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Ren R, Cai S, Fang X, Wang X, Zhang Z, Damiani M, Hudlerova C, Rosa A, Hope J, Cook NJ, Gorelkin P, Erofeev A, Novak P, Badhan A, Crone M, Freemont P, Taylor GP, Tang L, Edwards C, Shevchuk A, Cherepanov P, Luo Z, Tan W, Korchev Y, Ivanov AP, Edel JB. Multiplexed detection of viral antigen and RNA using nanopore sensing and encoded molecular probes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7362. [PMID: 37963924 PMCID: PMC10646045 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on single-molecule nanopore sensing combined with position-encoded DNA molecular probes, with chemistry tuned to simultaneously identify various antigen proteins and multiple RNA gene fragments of SARS-CoV-2 with high sensitivity and selectivity. We show that this sensing strategy can directly detect spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins in unprocessed human saliva. Moreover, our approach enables the identification of RNA fragments from patient samples using nasal/throat swabs, enabling the identification of critical mutations such as D614G, G446S, or Y144del among viral variants. In particular, it can detect and discriminate between SARS-CoV-2 lineages of wild-type B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1.617.2 (Delta), and B.1.1.539 (Omicron) within a single measurement without the need for nucleic acid sequencing. The sensing strategy of the molecular probes is easily adaptable to other viral targets and diseases and can be expanded depending on the application required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Ren
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Shenglin Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
- Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
| | - Xiaona Fang
- The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Aptamer Selection Center, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 310022, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Zheng Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Aptamer Selection Center, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 310022, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Micol Damiani
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Charlotte Hudlerova
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Annachiara Rosa
- The Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Wolfson Education Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Joshua Hope
- The Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Nicola J Cook
- The Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Peter Gorelkin
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Leninskiy Prospect 4, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander Erofeev
- National University of Science and Technology "MISIS", Leninskiy Prospect 4, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel Novak
- ICAPPIC Limited, The Fisheries, Mentmore Terrace, London, E8 3PN, UK
| | - Anjna Badhan
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Crone
- Section of Structural and Synthetic Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Freemont
- Section of Structural and Synthetic Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Graham P Taylor
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Longhua Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China
| | - Christopher Edwards
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- ICAPPIC Limited, The Fisheries, Mentmore Terrace, London, E8 3PN, UK
| | - Andrew Shevchuk
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- The Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Section of Virology, Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Zhaofeng Luo
- The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Aptamer Selection Center, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 310022, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- The Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province for Aptamers and Theranostics, Aptamer Selection Center, Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 310022, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuri Korchev
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Aleksandar P Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Joshua B Edel
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, 82 Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
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Parker E, Thomas J, Roper KJ, Ijaz S, Edwards T, Marchesin F, Katsanovskaja K, Lett L, Jones C, Hardwick HE, Davis C, Vink E, McDonald SE, Moore SC, Dicks S, Jegatheesan K, Cook NJ, Hope J, Cherepanov P, McClure MO, Baillie JK, Openshaw PJM, Turtle L, Ho A, Semple MG, Paxton WA, Tedder RS, Pollakis G. SARS-CoV-2 antibody responses associate with sex, age and disease severity in previously uninfected people admitted to hospital with COVID-19: An ISARIC4C prospective study. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1146702. [PMID: 37056776 PMCID: PMC10087108 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1146702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic enables the analysis of immune responses induced against a novel coronavirus infecting immunologically naïve individuals. This provides an opportunity for analysis of immune responses and associations with age, sex and disease severity. Here we measured an array of solid-phase binding antibody and viral neutralising Ab (nAb) responses in participants (n=337) of the ISARIC4C cohort and characterised their correlation with peak disease severity during acute infection and early convalescence. Overall, the responses in a Double Antigen Binding Assay (DABA) for antibody to the receptor binding domain (anti-RBD) correlated well with IgM as well as IgG responses against viral spike, S1 and nucleocapsid protein (NP) antigens. DABA reactivity also correlated with nAb. As we and others reported previously, there is greater risk of severe disease and death in older men, whilst the sex ratio was found to be equal within each severity grouping in younger people. In older males with severe disease (mean age 68 years), peak antibody levels were found to be delayed by one to two weeks compared with women, and nAb responses were delayed further. Additionally, we demonstrated that solid-phase binding antibody responses reached higher levels in males as measured via DABA and IgM binding against Spike, NP and S1 antigens. In contrast, this was not observed for nAb responses. When measuring SARS-CoV-2 RNA transcripts (as a surrogate for viral shedding) in nasal swabs at recruitment, we saw no significant differences by sex or disease severity status. However, we have shown higher antibody levels associated with low nasal viral RNA indicating a role of antibody responses in controlling viral replication and shedding in the upper airway. In this study, we have shown discernible differences in the humoral immune responses between males and females and these differences associate with age as well as with resultant disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Parker
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan Thomas
- National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly J. Roper
- National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Samreen Ijaz
- Blood Borne Virus Unit, Reference Department, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tansy Edwards
- Medical Research Council (MRC) International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Marchesin
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ksenia Katsanovskaja
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Lett
- National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Jones
- National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley E. Hardwick
- National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Davis
- Medical Research Council, University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Elen Vink
- Medical Research Council, University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah E. McDonald
- Medical Research Council, University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Shona C. Moore
- National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Dicks
- Blood Borne Virus Unit, Reference Department, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
- National Health Service (NHS) Blood and Transplant, London, United Kingdom
| | - Keerthana Jegatheesan
- Blood Borne Virus Unit, Reference Department, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
- National Health Service (NHS) Blood and Transplant, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola J. Cook
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Hope
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Myra O. McClure
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Lance Turtle
- National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Antonia Ho
- Medical Research Council, University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Malcolm G. Semple
- National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - William A. Paxton
- National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Richard S. Tedder
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios Pollakis
- National Institute of Health and Care Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Singer MR, Dinh T, Levintov L, Annamalai AS, Rey JS, Briganti L, Cook NJ, Pye VE, Taylor IA, Kim K, Engelman AN, Kim B, Perilla JR, Kvaratskhelia M, Cherepanov P. The Drug-Induced Interface That Drives HIV-1 Integrase Hypermultimerization and Loss of Function. mBio 2023; 14:e0356022. [PMID: 36744954 PMCID: PMC9973045 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03560-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Allosteric HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitors (ALLINIs) are an emerging class of small molecules that disrupt viral maturation by inducing the aberrant multimerization of IN. Here, we present cocrystal structures of HIV-1 IN with two potent ALLINIs, namely, BI-D and the drug candidate Pirmitegravir. The structures reveal atomistic details of the ALLINI-induced interface between the HIV-1 IN catalytic core and carboxyl-terminal domains (CCD and CTD). Projecting from their principal binding pocket on the IN CCD dimer, the compounds act as molecular glue by engaging a triad of invariant HIV-1 IN CTD residues, namely, Tyr226, Trp235, and Lys266, to nucleate the CTD-CCD interaction. The drug-induced interface involves the CTD SH3-like fold and extends to the beginning of the IN carboxyl-terminal tail region. We show that mutations of HIV-1 IN CTD residues that participate in the interface with the CCD greatly reduce the IN-aggregation properties of Pirmitegravir. Our results explain the mechanism of the ALLINI-induced condensation of HIV-1 IN and provide a reliable template for the rational development of this series of antiretrovirals through the optimization of their key contacts with the viral target. IMPORTANCE Despite the remarkable success of combination antiretroviral therapy, HIV-1 remains among the major causes of human suffering and loss of life in poor and developing nations. To prevail in this drawn-out battle with the pandemic, it is essential to continue developing advanced antiviral agents to fight drug resistant HIV-1 variants. Allosteric integrase inhibitors (ALLINIs) are an emerging class of HIV-1 antagonists that are orthogonal to the current antiretroviral drugs. These small molecules act as highly specific molecular glue, which triggers the aggregation of HIV-1 integrase. In this work, we present high-resolution crystal structures that reveal the crucial interactions made by two potent ALLINIs, namely, BI-D and Pirmitegravir, with HIV-1 integrase. Our results explain the mechanism of drug action and will inform the development of this promising class of small molecules for future use in antiretroviral regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Singer
- Chromatin Structure & Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tung Dinh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lev Levintov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Arun S. Annamalai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Juan S. Rey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Lorenzo Briganti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nicola J. Cook
- Chromatin Structure & Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie E. Pye
- Chromatin Structure & Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian A. Taylor
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alan N. Engelman
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Baek Kim
- Center for Drug Discovery, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Juan R. Perilla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Mamuka Kvaratskhelia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- Chromatin Structure & Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Disease, St-Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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4
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Ballandras-Colas A, Chivukula V, Gruszka DT, Shan Z, Singh PK, Pye VE, McLean RK, Bedwell GJ, Li W, Nans A, Cook NJ, Fadel HJ, Poeschla EM, Griffiths DJ, Vargas J, Taylor IA, Lyumkis D, Yardimci H, Engelman AN, Cherepanov P. Multivalent interactions essential for lentiviral integrase function. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2416. [PMID: 35504909 PMCID: PMC9065133 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29928-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A multimer of retroviral integrase (IN) synapses viral DNA ends within a stable intasome nucleoprotein complex for integration into a host cell genome. Reconstitution of the intasome from the maedi-visna virus (MVV), an ovine lentivirus, revealed a large assembly containing sixteen IN subunits1. Herein, we report cryo-EM structures of the lentiviral intasome prior to engagement of target DNA and following strand transfer, refined at 3.4 and 3.5 Å resolution, respectively. The structures elucidate details of the protein-protein and protein-DNA interfaces involved in lentiviral intasome formation. We show that the homomeric interfaces involved in IN hexadecamer formation and the α-helical configuration of the linker connecting the C-terminal and catalytic core domains are critical for MVV IN strand transfer activity in vitro and for virus infectivity. Single-molecule microscopy in conjunction with photobleaching reveals that the MVV intasome can bind a variable number, up to sixteen molecules, of the lentivirus-specific host factor LEDGF/p75. Concordantly, ablation of endogenous LEDGF/p75 results in gross redistribution of MVV integration sites in human and ovine cells. Our data confirm the importance of the expanded architecture observed in cryo-EM studies of lentiviral intasomes and suggest that this organization underlies multivalent interactions with chromatin for integration targeting to active genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Ballandras-Colas
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS) CNRS, CEA, University Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Vidya Chivukula
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Dominika T Gruszka
- Single Molecule Imaging of Genome Duplication and Maintenance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Biological Physics Research Group, Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Zelin Shan
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Parmit K Singh
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Valerie E Pye
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Rebecca K McLean
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, UK
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Gregory J Bedwell
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Nans
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Nicola J Cook
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Hind J Fadel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Eric M Poeschla
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - David J Griffiths
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, UK
| | - Javier Vargas
- Departmento de Óptica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ian A Taylor
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Dmitry Lyumkis
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Hasan Yardimci
- Single Molecule Imaging of Genome Duplication and Maintenance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
| | - Alan N Engelman
- Department of Cancer Immunology & Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
- Department of Infectious Disease, St-Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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Perez Marquez HJ, Ambrose DJ, Schaefer AL, Cook NJ, Bench CJ. Evaluation of infrared thermography combined with behavioral biometrics for estrus detection in naturally cycling dairy cows. Animal 2021; 15:100205. [PMID: 34171567 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Low estrus detection rates (>50%) are associated to extended calving intervals, low economic profit and reduced longevity in Holstein dairy cows. The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of infrared thermography and behavioral biometrics combined as potential estrus alerts in naturally (not induced) cycling dairy cows housed in a tie-stall barn. Eighteen first lactation cows were subjected to transrectal ultrasonography to determine spontaneous ovulation. The dominant follicle (DF) disappearance was used retrospectively as an indirect indicator of ovulation, and to establish the estrus period (48-24 h prior the DF disappearance). Raw skin temperature (Raw IR) and residual skin temperature (Res IR) were recorded using an infrared camera at the Vulva area with the tail (Vtail), Vulva area without the tail (Vnotail), and Vulva's external lips (Vlips) at AM and PM milking from Day 14 until two days after ovulation was confirmed. Behavioral biometrics were recorded on the same schedule as infrared scan. Behavioral biometrics included large hip movements (L-hip), small hip movements (S-hip), large tail movements and small tail movements to compare behavioral changes between estrus and nonestrus periods. Significant increases in Raw IR skin temperature were observed two days prior to ovulation (Vtail; 35.93 ± 0.27 °C, Vnotail; 35.59 ± 0.27 °C, and Vlips; 35.35 ± 0.27 °C) compared to d -5 (Proestrus; Vtail; 35.29 ± 0.27 °C, Vnotail; 34.93 ± 0.31 °C, and Vlips; 34.68 ± 0.27 °C). No significant changes were found for behavioral parameters with the exception of S-hip movements, which increased at two days before ovulation (d -2; 11.13 ± 1.44 Events/5min) compared to d -5 (7.30 ± 1.02 Events/5min). To evaluate the accuracy of thermal and behavioral biometrics, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed using Youden index (YJ), diagnostic odds ratio, positive likelihood ratio (LR+), Sensitivity, Specificity and Positive predicted value to score the estrus alerts. The greatest accuracy achieved using thermal parameters was for Res IR Vtail PM (YJ = 0.34) and L-hip PM (YJ = 0.27) for behavioral biometrics. Combining thermal and behavioral parameters did not improve the YJ index score but reduced the false-positive occurrence observed by increasing the diagnostic odds ratio (26.62), LR+ (12.47), Specificity (0.97) and positive predicted value (0.90) in a Res IR Vtail PM, S-hip AM, S-hip PM combination. The combination of thermal and behavioral parameters increased the accuracy of estrus detection compared to either thermal or behavioral biometrics, independently in naturally cycling cows during milking.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Perez Marquez
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.
| | - D J Ambrose
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada; Livestock Research and Extension Branch, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, AB T6H 5T6, Canada
| | - A L Schaefer
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada; Animal Inframetrics Inc., Box 5451, Lacombe, AB T4L 1X2, Canada
| | - N J Cook
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada; Livestock Research and Extension Branch, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C & E Trail, Lacombe, AB T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - C J Bench
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
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6
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Yap FH, Olsson-White D, Roddy J, Cook NJ, Langlands DR, Manners PJ, Carroll GJ. Long-term Clinical Outcomes in Synovitis, Acne, Pustulosis, Hyperostosis, and Osteitis Syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes 2021; 5:574-582. [PMID: 34195549 PMCID: PMC8240170 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess the outcome of empirical therapeutic interventions for synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome. Methods The clinical features and treatment outcomes of a cohort of 21 patients diagnosed with SAPHO in Western Australia were reviewed retrospectively. Results All 21 patients met published diagnostic criteria; 20 (95%) were Caucasian, and the median age was 47 years. The median follow-up was 6 years (range, 2 to 32 years). Three patients (14%) received no treatment; 18 (86%) required conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARDs). Thirteen (62%) had an initial good response to methotrexate; 8 relapsed and progressed to biologic DMARDs (bDMARDs) during a period of 14 years. Of the 13 recipients on a tumor necrosis factor inhibitor, 11 (85%) continued treatment for a median of 4 years (range, 1 to 14 years), whereas none of 3 recipients of interleukin 17/23 continued treatment (median, 4 months). Higher Physician Global Assessment scores (better outcomes) were observed in bDMARD recipients (mean, 7.06±2.24 [SD]) compared with non-bDMARD recipients (mean, 5.63±2.50; P=.1672) after a median of 3 years of therapy. Conclusion This study describes the broad range of clinical manifestations in SAPHO, variable courses over time, and inconsistent outcomes with diverse empirical therapies. Moderately good long-term treatment outcomes were observed in most recipients of tumor necrosis factor inhibitor. Poorer outcomes were observed with bisphosphonates and interleukin 17/23 axis inhibitors; however, low numbers preclude robust comparison. Suboptimal treatment may be associated with poorer clinical outcomes and greater skeletal damage. Trial Registration Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12619000445178
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Key Words
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- DMARD, disease-modifying antirheumatic drug
- IL, interleukin
- MTX, methotrexate
- PGA, Physician Global Assessment
- PPP, palmoplantar pustulosis
- SAPHO, synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- bDMARD, biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis H.X. Yap
- PathWest, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Deborah Olsson-White
- Department of Rheumatology, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
- Redcliffe Hospital, Redcliffe, Queensland, Australia
| | - Janet Roddy
- Department of Rheumatology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicola J. Cook
- Western Rheumatology, Wyllie Arthritis Foundation, Shenton Park, Western Australia, Australia
| | - D. Robert Langlands
- Department of Rheumatology, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Prue J. Manners
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Graeme J. Carroll
- Department of Rheumatology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- Correspondence: Address to Graeme J. Carroll, MD, FRACP, Department of Rheumatology, Fiona Stanley Hospital, 11 Robin Warren Dr, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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7
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Rosa A, Pye VE, Graham C, Muir L, Seow J, Ng KW, Cook NJ, Rees-Spear C, Parker E, Dos Santos MS, Rosadas C, Susana A, Rhys H, Nans A, Masino L, Roustan C, Christodoulou E, Ulferts R, Wrobel AG, Short CE, Fertleman M, Sanders RW, Heaney J, Spyer M, Kjær S, Riddell A, Malim MH, Beale R, MacRae JI, Taylor GP, Nastouli E, van Gils MJ, Rosenthal PB, Pizzato M, McClure MO, Tedder RS, Kassiotis G, McCoy LE, Doores KJ, Cherepanov P. SARS-CoV-2 can recruit a heme metabolite to evade antibody immunity. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabg7607. [PMID: 33888467 PMCID: PMC8163077 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg7607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The coronaviral spike is the dominant viral antigen and the target of neutralizing antibodies. We show that SARS-CoV-2 spike binds biliverdin and bilirubin, the tetrapyrrole products of heme metabolism, with nanomolar affinity. Using cryo-electron microscopy and x-ray crystallography, we mapped the tetrapyrrole interaction pocket to a deep cleft on the spike N-terminal domain (NTD). At physiological concentrations, biliverdin significantly dampened the reactivity of SARS-CoV-2 spike with immune sera and inhibited a subset of neutralizing antibodies. Access to the tetrapyrrole-sensitive epitope is gated by a flexible loop on the distal face of the NTD. Accompanied by profound conformational changes in the NTD, antibody binding requires relocation of the gating loop, which folds into the cleft vacated by the metabolite. Our results indicate that SARS-CoV-2 spike NTD harbors a dominant epitope, access to which can be controlled by an allosteric mechanism that is regulated through recruitment of a metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annachiara Rosa
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Valerie E Pye
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Carl Graham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Luke Muir
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jeffrey Seow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kevin W Ng
- Retroviral Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Nicola J Cook
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Chloe Rees-Spear
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eleanor Parker
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Carolina Rosadas
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alberto Susana
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Hefin Rhys
- Flow Cytometry Science and Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Andrea Nans
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Laura Masino
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Chloe Roustan
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Rachel Ulferts
- Cell Biology of Infection Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Antoni G Wrobel
- Structural Biology of Disease Processes Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Charlotte-Eve Short
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Fertleman
- Cutrale Perioperative and Ageing Group, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rogier W Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Judith Heaney
- Advanced Pathogen Diagnostic Unit, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Crick COVID-19 Consortium, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Moira Spyer
- Advanced Pathogen Diagnostic Unit, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Crick COVID-19 Consortium, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health
| | - Svend Kjær
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Andy Riddell
- Flow Cytometry Science and Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Michael H Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rupert Beale
- Cell Biology of Infection Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - James I MacRae
- Metabolomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Graham P Taylor
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Eleni Nastouli
- Advanced Pathogen Diagnostic Unit, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Crick COVID-19 Consortium, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter B Rosenthal
- Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Massimo Pizzato
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Myra O McClure
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Richard S Tedder
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - George Kassiotis
- Retroviral Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Laura E McCoy
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Katie J Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK.
- Department of Infectious Disease, St. Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK
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8
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Rosa A, Pye VE, Graham C, Muir L, Seow J, Ng KW, Cook NJ, Rees-Spear C, Parker E, dos Santos MS, Rosadas C, Susana A, Rhys H, Nans A, Masino L, Roustan C, Christodoulou E, Ulferts R, Wrobel A, Short CE, Fertleman M, Sanders RW, Heaney J, Spyer M, Kjær S, Riddell A, Malim MH, Beale R, MacRae JI, Taylor GP, Nastouli E, van Gils MJ, Rosenthal PB, Pizzato M, McClure MO, Tedder RS, Kassiotis G, McCoy LE, Doores KJ, Cherepanov P. SARS-CoV-2 recruits a haem metabolite to evade antibody immunity. medRxiv 2021:2021.01.21.21249203. [PMID: 33532784 PMCID: PMC7852234 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.21.21249203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The coronaviral spike is the dominant viral antigen and the target of neutralizing antibodies. We show that SARS-CoV-2 spike binds biliverdin and bilirubin, the tetrapyrrole products of haem metabolism, with nanomolar affinity. Using cryo-electron microscopy and X-ray crystallography we mapped the tetrapyrrole interaction pocket to a deep cleft on the spike N-terminal domain (NTD). At physiological concentrations, biliverdin significantly dampened the reactivity of SARS-CoV-2 spike with immune sera and inhibited a subset of neutralizing antibodies. Access to the tetrapyrrole-sensitive epitope is gated by a flexible loop on the distal face of the NTD. Accompanied by profound conformational changes in the NTD, antibody binding requires relocation of the gating loop, which folds into the cleft vacated by the metabolite. Our results indicate that the virus co-opts the haem metabolite for the evasion of humoral immunity via allosteric shielding of a sensitive epitope and demonstrate the remarkable structural plasticity of the NTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annachiara Rosa
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Valerie E. Pye
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Carl Graham
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
| | - Luke Muir
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jeffrey Seow
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
| | - Kevin W. Ng
- Retroviral Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Nicola J. Cook
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Chloe Rees-Spear
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Eleanor Parker
- Department of Infectious Disease, St-Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, UK
| | | | - Carolina Rosadas
- Department of Infectious Disease, St-Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Alberto Susana
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Italy
| | - Hefin Rhys
- Flow Cytometry Science and Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Andrea Nans
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Laura Masino
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Chloe Roustan
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Rachel Ulferts
- Cell Biology of Infection Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Antoni Wrobel
- Structural Biology of Disease Processes Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Charlotte-Eve Short
- Department of Infectious Disease, St-Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, UK
| | | | - Rogier W. Sanders
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, US
| | - Judith Heaney
- Advanced Pathogen Diagnostic Unit, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Crick COVID-19 Consortium, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Moira Spyer
- Advanced Pathogen Diagnostic Unit, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Crick COVID-19 Consortium, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health
| | - Svend Kjær
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Andy Riddell
- Flow Cytometry Science and Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Michael H. Malim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
| | - Rupert Beale
- Cell Biology of Infection Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - James I. MacRae
- Metabolomics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Graham P. Taylor
- Department of Infectious Disease, St-Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Eleni Nastouli
- Advanced Pathogen Diagnostic Unit, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Crick COVID-19 Consortium, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health
| | - Marit J. van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Peter B. Rosenthal
- Structural Biology of Cells and Viruses Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Massimo Pizzato
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Italy
| | - Myra O. McClure
- Department of Infectious Disease, St-Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Richard S. Tedder
- Department of Infectious Disease, St-Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, UK
| | - George Kassiotis
- Retroviral Immunology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease, St-Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Laura E. McCoy
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Katie J. Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Infectious Disease, St-Mary’s Campus, Imperial College London, UK
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9
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Cook NJ, Li W, Berta D, Badaoui M, Ballandras-Colas A, Nans A, Kotecha A, Rosta E, Engelman AN, Cherepanov P. Structural basis of second-generation HIV integrase inhibitor action and viral resistance. Science 2020. [PMID: 32001525 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay4919/suppl_file/papv2.pdf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
Although second-generation HIV integrase strand-transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are prescribed throughout the world, the mechanistic basis for the superiority of these drugs is poorly understood. We used single-particle cryo-electron microscopy to visualize the mode of action of the advanced INSTIs dolutegravir and bictegravir at near-atomic resolution. Glutamine-148→histidine (Q148H) and glycine-140→serine (G140S) amino acid substitutions in integrase that result in clinical INSTI failure perturb optimal magnesium ion coordination in the enzyme active site. The expanded chemical scaffolds of second-generation compounds mediate interactions with the protein backbone that are critical for antagonizing viruses containing the Q148H and G140S mutations. Our results reveal that binding to magnesium ions underpins a fundamental weakness of the INSTI pharmacophore that is exploited by the virus to engender resistance and provide a structural framework for the development of this class of anti-HIV/AIDS therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Cook
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dénes Berta
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Magd Badaoui
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | | | - Andrea Nans
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Abhay Kotecha
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Materials and Structural Analysis, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eindhoven, 5651 GG, Netherlands
| | - Edina Rosta
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Alan N Engelman
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK.
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
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10
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Cook NJ, Li W, Berta D, Badaoui M, Ballandras-Colas A, Nans A, Kotecha A, Rosta E, Engelman AN, Cherepanov P. Structural basis of second-generation HIV integrase inhibitor action and viral resistance. Science 2020; 367:806-810. [PMID: 32001525 DOI: 10.1126/science.aay4919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Although second-generation HIV integrase strand-transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are prescribed throughout the world, the mechanistic basis for the superiority of these drugs is poorly understood. We used single-particle cryo-electron microscopy to visualize the mode of action of the advanced INSTIs dolutegravir and bictegravir at near-atomic resolution. Glutamine-148→histidine (Q148H) and glycine-140→serine (G140S) amino acid substitutions in integrase that result in clinical INSTI failure perturb optimal magnesium ion coordination in the enzyme active site. The expanded chemical scaffolds of second-generation compounds mediate interactions with the protein backbone that are critical for antagonizing viruses containing the Q148H and G140S mutations. Our results reveal that binding to magnesium ions underpins a fundamental weakness of the INSTI pharmacophore that is exploited by the virus to engender resistance and provide a structural framework for the development of this class of anti-HIV/AIDS therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Cook
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dénes Berta
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Magd Badaoui
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | | | - Andrea Nans
- Structural Biology Science Technology Platform, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Abhay Kotecha
- The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.,Materials and Structural Analysis, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Eindhoven, 5651 GG, Netherlands
| | - Edina Rosta
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London SE1 1DB, UK
| | - Alan N Engelman
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK. .,Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, St Mary's Campus, London W2 1PG, UK
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11
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Macmillan K, Colazo MG, Cook NJ. Evaluation of infrared thermography compared to rectal temperature to identify illness in early postpartum dairy cows. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:315-322. [PMID: 31352280 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated and compared infrared thermography (IRT) and rectal temperature (RT) as screening tests to identify sick transition dairy cows. Holstein cows (n = 72; 42 primiparous) had RT and IRT temperatures taken daily from 1 to 12 days in milk (DIM). Health examinations were performed daily to diagnose retained fetal membrane, milk fever and metritis, and blood was analyzed for β-hydroxybutyrate at 6 and 9 DIM to diagnose ketosis. Plasma concentrations of cortisol, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor α and serum amyloid A at 3, 6, 9 and 12 DIM were included as additional indicators of illness. Cows were categorized as true sick if clinically diagnosed with an illness, or if at least 2 blood parameters were above the normal range. Diagnostic test performances for RT and IRT variables were determined for each variable at a test referent value that provided the highest Youden's (J) index. The best performing screening test depended on the definition of true sickness. In general, the J index for RT was 0.15-0.17 whereas the highest J index for the IRT variables was 0.22 for the mean eye temperature and 0.19 for the mean cheek temperature. Infrared thermography was at least comparable to RT and some IRT variables performed better as a screening tests than RT. Future studies into the automation of IRT for surveillance of early postpartum diseases is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Macmillan
- Livestock Systems Section, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, Alberta T6H 5T6, Canada
| | - M G Colazo
- Livestock Systems Section, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, Alberta T6H 5T6, Canada
| | - N J Cook
- Livestock Systems Section, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, Alberta T6H 5T6, Canada.
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12
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Jang S, Cook NJ, Pye VE, Bedwell GJ, Dudek AM, Singh PK, Cherepanov P, Engelman AN. Differential role for phosphorylation in alternative polyadenylation function versus nuclear import of SR-like protein CPSF6. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:4663-4683. [PMID: 30916345 PMCID: PMC6511849 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleavage factor I mammalian (CFIm) complex, composed of cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor 5 (CPSF5) and serine/arginine-like protein CPSF6, regulates alternative polyadenylation (APA). Loss of CFIm function results in proximal polyadenylation site usage, shortening mRNA 3' untranslated regions (UTRs). Although CPSF6 plays additional roles in human disease, its nuclear translocation mechanism remains unresolved. Two β-karyopherins, transportin (TNPO) 1 and TNPO3, can bind CPSF6 in vitro, and we demonstrate here that while the TNPO1 binding site is dispensable for CPSF6 nuclear import, the arginine/serine (RS)-like domain (RSLD) that mediates TNPO3 binding is critical. The crystal structure of the RSLD-TNPO3 complex revealed potential CPSF6 interaction residues, which were confirmed to mediate TNPO3 binding and CPSF6 nuclear import. Both binding and nuclear import were independent of RSLD phosphorylation, though a hyperphosphorylated mimetic mutant failed to bind TNPO3 and mislocalized to the cell cytoplasm. Although hypophosphorylated CPSF6 largely supported normal polyadenylation site usage, a significant number of mRNAs harbored unnaturally extended 3' UTRs, similar to what is observed when other APA regulators, such as CFIIm component proteins, are depleted. Our results clarify the mechanism of CPSF6 nuclear import and highlight differential roles for RSLD phosphorylation in nuclear translocation versus regulation of APA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooin Jang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nicola J Cook
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Valerie E Pye
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Gregory J Bedwell
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amanda M Dudek
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Parmit K Singh
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, St-Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Alan N Engelman
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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13
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Perez Marquez HJ, Ambrose DJ, Schaefer AL, Cook NJ, Bench CJ. Infrared thermography and behavioral biometrics associated with estrus indicators and ovulation in estrus-synchronized dairy cows housed in tiestalls. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:4427-4440. [PMID: 30879824 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Most Canadian dairy herds operate in tiestall housing (61%), where average estrus detection rates may be lower than 54%. The objective of this study was to evaluate infrared thermography and behavioral biometrics as indicators of estrus in dairy cows. Eighteen cyclic multiparous cows (Synch) were subjected to an estrus synchronization protocol, and 18 pregnant cows (control) received a sham protocol on the same schedule and frequency as the cyclic cow treatment. A decline in plasma concentrations of progesterone and the appearance of a dominant follicle using transrectal ultrasonography were used as indirect indicators of estrus, and the disappearance of a dominant follicle was used to confirm ovulation. All cows were monitored via visual cameras to determine the frequency of treading, drinking, neighbor interaction, tail movement, lying, and shifting behaviors. Infrared thermograms were recorded at the eye, muzzle, cheek, neck, front right foot, front left foot, rump, flank, vulva area, tail head, and withers. To evaluate the accuracy of behavioral and thermal parameters, a predefined minimum acceptable value (i.e., threshold) for estrus alerts (>0.30 Youden J index and >0.60 area under the curve) was used. Ovulation was confirmed in 14 (77.7%) out of 18 Synch cows. Eye, cheek, neck, rump, flank, vulva area, and wither thermograms exhibited higher temperatures at 48 h [cycle threshold (Δt) = +0.30 to 1.20°C] and 24 h before ovulation compared with 4 d prior to ovulation (Δt = 0.06 to 0.11°C) and during ovulation day (Δt = 0.03 to 0.32°C) in the Synch group. In addition, control cows exhibited greater treading activity per day compared with Synch cows (20.84 ± 0.39 vs. 16.35 events/5 min ± 0.34), and tail movement frequency was greater in Synch cows compared with control cows (14.84 ± 2.7 vs. 10.11 ± 4.7 events/5 min). However, within Synch cows, tail movement was the only behavior that significantly increased in frequency 2 d before ovulation (11.81 ± 1.71 events/5 min) followed by a decrease in frequency 1 d before ovulation (4.67 ± 1.05 events/5 min) compared with ovulation day (0 d; 6.10 ± 1.25 events/5 min) and during luteolysis (3 d before ovulation; 6.01 ± 1.25 events/5 min). Upon evaluation of all variables (thermograms and behavior frequencies) as estrus indicators at 48 and 24 h before ovulation, treading and tail movements before milking and 9 thermal locations satisfied the predefined minimum acceptable value for estrus alerts. This study demonstrates that fluctuations in radiated temperature measured at specific anatomical locations and the frequency of tail movements and treading behaviors can be used as a noninvasive estrus alerts in multiparous cows housed in a tiestall system.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Perez Marquez
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - D J Ambrose
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada; Livestock Research and Extension Branch, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Edmonton, AB, T6H 5T6, Canada
| | - A L Schaefer
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada; Animal Inframetrics Inc., PO Box 5451, Lacombe, AB, T4L 1X2, Canada
| | - N J Cook
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada; Livestock Research and Extension Branch, Alberta Agriculture and Forestry, Lacombe Research Centre, Lacombe, AB, T4L 1W1, Canada
| | - C J Bench
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
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14
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Schaefer AL, Ominski K, Thompson S, Crow G, Bench C, Colyn J, Rodas-Gonzalez A, Maharjan D, Bollum R, Cook NJ, Basarab J, von Gaza H. Energy utilization in cattle with steady state and non-steady state methods: the importance of thermal neutrality. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00843. [PMID: 30302415 PMCID: PMC6174544 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficiency by which animals utilize dietary energy is fundamental to the cost of production for protein of animal origin and to the carbon footprint an animal industry has. Hence, the development of cost effective methodology for determining these measurements of efficiency is important. The objective of the present study was to investigate the use of infrared thermography in a rapid, non-steady state method for measuring energy loss in cattle. Data from 241 yearling bulls and steers as well as heifers and mature cows are presented. Infrared images were collected following a 24h feed withdrawal period. The infrared thermal response in these animals was significantly ranked (P < 0.03) with conventional measurements of feed efficiency using residual feed intake values for animals demonstrated to be within a thermal neutral zone. When animals were not within a thermal neutral zone there was no significant ranking. The data suggests that the use of a non-steady state approach using infrared thermography for identifying metabolic efficiency in animals may be a more rapid and less expensive method for identifying differences in energy utilization. The data also demonstrates the importance of maintaining thermal neutrality when measuring metabolic efficiency irrespective of the methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Schaefer
- Dept. AFNS, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - K Ominski
- Dept. Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - S Thompson
- Dept. Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - G Crow
- Dept. Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - C Bench
- Dept. AFNS, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - J Colyn
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe, AB, Canada
| | | | - D Maharjan
- Dept. Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - R Bollum
- RandR Acres Sire Breeder, Airdrie, AB, Canada
| | - N J Cook
- Alberta Agriculture, Lacombe, AB, Canada
| | - J Basarab
- Alberta Agriculture, Lacombe, AB, Canada
| | - H von Gaza
- HVG Software Solutions, Edmonton, Canada
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15
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Ballandras-Colas A, Maskell DP, Serrao E, Locke J, Swuec P, Jónsson SR, Kotecha A, Cook NJ, Pye VE, Taylor IA, Andrésdóttir V, Engelman AN, Costa A, Cherepanov P. A supramolecular assembly mediates lentiviral DNA integration. Science 2017; 355:93-95. [PMID: 28059770 PMCID: PMC5321526 DOI: 10.1126/science.aah7002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Retroviral integrase (IN) functions within the intasome nucleoprotein complex to catalyze insertion of viral DNA into cellular chromatin. Using cryo-electron microscopy, we now visualize the functional maedi-visna lentivirus intasome at 4.9 angstrom resolution. The intasome comprises a homo-hexadecamer of IN with a tetramer-of-tetramers architecture featuring eight structurally distinct types of IN protomers supporting two catalytically competent subunits. The conserved intasomal core, previously observed in simpler retroviral systems, is formed between two IN tetramers, with a pair of C-terminal domains from flanking tetramers completing the synaptic interface. Our results explain how HIV-1 IN, which self-associates into higher-order multimers, can form a functional intasome, reconcile the bulk of early HIV-1 IN biochemical and structural data, and provide a lentiviral platform for design of HIV-1 IN inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel P. Maskell
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Erik Serrao
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Julia Locke
- Macromolecular Machines Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Paolo Swuec
- Macromolecular Machines Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Stefán R. Jónsson
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Abhay Kotecha
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Nicola J. Cook
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Valerie E. Pye
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ian A. Taylor
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Valgerdur Andrésdóttir
- Institute for Experimental Pathology, University of Iceland, Keldur, 112 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Alan N. Engelman
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alessandro Costa
- Macromolecular Machines Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- Chromatin Structure and Mobile DNA, The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Division of Medicine, Imperial College London, W2 1PG, UK
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16
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Regev-Shoshani G, Church JS, Cook NJ, Schaefer AL, Miller C. Prophylactic nitric oxide treatment reduces incidence of bovine respiratory disease complex in beef cattle arriving at a feedlot. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:606-11. [PMID: 23850382 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDc), is a challenging multi-factorial health issue caused by viral/bacterial pathogens and stressors linked with the transport and mixing of cattle, negatively impacting the cattle feedlot industry. Nitric oxide (NO) is a naturally occurring molecule with antimicrobial attributes. This study tests whether NO can prevent the symptoms associated with BRDc. Eighty-five, crossbred, multiple-sourced, commingled commercial weaned beef calves were monitored and scored for temperature, white blood count, clinical score, hematology, cortisol levels and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio. NO treatment or placebo were given once on arrival to the stockyard. After one week 87.5% of sick animals were from the control while 12.5% from treatment groups and after two weeks 72% and 28% respectively. Treatment was shown to be safe, causing neither distress nor adverse effects on the animals. These data show that NO treatment on arrival to the feedlot significantly decreased the incidence of BRDc in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Regev-Shoshani
- Faculty of Medicine, Respiratory Division, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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17
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Schaefer AL, Cook NJ, Bench C, Chabot JB, Colyn J, Liu T, Okine EK, Stewart M, Webster JR. The non-invasive and automated detection of bovine respiratory disease onset in receiver calves using infrared thermography. Res Vet Sci 2011; 93:928-35. [PMID: 22055252 PMCID: PMC7111736 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD) causes considerable economic loss and biosecurity cost to the beef industry globally and also results in significant degradation to the welfare of affected animals. The successful treatment of this disease depends on the early, timely and cost effective identification of affected animals. The objective of the present study was to investigate the use of an automated, RFID driven, noninvasive infrared thermography technology to determine BRD in cattle. Sixty-five calves averaging 220 kg were exposed to standard industry practices of transport and auction. The animals were monitored for BRD using conventional biometric signs for clinical scores, core temperatures, haematology, serum cortisol and infrared thermal values over 3 weeks. The data collected demonstrated that true positive animals for BRD based on a gold standard including core temperature, clinical score, white blood cell number and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio displayed higher peak infrared thermal values of 35.7±0.35 °C compared to true negative animals 34.9±0.22 °C (P<0.01). The study also demonstrated that such biometric data can be non-invasively and automatically collected based on a system developed around the animal's water station. It is concluded that the deployment of such systems in the cattle industry would aid animal managers and practitioners in the identification and management of BRD in cattle populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Schaefer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lacombe Research Centre, 6000 C and E Trail, Lacombe, Alberta, Canada T4L 1W1.
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18
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Cook NJ, Veira D, Church JS, Schaefer AL. Dexamethasone reduces transport-induced weight losses in beef calves. Can J Anim Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas09006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dexamethasone was administered intramuscularly at two dose levels (Trial 1 = 0.088 mg kg-1; Trial 2 = 10 mg per calf) to beef calves (Trial 1, n = 60; Trial 2, n = 58) prior to transport by road for 10 and 8 h, to test the effect on transport-induced weight losses. Calves lost significant weight over the transport periods (P < 0.001) but dexamethasone-treated calves lost significantly less weight than control animals (P < 0.004). The relationship between salivary dexamethasone concentrations and weight losses in Trial 1 exhibited a significant trend (r = 0.47, P < 0.06). The correlation of administered dose of dexamethasone (mg kg-1) with weight losses in Trial 2 was significant (r = 0.5, P < 0.006). Dexamethasone administration prior to long-haul transport reduced transport-induced weight losses, and may be an effective method of mitigating transport stress.Key words: Transport, beef calves, dexamethasone, weight losses, salivary cortisol, salivary dexamethasone
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19
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Saikrishnan K, Powell B, Cook NJ, Webb MR, Wigley DB. Mechanistic basis of 5'-3' translocation in SF1B helicases. Cell 2009; 137:849-59. [PMID: 19490894 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2009.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/19/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Superfamily 1B (SF1B) helicases translocate in a 5'-3' direction and are required for a range of cellular activities across all domains of life. However, structural analyses to date have focused on how SF1A helicases achieve 3'-5' movement along nucleic acids. We present crystal structures of the complex between the SF1B helicase RecD2 from Deinococcus radiodurans and ssDNA in the presence and absence of an ATP analog. These snapshots of the reaction pathway reveal a nucleotide binding-induced conformational change of the two motor domains that is broadly reminiscent of changes observed in other SF1 and SF2 helicases. Together with biochemical data, the structures point to a step size for translocation of one base per ATP hydrolyzed. Moreover, the structures also reveal a mechanism for nucleic acid translocation in the 5'-3' direction by SF1B helicases that is surprisingly different from that of 3'-5' translocation by SF1A enzymes, and explains the molecular basis of directionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayarat Saikrishnan
- Cancer Research UK Clare Hall Laboratories, The London Research Institute, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Herts EN63LD, UK
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20
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Schaefer AL, Cook NJ, Church JS, Basarab J, Perry B, Miller C, Tong AKW. The use of infrared thermography as an early indicator of bovine respiratory disease complex in calves. Res Vet Sci 2007; 83:376-84. [PMID: 17349665 PMCID: PMC7111866 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2007.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Revised: 12/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) complex causes considerable distress to domestic livestock and economic hardship to the beef industry. Furthermore, the resulting extensive use of antimicrobial treatments is a growing concern from the perspective of facilitating antibiotic resistant microbes. The earlier detection of BRD would enable an earlier, more targeted treatment regime and earlier isolation of infected individuals. The objective of the present study was to investigate the use of non-invasive infrared thermography in the early detection of BRD in cattle. Studies were conducted on 133 head of weaned calves. Data demonstrated that infrared thermography was able to identify animals at early stages of illness, often several days to over one week before clinical signs were manifest. Data indicated that 4–6 days prior to the onset of clinical symptoms of BRD, greater positive and negative predictive values and test efficiency for infrared thermography (80%, 65% and 71%, respectively) compared to the industry standard practice of clinical scoring (70%, 45% and 55%, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Schaefer
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 6000 C and E trail, Lacombe, Alta., Canada T4L 1W1.
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22
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Church JS, Martz DG, Cook NJ. The use of digital video recorders (DVRs) for capturing digital video files for use in both The Observer and Ethovision. Behav Res Methods 2006; 38:434-8. [PMID: 17186753 DOI: 10.3758/bf03192797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Before switching a laboratory from analog to digital, for the recording of video files for use in Noldus software such as Ethovision and The Observer, researchers need to proceed with caution. There are obvious advantages in moving to digital recording for behavioral work, including increased storage capacity; no requirement to purchase video tapes; immediate search by date, time, or event; digital images are of higher quality; ability to view study sites remotely by Internet connection; and "smart" features, such as motion detection. But before you throw away your time-lapse video recorders, time code generators, and video multiplexors, there are some important cautions to take account of. Some research groups have bought digital surveillance systems on the assumption that they work with Ethovision and The Observer, only to be disappointed. The vast majority of systems depend on proprietary compression software that must then be converted to work properly in Ethovision or The Observer.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Church
- Livestock Welfare Unit, Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Room 306, 7000-113 Street, Edmonton, AB, T6H 5TC Canada.
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23
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Mahuren JD, Dubeski PL, Cook NJ, Schaefer AL, Coburn SP. Adrenocorticotropic hormone increases hydrolysis of B-6 vitamers in swine adrenal glands. J Nutr 1999; 129:1905-8. [PMID: 10498766 DOI: 10.1093/jn/129.10.1905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Shipping stress is an economic problem because of its effect on meat quality. Because shipping increases plasma cortisol and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate interacts with steroid hormones, we examined the interaction between adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and vitamin B-6 metabolism in pigs. Six crossbred pigs with ear vein catheters received 50 IU of porcine ACTH intravenously at 3-h intervals from 0800 to 2100 h on d 1-3 and 100 IU intramuscularly at 0800, 1400 and 2000 h on d 6 and 7. Controls received saline. ACTH had no effect on pyridoxal 5'-phosphate in adrenal tissue but decreased pyridoxamine 5'-phosphate from 6.1 +/- 0.7 to 4.7 +/- 1.0 nmol/g (P < 0.05). Adrenal pyridoxal and pyridoxamine concentrations were 0.4 +/- 0.1 nmol/g in controls and 1.1 +/- 0.3 and 1.3 +/- 0.5 nmol/g, respectively, in ACTH-treated pigs (P < 0.01). Pyridoxal 5'-phosphate phosphatase activity [median (25-75 percentile value)] at pH 7.4 in adrenal tissue was 66.6 (47.8-75.5) nmol/(g. min) in the controls and 764 (626-771) in the ACTH-treated pigs (P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in pyridoxal kinase activity. However, kinase activity in the adrenals was about twice as high as in other tissues. These data suggest an active turnover of vitamin B-6 in adrenal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Mahuren
- Fort Wayne State Developmental Center, Fort Wayne, IN 46835, USA
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24
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Abstract
Injection to the zygapophysial joint is a procedure which is performed frequently for diagnostic or therapeutic reasons in the management of back pain. It is generally considered to be free of significant complications. We report a patient who developed a paraspinal abscess following a lumbar facet joint injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Cook
- Department of Rheumatology, Royal Perth Hospital, Shenton Park, Western Australia, Australia
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25
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Wang Z, Zhang H, Cartwright CM, Ding MS, Cook NJ, Gillespie WA. Edge enhancement by use of moving gratings in a bismuth silicon oxide crystal and its application to optical correlation. Appl Opt 1998; 37:4449-4456. [PMID: 18285896 DOI: 10.1364/ao.37.004449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The technique of moving gratings in a photorefractive crystal is applied to the edge enhancement of objects and edge-enhanced optical correlation. The nonlinear dependence of the optimum fringe velocity on the fringe modulation and the variation of the enhancement of the diffraction efficiency with fringe modulation at a fixed fringe velocity appropriate to high fringe modulations are experimentally investigated. It is shown that the diffraction at high fringe modulations, which corresponds to the high-spatial-frequency components of the Fourier spectrum, is enhanced by a factor of approximately 3.7, whereas the diffraction at low fringe modulations is suppressed by a factor of 0.6. The proposed technique has the advantages of real-time enhancement, arbitrary selection of the spatial frequency to be enhanced, and improved stability of the output. Experimental results of the edge enhancement of objects and edge-enhanced correlation are presented.
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26
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Griffiths G, Cook NJ, Gottfridson E, Lind T, Lidholt K, Roberts IS. Characterization of the glycosyltransferase enzyme from the Escherichia coli K5 capsule gene cluster and identification and characterization of the glucuronyl active site. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:11752-7. [PMID: 9565598 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.19.11752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial capsular polysaccharides play an important role in virulence and survival. The Escherichia coli K5 capsule consists of a repeat structure of -4)GlcA-beta(1,4)-GlcNAc alpha(1-, identical to N-acetylheparosan. A 60-kDa protein, KfiC, has been identified as a bifunctional glycosyltransferase, responsible for the alternating alpha and beta addition of each UDP-sugar to the nonreducing end of the polysaccharide chain. Using hydrophobic cluster analysis, a conserved secondary structure motif characteristic of beta-glycosyltransferases was identified along with two highly conserved aspartic acid residues at positions 301 and 352 within the KfiC protein. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to identify catalytically active amino acids within domain A of the KfiC protein. The conserved aspartic acid residues at 301 and 352 were shown to be critical for the beta addition of UDP-GlcA (uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid) to defined nonreducing end oligosaccharide acceptors, suggesting that these conserved aspartic acid residues are catalytically important for beta-glycosyltransferase activity. A deleted derivative of the kfiC gene was generated, which encoded for a truncated KfiC (kfiC') protein. This protein lacked 139 amino acids at the C terminus. This enzyme had no UDP-GlcA transferase activity but still retained UDP-GlcNAc transferase activity, indicating that two separate active sites are present within the KfiC protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Griffiths
- School of Biological Sciences, 1.800 Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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27
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Berry E, Parker-Jones C, Jones RG, Harkin PJ, Horsfall HO, Nicholls JA, Cook NJ. Systematic assessment of World Wide Web materials for medical education: online, cooperative peer review. J Am Med Inform Assoc 1998; 5:382-9. [PMID: 9670135 PMCID: PMC61315 DOI: 10.1136/jamia.1998.0050382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE : To develop a generic methodology for the online assessment of medical education materials available on the World Wide Web and to implement it for pilot subject areas. DESIGN An online questionnaire was developed, based on an existing scheme for computer-based learning material. It was extended to involve five stages, covering general suitability, local suitability, the user interface, educational style, and a general review. It is available on the Web, so expert reviewers may be recruited from outside the home institution. The methodology was piloted in three subjects areas--clinical chemistry, radiology, and medical physics--concentrating initially on undergraduate teaching. MEASUREMENTS The contents of completed questionnaires were stored in an offline database. Selected fields, likely to be of use to students and educators searching for material, were input into an online database. RESULTS The online assessment was used successfully in clinical chemistry and medical physics but less well in radiology. Fewer resources were found to fit local needs than expected. CONCLUSION The methodology was found to work well for topics where teaching is highly structured and formal and is potentially applicable in other such disciplines. The approach produces more structured and applicable lists of resources than can be obtained from search engines.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Berry
- University of Leeds, Leeds General Infirmary, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
AIMS Intraocular lens (IOP) implantation in sub-Saharan Africa is not the routine procedure of choice in the treatment of cataract. Previous series consist of small numbers of selected patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate routine posterior chamber lens implantation in large numbers of consecutive patients. METHODS 1059 cataract extractions with planned IOL (744 patients) were performed over a 1 year period from August 1993 to July 1994. RESULTS 94.6% (1002) of eyes showed an improvement in visual acuity. A postoperative uncorrected acuity of 6/18 or better was attained in 41.7% of eyes, while 27.1% attained an uncorrected acuity of < 6/18 to 6/60. The commonest operative complication was posterior capsule rupture (11.4%). CONCLUSION Extracapsular cataract extraction with posterior chamber lens implantation, performed in a well equipped clinic, can give satisfactory results in a developing country. Uncorrected visual acuity can be taken as an acceptable endpoint in the majority of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Cook
- Kissy Eye Hospital, Freetown, Sierra Leone
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30
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Wang ZQ, Cartwright CM, Gillespie WA, Cook NJ. Effects of optical bias on moving gratings in bismuth silicon oxide at large fringe modulation. Appl Opt 1996; 35:3829-3834. [PMID: 21102781 DOI: 10.1364/ao.35.003829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Optical bias has been applied in the formation of moving gratings in bismuth silicon oxide at large fringe modulations. It is shown that optical bias is an effective method of overcoming the problems associated with the sudden drop in the optimum fringe velocity when the fringe modulation is close to unity. It is experimentally found that within a certain range of optical bias the absolute diffraction efficiency can be higher than that without optical bias, which is not the case when a stationary grating is used.
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31
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Cook NJ, Rogers NK. Blindness and poverty go hand in hand. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 1996; 74:204-6. [PMID: 8739694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Dobbin PS, Warren LH, Cook NJ, McEwan AG, Powell AK, Richardson DJ. Dissimilatory iron(III) reduction by Rhodobacter capsulatus. Microbiology (Reading) 1996; 142:765-774. [DOI: 10.1099/00221287-142-4-765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The photosynthetic proteobacterium
Rhodobacter capsulatus
was shown to be capable of dissimilatory Fe(III) reduction. Activity was expressed during anaerobic phototrophic and microaerobic growth with malate as the carbon source, but not during equivalent aerobic growth. A variety of Fe(III) complexes were demonstrated to act as substrates for intact cells and membrane fractions of strain N22DNAR+ using a ferrozine assay for Fe(II) formation. Rates of reduction appeared to be influenced by the reduction potentials of the Fe(III) complexes. However, Fe(III) complexed by citrate, which is readily reduced by Shewanella putrefaciens, was a poor substrate for dissimilation by R. capsulatus. The Fe(III)-reducing activity of R. capsulatus was located solely in the membrane fraction. The reduction of Fe(III) complexes by intact cells was inhibited by 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide (HQNO), suggesting the involvement of ubiquinol: cytochrome c oxidoreductases in the electron transport chain. Lack of sensitivity to myxothiazol plus data from mutant strains implies that the cytochrome bc
1 complex and cytochrome c
2 are not obligatory for dissimilation of Fe(III)(maltol)3. Alternative pathways of electron transfer to Fe(III) must hence operate in R. capsulatus. Using strain N22DNAR+, the reduction rate of Fe(III) complexed by nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) was elevated compared to that of Fe(III)(maltol)3, and moreover was sensitive to myxothiazol. However, these differences were not observed in the absence of the electron donor malate. The governing factor for the reduction rate of Fe(III)(maltol)3 thus appears to be the limited Fe(III)-reducing activity, whilst the reduction rate of Fe(III) complexed by NTA is controlled by the flux of electrons through the respiratory chain. The use of mutant strains confirmed that the role of the cytochrome bc
1 complex in Fe(III) reduction becomes apparent only with the superior substrate. The energy-conserving nature of Fe(III) reduction by R. capsulatus was demonstrated by electrochromic measurements, with the endogenous carotenoid pigments being employed as indicators of membrane potential generation in intact cells. Using Fe(III)EDTA as electron acceptor, periods of membrane potential generation were directly proportional to the quantity of complex added, and were extended in the presence of HQNO. Fe(III)-dependent carotenoid bandshifts were abolished by addition of the protonophoric uncoupler carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxy-phenylhydrazone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S. Dobbin
- Centre for Metalloprotein Spectroscopy and Biology, Schools of Biological Sciences and Chemical Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Louise H. Warren
- Centre for Metalloprotein Spectroscopy and Biology, Schools of Biological Sciences and Chemical Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Nicola J. Cook
- Centre for Metalloprotein Spectroscopy and Biology, Schools of Biological Sciences and Chemical Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Alastair G. McEwan
- Centre for Metalloprotein Spectroscopy and Biology, Schools of Biological Sciences and Chemical Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Anne K. Powell
- Centre for Metalloprotein Spectroscopy and Biology, Schools of Biological Sciences and Chemical Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - David J. Richardson
- Centre for Metalloprotein Spectroscopy and Biology, Schools of Biological Sciences and Chemical Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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33
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Cook NJ, Read GF. Oestradiol measurement in women on oral hormone replacement therapy: the validity of commercial test kits. Br J Biomed Sci 1995; 52:97-101. [PMID: 8520257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Four commercially available methods for the measurement of oestradiol were used to assay oestradiol concentrations in samples from women receiving oral hormone replacement therapy. Significant differences in results were found between samples that were measured direct and those subjected to an extraction procedure. There was considerable variability in the extraction: direct ratio between methods, indicating that with some methods an extraction procedure should be performed before analysis on samples from women receiving oral hormone replacement therapy. Factors that account for discrepant results between methods probably include increased concentration of sex hormone binding globulin together with cross-reacting metabolites and conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Cook
- Steroid Assay Service Laboratory, University Hospital of Wales, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
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Abstract
The exact pathogenesis of pterygia is not yet clearly understood. Most recent studies implicate fibroblastic proliferation as the essential histopathology in the condition. A case is presented in which spontaneous avulsion of the head of a pterygium occurred, with rapid resolution of symptoms. Such an avulsion suggests the presence of strong forces being exerted on the cornea by the pterygium. Fibroblastic activity could be responsible for the development of such forces. This case supports existing evidence for the primary nature of fibroblastic proliferation in the development of pterygia.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Cook
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, U.K
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36
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Carroll GJ, Thomas R, Phatouros CC, Atchison MH, Leslie AL, Cook NJ, D'Souza I. Incidence, prevalence and possible risk factors for pneumonitis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate. J Rheumatol 1994; 21:51-4. [PMID: 8151587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Methotrexate (MTX) is being used increasingly to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Pneumonitis is a serious side effect of MTX therapy (P-MTX). Our aim was to determine in patients with RA the incidence and prevalence of P-MTX in Western Australia and identify risk factors for the development of this adverse reaction. METHODS Patients with P-MTX were identified by (a) direct communication with rheumatologists in Western Australia, (b) use of a computerized clinical database, (c) questionnaire inquiry of all other rheumatologists in Australia. Possible risk factors for P-MTX were examined using age/sex matched case controls selected from the computerized clinical database. RESULTS Ten definite and 3 probable cases of P-MTX were identified. Local incidence of P-MTX was 1/35.4 patient years MTX treatment; if definite and probable cases are included (1/49.6 patient years MTX treatment for definite cases alone). Twelve patients with P-MTX were compared with 24 age/sex matched controls. A shorter duration of MTX treatment and a higher incidence of preexisting lung disease were observed in P-MTX cases but these differences were not statistically significant. No difference was observed between the P-MTX and control patients with respect to rheumatoid factor, duration of RA, use of tobacco, dose of MTX, serum creatinine, creatinine clearance or concurrent treatment with aspirin, nonsteroidal antirheumatic drugs or prednisolone. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that in hospital clinic patients with RA pneumonitis is a common adverse reaction. They suggest that hypersensitivity is probably responsible for most cases of pneumonitis associated with MTX, but preexisting lung disease may confer increased risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Carroll
- Department of Rheumatic Diseases, Royal Perth Rehabilitation Hospital, Shenton Park, Western Australia
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Abstract
The aetiology of systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) is unknown but it is thought to have both genetic and environmental components. The familial incidence of the disease is very low and we have been able to find only one report of scleroderma in identical twins which was in the Russian literature. We report here on a set of identical twins and their mother who all had features of systemic sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Cook
- Rheumatology Unit, Southampton University Hospital, Manchester
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Mauch L, Seissler J, Haubruck H, Cook NJ, Abney CC, Berthold H, Wirbelauer C, Liedvogel B, Scherbaum WA, Northemann W. Baculovirus-mediated expression of human 65 kDa and 67 kDa glutamic acid decarboxylases in SF9 insect cells and their relevance in diagnosis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Biochem 1993; 113:699-704. [PMID: 8370667 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a124106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
cDNAs coding for the full-length human 65 and 67 kDa glutamic acid decarboxylases (GAD65 and GAD67) were amplified from pancreas and hippocampus cDNA libraries by polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Both cDNAs were inserted into a baculovirus vector which mediated highly efficient expression of the human GAD65 and GAD67 with histidine-hexapeptides as affinity ligands at their C-termini in Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells. The recombinant GAD proteins were purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography using a metal-chelating matrix. The infected Sf9 insect cells expressed the recombinant human GAD65 and GAD67 with natural-like conformations, as confirmed by measurement of their enzyme activities as well as their fully restored autoantigenicities. Immunoprecipitation of metabolically labeled infected Sf9 cells demonstrated the autoantigenic potential of the recombinant GAD proteins. The practicability of using recombinant GAD65 and GAD67 derived from the baculovirus expression system for the development of an immunoassay for the diagnosis of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mauch
- Department of Molecular Biology, ELIAS Entwicklungslabor, Freiburg, Germany
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40
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Haubruck H, Mauch L, Cook NJ, Steffens U, Hunt N, Berthold H, Niemann H, Wirbelauer C, Northemann W. Expression of recombinant human thyroid peroxidase by the baculovirus system and its use in ELISA screening for diagnosis of autoimmune thyroid disease. Autoimmunity 1993; 15:275-84. [PMID: 8136455 DOI: 10.3109/08916939309115749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The cDNAs coding for human full-length and soluble thyroid peroxidase (TPO) were constructed, cloned into a baculovirus transfer vector and used for infection of Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells. The soluble TPO lacking 87 amino acids of the C-terminal transmembrane and intracisternal domains was designed as a fusion protein with a histidine-hexapeptide as an affinity ligand at its C-terminus. Whereas the recombinant full-length TPO was expressed mainly in an insoluble form in Sf9 cells, the recombinant soluble TPO was almost completely secreted into the culture medium. Both the full-length and the soluble TPO were purified by conventional methods and by a specific affinity chromatography using metal chelating matrix respectively, and tested for their autoantigenicity towards anti-TPO autoantibodies. The ELISA established with the purified recombinant soluble TPO as antigen demonstrated its specificity, practicability and reproducibility in screening of anti-TPO autoantibodies in sera of autoimmune thyroid patients. High correlation (r = 0.89, n = 175) was obtained between the soluble TPO and natural TPO prepared from human thyroid glands. Pathological sera (n = 200) were positively assayed with a significance of 91%.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Haubruck
- Department of Molecular Biology, ELIAS Entwicklungslabor, Freiburg, Germany
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41
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Reiländer H, Achilles A, Friedel U, Maul G, Lottspeich F, Cook NJ. Primary structure and functional expression of the Na/Ca,K-exchanger from bovine rod photoreceptors. EMBO J 1992; 11:1689-95. [PMID: 1582405 PMCID: PMC556625 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Complementary DNA encoding the Na/Ca,K-exchanger was isolated from bovine retina cDNA libraries. The complete full-length cDNA is approximately 4 kb long and contains an open reading frame of 3597 bp. The deduced amino acid sequence corresponds to a protein of 1199 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of approximately 130 kDa. Hydrophobicity analysis revealed the presence of two alternating sets of hydrophobic and hydrophilic domains. There also exists a hydrophobic region at the N-terminus which may be part of a cleavable signal peptide. The protein shares limited sequence homology with the Na/Ca-exchanger from cardiac sarcolemma. Northern blot analysis indicates that the approximately 6 kb transcript is highly specific for retinal tissue. Insect cells infected with recombinant baculovirus bearing the full-length cDNA express a functional Na/Ca,K-exchanger with an apparent relative molecular weight of approximately 210 kDa, as determined by Western blotting.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Reiländer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Abteilung für Molekulare Membranbiologie, Frankfurt am Main, FRG
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42
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Abstract
Two patients are described with severe and progressive rheumatoid arthritis in whom methotrexate was reintroduced despite previous methotrexate related pneumonitis. In both patients a marked improvement in disease control occurred without a recurrence of the pneumonitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Cook
- Department of Rheumatic Diseases, Royal Perth (Rehabilitation) Hospital, Australia
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43
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Abstract
It has recently been suggested (Nature, 346 (1990) 269-271) that ON-bipolar cells express the same biochemical cascade and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP)-gated cation channel as rod outer segments. An antibody directed against the cGMP-gated channel of bovine rod outer segments was applied to cryostat sections of rat and cat retinae. No immunocytochemical labelling was found in bipolar cells. Therefore, if those cells express a cGMP-gated channel, it must be immunologically different to the 63 kDa protein constituting the cGMP-gated channel of the outer segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wässle
- Max-Planck-Institut für Hirnforschung, Frankfurt am Main, F.R.G
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44
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Wohlfart P, Haase W, Molday RS, Cook NJ. Antibodies against synthetic peptides used to determine the topology and site of glycosylation of the cGMP-gated channel from bovine rod photoreceptors. J Biol Chem 1992; 267:644-8. [PMID: 1370452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptides corresponding to amino acids 321-339 (peptide GS21) and 416-431 (peptide GS31) of the cGMP-gated channel from bovine rod photoreceptors were synthesized and used as antigens for the preparation of polyclonal antibodies. After affinity purification, both antipeptide antibodies were found to bind specifically to the channel protein after Western blotting, but only the antibody against GS21 gave satisfactory results on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and electron microscopy. Using immunocytochemistry, we were able to localize amino acids 321-339 to the extracellular side of the rod photoreceptor plasma membrane. By synthesizing heptapeptides corresponding to amino acids 324-330 (peptide GS2s) and 420-426 (peptide GS3s), we were able to affinity purify antibodies specific for two N-glycosylation consensus sites in the channel protein. As assessed by Western blotting, antibodies against GS3s were found to bind to both the glycosylated and deglycosylated channel proteins, whereas antibodies against GS2s only bound to the channel protein after enzymatic deglycosylation. Together, these results allow the refinement of folding models for the cGMP-gated channel and implicate Asn-327 as being the sole site of N-glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Wohlfart
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Abteilung für Molekulare Membranbiologie, Frankfurt am Main, Federal Republic of Germany
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45
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Wohlfart P, Haase W, Molday RS, Cook NJ. Antibodies against synthetic peptides used to determine the topology and site of glycosylation of the cGMP-gated channel from bovine rod photoreceptors. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)48542-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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46
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Achilles A, Friedel U, Haase W, Reiländer H, Cook NJ. Biochemical and molecular characterization of the sodium-calcium exchanger from bovine rod photoreceptors. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1991; 639:234-44. [PMID: 1785849 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb17310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Achilles
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Abteilung für Molekulare Membranbiologie, Frankfurt am Main, Federal Republic of Germany
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Howell WM, Warren CJ, Cook NJ, Cawley MI, Smith JL. Detection of IL-2 at mRNA and protein levels in synovial infiltrates from inflammatory arthropathies using biotinylated oligonucleotide probes in situ. Clin Exp Immunol 1991; 86:393-8. [PMID: 1747947 PMCID: PMC1554195 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.1991.tb02943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A non-radioactive in situ hybridization method for IL-2 mRNA detection based on the use of four biotinylated oligonucleotide probes, plus appropriate positive and negative control probes was developed and applied to synovial surgical and needle biopsies from rheumatoid arthritis (RA), spondyloarthropathy (SpA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA) patients. In eight surgical biopsies (six RA, one SpA, one PsA) this non-radioactive system showed similar sensitivity to that of a previously described 32P-labelled probe system, and in addition detected IL-2 mRNA in five out of seven biopsies from SpA and PsA patients and in two out of two JCA needle biopsies. IL-2 mRNA was found in the absence of IL-2 protein in RA biopsies (six surgical, 12 needle), but variable amounts of IL-2 protein were detected in six out of seven needle biopsies from SpA, PsA and JCA patients, where CD3+ lymphoid infiltrates were present. These data suggest differences in IL-2 regulation and expression in RA and non-RA inflammatory arthropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Howell
- Molecular Immunology Group, Tenovus Research Laboratory, Southampton, UK
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48
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Molday RS, Molday LL, Dosé A, Clark-Lewis I, Illing M, Cook NJ, Eismann E, Kaupp UB. The cGMP-gated channel of the rod photoreceptor cell characterization and orientation of the amino terminus. J Biol Chem 1991; 266:21917-22. [PMID: 1718987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular properties and orientation of the cGMP-gated cation channel of bovine rod outer segment membranes were studied using biochemical and immunochemical methods. Western blots labeled with anti-channel monoclonal antibodies indicate that the channel has a subunit Mr of 63,000 in bovine rod outer segment membranes prepared in the presence and absence of protease inhibitors and in rod outer segments from other mammalian retinas. The channel has an apparent Mr of 78,000 in both COS-1 cells and Xenopus oocytes expressing the cloned cDNA. NH2-terminal sequence analysis indicates that the lower Mr of the channel in rod outer segments is caused by the absence of the first 92 amino acids predicted by cDNA sequence analysis. Immunofluorescent and immunogold labeling has confirmed that the 63,000 form of the channel is present in rod outer segments. These results indicate that photoreceptor cell-specific co-translational or post-translational cleavage of the NH2-terminal segment of the channel occurs prior or during the incorporation of the channel into the rod outer segment plasma membrane. Immunogold labeling studies using site-directed antibodies also indicate that the NH2-terminal segment of the rod outer segment channel is exposed on the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Molday
- Department of Biochemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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49
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Cook NJ. Inadvertent application of silicone foam elastomer catalyst to the eye. Br J Ophthalmol 1991; 75:690. [PMID: 1751467 PMCID: PMC1042531 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.75.11.690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Silicone foam elastomer is used extensively to treat granulating wounds. A case is presented in which the catalyst to the polymer was inadvertently applied to the eye. This produced conjunctival and corneal injury, which was slow to heal and resistant to conventional treatment. This form of injury has not previously been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Cook
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield
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50
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Abstract
A rapid FPLC procedure for the purification of protein kinase C from bovine rod outer segments is described. The enzyme is essentially homogeneous after purification and exhibits a molecular mass of approximately 85 kDa, as determined by SDS/PAGE. From its chromatographic behaviour on hydroxyapatite, and from Western-blotting experiments using isoenzyme-specific antibodies, we were able to identify the bovine rod outer segment protein kinase C as being of the alpha or type-III form. The purified protein kinase C has a specific activity of 1066 nmol 32P.min-1.mg protein-1, and shows a 30-fold activation upon the addition of the effectors Ca2+, PtdSer and 1,2-diacylglycerol. Arachidonic acid and linoleic acid were also found to enhance significantly the activity of the purified enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wolbring
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biophysik, Abteilung für Molekulare Membranbiologie, Frankfurt am Main, Federal Republic of Germany
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