being attached, together with the cuticle, to the endosperm surface upon seed coat rupture. Hence, inner integument 1 tannic cell walls and the cuticle form two fused layers present at the surface of the exposed endosperm upon seed coat rupture, regulating its permeability. Their potential physiological role during seed germination is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Demonsais
- Department of Botany and Plant BiologyUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Anne Utz‐Pugin
- Department of Botany and Plant BiologyUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Sylvain Loubéry
- Department of Botany and Plant BiologyUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Luis Lopez‐Molina
- Department of Botany and Plant BiologyUniversity of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3)University of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
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13
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The Regulation of Floral Colour Change in Pleroma raddianum (DC.) Gardner. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204664. [PMID: 33066182 PMCID: PMC7587386 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Floral colour change is a widespread phenomenon in angiosperms, but poorly understood from the genetic and chemical point of view. This article investigates this phenomenon in Pleroma raddianum, a Brazilian endemic species whose flowers change from white to purple. To this end, flavonoid compounds and their biosynthetic gene expression were profiled. By using accurate techniques (Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS)), thirty phenolic compounds were quantified. Five key genes of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway were partially cloned, sequenced, and the mRNA levels were analysed (RT-qPCR) during flower development. Primary metabolism was also investigated by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-EIMS), where carbohydrates and organic acids were identified. Collectively, the obtained results suggest that the flower colour change in P. raddianum is determined by petunidin and malvidin whose accumulation coincides with the transcriptional upregulation of early and late biosynthetic genes of the flavonoid pathway, mainly CHS and ANS, respectively. An alteration in sugars, organic acids and phenolic co-pigments is observed together with the colour change. Additionally, an increment in the content of Fe3+ ions in the petals, from the pink to purple stage, seemed to influence the saturation of the colour.
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14
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Modulation of Arabidopsis Flavonol Biosynthesis Genes by Cyst and Root-Knot Nematodes. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9020253. [PMID: 32079157 PMCID: PMC7076660 DOI: 10.3390/plants9020253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Although it is well established that flavonoid synthesis is induced in diverse plant species during nematode parasitism, little is known about the regulation of genes controlling flavonol biosynthesis during the plant–nematode interaction. In this study, expression of the Arabidopsis thaliana flavonol-specific transcription factor, AtMYB12, the flavonol synthase genes, AtFLS1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, and the gene encoding the central flavonoid enzyme, chalcone synthase (AtCHS), were examined in plant roots during infection by Heterodera schachtii (sugar beet cyst) and Meloidogyne incognita (root-knot) nematodes. These experiments showed that AtMYB12 was transiently upregulated at 9 dpi in syncytia associated with sugar beet cyst nematode infection and that an Atmyb12-deficient line was less susceptible to the parasite. This suggests that, rather than contributing to plant defense, this gene is essential for productive infection. However, the AtCHS and AtFLS1 genes, which are controlled by AtMYB12, did not exhibit a similar transient increase, but rather were expressly downregulated in syncytia relative to adjacent uninfected root tissue. Genetic analyses further indicated that AtFLS1 contributes to plant defense against Cyst nematode infection, while other AtFLS gene family members do not, consistent with prior reports that these other genes encode little or no enzyme activity. Together, these findings indicate a role of AtMyb12 in promoting the early stages of Cyst nematode infection, while flavonols produced through the action of AtFLS1 are essential for plant defense. On the other hand, a transient induction of AtMYB12 was not observed in galls produced during root-knot nematode infection, but this gene was instead substantially downregulated, starting at the 9 dpi sampling point, as were AtCHS and AtFLS1. In addition, both the AtMYB12- and AtFLS1-deficient lines were more susceptible to infection by this parasite. There was again little evidence for contributions from the other AtFLS gene family members, although an AtFLS5-deficient line appeared to be somewhat more susceptible to infection. Taken together, this study shows that sugar-beet cyst and root-knot nematodes modulate differently the genes involved in flavonol biosynthesis in order to successfully infect host roots and that AtFLS1 may be involved in the plant basal defense response against nematode infection.
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Gu Z, Men S, Zhu J, Hao Q, Tong N, Liu ZA, Zhang H, Shu Q, Wang L. Chalcone synthase is ubiquitinated and degraded via interactions with a RING-H2 protein in petals of Paeonia 'He Xie'. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4749-4762. [PMID: 31106836 PMCID: PMC6760318 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are secondary metabolites widely distributed among angiosperms, where they play diverse roles in plant growth, development, and evolution. The regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in plants has been extensively studied at the transcriptional level, but post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational control of flavonoid biosynthesis remain poorly understood. In this study, we analysed post-translational regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in the ornamental plant Paeonia, using proteome and ubiquitylome profiling, in conjunction with transcriptome data. Three enzymes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis were identified as being putative targets of ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Among these, chalcone synthase (PhCHS) was shown to have the greatest number of ubiquitination sites. We examined PhCHS abundance in petals using PhCHS-specific antibody and found that its accumulation decreased at later developmental stages, resulting from 26S proteasome-mediated degradation. We further identified a ring domain-containing protein (PhRING-H2) that physically interacts with PhCHS and demonstrated that PhRING-H2 is required for PhCHS ubiquitination. Taken together, our results suggest that PhRING-H2-mediates PhCHS ubiquitination and degradation is an important mechanism of post-translational regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in Paeonia, providing a theoretical basis for the manipulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyu Gu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Siqi Men
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Hao
- College of Landscape Architecture and Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Ningning Tong
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng-An Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hechen Zhang
- Horticulture Institute of He’nan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingyan Shu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Correspondence: or
| | - Liangsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources/Beijing Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Correspondence: or
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16
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Kuo YT, Chao YT, Chen WC, Shih MC, Chang SB. Segmental and tandem chromosome duplications led to divergent evolution of the chalcone synthase gene family in Phalaenopsis orchids. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 123:69-77. [PMID: 30113635 PMCID: PMC6344096 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Orchidaceae is a large plant family, and its extraordinary adaptations may have guaranteed its evolutionary success. Flavonoids are a group of secondary metabolites that mediate plant acclimation to challenge environments. Chalcone synthase (CHS) catalyses the initial step in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. This is the first chromosome-level investigation of the CHS gene family in Phalaenopsis aphrodite and was conducted to elucidate if divergence of this gene family is associated with chromosome evolution. METHODS Complete CHS genes were identified from our whole-genome sequencing data sets and their gene expression profiles were obtained from our transcriptomic data sets. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was conducted to position five CHS genes to high-resolution pachytene chromosomes. KEY RESULTS The five Phalaenopsis CHS genes can be classified into three groups, PaCHS1, PaCHS2 and the tandemly arrayed three-gene cluster, which diverged earlier than those of the orchid genera and species. Additionally, pachytene chromosome-based FISH mapping showed that the three groups of CHS genes are localized on three distinct chromosomes. Moreover, an expression analysis of RNA sequencing revealed that the five CHS genes had highly differentiated expression patterns and its expression pattern-based clustering showed high correlations between sequence divergences and chromosomal localizations of the CHS gene family in P. aphrodite. CONCLUSIONS Based on their phylogenetic relationships, expression clustering analysis and chromosomal distributions of the five paralogous PaCHS genes, we proposed that expansion of this gene family in P. aphrodite occurred through segmental duplications, followed by tandem duplications. These findings provide information for further studies of CHS functions and regulations, and shed light on the divergence of an important gene family in orchids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tzu Kuo
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Chao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chieh Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Che Shih
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Song-Bin Chang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- For correspondence. E-mail:
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17
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Moles TM, de Brito Francisco R, Mariotti L, Pompeiano A, Lupini A, Incrocci L, Carmassi G, Scartazza A, Pistelli L, Guglielminetti L, Pardossi A, Sunseri F, Hörtensteiner S, Santelia D. Salinity in Autumn-Winter Season and Fruit Quality of Tomato Landraces. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1078. [PMID: 31611885 PMCID: PMC6769068 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Tomato landraces, originated by adaptive responses to local habitats, are considered a valuable resource for many traits of agronomic interest, including fruit nutritional quality. Primary and secondary metabolites are essential determinants of fruit organoleptic quality, and some of them, such as carotenoids and phenolics, have been associated with beneficial proprieties for human health. Landraces' fruit taste and flavour are often preferred by consumers compared to the commercial varieties' ones. In an autumn-winter greenhouse hydroponic experiment, the response of three Southern-Italy tomato landraces (Ciettaicale, Linosa and Corleone) and one commercial cultivar (UC-82B) to different concentrations of sodium chloride (0 mM, 60 mM or 120 mM NaCl) were evaluated. At harvest, no losses in marketable yield were noticed in any of the tested genotypes. However, under salt stress, fresh fruit yield as well as fruit calcium concentration were higher affected in the commercial cultivar than in the landraces. Furthermore, UC-82B showed a trend of decreasing lycopene and total antioxidant capacity with increasing salt concentration, whereas no changes in these parameters were observed in the landraces under 60 mM NaCl. Landraces under 120 mM NaCl accumulated more fructose and glucose in the fruits, while salt did not affect hexoses levels in UC-82B. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis revealed differential accumulation of glycoalkaloids, phenolic acids, flavonoids and their derivatives in the fruits of all genotypes under stress. Overall, the investigated Italian landraces showed a different behaviour compared to the commercial variety UC-82B under moderate salinity stress, showing a tolerable compromise between yield and quality attributes. Our results point to the feasible use of tomato landraces as a target to select interesting genetic traits to improve fruit quality under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Michele Moles
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Tommaso Michele Moles, ; Rita de Brito Francisco, ; Lorenzo Mariotti,
| | - Rita de Brito Francisco
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Tommaso Michele Moles, ; Rita de Brito Francisco, ; Lorenzo Mariotti,
| | - Lorenzo Mariotti
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Tommaso Michele Moles, ; Rita de Brito Francisco, ; Lorenzo Mariotti,
| | - Antonio Pompeiano
- International Clinical Research Centre, St. Anne’s University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
| | - Antonio Lupini
- Department of Agraria, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Luca Incrocci
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Carmassi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Scartazza
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Pistelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Pardossi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesco Sunseri
- Department of Agraria, University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Stefan Hörtensteiner
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Diana Santelia
- Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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18
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Somyong S, Walayaporn K, Jomchai N, Naktang C, Yodyingyong T, Phumichai C, Pootakham W, Tangphatsornruang S. Transcriptome analysis of oil palm inflorescences revealed candidate genes for an auxin signaling pathway involved in parthenocarpy. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5975. [PMID: 30588395 PMCID: PMC6301279 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Oil palm parthenocarpic fruits, which are produced without fertilization, can be targeted to increase oil content because the majority of the fruit is occupied by mesocarp, the part in which palm oil is stored. Consequently, gaining an understanding of the parthenocarpic mechanism would be instrumental for producing parthenocarpic oil palm. This study aims to determine effects of auxin treatment and analyze differentially expressed genes in oil palm pistils at the pollination/anthesis stage, using an RNA sequencing (RNA seq) approach. The auxin treatment caused 100% parthenocarpy when auxin was sprayed before stigmas opened. The parthenocarpy decreased to 55%, 8% and 5% when the auxin was sprayed 1, 2 and 3 days after the opening of stigmas, respectively. Oil palm plants used for RNA seq were plants untreated with auxin as controls and auxin-treated plants on the day before pollination and 1 day after pollination. The number of raw reads ranged from 8,425,859 to 11,811,166 reads, with an average size ranging from 99 to 137 base pairs (bp). When compared with the oil palm transcriptome, the mapped reads ranged from 8,179,948 to 11,320,799 reads, representing 95.85–98.01% of the oil palm matching. Based on five comparisons between RNA seq of treatments and controls, and confirmation using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and quantitative real-time RT-PCR expression, five candidate genes, including probable indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-amido synthetase GH3.8 (EgGH3.8), IAA-amido synthetase GH3.1 (EgGH3.1), IAA induced ARG7 like (EgARG7), tryptophan amino transferase-related protein 3-like (EgTAA3) and flavin-containing monooxygenase 1 (EgFMO1), were differentially expressed between auxin-treated and untreated samples. This evidence suggests a pathway of parthenocarpic fruit development at the beginning of fruit development. However, more research is needed to identify which genes are definitely involved in parthenocarpy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suthasinee Somyong
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Kitti Walayaporn
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Genetic Engineering and Bioinformatics, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nukoon Jomchai
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Chaiwat Naktang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Tanapong Yodyingyong
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chalermpol Phumichai
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wirulda Pootakham
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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Abstract
My trajectory to becoming a plant biologist was shaped by a complex mix of scientific, political, sociological, and personal factors. I was trained as a microbiologist and molecular biologist in the late 1960s and early 1970s, a time of political upheaval surrounding the Vietnam War. My political activism taught me to be wary of the potential misuses of scientific knowledge and to promote the positive applications of science for the benefit of society. I chose agricultural science for my postdoctoral work. Because I was not trained as a plant biologist, I devised a postdoctoral project that took advantage of my microbiological training, and I explored using genetic technologies to transfer the ability to fix nitrogen from prokaryotic nitrogen-fixing species to the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana with the ultimate goal of engineering crop plants. The invention of recombinant DNA technology greatly facilitated the cloning and manipulation of bacterial nitrogen-fixation ( nif) genes, but it also forced me to consider how much genetic engineering of organisms, including human beings, is acceptable. My laboratory has additionally studied host–pathogen interactions using Arabidopsis and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as model hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick M. Ausubel
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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20
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Park KI, Nitasaka E, Hoshino A. Anthocyanin mutants of Japanese and common morning glories exhibit normal proanthocyanidin accumulation in seed coats. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2018; 35:259-266. [PMID: 31819731 PMCID: PMC6879366 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.18.0613a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis pathways are believed to overlap. This study examined proanthocyanidin accumulation in seed coats of morning glories (Ipomoea nil and I. purpurea) carrying mutations in CHS-D, CHI, and ANS genes encoding chalcone synthase, chalcone isomerase, and anthocyanidin synthase, respectively. Chemical staining revealed that mutants accumulate proanthocyanidin normally. Thus, the tested genes are not essential to proanthocyanidin biosynthesis, but are essential to anthocyanin biosynthesis in flowers and stems. Based on the results and the I. nil draft genome sequence, the genes involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis, including a new copy of the flavanone 3-hydroxylase gene could be predicted. Moreover, the genome has no homologs for known enzymes involved in producing flavan-3-ols, the starter and extension units of proanthocyanidin. These results suggested that I. nil produces flavan-3-ols through an undiscovered biosynthesis pathway. To characterize proanthocyanidin pigmentation further, we conducted mutant screening using a large I. nil population. We discovered that the brown mutant lines (exhibiting brown seeds and normal anthocyanin pigmentation) do not accumulate proanthocyanidin in their seed coats. Thus, the brown mutation should be useful for further investigations into the various mechanisms controlling anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeung Il Park
- Department of Horticulture & Life Science, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Eiji Nitasaka
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hoshino
- National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji Okazaki-shi, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki-shi, Aichi 444–8585, Japan
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21
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Loubéry S, De Giorgi J, Utz-Pugin A, Demonsais L, Lopez-Molina L. A Maternally Deposited Endosperm Cuticle Contributes to the Physiological Defects of transparent testa Seeds. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:1218-1233. [PMID: 29848749 PMCID: PMC6052993 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Mature dry seeds are highly resilient plant structures where the encapsulated embryo is kept protected and dormant to facilitate its ultimate dispersion. Seed viability is heavily dependent on the seed coat's capacity to shield living tissues from mechanical and oxidative stress. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), the seed coat, also called the testa, arises after the differentiation of maternal ovular integuments during seed development. We recently described a thick cuticle tightly embedded in the mature seed's endosperm cell wall. We show here that it is produced by the maternal inner integument 1 layer and, remarkably, transferred to the developing endosperm. Arabidopsis transparent testa (tt) mutations cause maternally derived seed coat pigmentation defects. TT gene products encode proteins involved in flavonoid metabolism and regulators of seed coat development. tt mutants have abnormally high seed coat permeability, resulting in lower seed viability and dormancy. However, the biochemical basis of this high permeability is not fully understood. We show that the cuticles of developing tt mutant integuments have profound structural defects, which are associated with enhanced cuticle permeability. Genetic analysis indicates that a functional proanthocyanidin synthesis pathway is required to limit cuticle permeability, and our results suggest that proanthocyanidins could be intrinsic components of the cuticle. Together, these results show that the formation of a maternal cuticle is an intrinsic part of the normal integumental differentiation program leading to testa formation and is essential for the seed's physiological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Loubéry
- Department of Plant Biology and Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Julien De Giorgi
- Department of Plant Biology and Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Anne Utz-Pugin
- Department of Plant Biology and Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Lara Demonsais
- Department of Plant Biology and Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Luis Lopez-Molina
- Department of Plant Biology and Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Zhang X, Abrahan C, Colquhoun TA, Liu CJ. A Proteolytic Regulator Controlling Chalcone Synthase Stability and Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:1157-1174. [PMID: 28446542 PMCID: PMC5466025 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids represent a large family of specialized metabolites involved in plant growth, development, and adaptation. Chalcone synthase (CHS) catalyzes the first step of flavonoid biosynthesis by directing carbon flux from general phenylpropanoid metabolism to flavonoid pathway. Despite extensive characterization of its function and transcriptional regulation, the molecular basis governing its posttranslational modification is enigmatic. Here, we report the discovery of a proteolytic regulator of CHS, namely, KFBCHS, a Kelch domain-containing F-box protein in Arabidopsis thaliana KFBCHS physically interacts with CHS and specifically mediates its ubiquitination and degradation. KFBCHS exhibits developmental expression patterns in Arabidopsis leaves, stems, and siliques and strongly responds to the dark-to-light (or the light-to-dark) switch, the blue, red, and far-red light signals, and UV-B irradiation. Alteration of KFBCHS expression negatively correlates to the cellular concentration of CHS and the production of flavonoids. Our study suggests that KFBCHS serves as a crucial negative regulator, via mediating CHS degradation, coordinately controlling flavonoid biosynthesis in response to the developmental cues and environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebin Zhang
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
| | - Carolina Abrahan
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, Plant Innovation Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Thomas A Colquhoun
- Department of Environmental Horticulture, Plant Innovation Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
| | - Chang-Jun Liu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973
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Wu XY, Hu WJ, Luo H, Xia Y, Zhao Y, Wang LD, Zhang LM, Luo JC, Jing HC. Transcriptome profiling of developmental leaf senescence in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 92:555-580. [PMID: 27586543 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This piece of the submission is being sent via mail. Leaf senescence is essential for the nutrient economy of crops and is executed by so-called senescence-associated genes (SAGs). Here we explored the monocot C4 model crop Sorghum bicolor for a holistic picture of SAG profiles by RNA-seq. Leaf samples were collected at four stages during developmental senescence, and in total, 3396 SAGs were identified, predominantly enriched in GO categories of metabolic processes and catalytic activities. These genes were enriched in 13 KEGG pathways, wherein flavonoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and phenylalanine metabolism were overrepresented. Seven regions on Chromosomes 1, 4, 5 and 7 contained SAG 'hotspots' of duplicated genes or members of cupin superfamily involved in manganese ion binding and nutrient reservoir activity. Forty-eight expression clusters were identified, and the candidate orthologues of the known important senescence transcription factors such as ORE1, EIN3 and WRKY53 showed "SAG" expression patterns, implicating their possible roles in regulating sorghum leaf senescence. Comparison of developmental senescence with salt- and dark- induced senescence allowed for the identification of 507 common SAGs, 1996 developmental specific SAGs as well as 176 potential markers for monitoring senescence in sorghum. Taken together, these data provide valuable resources for comparative genomics analyses of leaf senescence and potential targets for the manipulation of genetic improvement of Sorghum bicolor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
- Inner Mongolia Research Centre for Practaculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Juan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
- Inner Mongolia Research Centre for Practaculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
- Inner Mongolia Research Centre for Practaculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhao
- College of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
- Inner Mongolia Research Centre for Practaculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
- Inner Mongolia Research Centre for Practaculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Chu Luo
- College of Life Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hai-Chun Jing
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China.
- Inner Mongolia Research Centre for Practaculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, People's Republic of China.
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Cho JS, Nguyen VP, Jeon HW, Kim MH, Eom SH, Lim YJ, Kim WC, Park EJ, Choi YI, Ko JH. Overexpression of PtrMYB119, a R2R3-MYB transcription factor from Populus trichocarpa, promotes anthocyanin production in hybrid poplar. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 36:1162-76. [PMID: 27259636 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpw046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are a group of colorful and bioactive natural pigments with important physiological and ecological functions in plants. We found an MYB transcription factor (PtrMYB119) from Populus trichocarpa that positively regulates anthocyanin production when expressed under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter in transgenic Arabidopsis Amino acid sequence analysis revealed that PtrMYB119 is highly homologous to Arabidopsis PAP1 (PRODUCTION OF ANTHOCYANIN PIGMENT1), a well-known transcriptional activator of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Independently produced transgenic poplars overexpressing PtrMYB119 or PtrMYB120 (a paralogous gene to PtrMYB119) (i.e., 35S::PtrMYB119 and 35S::PtrMYB120, respectively) showed elevated accumulation of anthocyanins in the whole plants, including leaf, stem and even root tissues. Using a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, we confirmed that the majority of the accumulated anthocyanin in our transgenic poplar is cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. Gene expression analyses revealed that most of the genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway were highly upregulated in 35S::PtrMYB119 poplars compared with the nontransformed control poplar. Among these genes, expression of PtrCHS1 (Chalcone Synthase1) and PtrANS2 (Anthocyanin Synthase2), which catalyze the initial and last steps of anthocyanin biosynthesis, respectively, was upregulated by up to 350-fold. Subsequent transient activation assays confirmed that PtrMYB119 activated the transcription of both PtrCHS1 and PtrANS2 Interestingly, expression of MYB182, a repressor of both anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin (PA) biosynthesis, was largely suppressed in 35S::PtrMYB119 poplars, while expression of MYB134, an activator of PA biosynthesis, was not changed significantly. More interestingly, high-level accumulation of anthocyanins in 35S::PtrMYB119 poplars did not have an adverse effect on plant growth. Taken together, our results demonstrate that PtrMYB119 and PtrMYB120 function as transcriptional activators of anthocyanin accumulation in both Arabidopsis and poplar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Seong Cho
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea Division of Forest Biotechnology, Korea Forest Research Institute, Suwon 16631, Republic of Korea
| | - Van Phap Nguyen
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Woo Jeon
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ha Kim
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Hyun Eom
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - You Jin Lim
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Chan Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Eung-Jun Park
- Division of Forest Biotechnology, Korea Forest Research Institute, Suwon 16631, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Im Choi
- Division of Forest Biotechnology, Korea Forest Research Institute, Suwon 16631, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Heung Ko
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 446-701, Yongin 17104, Republic of Korea
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van Buer J, Cvetkovic J, Baier M. Cold regulation of plastid ascorbate peroxidases serves as a priming hub controlling ROS signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:163. [PMID: 27439459 PMCID: PMC4955218 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0856-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short cold periods comprise a challenge to plant growth and development. Series of cold stresses improve plant performance upon a future cold stress. This effect could be provoked by priming, training or acclimation dependent hardening. Here, we compared the effect of 24 h (short priming stimulus) and of 2 week long cold-pretreatment (long priming stimulus) on the response of Arabidopsis thaliana to a single 24 h cold stimulus (triggering) after a 5 day long lag-phase, to test Arabidopsis for cold primability. RESULTS Three types of pretreatment dependent responses were observed: (1) The CBF-regulon controlled gene COR15A was stronger activated only after long-term cold pretreatment. (2) The non-chloroplast specific stress markers PAL1 and CHS were more induced by cold after long-term and slightly stronger expressed after short-term cold priming. (3) The chloroplast ROS signaling marker genes ZAT10 and BAP1 were less activated by the triggering stimulus in primed plants. The effects on ZAT10 and BAP1 were more pronounced in 24 h cold-primed plants than in 14 day long cold-primed ones demonstrating independence of priming from induction and persistence of primary cold acclimation responses. Transcript and protein abundance analysis and studies in specific knock-out lines linked the priming-specific regulation of ZAT10 and BAP1 induction to the priming-induced long-term regulation of stromal and thylakoid-bound ascorbate peroxidase (sAPX and tAPX) expression. CONCLUSION The plastid antioxidant system, especially, plastid ascorbate peroxidase regulation, transmits information on a previous cold stress over time without the requirement of establishing cold-acclimation. We hypothesize that the plastid antioxidant system serves as a priming hub and that priming-dependent regulation of chloroplast-to-nucleus ROS signaling is a strategy to prepare plants under unstable environmental conditions against unpredictable stresses by supporting extra-plastidic stress protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörn van Buer
- Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Plant Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jelena Cvetkovic
- Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Plant Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Margarete Baier
- Dahlem Center of Plant Sciences, Plant Physiology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 12-16, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Han Y, Ding T, Su B, Jiang H. Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization and Expression Analysis of the Chalcone Synthase Family in Maize. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E161. [PMID: 26828478 PMCID: PMC4783895 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the chalcone synthase (CHS) family participate in the synthesis of a series of secondary metabolites in plants, fungi and bacteria. The metabolites play important roles in protecting land plants against various environmental stresses during the evolutionary process. Our research was conducted on comprehensive investigation of CHS genes in maize (Zea mays L.), including their phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, chromosomal locations and expression analysis. Fourteen CHS genes (ZmCHS01-14) were identified in the genome of maize, representing one of the largest numbers of CHS family members identified in one organism to date. The gene family was classified into four major classes (classes I-IV) based on their phylogenetic relationships. Most of them contained two exons and one intron. The 14 genes were unevenly located on six chromosomes. Two segmental duplication events were identified, which might contribute to the expansion of the maize CHS gene family to some extent. In addition, quantitative real-time PCR and microarray data analyses suggested that ZmCHS genes exhibited various expression patterns, indicating functional diversification of the ZmCHS genes. Our results will contribute to future studies of the complexity of the CHS gene family in maize and provide valuable information for the systematic analysis of the functions of the CHS gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Han
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Ting Ding
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Bo Su
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Biology of Anhui Province, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
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27
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Jackson TL, Baker GW, Wilks FR, Popov VA, Mathur J, Benfey PN. Large Cellular Inclusions Accumulate in Arabidopsis Roots Exposed to Low-Sulfur Conditions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 168:1573-89. [PMID: 26099270 PMCID: PMC4528750 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur is vital for primary and secondary metabolism in plant roots. To understand the molecular and morphogenetic changes associated with loss of this key macronutrient, we grew Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings in low-sulfur conditions. These conditions induced a cascade of cellular events that converged to produce a profound intracellular phenotype defined by large cytoplasmic inclusions. The inclusions, termed low-sulfur Pox, show cell type- and developmental zone-specific localization. Transcriptome analysis suggested that low sulfur causes dysfunction of the glutathione/ascorbate cycle, which reduces flavonoids. Genetic and biochemical evidence indicated that low-sulfur Pox are the result of peroxidase-catalyzed oxidation of quercetin in roots grown under sulfur-depleted conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry L Jackson
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (T.L.J., G.W.B., F.R.W., V.A.P., P.N.B.); andDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (J.M.)
| | - Ginger W Baker
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (T.L.J., G.W.B., F.R.W., V.A.P., P.N.B.); andDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (J.M.)
| | - Floyd R Wilks
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (T.L.J., G.W.B., F.R.W., V.A.P., P.N.B.); andDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (J.M.)
| | - Vladimir A Popov
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (T.L.J., G.W.B., F.R.W., V.A.P., P.N.B.); andDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (J.M.)
| | - Jaideep Mathur
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (T.L.J., G.W.B., F.R.W., V.A.P., P.N.B.); andDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (J.M.)
| | - Philip N Benfey
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708 (T.L.J., G.W.B., F.R.W., V.A.P., P.N.B.); andDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1 (J.M.)
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Zavala K, Opazo JC. Lineage-Specific Expansion of the Chalcone Synthase Gene Family in Rosids. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133400. [PMID: 26181912 PMCID: PMC4504668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosids are a monophyletic group that includes approximately 70,000 species in 140 families, and they are found in a variety of habitats and life forms. Many important crops such as fruit trees and legumes are rosids. The evolutionary success of this group may have been influenced by their ability to produce flavonoids, secondary metabolites that are synthetized through a branch of the phenylpropanoid pathway where chalcone synthase is a key enzyme. In this work, we studied the evolution of the chalcone synthase gene family in 12 species belonging to the rosid clade. Our results show that the last common ancestor of the rosid clade possessed six chalcone synthase gene lineages that were differentially retained during the evolutionary history of the group. In fact, of the six gene lineages that were present in the last common ancestor, 7 species retained 2 of them, whereas the other 5 only retained one gene lineage. We also show that one of the gene lineages was disproportionately expanded in species that belonged to the order Fabales (soybean, barrel medic and Lotus japonicas). Based on the available literature, we suggest that this gene lineage possesses stress-related biological functions (e.g., response to UV light, pathogen defense). We propose that the observed expansion of this clade was a result of a selective pressure to increase the amount of enzymes involved in the production of phenylpropanoid pathway-derived secondary metabolites, which is consistent with the hypothesis that suggested that lineage-specific expansions fuel plant adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kattina Zavala
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan C. Opazo
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Wang X, Wang X, Hu Q, Dai X, Tian H, Zheng K, Wang X, Mao T, Chen JG, Wang S. Characterization of an activation-tagged mutant uncovers a role of GLABRA2 in anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 83:300-11. [PMID: 26017690 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, anthocyanin biosynthesis is controlled by a MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) transcriptional activator complex. The MBW complex activates the transcription of late biosynthesis genes in the flavonoid pathway, leading to the production of anthocyanins. A similar MBW complex regulates epidermal cell fate by activating the transcription of GLABRA2 (GL2), a homeodomain transcription factor required for trichome formation in shoots and non-hair cell formation in roots. Here we provide experimental evidence to show that GL2 also plays a role in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. From an activation-tagged mutagenized population of Arabidopsis plants, we isolated a dominant, gain-of-function mutant with reduced anthocyanins. Molecular cloning revealed that this phenotype is caused by an elevated expression of GL2, thus the mutant was named gl2-1D. Consistent with the view that GL2 acts as a negative regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis, gl2-1D seedlings accumulated less whereas gl2-3 seedlings accumulated more anthocyanins in response to sucrose. Gene expression analysis indicated that expression of late, but not early, biosynthesis genes in the flavonoid pathway was dramatically reduced in gl2-1D but elevated in gl2-3 mutants. Further analysis showed that expression of some MBW component genes involved in the regulation of late biosynthesis genes was reduced in gl2-1D but elevated in gl2-3 mutants, and chromatin immunoprecipitation results indicated that some MBW component genes are targets of GL2. We also showed that GL2 functions as a transcriptional repressor. Taken together, these results indicate that GL2 negatively regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis by directly repressing the expression of some MBW component genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE & Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Xianling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE & Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Qingnan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE & Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Xuemei Dai
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE & Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Hainan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE & Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Kaijie Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE & Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE & Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
| | - Tonglin Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Jin-Gui Chen
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Shucai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE & Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130024, China
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Kumar S, Bhatia S. Isolation of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don Nuclei and Measurement of Rate of Tryptophan decarboxylase Gene Transcription Using Nuclear Run-On Transcription Assay. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127892. [PMID: 26024519 PMCID: PMC4449189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An accurate assessment of transcription ‘rate’ is often desired to describe the promoter activity. In plants, isolation of transcriptionally active nuclei and their subsequent use in nuclear run-on assays has been challenging and therefore limit an accurate measurement of gene transcription ‘rate’. Catharanthus roseus has emerged as a model medicinal plant as it exhibits an unsurpassed spectrum of chemodiversity, producing over 130 alkaloids through the terpenoid indole alkaloid (TIA) pathway and therefore serves as a ‘molecular hub’ to understand gene expression profiles. Results The protocols presented here streamline, adapt and optimize the existing methods of nuclear run-on assay for use in C. roseus. Here, we fully describe all the steps to isolate transcriptionally active nuclei from C. roseus leaves and utilize them to perform nuclear run-on transcription assay. Nuclei isolated by this method transcribed at a level consistent with their response to external stimuli, as transcription rate of TDC gene was found to be higher in response to external stimuli i.e. when seedlings were subjected to UV-B light or to methyl jasmonate (MeJA). However, the relative transcript abundance measured parallel through qRT-PCR was found to be inconsistent with the synthesis rate indicating that some post transcriptional events might have a role in transcript stability in response to stimuli. Conclusions Our study provides an optimized, efficient and inexpensive method of isolation of intact nuclei and nuclear ‘run-on’ transcription assay to carry out in-situ measurement of gene transcription rate in Catharanthus roseus. This would be valuable in investigating the transcriptional and post transcriptional response of other TIA pathway genes in C. roseus. Isolated nuclei may also provide a resource that could be used for performing the chip assay as well as serve as the source of nuclear proteins for in-vitro EMSA studies. Moreover, nascent nuclear run-on transcript could be further subjected to RNA-Seq for global nuclear run-on assay (GNRO-Seq) for genome wide in-situ measurement of transcription rate of plant genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, PO Box 10531, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sabhyata Bhatia
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, PO Box 10531, New Delhi, 110067, India
- * E-mail:
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Appelhagen I, Thiedig K, Nordholt N, Schmidt N, Huep G, Sagasser M, Weisshaar B. Update on transparent testa mutants from Arabidopsis thaliana: characterisation of new alleles from an isogenic collection. PLANTA 2014; 240:955-70. [PMID: 24903359 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-014-2088-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present a comprehensive overview on flavonoid-related phenotypes of A. thaliana tt and tds mutants, provide tools for their characterisation, increase the number of available alleles and demonstrate that tds3 is allelic to tt12 and tds5 to aha10. Flavonoid biosynthesis is one of the best-studied secondary metabolite pathways in plants. In the model system Arabidopsis thaliana it leads to the synthesis of three phenolic compound classes: flavonol glycosides, anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins (PAs). PAs appear brown in their oxidised polymeric forms, and most A. thaliana mutants impaired in flavonoid accumulation were identified through screens for lack of this seed coat pigmentation. These mutants are referred to as transparent testa (tt) or tannin-deficient seed (tds). More than 20 mutants of these types have been published, probably representing most of the genes relevant for PA accumulation in A. thaliana. However, data about the genes involved in PA deposition or oxidation are still rather scarce. Also, for some of the known mutants it is unclear if they represent additional loci or if they are allelic to known genes. For the present study, we have performed a systematic phenotypic characterisation of almost all available tt and tds mutants and built a collection of mutants in the genetic background of the accession Columbia to minimise effects arising from ecotype variation. We have identified a novel tt6 allele from a forward genetic screen and demonstrated that tds3 is allelic to tt12 and tds5 to aha10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Appelhagen
- Department of Biology, Bielefeld University, Universitaetsstrasse 27, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany,
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A Malus crabapple chalcone synthase gene, McCHS, regulates red petal color and flavonoid biosynthesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110570. [PMID: 25357207 PMCID: PMC4214706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chalcone synthase is a key and often rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of anthocyanin pigments that accumulate in plant organs such as flowers and fruits, but the relationship between CHS expression and the petal coloration level in different cultivars is still unclear. In this study, three typical crabapple cultivars were chosen based on different petal colors and coloration patterns. The two extreme color cultivars, ‘Royalty’ and ‘Flame’, have dark red and white petals respectively, while the intermediate cultivar ‘Radiant’ has pink petals. We detected the flavoniods accumulation and the expression levels of McCHS during petals expansion process in different cultivars. The results showed McCHS have their special expression patterns in each tested cultivars, and is responsible for the red coloration and color variation in crabapple petals, especially for color fade process in ‘Radiant’. Furthermore, tobacco plants constitutively expressing McCHS displayed a higher anthocyanins accumulation and a deeper red petal color compared with control untransformed lines. Moreover, the expression levels of several anthocyanin biosynthetic genes were higher in the transgenic McCHS overexpressing tobacco lines than in the control plants. A close relationship was observed between the expression of McCHS and the transcription factors McMYB4 and McMYB5 during petals development in different crabapple cultivars, suggesting that the expression of McCHS was regulated by these transcription factors. We conclude that the endogenous McCHS gene is a critical factor in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis during petal coloration in Malus crabapple.
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Bortolin RC, Caregnato FF, Divan AM, Reginatto FH, Gelain DP, Moreira JCF. Effects of chronic elevated ozone concentration on the redox state and fruit yield of red pepper plant Capsicum baccatum. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 100:114-121. [PMID: 24238720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is one of the most harmful air pollutants to crops, contributing to high losses on crop yield. Tropospheric O3 background concentrations have increased since pre-industrial times reaching phytotoxic concentrations in many world regions. Capsicum peppers are the second most traded spice in the world, but few studies concerning the O3 effects in this genus are known. Thereby, the aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of chronic exposure to elevated O3 concentrations in red pepper plant Capsicum baccatum L. var. pendulum with especial considerations on the leaf redox state and fruit yield. Fifteen C. baccatum plants were exposed to O3 in open-top chambers during fruit ripening (62 days) at a mean concentration of 171.6 µg/m(3) from 10:00 am to 4:00 pm. We found that O3 treated plants significantly decreased the amount and the total weight of fruits, which were probably a consequence of the changes on leaf oxidative status induced by ozone exposure. Ozone exposed plants increased the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels on the leaves, which may be associated with the observed decrease on the activity of enzymatic antioxidant defense system, as well with lower levels of polyphenol and reduced thiol groups. Enhanced ROS production and the direct O3 reaction lead to biomacromolecules damages as seen in the diminished chlorophyll content and in the elevated lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation levels. Through a correlation analysis it was possible to observe that polyphenols content was more important to protect pepper plants against oxidative damages to lipids than to proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Calixto Bortolin
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Istituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.
| | - Fernanda Freitas Caregnato
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Istituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.
| | - Armando Molina Divan
- Laboratório de Bioindicação Vegetal, Centro de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçaçves, 9500, Prédio 43411, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.
| | - Flávio Henrique Reginatto
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Campus Universitário, Trindade, bloco K, CEP 88040-900, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil.
| | - Daniel Pens Gelain
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Istituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.
| | - José Cláudio Fonseca Moreira
- Centro de Estudos em Estresse Oxidativo, Departamento de Bioquímica, Istituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Ramiro Barcelos, 2600 Anexo, CEP 90035-003, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil.
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Singh V, Chauhan NS, Singh M, Idris A, Madanala R, Pande V, Mohanty CS. Establishment of an efficient and rapid method of multiple shoot regeneration and a comparative phenolics profile in in vitro and greenhouse-grown plants of Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e970443. [PMID: 25482808 PMCID: PMC5155488 DOI: 10.4161/15592316.2014.970443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An in vitro method of multiple shoot induction and plant regeneration in Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC was developed. Cotyledons, hypocotyls, epicotyls, internodal and young seedling leaves were used as explants. MS media supplemented with various concentrations of either thidiazuron (TDZ) or N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) along with NAA or IAA combinations were used to determine their influence on multiple shoot induction. MS media supplemented with TDZ induced direct shoot regeneration when epicotyls and internodal segments were used as explants. TDZ at 3 mg L(-1) induced highest rate (89.2 ± 3.28%) of regeneration with (13.4 ± 2.04) shoots per explant. MS media supplemented with BAP in combination with NAA or IAA induced callus mediated regeneration when cotyledons and hypocotyls were used as explants. BAP (2.5 mg L(-1)) and IAA (0.2 mg L(-1)) induced highest rate (100 ± 2.66%) of regeneration with (23.2 ± 2.66) shoots per explant. Mature plants produced from regenerated shoots were transferred successfully to the greenhouse. In a comparative study, the phenolics contents of various parts of greenhouse-grown plants with that of in vitro-raised plants showed significant variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Singh
- Plant Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Division; National Botanical Research Institute; Rana Pratap Marg; Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Namita Singh Chauhan
- Plant Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Division; National Botanical Research Institute; Rana Pratap Marg; Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohit Singh
- Central Drug Research Institute; Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Asif Idris
- Plant Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Division; National Botanical Research Institute; Rana Pratap Marg; Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Raju Madanala
- Plant Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Division; National Botanical Research Institute; Rana Pratap Marg; Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Veena Pande
- Department of Biotechnology; Kumaun University; Nainital, Uttarakhand
| | - Chandra Sekhar Mohanty
- Plant Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Division; National Botanical Research Institute; Rana Pratap Marg; Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Oh S, Warnasooriya SN, Montgomery BL. Mesophyll-localized phytochromes gate stress- and light-inducible anthocyanin accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2014; 9:e28013. [PMID: 24535251 PMCID: PMC4091247 DOI: 10.4161/psb.28013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stress and light induce anthocyanin accumulation in Arabidopsis. Here, we demonstrate that mesophyll-localized phytochromes regulate nitrogen-, phosphate- and cold-induced anthocyanin accumulation in shoots of Arabidopsis. Whereas ecotype-dependent differences result in distinct total levels of anthocyanin accumulation in response to light, cold, or nutrient-deficient treatments, phytochromes generally gate light- and/or stress-induced anthocyanin accumulation in shoots, as plants depleted of mesophyll-localized phytochromes lack or have highly attenuated induction of anthocyanins. Observed interactions between light and stress were found to be wavelength dependent, with red and far-red light stimulating higher total levels of anthocyanin accumulation under cold temperatures, especially in response to nitrogen limitation, whereas blue light did not. The roots of plants depleted of mesophyll-localized phytochromes still respond to nutrient deficiency as determined by elongation of primary roots and root hair elongation when plants are grown under nitrogen- or phosphate-limited conditions. Plants which are constitutively deficient in photoreceptors in both shoots and roots, i.e., phy or cry mutants, exhibit defects in light- and stress-induced anthocyanin accumulation and defects in root development. Taken together, these results suggest that the response to nutrient limitation in roots and shoots is under distinct control by spatial-specific pools of phytochromes in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sookyung Oh
- Department of Energy–Plant Research Laboratory; Michigan State University; Plant Biology Laboratories; East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Sankalpi N Warnasooriya
- Department of Energy–Plant Research Laboratory; Michigan State University; Plant Biology Laboratories; East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Beronda L Montgomery
- Department of Energy–Plant Research Laboratory; Michigan State University; Plant Biology Laboratories; East Lansing, MI USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Plant Research Laboratory; Michigan State University; Plant Biology Laboratories; East Lansing, MI USA
- Correspondence to: Beronda L Montgomery,
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Chen X, Itani T, Wu X, Chikawa Y, Irifune K. Physiological factors affecting transcription of genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway in different rice varieties. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e27555. [PMID: 24389954 PMCID: PMC4091216 DOI: 10.4161/psb.27555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids play an important role in the grain color and flavor of rice. Since their characterization in maize, the flavonoid biosynthetic genes have been extensively studied in grape, Arabidopsis, and Petunia. However, we are still a long way from understanding the molecular features and mechanisms underlying the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. The present study was undertaken to understand the physiological factors affecting the transcription and regulation of these genes. We report that the expression of CHI, CHS, DFR, LAR, and ANS, the 5 flavonoid biosynthetic genes in different rice varieties, differ dramatically with respect to the stage of development, white light, and sugar concentrations. We further demonstrate that white light could induce the transcription of the entire flavonoid biosynthetic gene pathway; however, differences were observed in the degrees of sensitivity and the required illumination time. Our study provides valuable insights into understanding the regulation of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiong Chen
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences; Prefectural University of Hiroshima; Shobara, Japan
- Rice Research Institute; Sichuan Agricultural University; Wenjiang, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Tomio Itani
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences; Prefectural University of Hiroshima; Shobara, Japan
| | - Xianjun Wu
- Rice Research Institute; Sichuan Agricultural University; Wenjiang, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yuuki Chikawa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences; Prefectural University of Hiroshima; Shobara, Japan
| | - Kohei Irifune
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences; Prefectural University of Hiroshima; Shobara, Japan
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Sewelam N, Kazan K, Thomas-Hall SR, Kidd BN, Manners JM, Schenk PM. Ethylene response factor 6 is a regulator of reactive oxygen species signaling in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70289. [PMID: 23940555 PMCID: PMC3734174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in plant cells in response to diverse biotic and abiotic stresses as well as during normal growth and development. Although a large number of transcription factor (TF) genes are up- or down-regulated by ROS, currently very little is known about the functions of these TFs during oxidative stress. In this work, we examined the role of ERF6 (ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR6), an AP2/ERF domain-containing TF, during oxidative stress responses in Arabidopsis. Mutant analyses showed that NADPH oxidase (RbohD) and calcium signaling are required for ROS-responsive expression of ERF6. erf6 insertion mutant plants showed reduced growth and increased H2O2 and anthocyanin levels. Expression analyses of selected ROS-responsive genes during oxidative stress identified several differentially expressed genes in the erf6 mutant. In particular, a number of ROS responsive genes, such as ZAT12, HSFs, WRKYs, MAPKs, RBOHs, DHAR1, APX4, and CAT1 were more strongly induced by H2O2 in erf6 plants than in wild-type. In contrast, MDAR3, CAT3, VTC2 and EX1 showed reduced expression levels in the erf6 mutant. Taken together, our results indicate that ERF6 plays an important role as a positive antioxidant regulator during plant growth and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Sewelam
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kemal Kazan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Skye R. Thomas-Hall
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brendan N. Kidd
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - John M. Manners
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Plant Industry, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peer M. Schenk
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Heisel TJ, Li CY, Grey KM, Gibson SI. Mutations in HISTONE ACETYLTRANSFERASE1 affect sugar response and gene expression in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:245. [PMID: 23882272 PMCID: PMC3713338 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient response networks are likely to have been among the first response networks to evolve, as the ability to sense and respond to the levels of available nutrients is critical for all organisms. Although several forward genetic screens have been successful in identifying components of plant sugar-response networks, many components remain to be identified. Toward this end, a reverse genetic screen was conducted in Arabidopsis thaliana to identify additional components of sugar-response networks. This screen was based on the rationale that some of the genes involved in sugar-response networks are likely to be themselves sugar regulated at the steady-state mRNA level and to encode proteins with activities commonly associated with response networks. This rationale was validated by the identification of hac1 mutants that are defective in sugar response. HAC1 encodes a histone acetyltransferase. Histone acetyltransferases increase transcription of specific genes by acetylating histones associated with those genes. Mutations in HAC1 also cause reduced fertility, a moderate degree of resistance to paclobutrazol and altered transcript levels of specific genes. Previous research has shown that hac1 mutants exhibit delayed flowering. The sugar-response and fertility defects of hac1 mutants may be partially explained by decreased expression of AtPV42a and AtPV42b, which are putative components of plant SnRK1 complexes. SnRK1 complexes have been shown to function as central regulators of plant nutrient and energy status. Involvement of a histone acetyltransferase in sugar response provides a possible mechanism whereby nutritional status could exert long-term effects on plant development and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Susan I. Gibson
- Department of Plant Biology, Microbial and Plant Genomics Institute, University of MinnesotaSaint Paul, MN, USA
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Pourcel L, Irani NG, Koo AJK, Bohorquez-Restrepo A, Howe GA, Grotewold E. A chemical complementation approach reveals genes and interactions of flavonoids with other pathways. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 74:383-97. [PMID: 23360095 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the classical functions of flavonoids in the response to biotic/abiotic stress conditions, these phenolic compounds have been implicated in the modulation of various developmental processes. These findings suggest that flavonoids are more integral components of the plant signaling machinery than traditionally recognized. To understand how flux through the flavonoid pathway affects plant cellular processes, we used wild-type and chalcone isomerase mutant (transparent testa 5, tt5) seedlings grown under anthocyanin inductive conditions, in the presence or absence of the flavonoid intermediate naringenin, the product of the chalcone isomerase enzyme. Because flavonoid biosynthetic genes are expressed under anthocyanin inductive conditions regardless of whether anthocyanins are formed or not, this system provides an excellent opportunity to specifically investigate the molecular changes associated with increased flux through the flavonoid pathway. By assessing genome-wide mRNA accumulation changes in naringenin-treated and untreated tt5 and wild-type seedlings, we identified a flavonoid-responsive gene set associated with cellular trafficking, stress responses and cellular signaling. Jasmonate biosynthetic genes were highly represented among the signaling pathways induced by increased flux through the flavonoid pathway. In contrast to studies showing a role for flavonoids in the control of auxin transport, no effect on auxin-responsive genes was observed. Taken together, our data suggest that Arabidopsis can sense flavonoids as a signal for multiple fundamental cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucille Pourcel
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences and Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Herbel V, Orth C, Wenzel R, Ahmad M, Bittl R, Batschauer A. Lifetimes of Arabidopsis cryptochrome signaling states in vivo. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 74:583-92. [PMID: 23398192 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
One crucial component in light signaling is the quantity of photoreceptor present in the active signaling state. The lifetime of the signaling state of a photoreceptor is limited because of thermal or otherwise back reversion of the chromophore to the ground state, and/or degradation of the photoreceptor in the light-activated state. It was previously shown that the lit state of plant cryptochromes contains flavin-neutral semiquinone, and that the half-lives of the lit state were in the range of 3-4 min in vitro. However, it was unknown how long-lived the signaling states of plant cryptochromes are in situ. Based on the loss of degradation of cry2 after prolonged dark incubation and loss of reversibility of photoactivated cry1 by a pulse of green light, we estimate the in vivo half-lives of the signaling states of cry1 and cry2 to be in the range of 5 and 16 min, respectively. Based on electron paramagnetic resonance measurements, the lifetime of the Arabidopsis cry1 lit state in insect cells was found to be ~6 min, and thus very similar to the lifetime of the signaling state in planta. Thus, the signaling state lifetimes of plant cryptochromes are not, or are only moderately, stabilized in planta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Herbel
- Department of Plant Physiology and Photobiology, Faculty of Biology, Philipps-University, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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Bowerman PA, Ramirez MV, Price MB, Helm RF, Winkel BSJ. Analysis of T-DNA alleles of flavonoid biosynthesis genes in Arabidopsis ecotype Columbia. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:485. [PMID: 22947320 PMCID: PMC3526476 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The flavonoid pathway is a long-standing and important tool for plant genetics, biochemistry, and molecular biology. Numerous flavonoid mutants have been identified in Arabidopsis over the past several decades in a variety of ecotypes. Here we present an analysis of Arabidopsis lines of ecotype Columbia carrying T-DNA insertions in genes encoding enzymes of the central flavonoid pathway. We also provide a comprehensive summary of various mutant alleles for these structural genes that have been described in the literature to date in a wide variety of ecotypes. FINDINGS The confirmed knockout lines present easily-scorable phenotypes due to altered pigmentation of the seed coat (or testa). Knockouts for seven alleles for six flavonoid biosynthetic genes were confirmed by PCR and characterized by UPLC for altered flavonol content. CONCLUSION Seven mutant lines for six genes of the central flavonoid pathway were characterized in ecotype, Columbia. These lines represent a useful resource for integrating biochemical and physiological studies with genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data, much of which has been, and continues to be, generated in the Columbia background.
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Cascini F, Passerotti S, Martello S. A real-time PCR assay for the relative quantification of the tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) synthase gene in herbal Cannabis samples. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 217:134-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Yonekura-Sakakibara K, Fukushima A, Nakabayashi R, Hanada K, Matsuda F, Sugawara S, Inoue E, Kuromori T, Ito T, Shinozaki K, Wangwattana B, Yamazaki M, Saito K. Two glycosyltransferases involved in anthocyanin modification delineated by transcriptome independent component analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 69:154-67. [PMID: 21899608 PMCID: PMC3507004 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04779.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
To identify candidate genes involved in Arabidopsis flavonoid biosynthesis, we applied transcriptome coexpression analysis and independent component analyses with 1388 microarray data from publicly available databases. Two glycosyltransferases, UGT79B1 and UGT84A2 were found to cluster with anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. Anthocyanin was drastically reduced in ugt79b1 knockout mutants. Recombinant UGT79B1 protein converted cyanidin 3-O-glucoside to cyanidin 3-O-xylosyl(1→2)glucoside. UGT79B1 recognized 3-O-glucosylated anthocyanidins/flavonols and uridine diphosphate (UDP)-xylose, but not 3,5-O-diglucosylated anthocyanidins, indicating that UGT79B1 encodes anthocyanin 3-O-glucoside: 2''-O-xylosyltransferase. UGT84A2 is known to encode sinapic acid: UDP-glucosyltransferase. In ugt84a2 knockout mutants, a major sinapoylated anthocyanin was drastically reduced. A comparison of anthocyanin profiles in ugt84a knockout mutants indicated that UGT84A2 plays a major role in sinapoylation of anthocyanin, and that other UGT84As contribute the production of 1-O-sinapoylglucose to a lesser extent. These data suggest major routes from cyanidin 3-O-glucoside to the most highly modified cyanidin in the potential intricate anthocyanin modification pathways in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Yonekura-Sakakibara
- RIKEN Plant Science Center1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Nanobiosciences, Yokohama City University1-7-29, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fukushima
- RIKEN Plant Science Center1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakabayashi
- RIKEN Plant Science Center1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kousuke Hanada
- RIKEN Plant Science Center1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Fumio Matsuda
- RIKEN Plant Science Center1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Satoko Sugawara
- RIKEN Plant Science Center1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Eri Inoue
- RIKEN Plant Science Center1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takashi Kuromori
- RIKEN Plant Science Center1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takuya Ito
- Antibiotics LaboratoryRIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuo Shinozaki
- RIKEN Plant Science Center1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Bunyapa Wangwattana
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Mami Yamazaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kazuki Saito
- RIKEN Plant Science Center1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
- *For correspondence (fax +81 45 503 9489; e-mail )
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Martínez-Andújar C, Ordiz MI, Huang Z, Nonogaki M, Beachy RN, Nonogaki H. Induction of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds enhances seed dormancy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011. [PMID: 21969557 DOI: 10.2307/41321860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Full understanding of mechanisms that control seed dormancy and germination remains elusive. Whereas it has been proposed that translational control plays a predominant role in germination, other studies suggest the importance of specific gene expression patterns in imbibed seeds. Transgenic plants were developed to permit conditional expression of a gene encoding 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 6 (NCED6), a rate-limiting enzyme in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis, using the ecdysone receptor-based plant gene switch system and the ligand methoxyfenozide. Induction of NCED6 during imbibition increased ABA levels more than 20-fold and was sufficient to prevent seed germination. Germination suppression was prevented by fluridone, an inhibitor of ABA biosynthesis. In another study, induction of the NCED6 gene in transgenic seeds of nondormant mutants tt3 and tt4 reestablished seed dormancy. Furthermore, inducing expression of NCED6 during seed development suppressed vivipary, precocious germination of developing seeds. These results indicate that expression of a hormone metabolism gene in seeds can be a sole determinant of dormancy. This study opens the possibility of developing a robust technology to suppress or promote seed germination through engineering pathways of hormone metabolism.
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Dao TTH, Linthorst HJM, Verpoorte R. Chalcone synthase and its functions in plant resistance. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2011; 10:397-412. [PMID: 21909286 PMCID: PMC3148432 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-011-9211-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Chalcone synthase (CHS, EC 2.3.1.74) is a key enzyme of the flavonoid/isoflavonoid biosynthesis pathway. Besides being part of the plant developmental program the CHS gene expression is induced in plants under stress conditions such as UV light, bacterial or fungal infection. CHS expression causes accumulation of flavonoid and isoflavonoid phytoalexins and is involved in the salicylic acid defense pathway. This review will discuss CHS and its function in plant resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. T. H. Dao
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Section Metabolomics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Traditional Pharmacy Department, Hanoi Pharmacy University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - H. J. M. Linthorst
- Section Plant Cell Physiology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R. Verpoorte
- Division of Pharmacognosy, Section Metabolomics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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46
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Kusano M, Tohge T, Fukushima A, Kobayashi M, Hayashi N, Otsuki H, Kondou Y, Goto H, Kawashima M, Matsuda F, Niida R, Matsui M, Saito K, Fernie AR. Metabolomics reveals comprehensive reprogramming involving two independent metabolic responses of Arabidopsis to UV-B light. THE PLANT JOURNAL 2011; 67:354-69. [PMID: 21466600 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04599.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
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47
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Stes E, Biondi S, Holsters M, Vereecke D. Bacterial and plant signal integration via D3-type cyclins enhances symptom development in the Arabidopsis-Rhodococcus fascians interaction. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 156:712-25. [PMID: 21459976 PMCID: PMC3177270 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.171561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The phytopathogenic actinomycete Rhodococcus fascians drives its host to form a nutrient-rich niche by secreting a mixture of cytokinins that triggers plant cell division and shoot formation. The discrepancy between the relatively low amount of secreted cytokinins and the severe impact of R. fascians infection on plant development has puzzled researchers for a long time. Polyamine and transcript profiling of wild-type and cytokinin receptor mutant plants revealed that the bacterial cytokinins directly stimulated the biosynthesis of plant putrescine by activating arginine decarboxylase expression. Pharmacological experiments showed that the increased levels of putrescine contributed to the severity of the symptoms. Thus, putrescine functions as a secondary signal that impinges on the cytokinin-activated pathway, amplifying the hormone-induced changes that lead to the formation of a leafy gall. Exogenous putrescine and treatment with polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors combined with transcript and polyamine analyses of wild-type and mutant plants indicated that the direct target of both the bacterial cytokinins and plant putrescine was the expression of D3-type cyclins. Hence, the activated d-type cyclin/retinoblastoma/E2F transcription factor pathway integrates both external and internal hormonal signals, stimulating mitotic cell divisions and inducing pathological plant organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Danny Vereecke
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (E.S., M.H.); Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium (E.S., M.H.); Dipartimento di Biologia Evoluzionistica Sperimentale, Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy (S.B.); Department of Plant Production, University College Ghent, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium (D.V.)
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48
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Warnasooriya SN, Porter KJ, Montgomery BL. Tissue- and isoform-specific phytochrome regulation of light-dependent anthocyanin accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:624-31. [PMID: 21455024 PMCID: PMC3172825 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.5.15084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Phytochromes regulate light- and sucrose-dependent anthocyanin synthesis and accumulation in many plants. Mesophyll-specific phyA alone has been linked to the regulation of anthocyanin accumulation in response to far-red light in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, multiple mesophyll-localized phytochromes were implicated in the photoregulation of anthocyanin accumulation in red-light conditions. Here, we report a role for mesophyll-specific phyA in blue-light-dependent regulation of anthocyanin levels and novel roles for individual phy isoforms in the regulation of anthocyanin accumulation under red illumination. These results provide new insight into spatial- and isoform-specific regulation of pigmentation by phytochromes in A. thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankalpi N Warnasooriya
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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49
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Baek K, Seo PJ, Park CM. Activation of a mitochondrial ATPase gene induces abnormal seed development in Arabidopsis. Mol Cells 2011; 31:361-9. [PMID: 21359673 PMCID: PMC3933970 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-011-0048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Revised: 01/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATPases associated with various cellular activities (AAA) proteins are widespread in living organisms. Some of the AAA-type ATPases possess metalloprotease activities. Other members constitute the 26S proteasome complexes. In recent years, a few AAA members have been implicated in vesicle-mediated secretion, membrane fusion, cellular organelle biogenesis, and hypersensitive responses (HR) in plants. However, the physiological roles and biochemical activities of plant AAA proteins have not yet been defined at the molecular level, and regulatory mechanisms underlying their functions are largely unknown. In this study, we showed that overexpression of an Arabidopsis gene encoding a mitochondrial AAA protein, ATPase-in-Seed-Development (ASD), induces morphological and anatomical defects in seed maturation. The ASD gene is expressed at a high level during the seed maturation process and in mature seeds but is repressed rapidly in germinating seeds. Transgenic plants overexpressing the ASD gene are morphologically normal. However, seed formation is severely disrupted in the transgenic plants. The ASD gene is induced by abiotic stresses, such as low temperatures and high salinity, in an abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent manner. The ASD protein possesses ATPase activity and is localized into the mitochondria. Our observations suggest that ASD may play a role in seed maturation by influencing mitochondrial function under abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kon Baek
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Pil Joon Seo
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Chung-Mo Park
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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50
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Mutwil M, Klie S, Tohge T, Giorgi FM, Wilkins O, Campbell MM, Fernie AR, Usadel B, Nikoloski Z, Persson S. PlaNet: combined sequence and expression comparisons across plant networks derived from seven species. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:895-910. [PMID: 21441431 PMCID: PMC3082271 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.083667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The model organism Arabidopsis thaliana is readily used in basic research due to resource availability and relative speed of data acquisition. A major goal is to transfer acquired knowledge from Arabidopsis to crop species. However, the identification of functional equivalents of well-characterized Arabidopsis genes in other plants is a nontrivial task. It is well documented that transcriptionally coordinated genes tend to be functionally related and that such relationships may be conserved across different species and even kingdoms. To exploit such relationships, we constructed whole-genome coexpression networks for Arabidopsis and six important plant crop species. The interactive networks, clustered using the HCCA algorithm, are provided under the banner PlaNet (http://aranet.mpimp-golm.mpg.de). We implemented a comparative network algorithm that estimates similarities between network structures. Thus, the platform can be used to swiftly infer similar coexpressed network vicinities within and across species and can predict the identity of functional homologs. We exemplify this using the PSA-D and chalcone synthase-related gene networks. Finally, we assessed how ontology terms are transcriptionally connected in the seven species and provide the corresponding MapMan term coexpression networks. The data support the contention that this platform will considerably improve transfer of knowledge generated in Arabidopsis to valuable crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Mutwil
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sebastian Klie
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Takayuki Tohge
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Federico M. Giorgi
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Olivia Wilkins
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Malcolm M. Campbell
- Centre for the Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B2, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Alisdair R. Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Björn Usadel
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Zoran Nikoloski
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Staffan Persson
- Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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