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Long J, Xu Y, Zhang X, Wu B, Wang C. Role of FXR in the development of NAFLD and intervention strategies of small molecules. Arch Biochem Biophys 2024; 757:110024. [PMID: 38703803 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2024.110024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains a prevailing etiological agent behind hepatocyte diseases like chronic liver disease. The spectrum of processes involved in NAFLD stages includes hepatic steatosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver, and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Without intervention, the progression of NASH can further deteriorate into cirrhosis and ultimately, hepatocellular carcinoma. The cardinal features that characterize NAFLD are insulin resistance, lipogenesis, oxidative stress and inflammation, extracellular matrix deposition and fibrosis. Due to its complex pathogenesis, existing pharmaceutical agents fail to take a curative or ameliorative effect on NAFLD. Consequently, it is imperative to identify novel therapeutic targets and strategies for NAFLD, ideally to improve the aforementioned key features in patients. As an enterohepatic regulator of bile acid homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and inflammation, FarnesoidX receptor (FXR) is an important pharmacological target for the treatment of NAFLD. Manipulating FXR to regulate lipid metabolic signaling pathways is a potential mechanism to mitigate NAFLD. Therefore, elucidating the modulatory character of FXR in regulating lipid metabolism in NAFLD has the potential to yield groundbreaking perspectives for drug design. This review details recent advances in the regulation of lipid depletion in hepatocytes and investigates the pivotal function of FXR in the progress of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiachan Long
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuanhang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xuerong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Bingxing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Caiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome, International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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2
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Lv H, Xia S, He Y, Qiao C, Liu J, Guo J, Li S. Effect of chronic cold stress on gut microbial diversity, intestinal inflammation and pyroptosis in mice. J Physiol Biochem 2024; 80:465-477. [PMID: 38526704 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-024-01019-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Hypothermia is an essential environmental factor in gastrointestinal diseases, but the main molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis remain unclear. The current study sought to better understand how chronic cold stress affects gut damage and its underlying mechanisms. In this work, to establish chronic cold stress (CS)-induced intestinal injury model, mice were subjected to continuous cold exposure (4 °C) for 3 h per day for 3 weeks. Our results indicated that CS led to gut injury via inducing changes of heat shock proteins 70 (HSP70) and apoptosis-related (caspases-3, Bax and Bcl-2) proteins; enhancing expression of intestinal tight-related (ZO-1 and occludin) proteins; promoting releases of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), interleukin1β (IL-1β), IL-18 and IL-6 inflammatory mediators in the ileum; and altering gut microbial diversity. Furthermore, persistent cold exposure resulted in the cleavage of pyroptosis-related Gasdermin D (GSDMD) protein by regulating the NLRP3/ASC/caspase-1 and caspase-11 pathway, and activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-mediated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways, which are strongly associated with changes in gut microbiota diversity. Taken together, these investigations provide new insights into the increased risk of intestinal disorders at extremely low temperatures and establish a theoretical foundation for the advancement of novel pharmaceutical interventions targeting cold-related ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Lv
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Shijie Xia
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Yuxi He
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Chunyu Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Jiahe Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Jingru Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
| | - Shize Li
- Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
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Nohesara S, Abdolmaleky HM, Thiagalingam S, Zhou JR. Gut microbiota defined epigenomes of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases reveal novel targets for therapy. Epigenomics 2024; 16:57-77. [PMID: 38088063 PMCID: PMC10804213 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2023-0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The origins of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) involve genetic mutations, epigenetic changes, neurotoxin exposure and gut microbiota dysregulation. The gut microbiota's dynamic composition and its metabolites influence intestinal and blood-brain barrier integrity, contributing to AD and PD development. This review explores protein misfolding, aggregation and epigenetic links in AD and PD pathogenesis. It also highlights the role of a leaky gut and the microbiota-gut-brain axis in promoting these diseases through inflammation-induced epigenetic alterations. In addition, we investigate the potential of diet, probiotics and microbiota transplantation for preventing and treating AD and PD via epigenetic modifications, along with a discussion related to current challenges and future considerations. These approaches offer promise for translating research findings into practical clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Nohesara
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Hamid Mostafavi Abdolmaleky
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Surgery, Nutrition/Metabolism laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boson, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sam Thiagalingam
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Jin-Rong Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Nutrition/Metabolism laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boson, MA 02215, USA
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Nohesara S, Abdolmaleky HM, Zhou JR, Thiagalingam S. Microbiota-Induced Epigenetic Alterations in Depressive Disorders Are Targets for Nutritional and Probiotic Therapies. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2217. [PMID: 38137038 PMCID: PMC10742434 DOI: 10.3390/genes14122217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complex disorder and a leading cause of disability in 280 million people worldwide. Many environmental factors, such as microbes, drugs, and diet, are involved in the pathogenesis of depressive disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms of depression are complex and include the interaction of genetics with epigenetics and the host immune system. Modifications of the gut microbiome and its metabolites influence stress-related responses and social behavior in patients with depressive disorders by modulating the maturation of immune cells and neurogenesis in the brain mediated by epigenetic modifications. Here, we discuss the potential roles of a leaky gut in the development of depressive disorders via changes in gut microbiota-derived metabolites with epigenetic effects. Next, we will deliberate how altering the gut microbiome composition contributes to the development of depressive disorders via epigenetic alterations. In particular, we focus on how microbiota-derived metabolites such as butyrate as an epigenetic modifier, probiotics, maternal diet, polyphenols, drugs (e.g., antipsychotics, antidepressants, and antibiotics), and fecal microbiota transplantation could positively alleviate depressive-like behaviors by modulating the epigenetic landscape. Finally, we will discuss challenges associated with recent therapeutic approaches for depressive disorders via microbiome-related epigenetic shifts, as well as opportunities to tackle such problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Nohesara
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - Hamid Mostafavi Abdolmaleky
- Nutrition/Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boson, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Jin-Rong Zhou
- Nutrition/Metabolism Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boson, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Sam Thiagalingam
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Benameur T, Porro C, Twfieg ME, Benameur N, Panaro MA, Filannino FM, Hasan A. Emerging Paradigms in Inflammatory Disease Management: Exploring Bioactive Compounds and the Gut Microbiota. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1226. [PMID: 37626582 PMCID: PMC10452544 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13081226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem of mutualistic microorganisms that play a critical role in maintaining human health through their individual interactions and with the host. The normal gastrointestinal microbiota plays a specific physiological function in host immunomodulation, nutrient metabolism, vitamin synthesis, xenobiotic and drug metabolism, maintenance of structural and functional integrity of the gut mucosal barrier, and protection against various pathogens. Inflammation is the innate immune response of living tissues to injury and damage caused by infections, physical and chemical trauma, immunological factors, and genetic derangements. Most diseases are associated with an underlying inflammatory process, with inflammation mediated through the contribution of active immune cells. Current strategies to control inflammatory pathways include pharmaceutical drugs, lifestyle, and dietary changes. However, this remains insufficient. Bioactive compounds (BCs) are nutritional constituents found in small quantities in food and plant extracts that provide numerous health benefits beyond their nutritional value. BCs are known for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, anti-metabolic syndrome, and anti-inflammatory properties. Bioactive compounds have been shown to reduce the destructive effect of inflammation on tissues by inhibiting or modulating the effects of inflammatory mediators, offering hope for patients suffering from chronic inflammatory disorders like atherosclerosis, arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of the present review is to summarise the role of natural bioactive compounds in modulating inflammation and protecting human health, for their safety to preserve gut microbiota and improve their physiology and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Benameur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chiara Porro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Mohammed-Elfatih Twfieg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nassima Benameur
- Faculty of Exact Sciences and Sciences of Nature and Life, Research Laboratory of Civil Engineering, Hydraulics, Sustainable Development and Environment (LARGHYDE), Mohamed Khider University, Biskra 07000, Algeria
| | - Maria Antonietta Panaro
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | | | - Abeir Hasan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
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Nohesara S, Abdolmaleky HM, Thiagalingam S. Epigenetic Aberrations in Major Psychiatric Diseases Related to Diet and Gut Microbiome Alterations. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1506. [PMID: 37510410 PMCID: PMC10379841 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrition and metabolism modify epigenetic signatures like histone acetylation and DNA methylation. Histone acetylation and DNA methylation in the central nervous system (CNS) can be altered by bioactive nutrients and gut microbiome via the gut-brain axis, which in turn modulate neuronal activity and behavior. Notably, the gut microbiome, with more than 1000 bacterial species, collectively contains almost three million functional genes whose products interact with millions of human epigenetic marks and 30,000 genes in a dynamic manner. However, genetic makeup shapes gut microbiome composition, food/nutrient metabolism, and epigenetic landscape, as well. Here, we first discuss the effect of changes in the microbial structure and composition in shaping specific epigenetic alterations in the brain and their role in the onset and progression of major mental disorders. Afterward, potential interactions among maternal diet/environmental factors, nutrition, and gastrointestinal microbiome, and their roles in accelerating or delaying the onset of severe mental illnesses via epigenetic changes will be discussed. We also provide an overview of the association between the gut microbiome, oxidative stress, and inflammation through epigenetic mechanisms. Finally, we present some underlying mechanisms involved in mediating the influence of the gut microbiome and probiotics on mental health via epigenetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Nohesara
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02218, USA; (S.N.); (S.T.)
| | - Hamid Mostafavi Abdolmaleky
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02218, USA; (S.N.); (S.T.)
- Nutrition/Metabolism Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boson, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sam Thiagalingam
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02218, USA; (S.N.); (S.T.)
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02218, USA
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7
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Zecheng L, Donghai L, Runchuan G, Yuan Q, Qi J, Yijia Z, Shuaman R, Xiaoqi L, Yi W, Ni M, Yijin Q, Liang P, Jun W. Fecal microbiota transplantation in obesity metabolism: a META analysis and systematic review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2023:110803. [PMID: 37356723 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effect of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) on microbiota engraftment in patients with metabolic syndrome remains unclear. This systematic review employed a meta-analysis of RCTs for assessment on the role of FMT in treating obesity and metabolic syndrome, and its impact on clinically relevant parameters. METHOD Major databases and grey literatures were searched identifying RCTs comparing FMT of lean donors with placebo in obese/metabolic syndrome patients. Studies using any form of placebo were included. Variations in the parameters before and after treatment were calculated followed by meta-analyses. RESULT Ten studies met the inclusion criteria and a total of 334 patients were included for further analysis. Clinically significant parameters associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome were explored and FMT was identified significantly and negatively associated with most indices of abdominal adiposity including caloric intake, fasting glucose, HOMA-IR, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides and CRP, Obesity parameters including fasting glucose and acetic acid were increased following FMT. CONCLUSION FMT is more advantageous for obese patients with elevated blood pressure, disordered glucose and insulin metabolism, and elevated blood lipids. The study of metabolic factors in obese patients will be our starting point in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zecheng
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Chaoyang, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Donghai
- China-Japan Friendship Hospital (Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Chaoyang, Beijing, China
| | - Gu Runchuan
- Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Qiao Yuan
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Chaoyang, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Zhang Yijia
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Shuaman
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Chaoyang, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Xiaoqi
- Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Yi
- Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Mao Ni
- Faculty of Medicine, University of South China, Hunan, China
| | - Qin Yijin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of South China, Hunan, China
| | - Peng Liang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, Beijing, China.
| | - Wang Jun
- Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China.
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Wang L, Zhang P, Chen J, Li C, Tian Y, Xu F. Prebiotic properties of the polysaccharide from Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit and its protective effects in high-fat diet-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction: A fecal microbiota transplantation study. Food Res Int 2023; 164:112400. [PMID: 36737985 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharide from Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit (RTFP) ameliorates high-fat diet (HFD)-induced colitis in mice. However, it is still unknown whether the gut microbiota can mediate the anti-colitis effects of RTFP in mice. This research aims to investigate the role of gut microbes in modulating RTFP in colitis mice through fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). The findings demonstrated that RTFP exhibited prebiotic effects on HFD-induced colitis mice. After FMT treatment (transplatation of the microbiota from the fecal sample to each recipient daily), the fecal microbiota of RTFP-treated donor mice remarkably alleviated colitis-related symptoms (e.g., colonic inflammation, loss of body weight, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and loss of barrier integrity) and upregulated the expression of tight junction proteins compared to the HFD-treated donor mice. Overall, RTFP can reduce the severity of HFD-induced colitis by regulating gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Pan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Chao Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yingpeng Tian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Fei Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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Li ZJ, Gou HZ, Zhang YL, Song XJ, Zhang L. Role of intestinal flora in primary sclerosing cholangitis and its potential therapeutic value. World J Gastroenterol 2022; 28:6213-6229. [PMID: 36504550 PMCID: PMC9730442 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i44.6213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic cholestasis, a persistent inflammation of the bile ducts that leads to sclerotic occlusion and cholestasis. Gut microbes, consisting of microorganisms colonized in the human gut, play an important role in nutrient intake, metabolic homeostasis, immune regulation, and immune regulation; however, their presence might aid PSC development. Studies have found that gut-liver axis interactions also play an important role in the pathogenesis of PSC. Patients with PSC have considerably reduced intestinal flora diversity and increased abundance of potentially pathogenic bacteria. Dysbiosis of the intestinal flora leads to increased intestinal permeability, homing of intestinal lymphocytes, entry of bacteria and their associated metabolites, such as bile acids, into the liver, stimulation of hepatic immune activation, and promotion of PSC. Currently, PSC effective treatment is lacking. However, a number of studies have recently investigated the targeted modulation of gut microbes for the treatment of various liver diseases (alcoholic liver disease, metabolic fatty liver, cirrhosis, and autoimmune liver disease). In addition, antibiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and probiotics have been reported as successful PSC therapies as well as for the treatment of gut dysbiosis, suggesting their effectiveness for PSC treatment. Therefore, this review briefly summarizes the role of intestinal flora in PSC with the aim of providing new insights into PSC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Jiao Li
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Laboratory of Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Hong-Zhong Gou
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Laboratory of Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yu-Lin Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Laboratory of Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Song
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Laboratory of Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
- Laboratory of Biological Therapy and Regenerative Medicine Transformation Gansu Province, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
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van der Vossen EWJ, de Goffau MC, Levin E, Nieuwdorp M. Recent insights into the role of microbiome in the pathogenesis of obesity. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2022; 15:17562848221115320. [PMID: 35967920 PMCID: PMC9373125 DOI: 10.1177/17562848221115320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for many chronic diseases and its rising prevalence the last couple of decades is a healthcare concern in many countries. Obesity is a multifactorial problem that is not only limited in its causation by diet and lack of exercise. Genetics but also environmental factors such as the gut microbiome should similarly be taken into account. A plethora of articles have been published, that from various different angles, attempt to disentangle the complex interaction between gut microbiota and obesity. Examples range from the effect of the gut microbiota on the host immune system to the pathophysiological pathways in which microbial-derived metabolites affect obesity. Various discordant gut microbiota findings are a result of this complexity. In this review, in addition to summarizing the classical role of the gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of obesity, we attempt to view both the healthy and obesogenic effects of the gut microbiota as a consequence of the presence or absence of collective guilds/trophic networks. Lastly, we propose avenues and strategies for the future of gut microbiome research concerning obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard W. J. van der Vossen
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine,
Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
| | - Marcus C. de Goffau
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine,
Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
| | - Evgeni Levin
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine,
Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The
Netherlands,Horaizon BV, Delft, The Netherlands
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11
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Forlano R, Sivakumar M, Mullish BH, Manousou P. Gut Microbiota—A Future Therapeutic Target for People with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158307. [PMID: 35955434 PMCID: PMC9368436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents an increasing cause of liver disease, affecting one-third of the population worldwide. Despite many medications being in the pipeline to treat the condition, there is still no pharmaceutical agent licensed to treat the disease. As intestinal bacteria play a crucial role in the pathogenesis and progression of liver damage in patients with NAFLD, it has been suggested that manipulating the microbiome may represent a therapeutical option. In this review, we summarise the latest evidence supporting the manipulation of the intestinal microbiome as a potential therapy for treating liver disease in patients with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Forlano
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, UK; (R.F.); (B.H.M.)
| | - Mathuri Sivakumar
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Benjamin H. Mullish
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, UK; (R.F.); (B.H.M.)
| | - Pinelopi Manousou
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, UK; (R.F.); (B.H.M.)
- Correspondence:
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12
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Biazzo M, Deidda G. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation as New Therapeutic Avenue for Human Diseases. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11144119. [PMID: 35887883 PMCID: PMC9320118 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11144119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The human body is home to a variety of micro-organisms. Most of these microbial communities reside in the gut and are referred to as gut microbiota. Over the last decades, compelling evidence showed that a number of human pathologies are associated with microbiota dysbiosis, thereby suggesting that the reinstatement of physiological microflora balance and composition might ameliorate the clinical symptoms. Among possible microbiota-targeted interventions, pre/pro-biotics supplementations were shown to provide effective results, but the main limitation remains in the limited microbial species available as probiotics. Differently, fecal microbiota transplantation involves the transplantation of a solution of fecal matter from a donor into the intestinal tract of a recipient in order to directly change the recipient's gut microbial composition aiming to confer a health benefit. Firstly used in the 4th century in traditional Chinese medicine, nowadays, it has been exploited so far to treat recurrent Clostridioides difficile infections, but accumulating data coming from a number of clinical trials clearly indicate that fecal microbiota transplantation may also carry the therapeutic potential for a number of other conditions ranging from gastrointestinal to liver diseases, from cancer to inflammatory, infectious, autoimmune diseases and brain disorders, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. In this review, we will summarize the commonly used preparation and delivery methods, comprehensively review the evidence obtained in clinical trials in different human conditions and discuss the variability in the results and the pivotal importance of donor selection. The final aim is to stimulate discussion and open new therapeutic perspectives among experts in the use of fecal microbiota transplantation not only in Clostridioides difficile infection but as one of the first strategies to be used to ameliorate a number of human conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuele Biazzo
- The BioArte Limited, Life Sciences Park, Triq San Giljan, SGN 3000 San Gwann, Malta;
- SienabioACTIVE, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Gabriele Deidda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-049-827-6125
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13
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Gut Microbiota Composition Associated with Clostridioides difficile Colonization and Infection. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070781. [PMID: 35890026 PMCID: PMC9322938 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is an anaerobic Gram-positive and spore-forming bacterium. The majority of C. difficile strains produce two toxins, A and B, associated with the development of acute diarrhea and/or colitis. In this review, two situations are distinguished: C. difficile infection (CDI) and asymptomatic colonization (AC). The main objective of this review is to explore the available data related to the link between the gut microbiota and the development of CDI. The secondary aim is to provide more information on why some people colonized with toxigenic C. difficile develop an infection while others show no signs of disease. Several factors, such as the use of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors, hospitalization, and age, predispose individuals to C. difficile colonization and/or C. difficile infection. The gut microbiota of people with AC showed decreased abundances of Prevotella, Alistipes, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Dorea, Coprococcus, and Roseburia. The gut microbiota of people suffering from CDI showed reductions in the abundances of Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Blautia spp., Prevotella spp., Dialister spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Roseburia spp., Anaerostipes spp., Faecalibacterium spp. and Coprococcus spp., in comparison with healthy people. Furthermore, increases in the abundances of Enterococcaceae and Enterococcus were associated with C. difficile infection.
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14
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The role of short-chain fatty acids in Clostridioides difficile infection: A review. Anaerobe 2022; 75:102585. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2022.102585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Establishment and resilience of transplanted gut microbiota in aged mice. iScience 2022; 25:103654. [PMID: 35024588 PMCID: PMC8733228 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of healthy and resilient gut microbiota is critical for the life quality and healthspan of the elderly. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been increasingly used to restore healthy gut microbiota. We systemically studied the establishment and resilience of transplanted microbiota after autologous versus heterologous FMT in aged recipients. Gut microbiota of aged mice (20 months old) failed to restore their original diversity and composition over 8 weeks via spontaneous recovery after antibiotics treatment; in contrast, FMT using either autologous or heterologous (2 months old from a different vendor) donors facilitated the recovery successfully, established donor-like microbiota states, and affected host gene expression profile. Furthermore, the transplanted microbiota established by heterologous FMT is not resilient during chemical-induced colonic inflammation, in contrast to that of autologous FMT. Our findings highlighted the need to monitor the long-term stability of transplanted gut microbiota and to perform multiple FMT when necessary. Aged mice microbiota restores slowly after antibiotics treatment Both autologous and heterologous FMT facilitate microbiota restoration in aged mice FMT affects long-term homeostasis of gut metagenome and colon gene expression Established microbiota after heterologous FMT is not resilient against colitis
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16
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Michailidis L, Currier AC, Le M, Flomenhoft DR. Adverse events of fecal microbiota transplantation: a meta-analysis of high-quality studies. Ann Gastroenterol 2021; 34:802-814. [PMID: 34815646 PMCID: PMC8596209 DOI: 10.20524/aog.2021.0655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has shown excellent efficacy in treating Clostridioides difficile infection, as well as promise in several other diseases. The heightened interest is accompanied by concerns over adverse events (AE) and safety. To further understand that in FMT, we performed a systematic review of the literature and a meta-analysis of high-quality, prospective randomized controlled trials FMT. METHODS Studies were selected based on predefined exclusion criteria and were assessed for quality. Only prospective, randomized, controlled studies of high quality were included in the final analysis. Data were extracted on demographics, AE, indication, delivery method and follow-up duration. RESULTS Out of 334 articles reviewed, 9 high quality studies with 756 FMTs were selected for final analysis. The pooled rate of AE was 39.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.19-0.642) as they were reported by 112 patients who received FMT. The SAE rate was 5.3% (95%CI 3.1-8.8%). The most common AE reported was abdominal pain, followed by diarrhea. The most common SAE was Clostridium difficile infection. Upper gastrointestinal tract delivery was associated with a higher rate of total AE, but not SAE. CONCLUSIONS Based on the selected studies, the AE rate of FMT is 39.3%, with most AE being mild and self-limiting. SAE were uncommon at 5.3%, and many were only possibly related to the FMT. Adherence to standardized reporting of AE as well as longitudinal studies and registries will help further clarify the safety of FMT in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamprinos Michailidis
- Department of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
- Correspondence to: Lamprinos Michailidis, MD, University of Kentucky College of Medicine 800 Rose Street Room MN649, Lexington, KY 40536, USA, e-mail:
| | - Alden C. Currier
- Department of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michelle Le
- Department of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Deborah R. Flomenhoft
- Department of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
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17
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Zou J, Liu C, Jiang S, Qian D, Duan J. Cross Talk between Gut Microbiota and Intestinal Mucosal Immunity in the Development of Ulcerative Colitis. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0001421. [PMID: 33526559 PMCID: PMC8370674 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00014-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC), a nonspecific inflammatory disease, is characterized by inflammation and mucosal damage in the colon, and its prevalence in the world is increasing. Nevertheless, the exact pathogenesis of UC is still unclear. Accumulating data have suggested that its pathogenesis is multifactorial, involving genetic predisposition, environmental factors, microbial dysbiosis, and dysregulated immune responses. Generally, UC is aroused by inappropriate immune activation based on the interaction of host and intestinal microbiota. The relationship between microbiota and host immune system in the pathogenesis of UC is complicated. However, increasing evidence indicates that the shift of microbiota composition can substantially influence intestinal immunity. In this review, we primarily focus on the delicate balance between microbiota and gut mucosal immunity during UC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Zou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu Jiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dawei Qian
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Cunningham AL, Stephens JW, Harris DA. A review on gut microbiota: a central factor in the pathophysiology of obesity. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:65. [PMID: 34233682 PMCID: PMC8262044 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01491-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and its complications constitute a substantial burden. Considerable published research describes the novel relationships between obesity and gut microbiota communities. It is becoming evident that microbiota behave in a pivotal role in their ability to influence homeostatic mechanisms either to the benefit or detriment of host health, the extent of which is not fully understood. A greater understanding of the contribution of gut microbiota towards host pathophysiology is revealing new therapeutic avenues to tackle the global obesity epidemic. This review focuses on causal relationships and associations with obesity, proposed central mechanisms encouraging the development of obesity and promising prospective methods for microbiota manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Cunningham
- Department of Surgery, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, SA2 8QA, UK. .,Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8QA, UK.
| | - J W Stephens
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8QA, UK
| | - D A Harris
- Department of Surgery, Swansea Bay University Health Board, Swansea, SA2 8QA, UK.,Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8QA, UK
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19
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Mocanu V, Zhang Z, Deehan EC, Kao DH, Hotte N, Karmali S, Birch DW, Samarasinghe KK, Walter J, Madsen KL. Fecal microbial transplantation and fiber supplementation in patients with severe obesity and metabolic syndrome: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. Nat Med 2021; 27:1272-1279. [PMID: 34226737 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01399-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fecal microbial transplantation (FMT) from lean donors to patients with obesity has been associated with metabolic benefits, yet results so far have been inconsistent. In this study, we tested the application of daily fiber supplementation as an adjunct to FMT therapy to modulate cardiometabolic outcomes. We performed a double-blind randomized trial in patients with severe obesity and metabolic syndrome receiving oral FMT, to test high-fermentable (HF) and low-fermentable (LF) fiber supplements (NCT03477916). Seventy participants were randomized to the FMT-HF (n = 17), FMT-LF (n = 17), HF (n = 17) and LF (n = 19) groups. The primary outcome was the assessment of change in insulin sensitivity from baseline to 6 weeks using the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA2-IR/IS). After 6 weeks, only patients in the FMT-LF group had significant improvements in HOMA2-IR (3.16 ± 3.01 at 6 weeks versus 3.77 ± 3.57 at baseline; P = 0.02). No difference in HOMA2-IR was observed over this period for those in the FMT-HF group (3.25 ± 1.70 at 6 weeks versus 3.17 ± 1.72 at baseline; P = 0.8), the HF group (3.49 ± 1.43 at 6 weeks versus 3.26 ± 1.33 at baseline; P = 0.8) or the LF group (3.76 ± 2.01 at 6 weeks versus 3.56 ± 1.81 at baseline; P = 0.8). Interventions were safe and well-tolerated with no treatment-attributed serious adverse events. We provide proof of concept for the use of a single-dose oral FMT combined with daily low-fermentable fiber supplementation to improve insulin sensitivity in patients with severe obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Mocanu
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Zhengxiao Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,College of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Edward C Deehan
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dina H Kao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Naomi Hotte
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shahzeer Karmali
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniel W Birch
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Jens Walter
- APC Microbiome Ireland, School of Microbiology and Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Karen L Madsen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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20
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The Role of Microbiota in Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and Related Biliary Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136975. [PMID: 34203536 PMCID: PMC8268159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is an immune-related cholangiopathy characterized by biliary inflammation, cholestasis, and multifocal bile duct strictures. It is associated with high rates of progression to end-stage liver disease as well as a significant risk of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), gallbladder cancer, and colorectal carcinoma. Currently, no effective medical treatment with an impact on the overall survival is available, and liver transplantation is the only curative treatment option. Emerging evidence indicates that gut microbiota is associated with disease pathogenesis. Several studies analyzing fecal and mucosal samples demonstrate a distinct gut microbiome in individuals with PSC compared to healthy controls and individuals with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) without PSC. Experimental mouse and observational human data suggest that a diverse set of microbial functions may be relevant, including microbial metabolites and bacterial processing of pharmacological agents, bile acids, or dietary compounds, altogether driving the intrahepatic inflammation. Despite critical progress in this field over the past years, further functional characterization of the role of the microbiota in PSC and related malignancies is needed. In this review, we discuss the available data on the role of the gut microbiome and elucidate important insights into underlying pathogenic mechanisms and possible microbe-altering interventions.
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21
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Bayoumy AB, Mulder CJJ, Mol JJ, Tushuizen ME. Gut fermentation syndrome: A systematic review of case reports. United European Gastroenterol J 2021; 9:332-342. [PMID: 33887125 PMCID: PMC8259373 DOI: 10.1002/ueg2.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut fermentation syndrome (GFS), also known as the endogenous alcohol fermentation syndrome or auto brewery syndrome, is a rare and underdiagnosed medical condition where consumed carbohydrates are converted to alcohol by the microbiota in the gastrointestinal or urinary tract. The symptoms of GFS can have severe impact on patients' wellbeing and can have social and legal consequences. Unfortunately, not much is reported about GFS. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the evidence for GFS, causal micro-organisms, diagnostics, and possible treatments. METHODS A protocol was developed prior to initiation of the systematic review (PROSPERO 207182). We performed a literature search for clinical studies on 1 September 2020 using PubMed and Embase. We included all clinical studies, including case reports that described the GFS. RESULTS In total, 17 case reports were included, consisting of 20 patients diagnosed with GFS. The species that caused the GFS included Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans, C. glabrata, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, C. intermedia, C. parapsilosis, and C. kefyr. CONCLUSIONS GFS is a rare but underdiagnosed disease in daily practice. The disease is mostly reported by Saccharomyces and Candida genera, and some cases were previously treated with antibiotics. Studies in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver disease suggest a bacterial origin of endogenous alcohol-production, which might also be causal micro-organisms in GFS. Current treatments for GFS include antibiotics, antifungal medication, low carbohydrate diet, and probiotics. There might be a potential role of fecal microbiota transplant in the treatment of GFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed B Bayoumy
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chris J J Mulder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap J Mol
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten E Tushuizen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
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22
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Raza S, Rajak S, Upadhyay A, Tewari A, Anthony Sinha R. Current treatment paradigms and emerging therapies for NAFLD/NASH. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2021; 26:206-237. [PMID: 33049668 DOI: 10.2741/4892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one the fastest emerging manifestations of the metabolic syndrome worldwide. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the progressive form of NAFLD, may culminate into cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer (HCC) and is presently a leading cause of liver transplant. Although a steady progress is seen in understanding of the disease epidemiology, pathogenesis and identifying therapeutic targets, the slowest advancement is seen in the therapeutic field. Currently, there is no FDA approved therapy for this disease and appropriate therapeutic targets are urgently warranted. In this review we discuss the role of lifestyle intervention, pharmacological agents, surgical approaches, and gut microbiome, with regard to therapy for NASH. In particular, we focus the role of insulin sensitizers, thyroid hormone mimetics, antioxidants, cholesterol lowering drugs, incretins and cytokines as therapeutic targets for NASH. We highlight these targets aiming to optimize the future for NASH therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Raza
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Sangam Rajak
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Aditya Upadhyay
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Archana Tewari
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
| | - Rohit Anthony Sinha
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India,
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23
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Knežević D, Petković M. Faecal transplantation and Clostridioides difficile infection. SCRIPTA MEDICA 2021. [DOI: 10.5937/scriptamed52-32752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), known equally well as faecal transplantation or faecal bacteriotherapy, is the process of implanting the faecal suspension containing balanced microbiota from a healthy donor to the colon of a recipient patient. Excessive growth of Clostridioides difficile (C difficile) in the intestinal microbiota resulting from antibiotic consumption is currently a rising threat to public health. FMT is one of the most important, newer approaches to treating C difficile infections. Since C difficile is regarded as an opportunistic bacterium triggering disease in conditions of disturbed homeostasis of the intestinal microbiota, restoration of healthy intestinal microflora facilitates suppression of toxic strain of C difficile by anaerobic bacteria of normal intestinal microflora with concomitant cure. Nurses have important role in caring for patients after faecal transplantation.
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24
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Lozupone M, D'Urso F, Piccininni C, Montagna ML, Sardone R, Resta E, Dibello V, Daniele A, Giannelli G, Bellomo A, Panza F. The relationship between epigenetics and microbiota in neuropsychiatric diseases. Epigenomics 2020; 12:1559-1568. [PMID: 32901505 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2020-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiota might be considered as a pool for environmental epigenetic factors. Evidence is accumulating that environmental exposures - including microbes, diet, drugs - play a role in the pathogenesis of many neuropsychiatric disorders. Underlying mechanisms are complex, involving the sensitive interplay of genetics with epigenetics, neuroinflammation and the innate immune system. Modifications of microbiota affect neurogenesis and the maturation of microglia, influencing social behavior, stress-related responses and fear learning mechanisms. The excitatory neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex appear to play a key role. The mechanisms through which antibiotics administration may modulate microbiota and, therefore, behavior and neuropsychiatric disorders, may be influenced by several variables such as pre-existing gastrointestinal inflammation, the baseline microbiota composition, diet and stress perception. Probiotics, individualized diet, antibiotics and fecal transplantation could positively modulate the effects of epigenetic factors on neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madia Lozupone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Neuroscience & Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca D'Urso
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Psychiatric Unit, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Carla Piccininni
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Psychiatric Unit, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Maddalena La Montagna
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Psychiatric Unit, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Sardone
- Salus In Apulia Study: "Frailty Phenotypes Research Unit", National Institute of Gastroenterology "Saverio de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte Bari, Italy
| | - Emanuela Resta
- Translational Medicine & Management of Health Systems, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Dibello
- Salus In Apulia Study: "Frailty Phenotypes Research Unit", National Institute of Gastroenterology "Saverio de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte Bari, Italy.,Department of Orofacial Pain & Dysfunction, Academic Centre of Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam & Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Daniele
- Institute of Neurology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- Salus In Apulia Study: "Frailty Phenotypes Research Unit", National Institute of Gastroenterology "Saverio de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte Bari, Italy
| | - Antonello Bellomo
- Department of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, Psychiatric Unit, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Francesco Panza
- Salus In Apulia Study: "Frailty Phenotypes Research Unit", National Institute of Gastroenterology "Saverio de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte Bari, Italy
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25
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Aron-Wisnewsky J, Warmbrunn MV, Nieuwdorp M, Clément K. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Modulating Gut Microbiota to Improve Severity? Gastroenterology 2020; 158:1881-1898. [PMID: 32044317 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota plays a role in the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases, which include nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases, through the gut-liver axis. To date, clinical guidelines recommend a weight loss goal of 7%-10% to improve features of nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases. Because this target is not easily achieved by all patients, alternative therapeutic options are currently being evaluated. This review focuses on therapeutics that aim to modulate the gut microbiota and the gut-liver axis. We discuss how probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotic, fecal microbiota transfer, polyphenols, specific diets, and exercise interventions have been found to modify gut microbiota signatures; improve nonalcoholic fatty liver disease outcomes; and detail, when available, the different mechanisms by which these beneficial outcomes might occur. Apart from probiotics that have already been tested in human randomized controlled trials, most of these potential therapeutics have been studied in animals. Their efficacy still warrants confirmation in humans using appropriate design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Aron-Wisnewsky
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS U1269, Nutriomics Research Unit, Paris, France; Nutrition Department, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Ile de France, Paris, France; Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Moritz V Warmbrunn
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Vascular Medicine, University of Amsterdam Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Amsterdam Medical Center, Free University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karine Clément
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, UMRS U1269, Nutriomics Research Unit, Paris, France; Nutrition Department, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Ile de France, Paris, France.
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26
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van de Wouw M, Boehme M, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Monocyte mobilisation, microbiota & mental illness. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:74-91. [PMID: 31330299 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal microbiome has emerged as a key player in regulating brain and behaviour. This has led to the strategy of targeting the gut microbiota to ameliorate disorders of the central nervous system. Understanding the underlying signalling pathways in which the microbiota impacts these disorders is crucial for the development of future therapeutics for improving CNS functionality. One of the major pathways through which the microbiota influences the brain is the immune system, where there is an increasing appreciation for the role of monocyte trafficking in regulating brain homeostasis. In this review, we will shed light on the role of monocyte trafficking as a relay of microbiota signals in conditions where the central nervous system is in disorder, such as stress, peripheral inflammation, ageing, traumatic brain injury, stroke, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. We also cover how the gastrointestinal microbiota is implicated in these mental illnesses. In addition, we aim to discuss how the monocyte system can be modulated by the gut microbiota to mitigate disorders of the central nervous system, which will lead to novel microbiota-targeted strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Boehme
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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27
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Liu Q, Liu S, Chen L, Zhao Z, Du S, Dong Q, Xin Y, Xuan S. Role and effective therapeutic target of gut microbiota in NAFLD/NASH. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:1935-1944. [PMID: 31410156 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the most prevalent chronic liver disease in the world, is affected by numerous extrinsic and intrinsic factors, including lifestyle, environment, diet, genetic susceptibility, metabolic syndrome and gut microbiota. Accumulating evidence has proven that gut dysbiosis is significantly associated with the development and progression of NAFLD, and several highly variable species in gut microbiota have been identified. The gut microbiota contributes to NAFLD by abnormal regulation of the liver-gut axis, gut microbial components and microbial metabolites, and affects the secretion of bile acids. Due to the key role of the gut microbiota in NAFLD, it has been regarded as a potential target for the pharmacological and clinical treatment of NAFLD. The present review provides a systematic summary of the characterization of gut microbiota and the significant association between the gut microbiota and NAFLD. The possible mechanisms of how the gut microbiota is involved in promoting the development and progression of NAFLD were also discussed. In addition, the potential therapeutic methods for NAFLD based on the gut microbiota were summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Liu
- Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
| | - Shousheng Liu
- Central Laboratories, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China.,Digestive Disease Key Laboratory of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Lizhen Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China.,Department of Infectious Disease, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhao
- Central Laboratories, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China.,Digestive Disease Key Laboratory of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Shuixian Du
- Department of Infectious Disease, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
| | - Quanjiang Dong
- Central Laboratories, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China.,Digestive Disease Key Laboratory of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
| | - Yongning Xin
- Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China.,Digestive Disease Key Laboratory of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China.,Department of Infectious Disease, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China
| | - Shiying Xuan
- Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266011, P.R. China.,Digestive Disease Key Laboratory of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, P.R. China
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28
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Canibe N, O’Dea M, Abraham S. Potential relevance of pig gut content transplantation for production and research. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:55. [PMID: 31304012 PMCID: PMC6604143 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0363-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly evident that the gastrointestinal microbiota has a significant impact on the overall health and production of the pig. This has led to intensified research on the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota, factors affecting it, and the impact of the microbiota on health, growth performance, and more recently, behavior of the host. Swine production research has been heavily focused on assessing the effects of feed additives and dietary modifications to alter or take advantage of select characteristics of gastrointestinal microbes to improve health and feed conversion efficiency. Research on faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) as a possible tool to improve outcomes in pigs through manipulation of the gastrointestinal microbiome is very recent and limited data is available. Results on FMT in humans demonstrating the transfer of phenotypic traits from donors to recipients and the high efficacy of FMT to treat Clostridium difficile infections in humans, together with data from pigs relating GI-tract microbiota composition with growth performance has likely played an important role in the interest towards this strategy in pig production. However, several factors can influence the impact of FMT on the recipient, and these need to be identified and optimized before this tool can be applied to pig production. There are obvious inherent biosecurity and regulatory issues in this strategy, since the donor's microbiome can never be completely screened for all possible non-desirable microorganisms. However, considering the success observed in humans, it seems worth investigating this strategy for certain applications in pig production. Further, FMT research may lead to the identification of specific bacterial group(s) essential for a particular outcome, resulting in the development of banks of clones which can be used as targeted therapeutics, rather than the broader approach applied in FMT. This review examines the factors associated with the use of FMT, and its potential application to swine production, and includes research on using the pig as model for human medical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Canibe
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU-FOULUM, PO BOX 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Mark O’Dea
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Disease laboratory, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Disease laboratory, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Western Australia, Australia
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29
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Wortelboer K, Nieuwdorp M, Herrema H. Fecal microbiota transplantation beyond Clostridioides difficile infections. EBioMedicine 2019; 44:716-729. [PMID: 31201141 PMCID: PMC6606746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the commensal microbiota to human health and well-being has become increasingly evident over the past decades. From a therapeutic perspective, the popularity of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) to restore a disrupted microbiota and amend imbalances has increased. To date, most clinical experience with FMT originates from the treatment of recurrent or refractory Clostridioides difficile infections (rCDI), with resolution rates up to 90%. In addition to CDI, a role for the intestinal microbiome has been implicated in several disorders. FMT has been tested in several randomized controlled trials for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel disease and constipation with mixed results. FMT has also been explored for extra-gastrointestinal disorders such as metabolic syndrome, hepatic encephalopathy and graft-versus-host disease. With the exception of recurrent CDI, FMT is currently used in experimental settings only and should not yet be offered as standard care. In addition, it is critical to further standardize and optimize procedures for FMT preparation. This includes determination of active components of FMT to develop (personalized) approaches to treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Wortelboer
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Diabetes Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hilde Herrema
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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30
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Vemuri R, Sylvia KE, Klein SL, Forster SC, Plebanski M, Eri R, Flanagan KL. The microgenderome revealed: sex differences in bidirectional interactions between the microbiota, hormones, immunity and disease susceptibility. Semin Immunopathol 2019; 41:265-275. [PMID: 30298433 PMCID: PMC6500089 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-018-0716-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences in immunity are well described in the literature and thought to be mainly driven by sex hormones and sex-linked immune response genes. The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is one of the largest immune organs in the body and contains multiple immune cells in the GIT-associated lymphoid tissue, Peyer's patches and elsewhere, which together have profound effects on local and systemic inflammation. The GIT is colonised with microbial communities composed of bacteria, fungi and viruses, collectively known as the GIT microbiota. The GIT microbiota drives multiple interactions locally with immune cells that regulate the homeostatic environment and systemically in diverse tissues. It is becoming evident that the microbiota differs between the sexes, both in animal models and in humans, and these sex differences often lead to sex-dependent changes in local GIT inflammation, systemic immunity and susceptibility to a range of inflammatory diseases. The sexually dimorphic microbiome has been termed the 'microgenderome'. Herein, we review the evidence for the microgenderome and contemplate the role it plays in driving sex differences in immunity and disease susceptibility. We further consider the impact that biological sex might play in the response to treatments aimed at manipulating the GIT microbiota, such as prebiotics, live biotherapeutics, (probiotics, synbiotics and bacteriotherapies) and faecal microbial transplant. These alternative therapies hold potential in the treatment of both psychological (e.g., anxiety, depression) and physiological (e.g., irritable bowel disease) disorders differentially affecting males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravichandra Vemuri
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Kristyn E Sylvia
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- The W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Samuel C Forster
- Microbiota and Systems Biology Laboratory, Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Magdalena Plebanski
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Raj Eri
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Katie L Flanagan
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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31
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Fecal microbiota transplantation: Review and update. J Formos Med Assoc 2019; 118 Suppl 1:S23-S31. [PMID: 30181015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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32
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Bakke D, Chatterjee I, Agrawal A, Dai Y, Sun J. Regulation of Microbiota by Vitamin D Receptor: A Nuclear Weapon in Metabolic Diseases. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR RESEARCH 2018; 5:101377. [PMID: 30828578 PMCID: PMC6392192 DOI: 10.11131/2018/101377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a multi-faceted disease. The microbiota, as a newly discovered organ, contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of metabolic syndrome. Recent studies have demonstrated that nuclear receptors play critical roles in metabolic diseases. In the current review, we discuss the general role of the microbiome in health and metabolic syndrome. We summarize the functions of the nuclear receptor vitamin D receptor (VDR) in metabolism. The focus of this review is the novel roles of vitamin D/VDR signaling in regulating inflammation and the microbiome, especially in obesity. Furthermore, we extend our discussion of potential gut-liver axis mediated by VDR signaling and microbiota in obesity. Finally, we discuss the potential clinical application of probiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation in prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome. Insights into nuclear receptors in metabolism and metabolic diseases will allow us to develop new strategies for fighting metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danika Bakke
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
| | - Ishita Chatterjee
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
| | - Annika Agrawal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
- Hinsdale Central High School, 5500 S Grant St, Hinsdale, IL 60521, USA
| | - Yang Dai
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering/College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
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33
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Niederwerder MC, Constance LA, Rowland RRR, Abbas W, Fernando SC, Potter ML, Sheahan MA, Burkey TE, Hesse RA, Cino-Ozuna AG. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Is Associated With Reduced Morbidity and Mortality in Porcine Circovirus Associated Disease. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1631. [PMID: 30083142 PMCID: PMC6064930 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD) is a term used to describe the multi-factorial disease syndromes caused by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2), which can be reproduced in an experimental setting through the co-infection of pigs with PCV-2 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). The resulting PCVAD-affected pigs represent a subpopulation within the co-infected group. In co-infection studies, the presence of increased microbiome diversity is linked to a reduction in clinical signs. In this study, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was investigated as a means to prevent PCVAD in pigs co-infected with PRRSV and PCV-2d. The sources of the FMT material were high-parity sows with a documented history of high health status and robust litter characteristics. The analysis of the donated FMT material showed the absence of common pathogens along with the presence of diverse microbial phyla and families. One group of pigs (n = 10) was administered the FMT while a control group (n = 10) was administered a sterile mock-transplant. Over the 42-day post-infection period, the FMT group showed fewer PCVAD-affected pigs, as evidenced by a significant reduction in morbidity and mortality in transplanted pigs, along with increased antibody levels. Overall, this study provides evidence that FMT decreases the severity of clinical signs following co-infection with PRRSV and PCV-2 by reducing the prevalence of PCVAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Niederwerder
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Laura A Constance
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Raymond R R Rowland
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Waseem Abbas
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Samodha C Fernando
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | | | - Maureen A Sheahan
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Thomas E Burkey
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Richard A Hesse
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States.,Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Ada G Cino-Ozuna
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States.,Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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34
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Baktash A, Terveer EM, Zwittink RD, Hornung BVH, Corver J, Kuijper EJ, Smits WK. Mechanistic Insights in the Success of Fecal Microbiota Transplants for the Treatment of Clostridium difficile Infections. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1242. [PMID: 29946308 PMCID: PMC6005852 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fecal microbiota transplantation has proven to be an effective treatment for infections with the gram-positive enteropathogen Clostridium difficile. Despite its effectiveness, the exact mechanisms that underlie its success are largely unclear. In this review, we highlight the pleiotropic effectors that are transferred during fecal microbiota transfer and relate this to the C. difficile lifecycle. In doing so, we show that it is likely that multiple factors contribute to the elimination of symptoms of C. difficile infections after fecal microbiota transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amoe Baktash
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth M Terveer
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Netherlands Donor Feces Bank, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Romy D Zwittink
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Experimental Bacteriology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Bastian V H Hornung
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Experimental Bacteriology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Corver
- Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Experimental Bacteriology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ed J Kuijper
- Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.,Netherlands Donor Feces Bank, Leiden, Netherlands.,Experimental Bacteriology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Wiep Klaas Smits
- Experimental Bacteriology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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35
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Associations between Gut Microbiota and Common Luminal Intestinal Parasites. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:369-377. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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36
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Microbiota potential for the treatment of sexual dysfunction. Med Hypotheses 2018; 115:46-49. [PMID: 29685195 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inability to have a satisfactory sexual intercourse is a serious problem affecting many people. Despite enormous efforts for developing effective treatments for pathologic conditions associated with sexual malfunction, still a lot of patients do not respond well to such treatments. Microbiota has been shown to affect obesity, diabetes, hypertension, stress/anxiety and sex hormonal disturbances. Nevertheless, no research has concentrated on the link between microbiota and human sexuality or sexual dysfunction. We propose another line of enquiry into sexual dysfunction by hypothesizing a relationship between microbiota and factors affecting human sexuality. Hence, it can be assumed that microbiota manipulation may improve sexual behavior and reduce sexual dysfunction. We also discuss the evidence to back up this hypothesis, and present some predictions.
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37
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Sokolowska M, Frei R, Lunjani N, Akdis CA, O'Mahony L. Microbiome and asthma. Asthma Res Pract 2018; 4:1. [PMID: 29318023 PMCID: PMC5755449 DOI: 10.1186/s40733-017-0037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal immune system is in constant communication with the vast diversity of microbes present on body surfaces. The discovery of novel molecular mechanisms, which mediate host-microbe communication, have highlighted the important roles played by microbes in influencing mucosal immune responses. Dendritic cells, epithelial cells, ILCs, T regulatory cells, effector lymphocytes, NKT cells and B cells can all be influenced by the microbiome. Many of the mechanisms being described are bacterial strain- or metabolite-specific. Microbial dysbiosis in the gut and the lung is increasingly being associated with the incidence and severity of asthma. More accurate endotyping of patients with asthma may be assisted by further analysis of the composition and metabolic activity of an individual’s microbiome. In addition, the efficacy of specific therapeutics may be influenced by the microbiome and novel bacterial-based therapeutics should be considered in future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Sokolowska
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zürich, Obere Strasse 22, 7270 Davos, Switzerland.,Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Remo Frei
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zürich, Obere Strasse 22, 7270 Davos, Switzerland.,Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Nonhlanhla Lunjani
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zürich, Obere Strasse 22, 7270 Davos, Switzerland.,Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland.,University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zürich, Obere Strasse 22, 7270 Davos, Switzerland.,Christine Kühne - Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK-CARE), Davos, Switzerland
| | - Liam O'Mahony
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of Zürich, Obere Strasse 22, 7270 Davos, Switzerland
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38
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Olivier V, Dunyach-Remy C, Lavigne JP, Moranne O. [Micro-inflammation and digestive bacterial translocation in chronic kidney disease]. Nephrol Ther 2018; 14:135-141. [PMID: 29295767 DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Micro-inflammation has been recognized as a major factor associated with the poor prognosis of patients with chronic kidney disease. Those patients have an increased rate of pro-inflammatory markers like interleukin 6, C-Reactive protein, Tumor Necrosis Factor α and fibrinogen. Among multiple and complex causes of micro-inflammation the gut microbiota could be an important actor considering the dysbiosis in chronic kidney disease which would enhance the synthesis of uremic toxins with cardiovascular toxicity and the bacterial translocation. This review details the role of the gut microbiota in human pathology and in chronic kidney disease focusing on the bacterial translocation that could occur because of an impaired digestive permeability. This bacterial translocation could induce a chronic immune response and could take part in the raise of pro-inflammatory markers in chronic kidney disease. New therapeutic strategies aiming at preventing metabolic and cardiovascular complications could emerge from the understanding of the relationships between gut microbiota and host in this particular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Olivier
- Service de néphrologie dialyse-aphérèse, CHU Caremeau, 30029 Nîmes cedex 09, France.
| | - Catherine Dunyach-Remy
- Inserm unité 1047, université de Montpellier, UFR de médecine, 30908 Nîmes cedex 02, France; Service de microbiologie, CHU Caremeau, 30029 Nîmes cedex 09, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Lavigne
- Inserm unité 1047, université de Montpellier, UFR de médecine, 30908 Nîmes cedex 02, France; Service de microbiologie, CHU Caremeau, 30029 Nîmes cedex 09, France
| | - Olivier Moranne
- Service de néphrologie dialyse-aphérèse, CHU Caremeau, 30029 Nîmes cedex 09, France
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39
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Fighting Fatty Liver Diseases with Nutritional Interventions, Probiotics, Symbiotics, and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1125:85-100. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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