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Xie X, Zhou R, Fang Z, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Liu X. Seeing beyond words: Visualizing autism spectrum disorder biomarker insights. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30420. [PMID: 38694128 PMCID: PMC11061761 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study employs bibliometric and visual analysis to elucidate global research trends in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) biomarkers, identify critical research focal points, and discuss the potential integration of diverse biomarker modalities for precise ASD assessment. Methods A comprehensive bibliometric analysis was conducted using data from the Web of Science Core Collection database until December 31, 2022. Visualization tools, including R, VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and gCLUTO, were utilized to examine collaborative networks, co-citation patterns, and keyword associations among countries, institutions, authors, journals, documents, and keywords. Results ASD biomarker research emerged in 2004, accumulating a corpus of 4348 documents by December 31, 2022. The United States, with 1574 publications and an H-index of 213, emerged as the most prolific and influential country. The University of California, Davis, contributed significantly with 346 publications and an H-index of 69, making it the leading institution. Concerning journals, the Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, Autism Research, and PLOS ONE were the top three publishers of ASD biomarker-related articles among a total of 1140 academic journals. Co-citation and keyword analyses revealed research hotspots in genetics, imaging, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, gut microbiota, and eye tracking. Emerging topics included "DNA methylation," "eye tracking," "metabolomics," and "resting-state fMRI." Conclusion The field of ASD biomarker research is dynamically evolving. Future endeavors should prioritize individual stratification, methodological standardization, the harmonious integration of biomarker modalities, and longitudinal studies to advance the precision of ASD diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Xie
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Pediatrics Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, China
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pediatrics, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
| | - Rongyi Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Pediatrics Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, China
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pediatrics, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
| | - Zihan Fang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pediatrics, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
| | - Yongting Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Pediatrics Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, China
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pediatrics, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
| | - Qirong Wang
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Pediatrics, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
| | - Xiaomian Liu
- Henan University of Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450046, China
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2
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Zhao DD, Gai YD, Li C, Fu ZZ, Yin DQ, Xie M, Dai JY, Wang XX, Li YX, Wu GF, Feng Y, Hu JM, Lin SM, Yang JC. Dietary taurine effect on intestinal barrier function, colonic microbiota and metabolites in weanling piglets induced by LPS. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1259133. [PMID: 38188568 PMCID: PMC10770862 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1259133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea in piglets is one of the most important diseases and a significant cause of death in piglets. Preliminary studies have confirmed that taurine reduces the rate and index of diarrhea in piglets induced by LPS. However, there is still a lack of relevant information on the specific target and mechanism of action of taurine. Therefore, we investigated the effects of taurine on the growth and barrier functions of the intestine, microbiota composition, and metabolite composition of piglets induced by LPS. Eighteen male weaned piglets were randomly divided into the CON group (basal diet + standard saline injection), LPS group (basal diet + LPS-intraperitoneal injection), and TAU + LPS group (basal diet + 0.3% taurine + LPS-intraperitoneal injection). The results show that taurine significantly increased the ADG and decreased the F/G (p < 0.05) compared with the group of CON. The group of TAU + LPS significantly improved colonic villous damage (p < 0.05). The expression of ZO-1, Occludin and Claudin-1 genes and proteins were markedly up-regulated (p < 0.05). Based on 16s rRNA sequencing analysis, the relative abundance of Lactobacilluscae and Firmicutes in the colon was significantly higher in the LPS + TAU group compared to the LPS group (p < 0.05). Four metabolites were significantly higher and one metabolite was significantly lower in the TAU + LPS group compared to the LPS group (p < 0.01). The above results show that LPS disrupts intestinal microorganisms and metabolites in weaned piglets and affects intestinal barrier function. Preventive addition of taurine enhances beneficial microbiota, modulates intestinal metabolites, and strengthens the intestinal mechanical barrier. Therefore, taurine can be used as a feed additive to prevent intestinal damage by regulating intestinal microorganisms and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-dong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ye-dan Gai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zi-zheng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - De-Qi Yin
- Animal Science and Technology College, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Mingxin Xie
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary College, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jing-yuan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin-xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yan-xi Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Gao-feng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian-min Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shu-mei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian-cheng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Liaoning Province, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Fang X, Nong K, Wang Z, Jin Y, Gao F, Zeng Q, Wang X, Zhang H. Human cathelicidin LL-37 exerts amelioration effects against EHEC O157:H7 infection regarding inflammation, enteric dysbacteriosis, and impairment of gut barrier function. Peptides 2023; 159:170903. [PMID: 36370932 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 infection impairs intestinal barrier function, causing intestinal inflammation and enteric dysbacteriosis. The human cathelicidin LL-37 can regulate excessive inflammatory responses, barrier function, and balance the intestinal microbial community; however, little is known about its effects on inflammation, intestinal barrier function, and microbiota disorders in EHEC O157:H7-infected mice. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of LL-37 against EHEC O157:H7 infection and elucidated the underlying mechanism using a mouse model. LL-37 treatment was found to inhibit body weight loss, restore edema and destruction of the intestinal villi, and significantly reduce epithelial apoptosis (P < 0.05) in EHEC O157:H7-infected mice. Furthermore, inflammatory infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils into the jejunum and colon was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). LL-37 significantly downregulated the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) (P < 0.05) and upregulated the anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) during EHEC O157:H7 infection. LL-37 increased the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, ZO-2, claudin-1, and occludin), which are associated with intestinal barrier function, and had a positive effect on EHEC O157:H7-induced microbial disorders, particularly in terms of the inflammation-related microbiota. LL-37 also significantly decreased the E. coli load in the liver and spleen (P < 0.01) and restored the structure of the liver and kidney. Taken together, LL-37 conferred protection in a EHEC O157:H7-induced mouse model by reducing intestinal inflammation, enhancing intestinal barrier function, and restoring the balance of the intestinal microbiota, which indicates the therapeutic potential of LL-37 against pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Keyi Nong
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Zihan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Yuanli Jin
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Feng Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Qiuyu Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Haiwen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology of Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China.
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Michael M, Bagga A, Sartain SE, Smith RJH. Haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Lancet 2022; 400:1722-1740. [PMID: 36272423 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)01202-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) is a heterogeneous group of diseases that result in a common pathology, thrombotic microangiopathy, which is classically characterised by the triad of non-immune microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute kidney injury. In this Seminar, different causes of HUS are discussed, the most common being Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli HUS. Identifying the underlying thrombotic microangiopathy trigger can be challenging but is imperative if patients are to receive personalised disease-specific treatment. The quintessential example is complement-mediated HUS, which once carried an extremely high mortality but is now treated with anti-complement therapies with excellent long-term outcomes. Unfortunately, the high cost of anti-complement therapies all but precludes their use in low-income countries. For many other forms of HUS, targeted therapies are yet to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mini Michael
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Arvind Bagga
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarah E Sartain
- Pediatrics-Hematology/Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard J H Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology, Pediatrics and Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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5
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Lange ME, Uwiera RRE, Inglis GD. Enteric Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Cattle, and the Use of Mice as a Model to Elucidate Key Aspects of the Host-Pathogen-Microbiota Interaction: A Review. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:937866. [PMID: 35898542 PMCID: PMC9310005 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.937866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) serotype O157:H7 is responsible for foodborne disease outbreaks, typically associated with the consumption of undercooked foods contaminated with cattle manure containing the bacterium. At present, effective mitigations do not exist. Many of the factors regulating enteric colonization by E. coli O157:H7 in cattle, and how cattle respond to the bacterium are unknown. In this regard, intestinal colonization locations, shedding patterns, interactions with the enteric microbiota, and host immune responses to infection are current knowledge gaps. As disturbances to host homeostasis are believed to play an important role in the enteric survival of the bacterium, it is important to consider the potential importance of stress during cattle production. Husbandry logistics, cost, and the high genetic, physiological, and microbial heterogeneity in cattle has greatly hampered the ability of researchers to elucidate key aspects of the host-pathogen-microbiota interaction. Although mice have not been extensively used as a cattle model, the utilization of murine models has the potential to identify mechanisms to facilitate hypothesis formulation and efficacy testing in cattle. Murine models have been effectively used to mechanistically examine colonization of the intestine, host responses to infection, and to interactively ascertain how host physiological status (e.g., due to physiological stress) and the enteric microbiota influences colonization and disease. In addition to reviewing the relevant literature on intestinal colonization and pathogenesis, including existing knowledge gaps, the review provides information on how murine models can be used to elucidate mechanisms toward the development of rationale-based mitigations for E. coli O157:H7 in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximo E. Lange
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Richard R. E. Uwiera
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - G. Douglas Inglis
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: G. Douglas Inglis
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6
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Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and a Fresh View on Shiga Toxin-Binding Glycosphingolipids of Primary Human Kidney and Colon Epithelial Cells and Their Toxin Susceptibility. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136884. [PMID: 35805890 PMCID: PMC9266556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are the human pathogenic subset of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing E. coli (STEC). EHEC are responsible for severe colon infections associated with life-threatening extraintestinal complications such as the hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) and neurological disturbances. Endothelial cells in various human organs are renowned targets of Stx, whereas the role of epithelial cells of colon and kidneys in the infection process has been and is still a matter of debate. This review shortly addresses the clinical impact of EHEC infections, novel aspects of vesicular package of Stx in the intestine and the blood stream as well as Stx-mediated extraintestinal complications and therapeutic options. Here follows a compilation of the Stx-binding glycosphingolipids (GSLs), globotriaosylceramide (Gb3Cer) and globotetraosylceramide (Gb4Cer) and their various lipoforms present in primary human kidney and colon epithelial cells and their distribution in lipid raft-analog membrane preparations. The last issues are the high and extremely low susceptibility of primary renal and colonic epithelial cells, respectively, suggesting a large resilience of the intestinal epithelium against the human-pathogenic Stx1a- and Stx2a-subtypes due to the low content of the high-affinity Stx-receptor Gb3Cer in colon epithelial cells. The review closes with a brief outlook on future challenges of Stx research.
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7
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AB 5 Enterotoxin-Mediated Pathogenesis: Perspectives Gleaned from Shiga Toxins. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14010062. [PMID: 35051039 PMCID: PMC8779504 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne diseases affect an estimated 600 million people worldwide annually, with the majority of these illnesses caused by Norovirus, Vibrio, Listeria, Campylobacter, Salmonella, and Escherichia coli. To elicit infections in humans, bacterial pathogens express a combination of virulence factors and toxins. AB5 toxins are an example of such toxins that can cause various clinical manifestations, including dehydration, diarrhea, kidney damage, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Treatment of most bacterial foodborne illnesses consists of fluid replacement and antibiotics. However, antibiotics are not recommended for infections caused by Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC) because of the increased risk of HUS development, although there are conflicting views and results in this regard. Lack of effective treatment strategies for STEC infections pose a public health threat during outbreaks; therefore, the debate on antibiotic use for STEC infections could be further explored, along with investigations into antibiotic alternatives. The overall goal of this review is to provide a succinct summary on the mechanisms of action and the pathogenesis of AB5 and related toxins, as expressed by bacterial foodborne pathogens, with a primary focus on Shiga toxins (Stx). The role of Stx in human STEC disease, detection methodologies, and available treatment options are also briefly discussed.
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8
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The role of microbiota-gut-brain axis in neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105840. [PMID: 34450312 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that the gut microbiota play a crucial role in the bidirectional communication between the gut and the brain suggesting that the gut microbes may shape neural development, modulate neurotransmission and affect behavior, and thereby contribute to the pathogenesis and/or progression of many neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurological conditions. This review summarizes recent data on the role of microbiota-gut-brain axis in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, Parkinson's disease, migraine, and epilepsy. Also, the involvement of microbiota in gut disorders co-existing with neuropsychiatric conditions is highlighted. We discuss data from both in vivo preclinical experiments and clinical reports including: (1) studies in germ-free animals, (2) studies exploring the gut microbiota composition in animal models of diseases or in humans, (3) studies evaluating the effects of probiotic, prebiotic or antibiotic treatment as well as (4) the effects of fecal microbiota transplantation.
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9
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Koeppel MB, Glaser J, Baumgartner T, Spriewald S, Gerlach RG, von Armansperg B, Leong JM, Stecher B. Scalable Reporter Assays to Analyze the Regulation of stx2 Expression in Shiga Toxin-Producing Enteropathogens. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13080534. [PMID: 34437405 PMCID: PMC8402550 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Stx2 is the major virulence factor of EHEC and is associated with an increased risk for HUS in infected patients. The conditions influencing its expression in the intestinal tract are largely unknown. For optimal management and treatment of infected patients, the identification of environmental conditions modulating Stx2 levels in the human gut is of central importance. In this study, we established a set of chromosomal stx2 reporter assays. One system is based on superfolder GFP (sfGFP) using a T7 polymerase/T7 promoter-based amplification loop. This reporter can be used to analyze stx2 expression at the single-cell level using FACSs and fluorescence microscopy. The other system is based on the cytosolic release of the Gaussia princeps luciferase (gluc). This latter reporter proves to be a highly sensitive and scalable reporter assay that can be used to quantify reporter protein in the culture supernatant. We envision that this new set of reporter tools will be highly useful to comprehensively analyze the influence of environmental and host factors, including drugs, small metabolites and the microbiota, on Stx2 release and thereby serve the identification of risk factors and new therapies in Stx-mediated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin B. Koeppel
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, LMU Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336 Munich, Germany; (J.G.); (T.B.); (S.S.); (B.v.A.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.B.K.); (B.S.)
| | - Jana Glaser
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, LMU Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336 Munich, Germany; (J.G.); (T.B.); (S.S.); (B.v.A.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Baumgartner
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, LMU Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336 Munich, Germany; (J.G.); (T.B.); (S.S.); (B.v.A.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Spriewald
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, LMU Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336 Munich, Germany; (J.G.); (T.B.); (S.S.); (B.v.A.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Roman G. Gerlach
- Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Benedikt von Armansperg
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, LMU Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336 Munich, Germany; (J.G.); (T.B.); (S.S.); (B.v.A.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - John M. Leong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Ave, Boston, MA 02111, USA;
| | - Bärbel Stecher
- Max-von-Pettenkofer Institute, LMU Munich, Pettenkoferstr. 9a, 80336 Munich, Germany; (J.G.); (T.B.); (S.S.); (B.v.A.)
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.B.K.); (B.S.)
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Nayeri T, Sarvi S, Moosazadeh M, Hosseininejad Z, Sharif M, Amouei A, Daryani A. Relationship between toxoplasmosis and autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104434. [PMID: 32777351 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a foodborne parasite that is investigated in many psychiatric diseases, such as autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Therefore, a systematic literature review was conducted searching seven electronic databases on the prevalence of T. gondii antibodies among autism patients. The current study involved sensitivity analysis, meta-regression, subgroup analysis, publication bias test, and quality assessment of studies. On the basis of the findings, the odds ratio (OR) of latent Toxoplasma infection 1.93 (95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.01-3.66) was associated with ASD risk. However, there was no relationship between acute infection and ASD 0.39 (95% CI: 0.18-0.87). The obtained results of Begg's and Egger's tests showed no publication bias (P = 0.851 and P = 0.297, respectively). The sensitivity analysis confirmed robust and stable estimates with a significant level of heterogeneity (I2 = 78.1%, P < 0.000). Of the investigated patients' characteristics, only the gender variable was analyzed, indicating the combined ORs of 2.63 (95% CI: 0.29-23.63) in females and 2.62 (95% CI: 0.94-7.30) in male participants. This study showed that toxoplasmosis plays an important role as a risk factor for autism. However, further prospective investigations are highly recommended to illuminate the developmental pathways to this disorder and provide new strategies for the prevention and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tooran Nayeri
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Shahabeddin Sarvi
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Mahmood Moosazadeh
- Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Zahra Hosseininejad
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Sharif
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Afsaneh Amouei
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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Abstract
The thrombotic microangiopathies (TMAs) are a group of diseases characterised by microangiopathic haemolysis, thrombocytopenia, and thrombus formation leading to tissue injury. Traditionally, TMAs have been classified as either thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) or haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) based on the clinical presentation, with neurological involvement predominating in the former and acute kidney injury in the latter. However, as our understanding of the pathogenesis of these conditions has increased, it has become clear that this is an over-simplification; there is significant overlap in the clinical presentation of TTP and HUS, there are different forms of HUS, and TMAs can occur in other, diverse clinical scenarios. This review will discuss recent developments in the diagnosis of HUS, focusing on the different forms of HUS and how to diagnose and manage these potentially life-threatening diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil S Sheerin
- National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University and Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Emily Glover
- National Renal Complement Therapeutics Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University and Biomedical Research Centre, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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The Possible Role of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain-Axis in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092115. [PMID: 31035684 PMCID: PMC6539237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
New research points to a possible link between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the gut microbiota as many autistic children have co-occurring gastrointestinal problems. This review focuses on specific alterations of gut microbiota mostly observed in autistic patients. Particularly, the mechanisms through which such alterations may trigger the production of the bacterial metabolites, or leaky gut in autistic people are described. Various altered metabolite levels were observed in the blood and urine of autistic children, many of which were of bacterial origin such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), indoles and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). A less integrative gut-blood-barrier is abundant in autistic individuals. This explains the leakage of bacterial metabolites into the patients, triggering new body responses or an altered metabolism. Some other co-occurring symptoms such as mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress in cells, altered tight junctions in the blood-brain barrier and structural changes in the cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and cerebellum were also detected. Moreover, this paper suggests that ASD is associated with an unbalanced gut microbiota (dysbiosis). Although the cause-effect relationship between ASD and gut microbiota is not yet well established, the consumption of specific probiotics may represent a side-effect free tool to re-establish gut homeostasis and promote gut health. The diagnostic and therapeutic value of bacterial-derived compounds as new possible biomarkers, associated with perturbation in the phenylalanine metabolism, as well as potential therapeutic strategies will be discussed.
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Inhibition of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection in a gnotobiotic mouse model with pre-colonization by Bacteroides strains. Biomed Rep 2019; 10:175-182. [PMID: 30906546 PMCID: PMC6403472 DOI: 10.3892/br.2019.1193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 has been known to cause outbreaks of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. We previously demonstrated that intestinal flora contribute to the prevention of EHEC infection in a mouse model. However, it has not yet been determined whether Bacteroides, a predominant genus in the human intestine, contributes to the prevention of EHEC infection. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Bacteroides fragilis (B. fragilis) and Bacteroides vulgatus (B. vulgatus) on EHEC O157:H7 infection in vivo using gnotobiotic mice. These strains were inoculated into germ-free mice to create a gnotobiotic mouse model. EHEC was inoculated into the mice, which were then monitored for 7 days for any change in symptoms. The mice that had been pre-colonized with the Bacteroides strains did not develop lethal EHEC infection, although several inflammatory symptoms were observed in the B. vulgatus pre-colonized group. However, no inflammatory symptoms were identified in the B. fragilis pre-colonized group. Moreover, B. fragilis exerted an inhibitory effect on enterocyte-like cell apoptosis. B. fragilis protected HT29 cells from apoptosis caused by Shiga toxin. In conclusion, the findings of the present study demonstrated that colonization by Bacteroides strains can inhibit EHEC infection.
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Serino M. Molecular Paths Linking Metabolic Diseases, Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis and Enterobacteria Infections. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:581-590. [PMID: 29374557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alterations of both ecology and functions of gut microbiota are conspicuous traits of several inflammatory pathologies, notably metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. Moreover, the proliferation of enterobacteria, subdominant members of the intestinal microbial ecosystem, has been shown to be favored by Western diet, the strongest inducer of both metabolic diseases and gut microbiota dysbiosis. The inner interdependence between the host and the gut microbiota is based on a plethora of molecular mechanisms by which host and intestinal microbes modify each other. Among these mechanisms are as follows: (i) the well-known metabolic impact of short chain fatty acids, produced by microbial fermentation of complex carbohydrates from plants; (ii) a mutual modulation of miRNAs expression, both on the eukaryotic (host) and prokaryotic (gut microbes) side; (iii) the production by enterobacteria of virulence factors such as the genotoxin colibactin, shown to alter the integrity of host genome and induce a senescence-like phenotype in vitro; (iv) the microbial excretion of outer-membrane vesicles, which, in addition to other functions, may act as a carrier for multiple molecules such as toxins to be delivered to target cells. In this review, I describe the major molecular mechanisms by which gut microbes exert their metabolic impact at a multi-organ level (the gut barrier being in the front line) and support the emerging triad of metabolic diseases, gut microbiota dysbiosis and enterobacteria infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Serino
- IRSD, Université de Toulouse, INSERM, INRA, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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15
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Kerangart S, Cournoyer B, Loukiadis E. C-source metabolic profilings of foodborne Shiga-toxin producing E. coli match serogroup differentiations and highlight functional adaptations. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 266:324-336. [PMID: 29217302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The tropism of pathogenic STEC for foodstuffs and cattle reservoir is related to functional specializations. An investigation of C-source utilization patterns among and between STEC serogroups was performed using omnilog phenotypic microarrays (OM). OM functional groupings were compared with STEC phylogroups, seropathotypes, EFSA's molecular risk assessment groups and serogroups. OM INT reduction activities of 37 STEC strains growing on 190 C-substrates were compared. Each strain had its own specific C-utilization profile but 23% of the substrates was used by all strains, 47% by none, and 30% was variably metabolized. Galactose, mannose, N-acetyl-glucosamine (GlcNAc), and N-acetyl neuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) found in the mucus layer of the bovine small intestine were metabolized by all strains. The 56 most informative substrates divided the C-utilization patterns (CP) into three clusters with: (A) harboring all O157 and O145 strains; (B) all O26 strains, and (C) strains of the other serogroups. Significant correlations between INT reduction values of pair of strains per CP group supported these differentiations. CP of group A and B strains were respectively defective in the use of galactonic acid-γ-lactone and rhamnose. Most CP group C strains grew with l-lyxose. Adjusted Wallace coefficients analyses of the datasets indicated high probabilities for the prediction of the use of glycolic acid, β-hydroxybutyric acid, l-lyxose and d-galactonic acid-γ-lactone and 5-keto-d-gluconic acid by a serogroup. The use of a C-substrate could be predicted from the classification of a strain into a phylogroup or seropathotype. Significantly lower numbers of C-substrates were used by seropathotype A strains like O157 ones. Improvements of STEC identification keys were proposed using the most discriminant C-substrates found in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Kerangart
- University of Lyon, Research group on "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment", UMR Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS 5557, INRA 1418, University Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France
| | - Benoit Cournoyer
- University of Lyon, Research group on "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment", UMR Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS 5557, INRA 1418, University Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France.
| | - Estelle Loukiadis
- University of Lyon, Research group on "Bacterial Opportunistic Pathogens and Environment", UMR Ecologie Microbienne, CNRS 5557, INRA 1418, University Lyon 1, VetAgro Sup, 69280 Marcy L'Etoile, France; University of Lyon, VetAgro Sup, LMAP, National Reference Laboratory for Escherichia coli (including VTEC), Marcy L'Etoile, France
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16
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Cordonnier C, Thévenot J, Etienne-Mesmin L, Alric M, Livrelli V, Blanquet-Diot S. Probiotic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli: An effective strategy against a deadly enemy? Crit Rev Microbiol 2016; 43:116-132. [PMID: 27798976 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2016.1185602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are major food-borne pathogens that constitute a serious public health threat. Currently, there is no specific treatment available for EHEC infections in human creating an urgent need for the development of alternative therapeutic strategies. Among them, one of the most promising approaches is the use of probiotic microorganisms. Even if many studies have shown the antagonistic effects of probiotic bacteria or yeast on EHEC survival, virulence, adhesion on intestinal epithelium or pathogen-induced inflammatory responses, mechanisms mediating their beneficial effects remain unclear. This review describes EHEC pathogenesis and novel therapeutic strategies, with a particular emphasis on probiotics. The interests and limits of a probiotic-based approach and the way it might be incorporated into global health strategies against EHEC infections will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Cordonnier
- a EA 4678 CIDAM, "Conception, Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament", Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne , Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,b M2iSH, "Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte" , UMR Inserm/Université d'Auvergne U1071, USC-INRA 2018, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Jonathan Thévenot
- a EA 4678 CIDAM, "Conception, Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament", Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne , Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,b M2iSH, "Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte" , UMR Inserm/Université d'Auvergne U1071, USC-INRA 2018, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Lucie Etienne-Mesmin
- a EA 4678 CIDAM, "Conception, Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament", Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne , Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,b M2iSH, "Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte" , UMR Inserm/Université d'Auvergne U1071, USC-INRA 2018, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Monique Alric
- a EA 4678 CIDAM, "Conception, Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament", Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne , Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Valérie Livrelli
- b M2iSH, "Microbes, Intestin, Inflammation et Susceptibilité de l'Hôte" , UMR Inserm/Université d'Auvergne U1071, USC-INRA 2018, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne, Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France.,c Service de Bactériologie , CHU Clermont-Ferrand , Clermont-Ferrand , France
| | - Stéphanie Blanquet-Diot
- a EA 4678 CIDAM, "Conception, Ingénierie et Développement de l'Aliment et du Médicament", Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine Auvergne , Université d'Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , France
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17
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Abstract
Human infections with foodborne pathogenic organisms are relatively well described in terms of their overt physical symptoms, such as diarrhea, abdominal cramps, vomiting, fever, and associated sequelae. Indeed, some of these are key for diagnosis and treatment, although it should be noted that, for some foodborne pathogens, the physical symptoms might be more diffuse, particularly those associated with some of the foodborne parasites. In contrast, the impact of these pathogens on mental health is less well described, and symptoms such as depression, anxiety, and general malaise are usually ignored when foodborne infections are recorded. Despite this, it is generally accepted that there are several psychiatric disorders of unknown etiology that may be associated with microbial pathogens. Depression, autism, hypochondriasis and anxiety, schizophrenia, and Tourette syndrome probably have multiple contributing causes, among which foodborne pathogens may play a decisive or contributory role, possibly sharing pathophysiological pathways with other environmental triggers. This review focuses on foodborne parasites and bacterial pathogens. Some foodborne parasites, such as metacestodes of Taenia solium and tissue cysts (bradyzoites) of Toxoplasma gondii , may affect mental health by directly infecting the brain. In contrast, bacterial infections and other parasitic infections may contribute to mental illness via the immune system and/or by influencing neurotransmission pathways. Thus, cytokines, for example, have been associated with depression and schizophrenia. However, infectious disease models for psychiatry require a more complete understanding of the relationship between psychiatric disorders and microbial triggers. This article reviews the current state of knowledge on the role of foodborne parasitic and bacterial pathogens in mental illness and identifies some of the gaps that should be addressed to improve diagnosis and treatment of mental health issues that are not solely related to psychiatric factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan J Bolton
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Lucy J Robertson
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 0454 Oslo, Norway
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18
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Heusinkveld M, Mughini-Gras L, Pijnacker R, Vennema H, Scholts R, van Huisstede-Vlaanderen KW, Kortbeek T, Kooistra-Smid M, van Pelt W. Potential causative agents of acute gastroenteritis in households with preschool children: prevalence, risk factors, clinical relevance and household transmission. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 35:1691-700. [PMID: 27372926 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2714-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) morbidity remains high amongst preschool children, posing a significant societal burden. Empirical data on AGE-causing agents is needed to gauge their clinical relevance and identify agent-specific targets for control. We assessed the prevalence, risk factors and association with symptoms for enteropathogens in households with preschool children. A monthly-repeated cross-sectional survey of enteropathogens in households with preschool children was performed. A parent-child pair per household (n = 907 households) provided faecal samples and reported their symptoms and potential risk exposures. Samples were tested by multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for 19 enteropathogens. Associations were assessed using logistic regression. 28.3 % of children (n = 981) and 15.6 % of parents (n = 971) carried pathogenic bacteria and/or Escherichia coli-associated pathogenicity genes, and 6.5 % and 3.3 % carried viruses, respectively. Giardia lamblia (4.6 % of children, 2.5 % of parents) and Dientamoeba fragilis (36 %, 39 %, respectively) were the main parasites, and were associated with pet exposure. Living in rural areas was associated with carriage of pathogenic E. coli, norovirus I and D. fragilis. Pathogenic E. coli was associated with summertime and livestock exposure. Attending day-care centres increased the risk of carrying norovirus, sapovirus and G. lamblia. Viruses occurred mainly in winter and were associated with AGE symptoms. Child-parent associations were found for bacterial pathogenicity genes, viruses, G. lamblia and D. fragilis. Enteropathogens spread widely in households with preschool children, particularly viruses, which more often cause symptoms. While bacteria predominate during summer and in those exposed to livestock, viruses predominate in wintertime and, like G. lamblia, are widespread amongst day-care centre attendees.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Heusinkveld
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Mughini-Gras
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands. .,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - R Pijnacker
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - H Vennema
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - R Scholts
- Certe Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - T Kortbeek
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - M Kooistra-Smid
- Certe Laboratory for Infectious Diseases, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - W van Pelt
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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19
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Weigel WA, Demuth DR. QseBC, a two-component bacterial adrenergic receptor and global regulator of virulence in Enterobacteriaceae and Pasteurellaceae. Mol Oral Microbiol 2015; 31:379-97. [PMID: 26426681 PMCID: PMC5053249 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The QseBC two-component system (TCS) is associated with quorum sensing and functions as a global regulator of virulence. Based on sequence similarity within the sensor domain and conservation of an acidic motif essential for signal recognition, QseBC is primarily distributed in the Enterobacteriaceae and Pasteurellaceae. In Escherichia coli, QseC responds to autoinducer-3 and/or epinephrine/norepinephrine. Binding of epinephrine/norepinephrine is inhibited by adrenergic antagonists; hence QseC functions as a bacterial adrenergic receptor. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans QseC is activated by a combination of epinephrine/norepinephrine and iron, whereas only iron activates the Haemophilus influenzae sensor. QseC phosphorylates QseB but there is growing evidence that QseB is activated by non-cognate sensors and regulated by dephosphorylation via QseC. Interestingly, the QseBC signaling cascades and regulons differ significantly. In enterohemorrhagic E. coli, QseC induces expression of a second adrenergic TCS and phosphorylates two non-cognate response regulators, each of which induces specific sets of virulence genes. This signaling pathway integrates with other regulatory mechanisms mediated by transcriptional regulators QseA and QseD and a fucose-sensing TCS and likely controls the level and timing of virulence gene expression. In contrast, A. actinomycetemcomitans QseC signals through QseB to regulate genes involved in anaerobic metabolism and energy production, which may prime cellular metabolism for growth in an anaerobic host niche. QseC represents a novel target for therapeutic intervention and small molecule inhibitors already show promise as broad-spectrum antimicrobials. Further characterization of QseBC signaling may identify additional differences in QseBC function and inform further development of new therapeutics to control microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Weigel
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - D R Demuth
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA
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20
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Cameron EA, Sperandio V. Frenemies: Signaling and Nutritional Integration in Pathogen-Microbiota-Host Interactions. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 18:275-84. [PMID: 26355214 PMCID: PMC4567707 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota is highly adapted to thrive in the GI environment and performs key functions related to host nutrition, physiology, development, immunity, and behavior. Successful host-bacterial associations require chemical signaling and optimal nutrient utilization and exchange. However, this important balance can be severely disrupted by environmental stimuli, with one of the most common insults upon the microbiota being infectious diseases. Although the microbiota acts as a barrier toward enteric pathogens, many enteric pathogens exploit signals and nutrients derived from both the microbiota and host to regulate their virulence programs. Here we review several signaling and nutrient recognition systems employed by GI pathogens to regulate growth and virulence. We discuss how shifts in the microbiota composition change host susceptibility to infection and how dietary changes or manipulation of the microbiota could potentially prevent and/or ameliorate GI infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Cameron
- Departments of Microbiology and Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9048, USA
| | - Vanessa Sperandio
- Departments of Microbiology and Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9048, USA.
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21
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Kaper JB, O'Brien AD. Overview and Historical Perspectives. Microbiol Spectr 2014; 2:10.1128/microbiolspec.EHEC-0028-2014. [PMID: 25590020 PMCID: PMC4290666 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ehec-0028-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this overview, we describe the history of Shiga toxin (Stx)-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in two phases. In phase one, between 1977 and 2011, we learned that E. coli could produce Shiga toxin and cause both hemorrhagic colitis and the hemolytic-uremic syndrome in humans and that the prototype STEC-E. coli O157:H7-adheres to and effaces intestinal epithelial cells by a mechanism similar to that of enteropathogenic E. coli. We also recognized that the genes for Stx are typically encoded on a lysogenic phage; that STEC O157:H7 harbors a large pathogenicity island that encodes the elements needed for the characteristic attaching and effacing lesion; and that the most severe cases of human disease are linked to production of Stx type 2a, not Stx type 1a. Phase two began with a large food-borne outbreak of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic-uremic syndrome in Germany in 2011. That outbreak was caused by a novel strain consisting of enteroaggregative E. coli O104:H4 transduced by a Stx2a-converting phage. From this outbreak we learned that any E. coli strain that can adhere tightly to the human bowel (either by a biofilm-like mechanism as in E. coli O104:H4 or by an attaching and effacing mechanism as in E. coli O157:H7) can cause severe diarrheal and systemic illness when it acquires the capacity to produce Stx2a. This overview provides the basis for the review of current information regarding these fascinating and complex pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Kaper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21122
| | - Alison D O'Brien
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814
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