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Linkner TR, Ambrus V, Kunkli B, Szojka ZI, Kalló G, Csősz É, Kumar A, Emri M, Tőzsér J, Mahdi M. Comparative Analysis of Differential Cellular Transcriptome and Proteome Regulation by HIV-1 and HIV-2 Pseudovirions in the Early Phase of Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:380. [PMID: 38203551 PMCID: PMC10779251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In spite of the similar structural and genomic organization of human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2), striking differences exist between them in terms of replication dynamics and clinical manifestation of infection. Although the pathomechanism of HIV-1 infection is well characterized, relatively few data are available regarding HIV-2 viral replication and its interaction with host-cell proteins during the early phase of infection. We utilized proteo-transcriptomic analyses to determine differential genome expression and proteomic changes induced by transduction with HIV-1/2 pseudovirions during 8, 12 and 26 h time-points in HEK-293T cells. We show that alteration in the cellular milieu was indeed different between the two pseudovirions. The significantly higher number of genes altered by HIV-2 in the first two time-points suggests a more diverse yet subtle effect on the host cell, preparing the infected cell for integration and latency. On the other hand, GO analysis showed that, while HIV-1 induced cellular oxidative stress and had a greater effect on cellular metabolism, HIV-2 mostly affected genes involved in cell adhesion, extracellular matrix organization or cellular differentiation. Proteomics analysis revealed that HIV-2 significantly downregulated the expression of proteins involved in mRNA processing and translation. Meanwhile, HIV-1 influenced the cellular level of translation initiation factors and chaperones. Our study provides insight into the understudied replication cycle of HIV-2 and enriches our knowledge about the use of HIV-based lentiviral vectors in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Richárd Linkner
- Laboratory of Retroviral Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (T.R.L.); (V.A.); (B.K.); (Z.I.S.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Viktor Ambrus
- Laboratory of Retroviral Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (T.R.L.); (V.A.); (B.K.); (Z.I.S.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Balázs Kunkli
- Laboratory of Retroviral Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (T.R.L.); (V.A.); (B.K.); (Z.I.S.)
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Zsófia Ilona Szojka
- Laboratory of Retroviral Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (T.R.L.); (V.A.); (B.K.); (Z.I.S.)
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Gergő Kalló
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.K.); (É.C.)
| | - Éva Csősz
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.K.); (É.C.)
| | - Ajneesh Kumar
- Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.K.); (É.C.)
| | - Miklós Emri
- Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - József Tőzsér
- Laboratory of Retroviral Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (T.R.L.); (V.A.); (B.K.); (Z.I.S.)
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (G.K.); (É.C.)
| | - Mohamed Mahdi
- Laboratory of Retroviral Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (T.R.L.); (V.A.); (B.K.); (Z.I.S.)
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2
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Zhang P, Zhang G, Wan X. Challenges and new technologies in adoptive cell therapy. J Hematol Oncol 2023; 16:97. [PMID: 37596653 PMCID: PMC10439661 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-023-01492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapies (ACTs) have existed for decades. From the initial infusion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes to the subsequent specific enhanced T cell receptor (TCR)-T and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies, many novel strategies for cancer treatment have been developed. Owing to its promising outcomes, CAR-T cell therapy has revolutionized the field of ACTs, particularly for hematologic malignancies. Despite these advances, CAR-T cell therapy still has limitations in both autologous and allogeneic settings, including practicality and toxicity issues. To overcome these challenges, researchers have focused on the application of CAR engineering technology to other types of immune cell engineering. Consequently, several new cell therapies based on CAR technology have been developed, including CAR-NK, CAR-macrophage, CAR-γδT, and CAR-NKT. In this review, we describe the development, advantages, and possible challenges of the aforementioned ACTs and discuss current strategies aimed at maximizing the therapeutic potential of ACTs. We also provide an overview of the various gene transduction strategies employed in immunotherapy given their importance in immune cell engineering. Furthermore, we discuss the possibility that strategies capable of creating a positive feedback immune circuit, as healthy immune systems do, could address the flaw of a single type of ACT, and thus serve as key players in future cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchao Zhang
- Center for Protein and Cell-based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Guizhong Zhang
- Center for Protein and Cell-based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- Center for Protein and Cell-based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Ferrari S, Valeri E, Conti A, Scala S, Aprile A, Di Micco R, Kajaste-Rudnitski A, Montini E, Ferrari G, Aiuti A, Naldini L. Genetic engineering meets hematopoietic stem cell biology for next-generation gene therapy. Cell Stem Cell 2023; 30:549-570. [PMID: 37146580 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The growing clinical success of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) gene therapy (GT) relies on the development of viral vectors as portable "Trojan horses" for safe and efficient gene transfer. The recent advent of novel technologies enabling site-specific gene editing is broadening the scope and means of GT, paving the way to more precise genetic engineering and expanding the spectrum of diseases amenable to HSPC-GT. Here, we provide an overview of state-of-the-art and prospective developments of the HSPC-GT field, highlighting how advances in biological characterization and manipulation of HSPCs will enable the design of the next generation of these transforming therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Ferrari
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Erika Valeri
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Anastasia Conti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Serena Scala
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Annamaria Aprile
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Raffaella Di Micco
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Anna Kajaste-Rudnitski
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Eugenio Montini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Giuliana Ferrari
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Alessandro Aiuti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Luigi Naldini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan 20132, Italy.
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Shah R, Gallardo CM, Jung YH, Clock B, Dixon JR, McFadden WM, Majumder K, Pintel DJ, Corces VG, Torbett BE, Tedbury PR, Sarafianos SG. Activation of HIV-1 proviruses increases downstream chromatin accessibility. iScience 2022; 25:105490. [PMID: 36505924 PMCID: PMC9732416 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
It is unclear how the activation of HIV-1 transcription affects chromatin structure. We interrogated chromatin organization both genome-wide and nearby HIV-1 integration sites using Hi-C and ATAC-seq. In conjunction, we analyzed the transcription of the HIV-1 genome and neighboring genes. We found that long-range chromatin contacts did not differ significantly between uninfected cells and those harboring an integrated HIV-1 genome, whether the HIV-1 genome was actively transcribed or inactive. Instead, the activation of HIV-1 transcription changes chromatin accessibility immediately downstream of the provirus, demonstrating that HIV-1 can alter local cellular chromatin structure. Finally, we examined HIV-1 and neighboring host gene transcripts with long-read sequencing and found populations of chimeric RNAs both virus-to-host and host-to-virus. Thus, multiomics profiling revealed that the activation of HIV-1 transcription led to local changes in chromatin organization and altered the expression of neighboring host genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raven Shah
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Christian M. Gallardo
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Yoonhee H. Jung
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Ben Clock
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jesse R. Dixon
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - William M. McFadden
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Kinjal Majumder
- Institute for Molecular Virology and McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - David J. Pintel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | | | - Bruce E. Torbett
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Philip R. Tedbury
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Stefan G. Sarafianos
- Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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5
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Complex Relationships between HIV-1 Integrase and Its Cellular Partners. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012341. [PMID: 36293197 PMCID: PMC9603942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses, in pursuit of genome miniaturization, tend to employ cellular proteins to facilitate their replication. HIV-1, one of the most well-studied retroviruses, is not an exception. There is numerous evidence that the exploitation of cellular machinery relies on nucleic acid-protein and protein-protein interactions. Apart from Vpr, Vif, and Nef proteins that are known to regulate cellular functioning via interaction with cell components, another viral protein, integrase, appears to be crucial for proper virus-cell dialog at different stages of the viral life cycle. The goal of this review is to summarize and systematize existing data on known cellular partners of HIV-1 integrase and their role in the HIV-1 life cycle.
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6
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Liang G, He Y, Zhao L, Ouyang J, Geng W, Zhang X, Han X, Jiang Y, Ding H, Xiong Y, Dong J, Liu M, Shang H. CTNNBL1 restricts HIV-1 replication by suppressing viral DNA integration into the cell genome. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110533. [PMID: 35294870 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviral integration is mediated by a unique enzymatic process shared by all retroviruses and retrotransposons. During integration, double-stranded linear viral DNA is inserted into the host genome in a process catalyzed by viral-encoded integrase (IN). However, host cell defenses against HIV-1 integration are not clear. This study identifies β-catenin-like protein 1 (CTNNBL1) as a potent inhibitor of HIV-1 integration via association with viral-encoded integrase (IN) and its cofactor, lens epithelium-derived growth factor/p75. CTNNBL1 overexpression blocks HIV-1 integration and inhibits viral replication, whereas CTNNBL1 depletion significantly upregulates HIV-1 integration into the genome of various target cells. Further, CTNNBL1 expression is downregulated in CD4+ T cells by activation, and CTNNBL1 depletion also facilitates HIV-1 integration in resting CD4+ T cells. Thus, host cells may employ CTNNBL1 to inhibit HIV-1 integration into the genome. This finding suggests a strategy for the treatment of HIV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoxin Liang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Ministry of Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Research Institute for Cancer Therapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Yang He
- Research Institute for Cancer Therapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Ministry of Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiayue Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Ministry of Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenqing Geng
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Ministry of Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Ministry of Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoxu Han
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Ministry of Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yongjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Ministry of Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haibo Ding
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Ministry of Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Ministry of Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jinxiu Dong
- National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mei Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Shang
- Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology of Ministry of Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; National Clinical Research Center for Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China; Key Laboratory of AIDS Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenyang, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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7
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Bedwell GJ, Jang S, Li W, Singh PK, Engelman AN. rigrag: high-resolution mapping of genic targeting preferences during HIV-1 integration in vitro and in vivo. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:7330-7346. [PMID: 34165568 PMCID: PMC8287940 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 integration favors recurrent integration gene (RIG) targets and genic proviruses can confer cell survival in vivo. However, the relationship between initial RIG integrants and how these evolve in patients over time are unknown. To address these shortcomings, we built phenomenological models of random integration in silico, which were used to identify 3718 RIGs as well as 2150 recurrent avoided genes from 1.7 million integration sites across 10 in vitro datasets. Despite RIGs comprising only 13% of human genes, they harbored 70% of genic HIV-1 integrations across in vitro and patient-derived datasets. Although previously reported to associate with super-enhancers, RIGs tracked more strongly with speckle-associated domains. While depletion of the integrase cofactor LEDGF/p75 significantly reduced recurrent HIV-1 integration in vitro, LEDGF/p75 primarily occupied non-speckle-associated regions of chromatin, suggesting a previously unappreciated dynamic aspect of LEDGF/p75 functionality in HIV-1 integration targeting. Finally, we identified only six genes from patient samples-BACH2, STAT5B, MKL1, MKL2, IL2RB and MDC1-that displayed enriched integration targeting frequencies and harbored proviruses that likely contributed to cell survival. Thus, despite the known preference of HIV-1 to target cancer-related genes for integration, we conclude that genic proviruses play a limited role to directly affect cell proliferation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Bedwell
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sooin Jang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Parmit K Singh
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alan N Engelman
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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8
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Bhatt V, Shi K, Salamango DJ, Moeller NH, Pandey KK, Bera S, Bohl HO, Kurniawan F, Orellana K, Zhang W, Grandgenett DP, Harris RS, Sundborger-Lunna AC, Aihara H. Structural basis of host protein hijacking in human T-cell leukemia virus integration. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3121. [PMID: 32561747 PMCID: PMC7305164 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16963-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Integration of the reverse-transcribed viral DNA into host chromosomes is a critical step in the life-cycle of retroviruses, including an oncogenic delta(δ)-retrovirus human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1). Retroviral integrase forms a higher order nucleoprotein assembly (intasome) to catalyze the integration reaction, in which the roles of host factors remain poorly understood. Here, we use cryo-electron microscopy to visualize the HTLV-1 intasome at 3.7-Å resolution. The structure together with functional analyses reveal that the B56γ (B'γ) subunit of an essential host enzyme, protein phosphatase 2 A (PP2A), is repurposed as an integral component of the intasome to mediate HTLV-1 integration. Our studies reveal a key host-virus interaction underlying the replication of an important human pathogen and highlight divergent integration strategies of retroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veer Bhatt
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue N.E., Austin, MN, 55912, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ke Shi
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, 515 Delaware Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Daniel J Salamango
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, 515 Delaware Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Nicholas H Moeller
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, 515 Delaware Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Krishan K Pandey
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, 1100 S. Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Sibes Bera
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, 1100 S. Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Heather O Bohl
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, 515 Delaware Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Fredy Kurniawan
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, 515 Delaware Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Kayo Orellana
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, 515 Delaware Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, 515 Delaware Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, 515 Delaware Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Characterization Facility, College of Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, 100 Union Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Duane P Grandgenett
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University, 1100 S. Grand Boulevard, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA
| | - Reuben S Harris
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, 515 Delaware Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Anna C Sundborger-Lunna
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801 16th Avenue N.E., Austin, MN, 55912, USA.
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Hideki Aihara
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 321 Church Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, 515 Delaware Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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9
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Tschorn N, Berg K, Stitz J. Transposon vector-mediated stable gene transfer for the accelerated establishment of recombinant mammalian cell pools allowing for high-yield production of biologics. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:1103-1112. [PMID: 32323079 PMCID: PMC7275939 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02889-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stable recombinant mammalian cells are of growing importance in pharmaceutical biotechnology production scenarios for biologics such as monoclonal antibodies, growth and blood factors, cytokines and subunit vaccines. However, the establishment of recombinant producer cells using classical stable transfection of plasmid DNA is hampered by low stable gene transfer efficiencies. Consequently, subsequent selection of transgenic cells and the screening of clonal cell populations are time- and thus cost-intensive. To overcome these limitations, expression cassettes were embedded into transposon-derived donor vectors. Upon the co-transfection with transposase-encoding constructs, elevated vector copy numbers stably integrated into the genomes of the host cells are readily achieved facilitating under stringent selection pressure the establishment of cell pools characterized by sustained and high-yield recombinant protein production. Here, we discuss some aspects of transposon vector technologies, which render these vectors promising candidates for their further utilization in the production of biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Tschorn
- Research Group Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, TH Köln - University of Applied Sciences, Chempark Leverkusen E28, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee, 51368, Leverkusen, Germany.,Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karen Berg
- Research Group Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, TH Köln - University of Applied Sciences, Chempark Leverkusen E28, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee, 51368, Leverkusen, Germany.,Research Group Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology, Cluster of Excellence REBIRTH, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörn Stitz
- Research Group Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, TH Köln - University of Applied Sciences, Chempark Leverkusen E28, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee, 51368, Leverkusen, Germany.
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10
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Exploring histone loading on HIV DNA reveals a dynamic nucleosome positioning between unintegrated and integrated viral genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:6822-6830. [PMID: 32161134 PMCID: PMC7104181 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1913754117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The biology of HIV DNA, from its synthesis to its integration into the host genome, remains poorly understood. Here we show that in the nucleus, histones are rapidly loaded on newly synthesized unintegrated HIV DNA. Interestingly, the chromatin architecture around the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR) is different in unintegrated and integrated HIV DNA. Specifically, a nucleosome present only on the DNase hypersensitive site of unintegrated HIV DNA contributes to the transcriptional silencing of unintegrated HIV DNA by preventing RNAPII recruitment. The aim of the present study was to understand the biology of unintegrated HIV-1 DNA and reveal the mechanisms involved in its transcriptional silencing. We found that histones are loaded on HIV-1 DNA after its nuclear import and before its integration in the host genome. Nucleosome positioning analysis along the unintegrated and integrated viral genomes revealed major differences in nucleosome density and position. Indeed, in addition to the well-known nucleosomes Nuc0, Nuc1, and Nuc2 loaded on integrated HIV-1 DNA, we also found NucDHS, a nucleosome that covers the DNase hypersensitive site, in unintegrated viral DNA. In addition, unintegrated viral DNA-associated Nuc0 and Nuc2 were positioned slightly more to the 5′ end relative to their position in integrated DNA. The presence of NucDHS in the proximal region of the long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter was associated with the absence of RNAPII and of the active histone marks H3K4me3 and H3ac at the LTR. Conversely, analysis of integrated HIV-1 DNA showed a loss of NucDHS, loading of RNAPII, and enrichment in active histone marks within the LTR. We propose that unintegrated HIV-1 DNA adopts a repressive chromatin structure that competes with the transcription machinery, leading to its silencing.
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11
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Nobles CL, Sherrill-Mix S, Everett JK, Reddy S, Fraietta JA, Porter DL, Frey N, Gill SI, Grupp SA, Maude SL, Siegel DL, Levine BL, June CH, Lacey SF, Melenhorst JJ, Bushman FD. CD19-targeting CAR T cell immunotherapy outcomes correlate with genomic modification by vector integration. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:673-685. [PMID: 31845905 PMCID: PMC6994131 DOI: 10.1172/jci130144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T cells targeting CD19 (CART19) provide an effective treatment for pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia but are less effective for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), focusing attention on improving efficacy. CART19 harbor an engineered receptor, which is delivered through lentiviral vector integration, thereby marking cell lineages and modifying the cellular genome by insertional mutagenesis. We recently reported that vector integration within the host TET2 gene was associated with CLL remission. Here, we investigated clonal population structure and therapeutic outcomes in another 39 patients by high-throughput sequencing of vector-integration sites. Genes at integration sites enriched in responders were commonly found in cell-signaling and chromatin modification pathways, suggesting that insertional mutagenesis in these genes promoted therapeutic T cell proliferation. We also developed a multivariate model based on integration-site distributions and found that data from preinfusion products forecasted response in CLL successfully in discovery and validation cohorts and, in day 28 samples, reported responders to CLL therapy with high accuracy. These data clarify how insertional mutagenesis can modulate cell proliferation in CART19 therapy and how data on integration-site distributions can be linked to treatment outcomes.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD19/genetics
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- Female
- Genetic Vectors
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Male
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Joseph A. Fraietta
- Department of Microbiology
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David L. Porter
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Oncology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Noelle Frey
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Saar I. Gill
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stephan A. Grupp
- Division of Oncology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shannon L. Maude
- Division of Oncology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Donald L. Siegel
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and
| | - Bruce L. Levine
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carl H. June
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Simon F. Lacey
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - J. Joseph Melenhorst
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, and
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Ran X, Ao Z, Olukitibi T, Yao X. Characterization of the Role of Host Cellular Factor Histone Deacetylase 10 during HIV-1 Replication. Viruses 2019; 12:v12010028. [PMID: 31888084 PMCID: PMC7020091 DOI: 10.3390/v12010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, a series of histone deacetylases have been documented to restrict HIV-1 replication at different steps. In this study, we identified histone deacetylase 10 (HDAC10) as an inhibitory factor against HIV-1 replication. Our results showed that endogenous HDAC10 is downregulated at the transcriptional level during HIV-1 replication. By knocking down HDAC10 in CD4+ T cells with specific shRNAs, we observed that the downregulation of HDAC10 significantly facilitates viral replication. Moreover, RQ-PCR analysis revealed that the downregulation of HDAC10 increased viral integrated DNA. Further, we identified that HDAC10 interacts with the HIV-1 integrase (IN) and that the region of residues from 55 to 165 in the catalytic domain of IN is required for HDAC10 binding. Interestingly, we found that the interaction between HDAC10 and IN specifically decreases the interaction between IN and cellular protein lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF/p75), which consequently leads to the inhibition of viral integration. In addition, we have investigated the role of HDAC10 in the late stage of viral replication by detecting the infectiousness of progeny virus produced from HDAC10 knockdown cells or HDAC10 overexpressing cells and revealed that the progeny virus infectivity is increased in the HDAC10 downregulated cells, but decreased in the HDAC10 overexpressed cells. Overall, these findings provide evidence that HDAC10 acts as a cellular inhibitory factor at the early and late stages of HIV-1 replication.
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13
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Anderson EM, Maldarelli F. The role of integration and clonal expansion in HIV infection: live long and prosper. Retrovirology 2018; 15:71. [PMID: 30352600 PMCID: PMC6199739 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Integration of viral DNA into the host genome is a central event in the replication cycle and the pathogenesis of retroviruses, including HIV. Although most cells infected with HIV are rapidly eliminated in vivo, HIV also infects long-lived cells that persist during combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Cells with replication competent HIV proviruses form a reservoir that persists despite cART and such reservoirs are at the center of efforts to eradicate or control infection without cART. The mechanisms of persistence of these chronically infected long-lived cells is uncertain, but recent research has demonstrated that the presence of the HIV provirus has enduring effects on infected cells. Cells with integrated proviruses may persist for many years, undergo clonal expansion, and produce replication competent HIV. Even proviruses with defective genomes can produce HIV RNA and may contribute to ongoing HIV pathogenesis. New analyses of HIV infected cells suggest that over time on cART, there is a shift in the composition of the population of HIV infected cells, with the infected cells that persist over prolonged periods having proviruses integrated in genes associated with regulation of cell growth. In several cases, strong evidence indicates the presence of the provirus in specific genes may determine persistence, proliferation, or both. These data have raised the intriguing possibility that after cART is introduced, a selection process enriches for cells with proviruses integrated in genes associated with cell growth regulation. The dynamic nature of populations of cells infected with HIV during cART is not well understood, but is likely to have a profound influence on the composition of the HIV reservoir with critical consequences for HIV eradication and control strategies. As such, integration studies will shed light on understanding viral persistence and inform eradication and control strategies. Here we review the process of HIV integration, the role that integration plays in persistence, clonal expansion of the HIV reservoir, and highlight current challenges and outstanding questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank Maldarelli
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, NCI, NIH, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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14
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Achuthan V, Perreira JM, Sowd GA, Puray-Chavez M, McDougall WM, Paulucci-Holthauzen A, Wu X, Fadel HJ, Poeschla EM, Multani AS, Hughes SH, Sarafianos SG, Brass AL, Engelman AN. Capsid-CPSF6 Interaction Licenses Nuclear HIV-1 Trafficking to Sites of Viral DNA Integration. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 24:392-404.e8. [PMID: 30173955 PMCID: PMC6368089 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 integration into the host genome favors actively transcribed genes. Prior work indicated that the nuclear periphery provides the architectural basis for integration site selection, with viral capsid-binding host cofactor CPSF6 and viral integrase-binding cofactor LEDGF/p75 contributing to selection of individual sites. Here, by investigating the early phase of infection, we determine that HIV-1 traffics throughout the nucleus for integration. CPSF6-capsid interactions allow the virus to bypass peripheral heterochromatin and penetrate the nuclear structure for integration. Loss of interaction with CPSF6 dramatically alters virus localization toward the nuclear periphery and integration into transcriptionally repressed lamina-associated heterochromatin, while loss of LEDGF/p75 does not significantly affect intranuclear HIV-1 localization. Thus, CPSF6 serves as a master regulator of HIV-1 intranuclear localization by trafficking viral preintegration complexes away from heterochromatin at the periphery toward gene-dense chromosomal regions within the nuclear interior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudevan Achuthan
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jill M Perreira
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Gregory A Sowd
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Maritza Puray-Chavez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - William M McDougall
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | | | - Xiaolin Wu
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Hind J Fadel
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Eric M Poeschla
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Asha S Multani
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Stephen H Hughes
- HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Stefan G Sarafianos
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Abraham L Brass
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
| | - Alan N Engelman
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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15
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Lopes RS, Queiroz MAF, Gomes STM, Vallinoto ACR, Goulart LR, Ishak R. Phage display: an important tool in the discovery of peptides with anti-HIV activity. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1847-1854. [PMID: 30012540 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a worldwide health problem despite huge investments and research breakthroughs, and no single drug is effective in killing the virus yet. Among new strategies to control HIV infection, the phage display (PD) technology has become a promising tool in the discovery of peptides that can be used as new drugs, or also as possible vaccine candidates. This review discusses basic aspects of PD and its use to advance two main objectives related to combating HIV-1 infection: the identification of peptides that inhibit virus replication and the identification of peptides that induce the production of neutralizing antibodies. We will cover the different approaches used for mapping and selection of mimotopes, and discuss the promising results of these biologicals as antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo Souza Lopes
- Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Para (Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/Universidade Feral do Pará - ICB/UFPA), Rua Augusto Corrêa, 1 - Guamá, Belém, PA 66075-110, Brazil.
| | - Maria Alice Freitas Queiroz
- Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Para (Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/Universidade Feral do Pará - ICB/UFPA), Rua Augusto Corrêa, 1 - Guamá, Belém, PA 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Samara Tatielle Monteiro Gomes
- Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Para (Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/Universidade Feral do Pará - ICB/UFPA), Rua Augusto Corrêa, 1 - Guamá, Belém, PA 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Rosário Vallinoto
- Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Para (Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/Universidade Feral do Pará - ICB/UFPA), Rua Augusto Corrêa, 1 - Guamá, Belém, PA 66075-110, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlândia (Universidade Federal de Uberlândia - UFU), Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Av. Amazonas s/n, Bloco 2E, Sala 248 - Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia, MG, CEP 38400-902, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Para (Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/Universidade Feral do Pará - ICB/UFPA), Rua Augusto Corrêa, 1 - Guamá, Belém, PA 66075-110, Brazil.
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16
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Engelman AN, Singh PK. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of HIV-1 integration targeting. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:2491-2507. [PMID: 29417178 PMCID: PMC6004233 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Integration is central to HIV-1 replication and helps mold the reservoir of cells that persists in AIDS patients. HIV-1 interacts with specific cellular factors to target integration to interior regions of transcriptionally active genes within gene-dense regions of chromatin. The viral capsid interacts with several proteins that are additionally implicated in virus nuclear import, including cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor 6, to suppress integration into heterochromatin. The viral integrase protein interacts with transcriptional co-activator lens epithelium-derived growth factor p75 to principally position integration within gene bodies. The integrase additionally senses target DNA distortion and nucleotide sequence to help fine-tune the specific phosphodiester bonds that are cleaved at integration sites. Research into virus-host interactions that underlie HIV-1 integration targeting has aided the development of a novel class of integrase inhibitors and may help to improve the safety of viral-based gene therapy vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan N Engelman
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, CLS-1010, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, A-111, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Parmit K Singh
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, CLS-1010, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, A-111, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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17
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Abstract
Viral vectors provide an efficient means for modification of eukaryotic cells, and their use is now commonplace in academic laboratories and industry for both research and clinical gene therapy applications. Lentiviral vectors, derived from the human immunodeficiency virus, have been extensively investigated and optimized over the past two decades. Third-generation, self-inactivating lentiviral vectors have recently been used in multiple clinical trials to introduce genes into hematopoietic stem cells to correct primary immunodeficiencies and hemoglobinopathies. These vectors have also been used to introduce genes into mature T cells to generate immunity to cancer through the delivery of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) or cloned T-cell receptors. CAR T-cell therapies engineered using lentiviral vectors have demonstrated noteworthy clinical success in patients with B-cell malignancies leading to regulatory approval of the first genetically engineered cellular therapy using lentiviral vectors. In this review, we discuss several aspects of lentiviral vectors that will be of interest to clinicians, including an overview of lentiviral vector development, the current uses of viral vectors as therapy for primary immunodeficiencies and cancers, large-scale manufacturing of lentiviral vectors, and long-term follow-up of patients treated with gene therapy products.
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18
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Dynamics and regulation of nuclear import and nuclear movements of HIV-1 complexes. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006570. [PMID: 28827840 PMCID: PMC5578721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics and regulation of HIV-1 nuclear import and its intranuclear movements after import have not been studied. To elucidate these essential HIV-1 post-entry events, we labeled viral complexes with two fluorescently tagged virion-incorporated proteins (APOBEC3F or integrase), and analyzed the HIV-1 dynamics of nuclear envelope (NE) docking, nuclear import, and intranuclear movements in living cells. We observed that HIV-1 complexes exhibit unusually long NE residence times (1.5±1.6 hrs) compared to most cellular cargos, which are imported into the nuclei within milliseconds. Furthermore, nuclear import requires HIV-1 capsid (CA) and nuclear pore protein Nup358, and results in significant loss of CA, indicating that one of the viral core uncoating steps occurs during nuclear import. Our results showed that the CA-Cyclophilin A interaction regulates the dynamics of nuclear import by delaying the time of NE docking as well as transport through the nuclear pore, but blocking reverse transcription has no effect on the kinetics of nuclear import. We also visualized the translocation of viral complexes docked at the NE into the nucleus and analyzed their nuclear movements and determined that viral complexes exhibited a brief fast phase (<9 min), followed by a long slow phase lasting several hours. A comparison of the movement of viral complexes to those of proviral transcription sites supports the hypothesis that HIV-1 complexes quickly tether to chromatin at or near their sites of integration in both wild-type cells and cells in which LEDGF/p75 was deleted using CRISPR/cas9, indicating that the tethering interactions do not require LEDGF/p75. These studies provide novel insights into the dynamics of viral complex-NE association, regulation of nuclear import, viral core uncoating, and intranuclear movements that precede integration site selection. Although nuclear import of HIV-1 is essential for viral replication, many aspects of this process are currently unknown. Here, we defined the dynamics of HIV-1 nuclear envelope (NE) docking, nuclear import and its relationship to viral core uncoating, and intranuclear movements. We observed that HIV-1 complexes exhibit an unusually long residence time at the NE (∼1.5 hrs) compared to other cellular and viral cargos, and that HIV-1 capsid (CA) and host nuclear pore protein Nup358 are required for NE docking and nuclear import. Soon after import, the viral complexes exhibit a brief fast phase of movement, followed by a long slow phase, during which their movement is similar to that of integrated proviruses, suggesting that they rapidly become tethered to chromatin through interactions that do not require LEDGF/p75. Importantly, we found that NE association and nuclear import is regulated by the CA-cyclophilin A interaction, but not reverse transcription, and that one of the viral core uncoating steps, characterized by substantial loss of CA, occurs concurrently with nuclear import.
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19
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Matysiak J, Lesbats P, Mauro E, Lapaillerie D, Dupuy JW, Lopez AP, Benleulmi MS, Calmels C, Andreola ML, Ruff M, Llano M, Delelis O, Lavigne M, Parissi V. Modulation of chromatin structure by the FACT histone chaperone complex regulates HIV-1 integration. Retrovirology 2017; 14:39. [PMID: 28754126 PMCID: PMC5534098 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-017-0363-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Insertion of retroviral genome DNA occurs in the chromatin of the host cell. This step is modulated by chromatin structure as nucleosomes compaction was shown to prevent HIV-1 integration and chromatin remodeling has been reported to affect integration efficiency. LEDGF/p75-mediated targeting of the integration complex toward RNA polymerase II (polII) transcribed regions ensures optimal access to dynamic regions that are suitable for integration. Consequently, we have investigated the involvement of polII-associated factors in the regulation of HIV-1 integration. Results Using a pull down approach coupled with mass spectrometry, we have selected the FACT (FAcilitates Chromatin Transcription) complex as a new potential cofactor of HIV-1 integration. FACT is a histone chaperone complex associated with the polII transcription machinery and recently shown to bind LEDGF/p75. We report here that a tripartite complex can be formed between HIV-1 integrase, LEDGF/p75 and FACT in vitro and in cells. Biochemical analyzes show that FACT-dependent nucleosome disassembly promotes HIV-1 integration into chromatinized templates, and generates highly favored nucleosomal structures in vitro. This effect was found to be amplified by LEDGF/p75. Promotion of this FACT-mediated chromatin remodeling in cells both increases chromatin accessibility and stimulates HIV-1 infectivity and integration. Conclusions Altogether, our data indicate that FACT regulates HIV-1 integration by inducing local nucleosomes dissociation that modulates the functional association between the incoming intasome and the targeted nucleosome. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-017-0363-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Matysiak
- Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity Laboratory, UMR 5234 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, SFR TransBioMed, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA) of Microbiology and Immunology, CNRS/University de Bordeaux/Heinrich Pette Institute-Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Bordeaux, France
| | - Paul Lesbats
- Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity Laboratory, UMR 5234 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, SFR TransBioMed, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA) of Microbiology and Immunology, CNRS/University de Bordeaux/Heinrich Pette Institute-Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Bordeaux, France
| | - Eric Mauro
- Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity Laboratory, UMR 5234 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, SFR TransBioMed, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA) of Microbiology and Immunology, CNRS/University de Bordeaux/Heinrich Pette Institute-Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Bordeaux, France
| | - Delphine Lapaillerie
- Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity Laboratory, UMR 5234 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, SFR TransBioMed, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA) of Microbiology and Immunology, CNRS/University de Bordeaux/Heinrich Pette Institute-Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Bordeaux, France.,Viral DNA Integration and Chromatin Dynamics Network (DyNAVir), Paris, France
| | - Jean-William Dupuy
- Centre Génomique fonctionnelle Bordeaux, Plateforme Proteome, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Angelica P Lopez
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Mohamed Salah Benleulmi
- Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity Laboratory, UMR 5234 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, SFR TransBioMed, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA) of Microbiology and Immunology, CNRS/University de Bordeaux/Heinrich Pette Institute-Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Bordeaux, France.,Viral DNA Integration and Chromatin Dynamics Network (DyNAVir), Paris, France
| | - Christina Calmels
- Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity Laboratory, UMR 5234 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, SFR TransBioMed, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA) of Microbiology and Immunology, CNRS/University de Bordeaux/Heinrich Pette Institute-Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Bordeaux, France.,Viral DNA Integration and Chromatin Dynamics Network (DyNAVir), Paris, France
| | - Marie-Line Andreola
- Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity Laboratory, UMR 5234 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, SFR TransBioMed, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France.,International Associated Laboratory (LIA) of Microbiology and Immunology, CNRS/University de Bordeaux/Heinrich Pette Institute-Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Bordeaux, France.,Viral DNA Integration and Chromatin Dynamics Network (DyNAVir), Paris, France
| | - Marc Ruff
- Département de Biologie Structurale Intégrative, UDS, U596 INSERM, UMR7104 CNRS, IGBMC (Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire), Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Manuel Llano
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
| | - Olivier Delelis
- LBPA, UMR8113, CNRS, ENS-Cachan, Cachan, France.,Viral DNA Integration and Chromatin Dynamics Network (DyNAVir), Paris, France
| | - Marc Lavigne
- Department of Virology, UMR 3569, CNRS, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Institut Cochin-INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,Viral DNA Integration and Chromatin Dynamics Network (DyNAVir), Paris, France
| | - Vincent Parissi
- Fundamental Microbiology and Pathogenicity Laboratory, UMR 5234 CNRS, University of Bordeaux, SFR TransBioMed, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France. .,International Associated Laboratory (LIA) of Microbiology and Immunology, CNRS/University de Bordeaux/Heinrich Pette Institute-Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Bordeaux, France. .,Viral DNA Integration and Chromatin Dynamics Network (DyNAVir), Paris, France.
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20
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Capsid-Dependent Host Factors in HIV-1 Infection. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:741-755. [PMID: 28528781 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
After invasion of a susceptible target cell, HIV-1 completes the early phase of its life cycle upon integration of reverse-transcribed viral DNA into host chromatin. The viral capsid, a conical shell encasing the viral ribonucleoprotein complex, along with its constitutive capsid protein, plays essential roles at virtually every step in the early phase of the viral life cycle. Recent work has begun to reveal how the viral capsid interacts with specific cellular proteins to promote these processes. At the same time, cellular restriction factors target the viral capsid to thwart infection. Comprehensive understanding of capsid-host interactions that promote or impede HIV-1 infection may provide unique insight to exploit for novel therapeutic interventions.
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21
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The FACT Complex Promotes Avian Leukosis Virus DNA Integration. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00082-17. [PMID: 28122976 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00082-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
All retroviruses need to integrate a DNA copy of their genome into the host chromatin. Cellular proteins regulating and targeting lentiviral and gammaretroviral integration in infected cells have been discovered, but the factors that mediate alpharetroviral avian leukosis virus (ALV) integration are unknown. In this study, we have identified the FACT protein complex, which consists of SSRP1 and Spt16, as a principal cellular binding partner of ALV integrase (IN). Biochemical experiments with purified recombinant proteins show that SSRP1 and Spt16 are able to individually bind ALV IN, but only the FACT complex effectively stimulates ALV integration activity in vitro Likewise, in infected cells, the FACT complex promotes ALV integration activity, with proviral integration frequency varying directly with cellular expression levels of the FACT complex. An increase in 2-long-terminal-repeat (2-LTR) circles in the depleted FACT complex cell line indicates that this complex regulates the ALV life cycle at the level of integration. This regulation is shown to be specific to ALV, as disruption of the FACT complex did not inhibit either lentiviral or gammaretroviral integration in infected cells.IMPORTANCE The majority of human gene therapy approaches utilize HIV-1- or murine leukemia virus (MLV)-based vectors, which preferentially integrate near genes and regulatory regions; thus, insertional mutagenesis is a substantial risk. In contrast, ALV integrates more randomly throughout the genome, which decreases the risks of deleterious integration. Understanding how ALV integration is regulated could facilitate the development of ALV-based vectors for use in human gene therapy. Here we show that the FACT complex directly binds and regulates ALV integration efficiency in vitro and in infected cells.
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22
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The benefits of integration. Clin Microbiol Infect 2017; 22:324-332. [PMID: 27107301 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Retroviruses, including the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), are notorious for two essential steps of their viral replication: reverse transcription and integration. This latter property is considered to be essential for productive replication and ensures the stable long-term insertion of the viral genome sequence in the host chromatin, thereby leading to the life-long association of the virus with the infected cell. Using HIV as a prototypic example, the present review aims to provide an overview of how and where integration occurs, as well as presenting general consequences for both the virus and the infected host.
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23
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Ballandras-Colas A, Maskell DP, Serrao E, Locke J, Swuec P, Jónsson SR, Kotecha A, Cook NJ, Pye VE, Taylor IA, Andrésdóttir V, Engelman AN, Costa A, Cherepanov P. A supramolecular assembly mediates lentiviral DNA integration. Science 2017; 355:93-95. [PMID: 28059770 PMCID: PMC5321526 DOI: 10.1126/science.aah7002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Retroviral integrase (IN) functions within the intasome nucleoprotein complex to catalyze insertion of viral DNA into cellular chromatin. Using cryo-electron microscopy, we now visualize the functional maedi-visna lentivirus intasome at 4.9 angstrom resolution. The intasome comprises a homo-hexadecamer of IN with a tetramer-of-tetramers architecture featuring eight structurally distinct types of IN protomers supporting two catalytically competent subunits. The conserved intasomal core, previously observed in simpler retroviral systems, is formed between two IN tetramers, with a pair of C-terminal domains from flanking tetramers completing the synaptic interface. Our results explain how HIV-1 IN, which self-associates into higher-order multimers, can form a functional intasome, reconcile the bulk of early HIV-1 IN biochemical and structural data, and provide a lentiviral platform for design of HIV-1 IN inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel P. Maskell
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Erik Serrao
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Julia Locke
- Macromolecular Machines Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Paolo Swuec
- Macromolecular Machines Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Stefán R. Jónsson
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Abhay Kotecha
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Nicola J. Cook
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Valerie E. Pye
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ian A. Taylor
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Valgerdur Andrésdóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Alan N. Engelman
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alessandro Costa
- Macromolecular Machines Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, W2 1PG, UK
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24
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Saleh S, Vranckx L, Gijsbers R, Christ F, Debyser Z. Insight into HIV-2 latency may disclose strategies for a cure for HIV-1 infection. J Virus Erad 2017; 3:7-14. [PMID: 28275453 PMCID: PMC5337426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/30/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 and HIV-2 originate from two distinct zoonotic transmissions of simian immunodeficiency viruses from primate to human. Although both share similar modes of transmission and can result in the development of AIDS with similar clinical manifestations, HIV-2 infection is generally milder and less likely to progress to AIDS. HIV is currently incurable due to the presence of HIV provirus integrated into the host DNA of long-lived memory cells of the immune system without active replication. As such, the latent virus is immunologically inert and remains insensitive to the administered antiviral drugs targeting active viral replication steps. Recent evidence suggests that persistent HIV replication may occur in anatomical sanctuaries such as the lymphoid tissue due to low drug penetration. At present, different strategies are being evaluated either to completely eradicate the virus from the patient (sterilising cure) or to allow treatment interruption without viral rebound (functional cure). Because HIV-2 is naturally less pathogenic and displays a more latent phenotype than HIV-1, it may represent a valuable model that provides elementary information to cure HIV-1 infection. Insight into the viral and cellular determinants of HIV-2 replication may therefore pave the way for alternative strategies to eradicate HIV-1 or promote viral remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suha Saleh
- />Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy,
Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences,
KU Leuven,
Belgium
| | - Lenard Vranckx
- />Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy,
Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences,
KU Leuven,
Belgium
| | - Rik Gijsbers
- />Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy,
Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences,
KU Leuven,
Belgium
| | - Frauke Christ
- />Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy,
Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences,
KU Leuven,
Belgium
| | - Zeger Debyser
- />Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy,
Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences,
KU Leuven,
Belgium
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25
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Abstract
To complete its life cycle, HIV-1 enters the nucleus of the host cell as reverse-transcribed viral DNA. The nucleus is a complex environment, in which chromatin is organized to support different structural and functional aspects of cell physiology. As such, it represents a challenge for an incoming viral genome, which needs to be integrated into cellular DNA to ensure productive infection. Integration of the viral genome into host DNA depends on the enzymatic activity of HIV-1 integrase and involves different cellular factors that influence the selection of integration sites. The selection of integration site has functional consequences for viral transcription, which usually follows the integration event. However, in resting CD4+ T cells, the viral genome can be silenced for long periods of time, which leads to the generation of a latent reservoir of quiescent integrated HIV-1 DNA. Integration represents the only nuclear event in the viral life cycle that can be pharmacologically targeted with current therapies, and the aspects that connect HIV-1 nuclear entry to HIV-1 integration and viral transcription are only beginning to be elucidated.
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26
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The Multifaceted Contributions of Chromatin to HIV-1 Integration, Transcription, and Latency. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 328:197-252. [PMID: 28069134 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The capacity of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) to establish latent infections constitutes a major barrier to the development of a cure for HIV-1. In latent infection, replication competent HIV-1 provirus is integrated within the host genome but remains silent, masking the infected cells from the activity of the host immune response. Despite the progress in elucidating the molecular players that regulate HIV-1 gene expression, the mechanisms driving the establishment and maintenance of latency are still not fully understood. Transcription from the HIV-1 genome occurs in the context of chromatin and is subjected to the same regulatory mechanisms that drive cellular gene expression. Much like in eukaryotic genes, the nucleosomal landscape of the HIV-1 promoter and its position within genomic chromatin are determinants of its transcriptional activity. Understanding the multilayered chromatin-mediated mechanisms that underpin HIV-1 integration and expression is of utmost importance for the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at reducing the pool of latently infected cells. In this review, we discuss the impact of chromatin structure on viral integration, transcriptional regulation and latency, and the host factors that influence HIV-1 replication by regulating chromatin organization. Finally, we describe therapeutic strategies under development to target the chromatin-HIV-1 interplay.
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27
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Maldarelli F. The role of HIV integration in viral persistence: no more whistling past the proviral graveyard. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:438-47. [PMID: 26829624 DOI: 10.1172/jci80564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A substantial research effort has been directed to identifying strategies to eradicate or control HIV infection without a requirement for combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). A number of obstacles prevent HIV eradication, including low-level viral persistence during cART, long-term persistence of HIV-infected cells, and latent infection of resting CD4+ T cells. Mechanisms of persistence remain uncertain, but integration of the provirus into the host genome represents a central event in replication and pathogenesis of all retroviruses, including HIV. Analysis of HIV proviruses in CD4+ lymphocytes from individuals after prolonged cART revealed that a substantial proportion of the infected cells that persist have undergone clonal expansion and frequently have proviruses integrated in genes associated with regulation of cell growth. These data suggest that integration may influence persistence and clonal expansion of HIV-infected cells after cART is introduced, and these processes may represent key mechanisms for HIV persistence. Determining the diversity of host genes with integrants in HIV-infected cells that persist for prolonged periods may yield useful information regarding pathways by which infected cells persist for prolonged periods. Moreover, many integrants are defective, and new studies are required to characterize the role of clonal expansion in the persistence of replication-competent HIV.
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28
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Cheung S, Ma L, Chan PHW, Hu HL, Mayor T, Chen HT, Measday V. Ty1 Integrase Interacts with RNA Polymerase III-specific Subcomplexes to Promote Insertion of Ty1 Elements Upstream of Polymerase (Pol) III-transcribed Genes. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:6396-411. [PMID: 26797132 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.686840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Retrotransposons are eukaryotic mobile genetic elements that transpose by reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate and are derived from retroviruses. The Ty1 retrotransposon of Saccharomyces cerevisiae belongs to the Ty1/Copia superfamily, which is present in every eukaryotic genome. Insertion of Ty1 elements into the S. cerevisiae genome, which occurs upstream of genes transcribed by RNA Pol III, requires the Ty1 element-encoded integrase (IN) protein. Here, we report that Ty1-IN interacts in vivo and in vitro with RNA Pol III-specific subunits to mediate insertion of Ty1 elements upstream of Pol III-transcribed genes. Purification of Ty1-IN from yeast cells followed by mass spectrometry (MS) analysis identified an enrichment of peptides corresponding to the Rpc82/34/31 and Rpc53/37 Pol III-specific subcomplexes. GFP-Trap purification of multiple GFP-tagged RNA Pol III subunits from yeast extracts revealed that the majority of Pol III subunits co-purify with Ty1-IN but not two other complexes required for Pol III transcription, transcription initiation factors (TF) IIIB and IIIC. In vitro binding studies with bacterially purified RNA Pol III proteins demonstrate that Rpc31, Rpc34, and Rpc53 interact directly with Ty1-IN. Deletion of the N-terminal 280 amino acids of Rpc53 abrogates insertion of Ty1 elements upstream of the hot spot SUF16 tRNA locus and abolishes the interaction of Ty1-IN with Rpc37. The Rpc53/37 complex therefore has an important role in targeting Ty1-IN to insert Ty1 elements upstream of Pol III-transcribed genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Cheung
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wine Research Centre, and
| | | | - Patrick H W Chan
- Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada and
| | - Hui-Lan Hu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 115
| | - Thibault Mayor
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre for High-Throughput Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada and
| | - Hung-Ta Chen
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 115
| | - Vivien Measday
- From the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wine Research Centre, and
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29
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Abstract
The retroviral integrases are virally encoded, specialized recombinases that catalyze the insertion of viral DNA into the host cell's DNA, a process that is essential for virus propagation. We have learned a great deal since the existence of an integrated form of retroviral DNA (the provirus) was first proposed by Howard Temin in 1964. Initial studies focused on the genetics and biochemistry of avian and murine virus DNA integration, but the pace of discovery increased substantially with advances in technology, and an influx of investigators focused on the human immunodeficiency virus. We begin with a brief account of the scientific landscape in which some of the earliest discoveries were made, and summarize research that led to our current understanding of the biochemistry of integration. A more detailed account of recent analyses of integrase structure follows, as they have provided valuable insights into enzyme function and raised important new questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Andrake
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111; ,
| | - Anna Marie Skalka
- Institute for Cancer Research, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19111; ,
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30
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Serrao E, Engelman AN. Sites of retroviral DNA integration: From basic research to clinical applications. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 51:26-42. [PMID: 26508664 DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2015.1102859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
One of the most crucial steps in the life cycle of a retrovirus is the integration of the viral DNA (vDNA) copy of the RNA genome into the genome of an infected host cell. Integration provides for efficient viral gene expression as well as for the segregation of viral genomes to daughter cells upon cell division. Some integrated viruses are not well expressed, and cells latently infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can resist the action of potent antiretroviral drugs and remain dormant for decades. Intensive research has been dedicated to understanding the catalytic mechanism of integration, as well as the viral and cellular determinants that influence integration site distribution throughout the host genome. In this review, we summarize the evolution of techniques that have been used to recover and map retroviral integration sites, from the early days that first indicated that integration could occur in multiple cellular DNA locations, to current technologies that map upwards of millions of unique integration sites from single in vitro integration reactions or cell culture infections. We further review important insights gained from the use of such mapping techniques, including the monitoring of cell clonal expansion in patients treated with retrovirus-based gene therapy vectors, or patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). These insights span from integrase (IN) enzyme sequence preferences within target DNA (tDNA) at the sites of integration, to the roles of host cellular proteins in mediating global integration distribution, to the potential relationship between genomic location of vDNA integration site and retroviral latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Serrao
- a Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology , Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Alan N Engelman
- a Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology , Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston , MA , USA
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31
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HIV-infected cells are frequently clonally expanded after prolonged antiretroviral therapy: implications for HIV persistence. J Virus Erad 2015; 1:237-44. [PMID: 27482422 PMCID: PMC4946654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection is controlled but not eradicated by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), and persistence during therapy represents a substantial barrier to strategies to eradicate infection. The nature of persistence is uncertain, and a number of mechanisms have been proposed to explain HIV persistence in vivo, including low-level HIV replication, sanctuary sites for HIV-infected cells, and latent HIV residing within long-lived cells. Analysis of residual viraemia and of cell-associated HIV revealed evidence of multiple copies of identical HIV sequences suggesting infected cells can undergo cellular expansion. Recently, analysis of integration sites in HIV-infected cells derived from peripheral blood lymphocytes of patients undergoing long-term cART revealed direct evidence that HIV-infected cells undergo clonal expansion. These studies demonstrated that clonally expanded populations are common in HIV-infected individuals, persist for prolonged periods and increase in frequency during prolonged therapy. Several analyses reported that site of integration may affect persistence, clonal expansion, or both. As such, expanded populations may represent an important source of infectious HIV during cART. Many HIV integrants are defective for replication, however, and additional research is essential to determine to what degree clonally expanded populations represent a reservoir of replication-competent HIV.
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