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Vandermeulen MD, Lorenz MC, Cullen PJ. Conserved signaling modules regulate filamentous growth in fungi: a model for eukaryotic cell differentiation. Genetics 2024:iyae122. [PMID: 39239926 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyae122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic organisms are composed of different cell types with defined shapes and functions. Specific cell types are produced by the process of cell differentiation, which is regulated by signal transduction pathways. Signaling pathways regulate cell differentiation by sensing cues and controlling the expression of target genes whose products generate cell types with specific attributes. In studying how cells differentiate, fungi have proved valuable models because of their ease of genetic manipulation and striking cell morphologies. Many fungal species undergo filamentous growth-a specialized growth pattern where cells produce elongated tube-like projections. Filamentous growth promotes expansion into new environments, including invasion into plant and animal hosts by fungal pathogens. The same signaling pathways that regulate filamentous growth in fungi also control cell differentiation throughout eukaryotes and include highly conserved mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, which is the focus of this review. In many fungal species, mucin-type sensors regulate MAPK pathways to control filamentous growth in response to diverse stimuli. Once activated, MAPK pathways reorganize cell polarity, induce changes in cell adhesion, and promote the secretion of degradative enzymes that mediate access to new environments. However, MAPK pathway regulation is complicated because related pathways can share components with each other yet induce unique responses (i.e. signal specificity). In addition, MAPK pathways function in highly integrated networks with other regulatory pathways (i.e. signal integration). Here, we discuss signal specificity and integration in several yeast models (mainly Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans) by focusing on the filamentation MAPK pathway. Because of the strong evolutionary ties between species, a deeper understanding of the regulation of filamentous growth in established models and increasingly diverse fungal species can reveal fundamentally new mechanisms underlying eukaryotic cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael C Lorenz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Paul J Cullen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260-1300, USA
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2
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Yang B, Vaisvil B, Schmitt D, Collins J, Young E, Kapatral V, Rao R. A correlative study of the genomic underpinning of virulence traits and drug tolerance of Candida auris. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0010324. [PMID: 38722168 PMCID: PMC11326119 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00103-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is an opportunistic fungal pathogen with high mortality rates which presents a clear threat to public health. The risk of C. auris infection is high because it can colonize the body, resist antifungal treatment, and evade the immune system. The genetic mechanisms for these traits are not well known. Identifying them could lead to new targets for new treatments. To this end, we present an analysis of the genetics and gene expression patterns of C. auris carbon metabolism, drug resistance, and macrophage interaction. We chose to study two C. auris isolates simultaneously, one drug sensitive (B11220 from Clade II) and one drug resistant (B11221 from Clade III). Comparing the genomes, we confirm the previously reported finding that B11220 was missing a 12.8 kb region on chromosome VI. This region contains a gene cluster encoding proteins related to alternative sugar utilization. We show that B11221, which has the gene cluster, readily assimilates and utilizes D-galactose and L-rhamnose as compared to B11220, which harbors the deletion. B11221 exhibits increased adherence and drug resistance compared to B11220 when grown in these sugars. Transcriptomic analysis of both isolates grown on glucose or galactose showed that the gene cluster was upregulated when grown on D-galactose. These findings reinforce growing evidence of a link between metabolism and drug tolerance. B11221 resists phagocytosis by macrophages and exhibits decreased β-1,3-glucan exposure, a key determinant that allows Candida to evade the host immune system, as compared to B11220. In a transcriptomic analysis of both isolates co-cultured with macrophages, we find upregulation of genes associated with transport and transcription factors in B11221. Our studies show a positive correlation between membrane composition and immune evasion, alternate sugar utilization, and drug tolerance in C. auris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Joseph Collins
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric Young
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Reeta Rao
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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3
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Gunaratnam G, Leisering R, Wieland B, Dudek J, Miosge N, Becker SL, Bischoff M, Dawson SC, Hannig M, Jacobs K, Klotz C, Aebischer T, Jung P. Characterization of a unique attachment organelle: Single-cell force spectroscopy of Giardia duodenalis trophozoites. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:7145-7153. [PMID: 38502112 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr00122b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The unicellular parasite Giardia duodenalis is the causative agent of giardiasis, a gastrointestinal disease with global spread. In its trophozoite form, G. duodenalis can adhere to the human intestinal epithelium and a variety of other, artificial surfaces. Its attachment is facilitated by a unique microtubule-based attachment organelle, the so-called ventral disc. The mechanical function of the ventral disc, however, is still debated. Earlier studies postulated that a dynamic negative pressure under the ventral disc, generated by persistently beating flagella, mediates the attachment. Later studies suggested a suction model based on structural changes of the ventral discs, substrate clutching or grasping, or unspecific contact forces. In this study, we aim to contribute to the understanding of G. duodenalis attachment by investigating detachment characteristics and determining adhesion forces of single trophozoites on a smooth glass surface (RMS = 1.1 ± 0.2 nm) by fluidic force microscopy (FluidFM)-based single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFS). Briefly, viable adherent trophozoites were approached with a FluidFM micropipette, immobilized to the micropipette aperture by negative pressure, and detached from the surface by micropipette retraction while retract force curves were recorded. These force curves displayed novel and so far undescribed characteristics for a microorganism, namely, gradual force increase on the pulled trophozoite, with localization of adhesion force shortly before cell detachment length. Respective adhesion forces reached 7.7 ± 4.2 nN at 1 μm s-1 pulling speed. Importantly, this unique force pattern was different from that of other eukaryotic cells such as Candida albicans or oral keratinocytes, considered for comparison in this study. The latter both displayed a force pattern with force peaks of different values or force plateaus (for keratinocytes) indicative of breakage of molecular bonds of cell-anchored classes of adhesion molecules or membrane components. Furthermore, the attachment mode of G. duodenalis trophozoites was mechanically resilient to tensile forces, when the pulling speeds were raised up to 10 μm s-1 and adhesion forces increased to 28.7 ± 10.5 nN. Taken together, comparative SCSF revealed novel and unique retract force curve characteristics for attached G. duodenalis, suggesting a ligand-independent suction mechanism, that differ from those of other well described eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gubesh Gunaratnam
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Ricarda Leisering
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit 16 Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ben Wieland
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Johanna Dudek
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Nicolai Miosge
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Sören L Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Markus Bischoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
| | - Scott C Dawson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, USA
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Karin Jacobs
- Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- Max Planck School, Matter to Life, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Klotz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit 16 Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Toni Aebischer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Unit 16 Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and Mycobacteria, Robert Koch-Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Jung
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany.
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4
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Mirza Agha M, Tavili E, Dabirmanesh B. Functional amyloids. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2024; 206:389-434. [PMID: 38811086 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
While amyloid has traditionally been viewed as a harmful formation, emerging evidence suggests that amyloids may also play a functional role in cell biology, contributing to normal physiological processes that have been conserved throughout evolution. Functional amyloids have been discovered in several creatures, spanning from bacteria to mammals. These amyloids serve a multitude of purposes, including but not limited to, forming biofilms, melanin synthesis, storage, information transfer, and memory. The functional role of amyloids has been consistently validated by the discovery of more functional amyloids, indicating a conceptual convergence. The biology of amyloids is well-represented by non-pathogenic amyloids, given the numerous ones already identified and the ongoing rate of new discoveries. In this chapter, functional amyloids in microorganisms, animals, and plants are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoureh Mirza Agha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elaheh Tavili
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahareh Dabirmanesh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Ekdahl LI, Salcedo JA, Dungan MM, Mason DV, Myagmarsuren D, Murphy HA. Selection on plastic adherence leads to hyper-multicellular strains and incidental virulence in the budding yeast. eLife 2023; 12:e81056. [PMID: 37916911 PMCID: PMC10764007 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Many disease-causing microbes are not obligate pathogens; rather, they are environmental microbes taking advantage of an ecological opportunity. The existence of microbes whose life cycle does not require a host and are not normally pathogenic, yet are well-suited to host exploitation, is an evolutionary puzzle. One hypothesis posits that selection in the environment may favor traits that incidentally lead to pathogenicity and virulence, or serve as pre-adaptations for survival in a host. An example of such a trait is surface adherence. To experimentally test the idea of 'accidental virulence', replicate populations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were evolved to attach to a plastic bead for hundreds of generations. Along with plastic adherence, two multicellular phenotypes- biofilm formation and flor formation- increased; another phenotype, pseudohyphal growth, responded to the nutrient limitation. Thus, experimental selection led to the evolution of highly-adherent, hyper-multicellular strains. Wax moth larvae injected with evolved hyper-multicellular strains were significantly more likely to die than those injected with evolved non-multicellular strains. Hence, selection on plastic adherence incidentally led to the evolution of enhanced multicellularity and increased virulence. Our results support the idea that selection for a trait beneficial in the open environment can inadvertently generate opportunistic, 'accidental' pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke I Ekdahl
- Department of Biology, College of William and MaryWilliamsburgUnited States
| | - Juliana A Salcedo
- Department of Biology, College of William and MaryWilliamsburgUnited States
| | - Matthew M Dungan
- Department of Biology, College of William and MaryWilliamsburgUnited States
| | - Despina V Mason
- Department of Biology, College of William and MaryWilliamsburgUnited States
| | | | - Helen A Murphy
- Department of Biology, College of William and MaryWilliamsburgUnited States
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6
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Malinovská Z, Čonková E, Váczi P. Biofilm Formation in Medically Important Candida Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:955. [PMID: 37888211 PMCID: PMC10607155 DOI: 10.3390/jof9100955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, the number of infections caused by biofilm-forming fungal pathogens is very high. In human medicine, there is an increasing proportion of immunocompromised patients with prolonged hospitalization, and patients with long-term inserted drains, cannulas, catheters, tubes, or other artificial devices, that exhibit a predisposition for colonization by biofilm-forming yeasts. A high percentage of mortality is due to candidemia caused by medically important Candida species. Species of major clinical significance include C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, and C. auris. The association of these pathogenic species in the biofilm structure is a serious therapeutic problem. Candida cells growing in the form of a biofilm are able to resist persistent therapy thanks to a combination of their protective mechanisms and their ability to disseminate to other parts of the body, thus representing a threat from the perspective of a permanent source of infection. The elucidation of the key mechanisms of biofilm formation is essential to progress in the understanding and treatment of invasive Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Malinovská
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, Komenského 73, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia; (E.Č.); (P.V.)
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Lipke PN, Ragonis-Bachar P. Sticking to the Subject: Multifunctionality in Microbial Adhesins. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040419. [PMID: 37108873 PMCID: PMC10144551 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial and fungal adhesins mediate microbial aggregation, biofilm formation, and adhesion to host. We divide these proteins into two major classes: professional adhesins and moonlighting adhesins that have a non-adhesive activity that is evolutionarily conserved. A fundamental difference between the two classes is the dissociation rate. Whereas moonlighters, including cytoplasmic enzymes and chaperones, can bind with high affinity, they usually dissociate quickly. Professional adhesins often have unusually long dissociation rates: minutes or hours. Each adhesin has at least three activities: cell surface association, binding to a ligand or adhesive partner protein, and as a microbial surface pattern for host recognition. We briefly discuss Bacillus subtilis TasA, pilin adhesins, gram positive MSCRAMMs, and yeast mating adhesins, lectins and flocculins, and Candida Awp and Als families. For these professional adhesins, multiple activities include binding to diverse ligands and binding partners, assembly into molecular complexes, maintenance of cell wall integrity, signaling for cellular differentiation in biofilms and in mating, surface amyloid formation, and anchorage of moonlighting adhesins. We summarize the structural features that lead to these diverse activities. We conclude that adhesins resemble other proteins with multiple activities, but they have unique structural features to facilitate multifunctionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N. Lipke
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11215, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Peleg Ragonis-Bachar
- Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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8
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A focus on yeast mating: From pheromone signaling to cell-cell fusion. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 133:83-95. [PMID: 35148940 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cells live in a chemical environment and are able to orient towards chemical cues. Unicellular haploid fungal cells communicate by secreting pheromones to reproduce sexually. In the yeast models Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, pheromonal communication activates similar pathways composed of cognate G-protein-coupled receptors and downstream small GTPase Cdc42 and MAP kinase cascades. Local pheromone release and sensing, at a mobile surface polarity patch, underlie spatial gradient interpretation to form pairs between two cells of distinct mating types. Concentration of secretion at the point of cell-cell contact then leads to local cell wall digestion for cell fusion, forming a diploid zygote that prevents further fusion attempts. A number of asymmetries between mating types may promote efficiency of the system. In this review, we present our current knowledge of pheromone signaling in the two model yeasts, with an emphasis on how cells decode the pheromone signal spatially and ultimately fuse together. Though overall pathway architectures are similar in the two species, their large evolutionary distance allows to explore how conceptually similar solutions to a general biological problem can arise from divergent molecular components.
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Vergara SC, Leiva MJ, Mestre MV, Vazquez F, Nally MC, Maturano YP. Non-saccharomyces yeast probiotics: revealing relevance and potential. FEMS Yeast Res 2023; 23:foad041. [PMID: 37777839 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foad041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-Saccharomyces yeasts are unicellular eukaryotes that play important roles in diverse ecological niches. In recent decades, their physiological and morphological properties have been reevaluated and reassessed, demonstrating the enormous potential they possess in various fields of application. Non-Saccharomyces yeasts have gained relevance as probiotics, and in vitro and in vivo assays are very promising and offer a research niche with novel applications within the functional food and nutraceutical industry. Several beneficial effects have been described, such as antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and gastrointestinal modulation and regulation functions. In addition, several positive effects of bioactive compounds or production of specific enzymes have been reported on physical, mental and neurodegenerative diseases as well as on the organoleptic properties of the final product. Other points to highlight are the multiomics as a tool to enhance characteristics of interest within the industry; as well as microencapsulation offer a wide field of study that opens the niche of food matrices as carriers of probiotics; in turn, non-Saccharomyces yeasts offer an interesting alternative as microencapsulating cells of various compounds of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cristina Vergara
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. San Martín 1109 (O), San Juan 5400, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Godoy Cruz 2290 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - María José Leiva
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. San Martín 1109 (O), San Juan 5400, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Godoy Cruz 2290 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Mestre
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. San Martín 1109 (O), San Juan 5400, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Godoy Cruz 2290 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Fabio Vazquez
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. San Martín 1109 (O), San Juan 5400, Argentina
| | - María Cristina Nally
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. San Martín 1109 (O), San Juan 5400, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Godoy Cruz 2290 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Yolanda Paola Maturano
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. San Martín 1109 (O), San Juan 5400, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Godoy Cruz 2290 Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, C1425FQB, Argentina
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The Zinc Finger Transcription Factor Fts2 Represses the Yeast-to-Filament Transition in the Dimorphic Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. mSphere 2022; 7:e0045022. [PMID: 36409080 PMCID: PMC9769893 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00450-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast-to-filament transition is an important cellular response to environmental stimulations in dimorphic fungi. In addition to activators, there are repressors in the cells to prevent filament formation, which is important to keep the cells in the yeast form when filamentation is not necessary. However, very few repressors of filamentation are known so far. Here, we identify a novel repressor of filamentation in the dimorphic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, Fts2, which is a C2H2-type zinc finger transcription factor. We show that fts2Δ cells exhibited increased filamentation under mild filament-inducing conditions and formed filaments under non-filament-inducing conditions. We also show that Fts2 interacts with YlSsn6, component of the Tup1-Ssn6 transcriptional corepressor, and Fts2-LexA represses a lexAop-PYlACT1-lacZ reporter in a Tup1-Ssn6-dependent manner, suggesting that Fts2 has transcriptional repressor activity and represses gene expression via Tup1-Ssn6. In addition, we show that Fts2 represses a large number of cell wall protein genes and transcription factor genes, some of which are implicated in the filamentation response. Interestingly, about two-thirds of Fts2-repressed genes are also repressed by Tup1-Ssn6, suggesting that Fts2 may repress the bulk of its target genes via Tup1-Ssn6. Lastly, we show that Fts2 expression is downregulated in response to alkaline pH and the relief of negative control by Fts2 facilitates the induction of filamentation by alkaline pH. IMPORTANCE The repressors of filamentation are important negative regulators of the yeast-to-filament transition. However, except in Candida albicans, very few repressors of filamentation are known in dimorphic fungi. More importantly, how they repress filamentation is often not clear. In this paper, we report a novel repressor of filamentation in Y. lipolytica. Fts2 is not closely related in amino acid sequence to CaNrg1 and Rfg1, two major repressors of filamentation in C. albicans, yet it represses gene expression via the transcriptional corepressor Tup1-Ssn6, similar to CaNrg1 and Rfg1. Using transcriptome sequencing, we determined the whole set of genes regulated by Fts2 and identified the major targets of Fts2 repression, which provide clues to the mechanism by which Fts2 represses filamentation. Our results have important implications for understanding the negative control of the yeast-to-filament transition in dimorphic fungi.
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Heterologous Expression of CFL1 Confers Flocculating Ability to Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus Lipid-Rich Cells. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8121293. [PMID: 36547626 PMCID: PMC9786196 DOI: 10.3390/jof8121293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid extraction from microbial and microalgae biomass requires the separation of oil-rich cells from the production media. This downstream procedure represents a major bottleneck in biodiesel production, increasing the cost of the final product. Flocculation is a rapid and cheap system for removing solid particles from a suspension. This natural characteristic is displayed by some microorganisms due to the presence of lectin-like proteins (called flocculins/adhesins) in the cell wall. In this work, we showed, for the first time, that the heterologous expression of the adhesin Cfl1p endows the oleaginous species Cutaneotrichosporon oleaginosus with the capacity of cell flocculation. We used Helm's test to demonstrate that the acquisition of this trait allows for reducing the time required for the separation of lipid-rich cells from liquid culture by centrifugation without altering the productivity. This improves the lipid production process remarkably by providing a more efficient downstream.
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12
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The Role of Sfp1 in Candida albicans Cell Wall Maintenance. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8111196. [PMID: 36422017 PMCID: PMC9692975 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell wall is the first interface for Candida albicans interaction with the surrounding environment and the host cells. Therefore, maintenance of cell wall integrity (CWI) is crucial for C. albicans survival and host-pathogen interaction. In response to environmental stresses, C. albicans undergoes cell wall remodeling controlled by multiple signaling pathways and transcription regulators. Here, we explored the role of the transcription factor Sfp1 in CWI. A deletion of the SFP1 gene not only caused changes in cell wall properties, cell wall composition and structure but also modulated expression of cell wall biosynthesis and remodeling genes. In addition, Cas5 is a known transcription regulator for C. albicans CWI and cell wall stress response. Interestingly, our results indicated that Sfp1 negatively controls the CAS5 gene expression by binding to its promoter element. Together, this study provides new insights into the regulation of C. albicans CWI and stress response.
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Peng H, Zhang GH, Lu HQ, Kong XW, Zha XD, Wang YZ. A Putative Adhesin-encoding Gene AOL_s00007g5 is involved in the Mycelial Growth and Development of Nematode-trapping Fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s000368382205012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Oh SH, Martin-Yken H, Coleman DA, Dague E, Hoyer LL. Development and Use of a Monoclonal Antibody Specific for the Candida albicans Cell-Surface Protein Hwp1. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:907453. [PMID: 35832385 PMCID: PMC9273023 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.907453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The Candida albicans cell-surface protein Hwp1 functions in adhesion to the host and in biofilm formation. A peptide from the Gln-Pro-rich adhesive domain of Hwp1 was used to raise monoclonal antibody (MAb) 2-E8. MAb 2-E8 specificity for Hwp1 was demonstrated using a hwp1/hwp1 C. albicans isolate and strains that expressed at least one HWP1 allele. Immunofluorescence and atomic force microscopy experiments using MAb 2-E8 confirmed C. albicans germ-tube-specific detection of the Hwp1 protein. MAb 2-E8 also immunolabeled the tips of some Candida dubliniensis germ tubes grown under conditions that maximized HWP1 expression. The phylogeny of HWP1 and closely related genes suggested that the Gln-Pro-rich adhesive domain was unique to C. albicans and C. dubliniensis focusing the utility of MAb 2-E8 on these species. This new reagent can be used to address unanswered questions about Hwp1 and its interactions with other proteins in the context of C. albicans biology and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Hwan Oh
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Hélène Martin-Yken
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - David A. Coleman
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Etienne Dague
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Lois L. Hoyer
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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15
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Mahdavi SZB, Oroojalian F, Eyvazi S, Hejazi M, Baradaran B, Pouladi N, Tohidkia MR, Mokhtarzadeh A, Muyldermans S. An overview on display systems (phage, bacterial, and yeast display) for production of anticancer antibodies; advantages and disadvantages. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 208:421-442. [PMID: 35339499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies as ideal therapeutic and diagnostic molecules are among the top-selling drugs providing considerable efficacy in disease treatment, especially in cancer therapy. Limitations of the hybridoma technology as routine antibody generation method in conjunction with numerous developments in molecular biology led to the development of alternative approaches for the streamlined identification of most effective antibodies. In this regard, display selection technologies such as phage display, bacterial display, and yeast display have been widely promoted over the past three decades as ideal alternatives to traditional methods. The display of antibodies on phages is probably the most widespread of these methods, although surface display on bacteria or yeast have been employed successfully, as well. These methods using various sizes of combinatorial antibody libraries and different selection strategies possessing benefits in screening potency, generating, and isolation of high affinity antibodies with low risk of immunogenicity. Knowing the basics of each method assists in the design and retrieval process of antibodies suitable for different diseases, including cancer. In this review, we aim to outline the basics of each library construction and its display method, screening and selection steps. The advantages and disadvantages in comparison to alternative methods, and their applications in antibody engineering will be explained. Finally, we will review approved or non-approved therapeutic antibodies developed by employing these methods, which may serve as therapeutic antibodies in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatemeh Oroojalian
- Department of Advanced Sciences and Technologies in Medicine, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran; Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Shirin Eyvazi
- Department of Biology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Hejazi
- Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasser Pouladi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Tohidkia
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Serge Muyldermans
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Imaging, School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China..
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16
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Forehand AL, Myagmarsuren D, Chen Z, Murphy HA. Variation in pH gradients and FLO11 expression in mat biofilms from environmental isolates of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiologyopen 2022; 11:e1277. [PMID: 35478280 PMCID: PMC9059236 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae produces a multicellular phenotype, known as a mat, on a semi-solid medium. This biofilm phenotype was first described in the lab strain Σ1278b and has been analyzed mostly in this same background. Yeast cells form a mat by spreading across the medium and adhering to each other and the surface, in part through the variegated expression of the cell adhesion, FLO11. This process creates a characteristic floral pattern and generates pH and glucose gradients outward from the center of the mat. Mats are encapsulated in a liquid which may aid in surface spreading and diffusion. Here, we examine thirteen environmental isolates that vary visually in the phenotype. We predicted that mat properties were universal and increased morphological complexity would be associated with more extreme trait values. Our results showed that pH varied significantly among strains, but was not correlated to mat complexity. Only two isolates generated significant liquid boundaries and neither produced visually complex mats. In five isolates, we tracked the initiation of FLO11 using green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the control of the endogenous promoter. Strains varied in when and how much GFP was detected, with increased signal associated with increased morphological complexity. Generally, the signal was strongest in the center of the mat and absent at the expanding edge. Our results show that traits discovered in one background vary and exist independently of mat complexity in natural isolates. The environment may favor different sets of traits, which could have implications for how this yeast adapts to its many ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L. Forehand
- Department of BiologyWilliam & MaryWilliamsburgVirginiaUSA,Present address:
Amy L. Forehand, Department of BiologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
| | | | - Ziyan Chen
- Department of BiologyWilliam & MaryWilliamsburgVirginiaUSA,Present address:
Ziyan Chen, School of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVirginiaUSA
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17
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Wang Y, Zhou J, Zou Y, Chen X, Liu L, Qi W, Huang X, Chen C, Liu NN. Fungal commensalism modulated by a dual-action phosphate transceptor. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110293. [PMID: 35081357 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful host colonization by fungi in fluctuating niches requires response and adaptation to multiple environmental stresses. However, our understanding about how fungal species thrive in the gastrointestinal (GI) ecosystem by combing multifaceted nutritional stress with respect to homeostatic host-commensal interactions is still in its infancy. Here, we discover that depletion of the phosphate transceptor Pho84 across multiple fungal species encountered a substantial cost in gastrointestinal colonization. Mechanistically, Pho84 enhances the gastrointestinal commensalism via a dual-action activity, coordinating both phosphate uptake and TOR activation by induction of the transcriptional regulator Try4 and downstream commensalism-related transcription. As such, Pho84 promotes Candida albicans commensalism, but this does not translate into enhanced pathogenicity. Thus, our study uncovers a specific nutrient-dependent dual-action regulatory pathway for Pho84 on fungal commensalism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- The Center for Microbes, Development, and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; The Nanjing Unicorn Academy of Innovation, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 211135, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yun Zou
- The Center for Microbes, Development, and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; The Nanjing Unicorn Academy of Innovation, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 211135, China
| | - Xiaoqing Chen
- The Center for Microbes, Development, and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; The University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wanjun Qi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xinhua Huang
- The Center for Microbes, Development, and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Changbin Chen
- The Center for Microbes, Development, and Health, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; The Nanjing Unicorn Academy of Innovation, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 211135, China.
| | - Ning-Ning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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18
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Lipke PN, Rauceo JM, Viljoen A. Cell-Cell Mating Interactions: Overview and Potential of Single-Cell Force Spectroscopy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031110. [PMID: 35163034 PMCID: PMC8835621 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
It is an understatement that mating and DNA transfer are key events for living organisms. Among the traits needed to facilitate mating, cell adhesion between gametes is a universal requirement. Thus, there should be specific properties for the adhesion proteins involved in mating. Biochemical and biophysical studies have revealed structural information about mating adhesins, as well as their specificities and affinities, leading to some ideas about these specialized adhesion proteins. Recently, single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFS) has added important findings. In SCFS, mating cells are brought into contact in an atomic force microscope (AFM), and the adhesive forces are monitored through the course of mating. The results have shown some remarkable characteristics of mating adhesins and add knowledge about the design and evolution of mating adhesins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N. Lipke
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
- Correspondence: (P.N.L.); (A.V.)
| | - Jason M. Rauceo
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10019, USA;
| | - Albertus Viljoen
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4–5, bte L7.07.07, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Correspondence: (P.N.L.); (A.V.)
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19
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Recent Advances in Applications of Support Vector Machines in Fungal Biology. Fungal Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-83749-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Fungi—A Component of the Oral Microbiome Involved in Periodontal Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1373:113-138. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-96881-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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21
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Dou F, Lu Y, Nitin N. Yeast cell microcarriers for delivery of a model bioactive compound in skin. Int J Pharm 2021; 609:121123. [PMID: 34560206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at developing a cell-based encapsulation carrier for topical delivery of bioactives to the skin. The overall objectives were to evaluate affinity of the yeast-cell based carrier to bind to the skin surface following topical application and to quantify controlled release of curcumin as a model bioactive in ex-vivo skin models using a combination of imaging, modeling and analytical measurements. Both porcine skin tissue and clinically obtained human skin biopsies were studied. The results demonstrated that upon incubation with the ex-vivo skin tissues, the cell carriers rapidly bound to the skin surface following topical delivery and provided sustained release of encapsulated curcumin. The microcarrier binding and penetration of curcumin in the dermal compartment also showed to increase with incubation time. The average flux of curcumin in human skin biopsies Jp was 0.89 ± 0.02 μg/cm2/h. These results illustrated the potential of a novel cell-based carrier for high affinity binding to skin surface, efficient encapsulation of a model bioactive and controlled release from the cell carrier to the skin with enhanced permeation to the dermis section. Overall, this study demonstrated a new class of cost-effective carriers for improving delivery of bioactives to the skin and potentially other epithelial tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Dou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yixing Lu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nitin Nitin
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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22
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FLO11, a Developmental Gene Conferring Impressive Adaptive Plasticity to the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111509. [PMID: 34832664 PMCID: PMC8617999 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has a remarkable ability to adapt its lifestyle to fluctuating or hostile environmental conditions. This adaptation most often involves morphological changes such as pseudofilaments, biofilm formation, or cell aggregation in the form of flocs. A prerequisite for these phenotypic changes is the ability to self-adhere and to adhere to abiotic surfaces. This ability is conferred by specialized surface proteins called flocculins, which are encoded by the FLO genes family in this yeast species. This mini-review focuses on the flocculin encoded by FLO11, which differs significantly from other flocculins in domain sequence and mode of genetic and epigenetic regulation, giving it an impressive plasticity that enables yeast cells to swiftly adapt to hostile environments or into new ecological niches. Furthermore, the common features of Flo11p with those of adhesins from pathogenic yeasts make FLO11 a good model to study the molecular mechanism underlying cell adhesion and biofilm formation, which are part of the initial step leading to fungal infections.
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23
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Willaert RG, Kayacan Y, Devreese B. The Flo Adhesin Family. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111397. [PMID: 34832553 PMCID: PMC8621652 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The first step in the infection of fungal pathogens in humans is the adhesion of the pathogen to host tissue cells or abiotic surfaces such as catheters and implants. One of the main players involved in this are the expressed cell wall adhesins. Here, we review the Flo adhesin family and their involvement in the adhesion of these yeasts during human infections. Firstly, we redefined the Flo adhesin family based on the domain architectures that are present in the Flo adhesins and their functions, and set up a new classification of Flo adhesins. Next, the structure, function, and adhesion mechanisms of the Flo adhesins whose structure has been solved are discussed in detail. Finally, we identified from Pfam database datamining yeasts that could express Flo adhesins and are encountered in human infections and their adhesin architectures. These yeasts are discussed in relation to their adhesion characteristics and involvement in infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie G. Willaert
- Research Group Structural Biology Brussels (SBB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Alliance Research Group VUB-UGent NanoMicrobiology (NAMI), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- International Joint Research Group VUB-EPFL NanoBiotechnology & NanoMedicine (NANO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-2629-1846
| | - Yeseren Kayacan
- Research Group Structural Biology Brussels (SBB), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Alliance Research Group VUB-UGent NanoMicrobiology (NAMI), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- International Joint Research Group VUB-EPFL NanoBiotechnology & NanoMedicine (NANO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bart Devreese
- Alliance Research Group VUB-UGent NanoMicrobiology (NAMI), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- International Joint Research Group VUB-EPFL NanoBiotechnology & NanoMedicine (NANO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Gent University (UGent), 9000 Gent, Belgium
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24
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Ibe C, Munro CA. Fungal Cell Wall Proteins and Signaling Pathways Form a Cytoprotective Network to Combat Stresses. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7090739. [PMID: 34575777 PMCID: PMC8466366 DOI: 10.3390/jof7090739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida species are part of the normal flora of humans, but once the immune system of the host is impaired and they escape from commensal niches, they shift from commensal to pathogen causing candidiasis. Candida albicans remains the primary cause of candidiasis, accounting for about 60% of the global candidiasis burden. The cell wall of C. albicans and related fungal pathogens forms the interface with the host, gives fungal cells their shape, and also provides protection against stresses. The cell wall is a dynamic organelle with great adaptive flexibility that allows remodeling, morphogenesis, and changes in its components in response to the environment. It is mainly composed of the inner polysaccharide rich layer (chitin, and β-glucan) and the outer protein coat (mannoproteins). The highly glycosylated protein coat mediates interactions between C. albicans cells and their environment, including reprograming of wall architecture in response to several conditions, such as carbon source, pH, high temperature, and morphogenesis. The mannoproteins are also associated with C. albicans adherence, drug resistance, and virulence. Vitally, the mannoproteins contribute to cell wall construction and especially cell wall remodeling when cells encounter physical and chemical stresses. This review describes the interconnected cell wall integrity (CWI) and stress-activated pathways (e.g., Hog1, Cek1, and Mkc1 mediated pathways) that regulates cell wall remodeling and the expression of some of the mannoproteins in C. albicans and other species. The mannoproteins of the surface coat is of great importance to pathogen survival, growth, and virulence, thus understanding their structure and function as well as regulatory mechanisms can pave the way for better management of candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibuike Ibe
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Abia State University, Uturu 441107, Nigeria
- Correspondence:
| | - Carol A. Munro
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK;
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25
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Robinson R, Sollapura V, Couroux P, Sprott D, Ravensdale M, Routly E, Xing T, Robert LS. The Brassica mature pollen and stigma proteomes: preparing to meet. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1546-1568. [PMID: 33650121 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Successful pollination in Brassica brings together the mature pollen grain and stigma papilla, initiating an intricate series of molecular processes meant to eventually enable sperm cell delivery for fertilization and reproduction. At maturity, the pollen and stigma cells have acquired proteomes, comprising the primary molecular effectors required upon their meeting. Knowledge of the roles and global composition of these proteomes in Brassica species is largely lacking. To address this gap, gel-free shotgun proteomics was performed on the mature pollen and stigma of Brassica carinata, a representative of the Brassica family and its many crop species (e.g. Brassica napus, Brassica oleracea and Brassica rapa) that holds considerable potential as a bio-industrial crop. A total of 5608 and 7703 B. carinata mature pollen and stigma proteins were identified, respectively. The pollen and stigma proteomes were found to reflect not only their many common functional and developmental objectives, but also the important differences underlying their cellular specialization. Isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) was exploited in the first analysis of a developing Brassicaceae stigma, and revealed 251 B. carinata proteins that were differentially abundant during stigma maturation, providing insight into proteins involved in the initial phases of pollination. Corresponding pollen and stigma transcriptomes were also generated, highlighting functional divergences between the proteome and transcriptome during different stages of pollen-stigma interaction. This study illustrates the investigative potential of combining the most comprehensive Brassicaceae pollen and stigma proteomes to date with iTRAQ and transcriptome data to provide a unique global perspective of pollen and stigma development and interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reneé Robinson
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Vishwanath Sollapura
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Philippe Couroux
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Dave Sprott
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Michael Ravensdale
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Routly
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Tim Xing
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Laurian S Robert
- Ottawa Research and Development Centre, 960 Carling Ave., Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0C6, Canada
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26
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Bouyx C, Schiavone M, Teste MA, Dague E, Sieczkowski N, Julien A, François JM. The dual role of amyloid-β-sheet sequences in the cell surface properties of FLO11-encoded flocculins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. eLife 2021; 10:e68592. [PMID: 34467855 PMCID: PMC8457840 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal adhesins (Als) or flocculins are family of cell surface proteins that mediate adhesion to diverse biotic and abiotic surfaces. A striking characteristic of Als proteins originally identified in the pathogenic Candida albicans is to form functional amyloids that mediate cis-interaction leading to the formation of adhesin nanodomains and trans-interaction between amyloid sequences of opposing cells. In this report, we show that flocculins encoded by FLO11 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae behave like adhesins in C. albicans. To do so, we show that the formation of nanodomains under an external physical force requires a threshold number of amyloid-forming sequences in the Flo11 protein. Then, using a genome editing approach, we constructed strains expressing variants of the Flo11 protein under the endogenous FLO11 promoter, leading to the demonstration that the loss of amyloid-forming sequences strongly reduces cell-cell interaction but has no effect on either plastic adherence or invasive growth in agar, both phenotypes being dependent on the N- and C-terminal ends of Flo11p. Finally, we show that the location of Flo11 is not altered either by the absence of amyloid-forming sequences or by the removal of the N- or C-terminus of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bouyx
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, INSAToulouseFrance
| | - Marion Schiavone
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, INSAToulouseFrance
- Lallemand, Lallemand SASBlagnacFrance
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27
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Lipke PN, Mathelié-Guinlet M, Viljoen A, Dufrêne YF. A New Function for Amyloid-Like Interactions: Cross-Beta Aggregates of Adhesins form Cell-to-Cell Bonds. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10081013. [PMID: 34451476 PMCID: PMC8398270 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid structures assemble through a repeating type of bonding called "cross-β", in which identical sequences in many protein molecules form β-sheets that interdigitate through side chain interactions. We review the structural characteristics of such bonds. Single cell force microscopy (SCFM) shows that yeast expressing Als5 adhesin from Candida albicans demonstrate the empirical characteristics of cross-β interactions. These properties include affinity for amyloid-binding dyes, birefringence, critical concentration dependence, repeating structure, and inhibition by anti-amyloid agents. We present a model for how cross-β bonds form in trans between two adhering cells. These characteristics also apply to other fungal adhesins, so the mechanism appears to be an example of a new type of cell-cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N. Lipke
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College of City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(917)-696-4862
| | - Marion Mathelié-Guinlet
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (M.M.-G.); (A.V.); (Y.F.D.)
| | - Albertus Viljoen
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (M.M.-G.); (A.V.); (Y.F.D.)
| | - Yves F. Dufrêne
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (M.M.-G.); (A.V.); (Y.F.D.)
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28
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High Foam Phenotypic Diversity and Variability in Flocculant Gene Observed for Various Yeast Cell Surfaces Present as Industrial Contaminants. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation7030127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Many contaminant yeast strains that survive inside fuel ethanol industrial vats show detrimental cell surface phenotypes. These harmful effects may include filamentation, invasive growth, flocculation, biofilm formation, and excessive foam production. Previous studies have linked some of these phenotypes to the expression of FLO genes, and the presence of gene length polymorphisms causing the expansion of FLO gene size appears to result in stronger flocculation and biofilm formation phenotypes. We performed here a molecular analysis of FLO1 and FLO11 gene polymorphisms present in contaminant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae from Brazilian fuel ethanol distilleries showing vigorous foaming phenotypes during fermentation. The size variability of these genes was correlated with cellular hydrophobicity, flocculation, and highly foaming phenotypes in these yeast strains. Our results also showed that deleting the primary activator of FLO genes (the FLO8 gene) from the genome of a contaminant and highly foaming industrial strain avoids complex foam formation, flocculation, invasive growth, and biofilm production by the engineered (flo8∆::BleR/flo8Δ::kanMX) yeast strain. Thus, the characterization of highly foaming yeasts and the influence of FLO8 in this phenotype open new perspectives for yeast strain engineering and optimization in the sugarcane fuel-ethanol industry.
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Kumar A. The Complex Genetic Basis and Multilayered Regulatory Control of Yeast Pseudohyphal Growth. Annu Rev Genet 2021; 55:1-21. [PMID: 34280314 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-071719-020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells are exquisitely responsive to external and internal cues, achieving precise control of seemingly diverse growth processes through a complex interplay of regulatory mechanisms. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae provides a fascinating model of cell growth in its stress-responsive transition from planktonic single cells to a filamentous pseudohyphal growth form. During pseudohyphal growth, yeast cells undergo changes in morphology, polarity, and adhesion to form extended and invasive multicellular filaments. This pseudohyphal transition has been studied extensively as a model of conserved signaling pathways regulating cell growth and for its relevance in understanding the pathogenicity of the related opportunistic fungus Candida albicans, wherein filamentous growth is required for virulence. This review highlights the broad gene set enabling yeast pseudohyphal growth, signaling pathways that regulate this process, the role and regulation of proteins conferring cell adhesion, and interesting regulatory mechanisms enabling the pseudohyphal transition. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genetics, Volume 55 is November 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Kumar
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA;
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Kimani BG, Kerekes EB, Szebenyi C, Krisch J, Vágvölgyi C, Papp T, Takó M. In Vitro Activity of Selected Phenolic Compounds against Planktonic and Biofilm Cells of Food-Contaminating Yeasts. Foods 2021; 10:1652. [PMID: 34359522 PMCID: PMC8307438 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are natural substances that can be obtained from plants. Many of them are potent growth inhibitors of foodborne pathogenic microorganisms, however, phenolic activities against spoilage yeasts are rarely studied. In this study, planktonic and biofilm growth, and the adhesion capacity of Pichia anomala, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Debaryomyces hansenii spoilage yeasts were investigated in the presence of hydroxybenzoic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, stilbene, flavonoid and phenolic aldehyde compounds. The results showed significant anti-yeast properties for many phenolics. Among the tested molecules, cinnamic acid and vanillin exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values from 500 µg/mL to 2 mg/mL. Quercetin, (-)-epicatechin, resveratrol, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, p-coumaric acid and ferulic acid were also efficient growth inhibitors for certain yeasts with a MIC of 2 mg/mL. The D. hansenii, P. anomala and S. pombe biofilms were the most sensitive to the phenolics, while the S. cerevisiae biofilm was quite resistant against the activity of the compounds. Fluorescence microscopy revealed disrupted biofilm matrix on glass surfaces in the presence of certain phenolics. Highest antiadhesion activity was registered for cinnamic acid with inhibition effects between 48% and 91%. The active phenolics can be natural interventions against food-contaminating yeasts in future preservative developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Gitura Kimani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (B.G.K.); (E.B.K.); (C.S.); (C.V.); (T.P.)
| | - Erika Beáta Kerekes
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (B.G.K.); (E.B.K.); (C.S.); (C.V.); (T.P.)
| | - Csilla Szebenyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (B.G.K.); (E.B.K.); (C.S.); (C.V.); (T.P.)
- MTA-SZTE “Lendület” Fungal Pathogenicity Mechanisms Research Group, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Judit Krisch
- Institute of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Szeged, Mars tér 7, H-6724 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (B.G.K.); (E.B.K.); (C.S.); (C.V.); (T.P.)
| | - Tamás Papp
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (B.G.K.); (E.B.K.); (C.S.); (C.V.); (T.P.)
- MTA-SZTE “Lendület” Fungal Pathogenicity Mechanisms Research Group, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Miklós Takó
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép Fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary; (B.G.K.); (E.B.K.); (C.S.); (C.V.); (T.P.)
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31
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Essen LO, Vogt MS, Mösch HU. Diversity of GPI-anchored fungal adhesins. Biol Chem 2021; 401:1389-1405. [PMID: 33035180 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Selective adhesion of fungal cells to one another and to foreign surfaces is fundamental for the development of multicellular growth forms and the successful colonization of substrates and host organisms. Accordingly, fungi possess diverse cell wall-associated adhesins, mostly large glycoproteins, which present N-terminal adhesion domains at the cell surface for ligand recognition and binding. In order to function as robust adhesins, these glycoproteins must be covalently linkedto the cell wall via C-terminal glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors by transglycosylation. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the structural and functional diversity of so far characterized protein families of adhesion domains and set it into a broad context by an in-depth bioinformatics analysis using sequence similarity networks. In addition, we discuss possible mechanisms for the membrane-to-cell wall transfer of fungal adhesins by membrane-anchored Dfg5 transglycosidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars-Oliver Essen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35043Marburg, Germany.,Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 6, D-35043Marburg, Germany
| | - Marian Samuel Vogt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, D-35043Marburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Mösch
- Department of Genetics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, D-35043Marburg, Germany.,Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 6, D-35043Marburg, Germany
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The pH-Responsive Transcription Factors YlRim101 and Mhy1 Regulate Alkaline pH-Induced Filamentation in the Dimorphic Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. mSphere 2021; 6:6/3/e00179-21. [PMID: 34011684 PMCID: PMC8265631 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00179-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental pH influences cell growth and differentiation. In the dimorphic yeast Yarrowia lipolytica, neutral-alkaline pH strongly induces the yeast-to-filament transition. However, the regulatory mechanism that governs alkaline pH-induced filamentation has been unclear. Here, we show that the pH-responsive transcription factor Y. lipolytica Rim101 (YlRim101) is a major regulator of alkaline-induced filamentation, since the deletion of YlRIM101 severely impaired filamentation at alkaline pH, whereas the constitutively active YlRIM1011-330 mutant mildly induced filamentation at acidic pH. YlRim101 controls the expression of the majority of alkaline-regulated cell wall protein genes. One of these, the cell surface glycosidase gene YlPHR1, plays a critical role in growth, cell wall function, and filamentation at alkaline pH. This finding suggests that YlRim101 promotes filamentation at alkaline pH via controlling the expression of these genes. We also show that, in addition to YlRim101, the Msn2/Msn4-like transcription factor Mhy1 is highly upregulated at alkaline pH and is essential for filamentation. However, unlike YlRim101, which specifically regulates alkaline-induced filamentation, Mhy1 regulates both alkaline- and glucose-induced filamentation, since the deletion of MHY1 abolished them both, whereas the overexpression of MHY1 induced strong filamentation irrespective of the pH or the presence of glucose. Finally, we show that YlRim101 and Mhy1 positively coregulate seven cell wall protein genes at alkaline pH, including YlPHR1 and five cell surface adhesin-like genes, three of which appear to promote filamentation. Together, these results reveal a conserved role of YlRim101 and a novel role of Mhy1 in the regulation of alkaline-induced filamentation in Y. lipolytica IMPORTANCE The regulatory mechanism that governs pH-regulated filamentation is not clear in dimorphic fungi except in Candida albicans Here, we investigated the regulation of alkaline pH-induced filamentation in Yarrowia lipolytica, a dimorphic yeast distantly related to C. albicans Our results show that the transcription factor YlRim101 and the Msn2/Msn4-like transcription factor Mhy1 are the major regulators that promote filamentation at alkaline pH. They control the expression of a number of cell wall protein genes important for cell wall organization and filamentation. Our results suggest that the Rim101/PacC homologs play a conserved role in pH-regulated filamentation in dimorphic fungi.
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Longitudinal study of the scalp microbiome suggests coconut oil to enrich healthy scalp commensals. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7220. [PMID: 33790324 PMCID: PMC8012655 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86454-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dandruff is a recurrent chronic scalp disorder, affecting majority of the population worldwide. Recently a metagenomic study of the Indian scalp microbiome described an imperative role of bacterial commensals in providing essential vitamins and amino acids to the scalp. Coconut oil and its formulations are commonly applied on the scalp in several parts of the world to maintain scalp health. Thus, in this study we examined the effect of topical application of coconut oil on the scalp microbiome (bacterial and fungal) at the taxonomic and functional levels and their correlation with scalp physiological parameters. A 16-weeks-long time-course study was performed including 12-weeks of treatment and 4-weeks of relapse phase on a cohort of 140 (70 healthy and 70 dandruff) Indian women, resulting in ~ 900 metagenomic samples. After the treatment phase, an increase in the abundance of Cutibacterium acnes and Malassezia globosa in dandruff scalp was observed, which were negatively correlated to dandruff parameters. At the functional level, an enrichment of healthy scalp-related bacterial pathways, such as biotin metabolism and decrease in the fungal pathogenesis pathways was observed. The study provides novel insights on the effect of coconut oil in maintaining a healthy scalp and in modulating the scalp microbiome.
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Mathelié-Guinlet M, Viela F, Dehullu J, Filimonava S, Rauceo JM, Lipke PN, Dufrêne YF. Single-cell fluidic force microscopy reveals stress-dependent molecular interactions in yeast mating. Commun Biol 2021; 4:33. [PMID: 33397995 PMCID: PMC7782832 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01498-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual agglutinins of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are proteins mediating cell aggregation during mating. Complementary agglutinins expressed by cells of opposite mating types "a" and "α" bind together to promote agglutination and facilitate fusion of haploid cells. By means of an innovative single-cell manipulation assay combining fluidic force microscopy with force spectroscopy, we unravel the strength of single specific bonds between a- and α-agglutinins (~100 pN) which require pheromone induction. Prolonged cell-cell contact strongly increases adhesion between mating cells, likely resulting from an increased expression of agglutinins. In addition, we highlight the critical role of disulfide bonds of the a-agglutinin and of histidine residue H273 of α-agglutinin. Most interestingly, we find that mechanical tension enhances the interaction strength, pointing to a model where physical stress induces conformational changes in the agglutinins, from a weak-binding folded state, to a strong-binding extended state. Our single-cell technology shows promises for understanding and controlling the complex mechanism of yeast sexuality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Mathelié-Guinlet
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Felipe Viela
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Dehullu
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Sviatlana Filimonava
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10019, USA
| | - Jason M Rauceo
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, 10019, USA
| | - Peter N Lipke
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY, 11210, USA.
| | - Yves F Dufrêne
- Louvain Institute of Biomolecular Science and Technology, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.07, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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35
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Abstract
In yeast, many proteins are found in both the cytoplasmic and extracellular compartments, and consequently it can be difficult to distinguish nonconventional secretion from cellular leakage. Therefore, we monitored the extracellular glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity of intact cells as a specific marker for nonconventional secretion. Extracellular GAPDH activity was proportional to the number of cells assayed, increased with incubation time, and was dependent on added substrates. Preincubation of intact cells with 100 μM dithiothreitol increased the reaction rate, consistent with increased access of the enzyme after reduction of cell wall disulfide cross-links. Such treatment did not increase cell permeability to propidium iodide, in contrast to effects of higher concentrations of reducing agents. An amine-specific membrane-impermeant biotinylation reagent specifically inactivated extracellular GAPDH. The enzyme was secreted again after a 30- to 60-min lag following the inactivation, and there was no concomitant increase in propidium iodide staining. There were about 4 × 104 active GAPDH molecules per cell at steady state, and secretion studies showed replenishment to that level 1 h after inactivation. These results establish conditions for specific quantitative assays of cell wall proteins in the absence of cytoplasmic leakage and for subsequent quantification of secretion rates in intact cells.IMPORTANCE Eukaryotic cells secrete many proteins, including many proteins that do not follow the classical secretion pathway. Among these, the glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is unexpectedly found in the walls of yeasts and other fungi and in extracellular space in mammalian cell cultures. It is difficult to quantify extracellular GAPDH, because leakage of just a little of the very large amount of cytoplasmic enzyme can invalidate the determinations. We used enzymatic assays of intact cells while also maintaining membrane integrity. The results lead to estimates of the amount of extracellular enzyme and its rate of secretion to the wall in intact cells. Therefore, enzyme assays under controlled conditions can be used to investigate nonconventional secretion more generally.
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36
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Evolutionary Overview of Molecular Interactions and Enzymatic Activities in the Yeast Cell Walls. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238996. [PMID: 33256216 PMCID: PMC7730094 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal cell walls are composed of a polysaccharide network that serves as a scaffold in which different glycoproteins are embedded. Investigation of fungal cell walls, besides simple identification and characterization of the main cell wall building blocks, covers the pathways and regulations of synthesis of each individual component of the wall and biochemical reactions by which they are cross-linked and remodeled in response to different growth phase and environmental signals. In this review, a survey of composition and organization of so far identified and characterized cell wall components of different yeast genera including Saccharomyces, Candida, Kluyveromyces, Yarrowia, and Schizosaccharomyces are presented with the focus on their cell wall proteomes.
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Abstract
Candida albicans is one of the most common pathogens of humans. One important virulence factor of C. albicans is its ability to form elongated hyphae that can invade host tissues and cause disseminated infections. Here, we show the effect of different physiologically relevant temperatures and common antifungal drugs on the growth and mechanical properties of C. albicans hyphae using atomic force microscopy. We demonstrate that minor temperature fluctuations within the normal range can have profound effects on hyphal cell growth and that different antifungal drugs impact hyphal cell stiffness and adhesion in different ways. Candida albicans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen of humans known for its ability to cause a wide range of infections. One major virulence factor of C. albicans is its ability to form hyphae that can invade host tissues and cause disseminated infections. Here, we introduce a method based on atomic force microscopy to investigate C. albicans hyphae in situ on silicone elastomer substrates, focusing on the effects of temperature and antifungal drugs. Hyphal growth rates differ significantly for measurements performed at different physiologically relevant temperatures. Furthermore, it is found that fluconazole is more effective than caspofungin in suppressing hyphal growth. We also investigate the effects of antifungal drugs on the mechanical properties of hyphal cells. An increase in Young’s modulus and a decrease in adhesion force are observed in hyphal cells subjected to caspofungin treatment. Young’s moduli are not significantly affected following treatment with fluconazole; the adhesion force, however, increases. Overall, our results provide a direct means of observing the effects of environmental factors and antifungal drugs on C. albicans hyphal growth and mechanics with high spatial resolution. IMPORTANCECandida albicans is one of the most common pathogens of humans. One important virulence factor of C. albicans is its ability to form elongated hyphae that can invade host tissues and cause disseminated infections. Here, we show the effect of different physiologically relevant temperatures and common antifungal drugs on the growth and mechanical properties of C. albicans hyphae using atomic force microscopy. We demonstrate that minor temperature fluctuations within the normal range can have profound effects on hyphal cell growth and that different antifungal drugs impact hyphal cell stiffness and adhesion in different ways.
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Preventing Candida albicans biofilm formation using aromatic-rich piperazines. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115810. [PMID: 33091849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The global increase in microbial resistance is an imminent threat to public health. Effective treatment of infectious diseases now requires new antimicrobial therapies. We report herein the discovery of aromatic-rich piperazines that inhibit biofilm formation by C. albicans. 22 piperazines, including 16 novel ones, were prepared efficiently using a combination of solid- and solution phase synthesis. The most potent compound prevents morphological switching under several hypha-inducing conditions and reduces C. albicans' ability to adhere to epithelial cells. These processes are essential to the development of Candida biofilms, which are associated with its increased resistance to immune defenses and antifungal agents.
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Vandermeulen MD, Cullen PJ. New Aspects of Invasive Growth Regulation Identified by Functional Profiling of MAPK Pathway Targets in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Genetics 2020; 216:95-116. [PMID: 32665277 PMCID: PMC7463291 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MAPK pathways are drivers of morphogenesis and stress responses in eukaryotes. A major function of MAPK pathways is the transcriptional induction of target genes, which produce proteins that collectively generate a cellular response. One approach to comprehensively understand how MAPK pathways regulate cellular responses is to characterize the individual functions of their transcriptional targets. Here, by examining uncharacterized targets of the MAPK pathway that positively regulates filamentous growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (fMAPK pathway), we identified a new role for the pathway in negatively regulating invasive growth. Specifically, four targets were identified that had an inhibitory role in invasive growth: RPI1, RGD2, TIP1, and NFG1/YLR042cNFG1 was a highly induced unknown open reading frame that negatively regulated the filamentous growth MAPK pathway. We also identified SFG1, which encodes a transcription factor, as a target of the fMAPK pathway. Sfg1p promoted cell adhesion independently from the fMAPK pathway target and major cell adhesion flocculin Flo11p, by repressing genes encoding presumptive cell-wall-degrading enzymes. Sfg1p also contributed to FLO11 expression. Sfg1p and Flo11p regulated different aspects of cell adhesion, and their roles varied based on the environment. Sfg1p also induced an elongated cell morphology, presumably through a cell-cycle delay. Thus, the fMAPK pathway coordinates positive and negative regulatory proteins to fine-tune filamentous growth resulting in a nuanced response. Functional analysis of other pathways' targets may lead to a more comprehensive understanding of how signaling cascades generate biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul J Cullen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, New York 14260-1300
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40
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Quantifying the Biophysical Impact of Budding Cell Division on the Spatial Organization of Growing Yeast Colonies. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10175780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Spatial patterns in microbial colonies are the consequence of cell-division dynamics coupled with cell-cell interactions on a physical media. Agent-based models (ABMs) are a powerful tool for understanding the emergence of large scale structure from these individual cell processes. However, most ABMs have focused on fission, a process by which cells split symmetrically into two daughters. The yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is a model eukaryote which commonly undergoes an asymmetric division process called budding. The resulting mother and daughter cells have unequal sizes and the daughter cell does not inherit the replicative age of the mother. In this work, we develop and analyze an ABM to study the impact of budding cell division and nutrient limitation on yeast colony structure. We find that while budding division does not impact large-scale properties of the colony (such as shape and size), local spatial organization of cells with respect to spatial layout of mother-daughter cell pairs and connectivity of subcolonies is greatly impacted. In addition, we find that nutrient limitation further promotes local spatial organization of cells and changes global colony organization by driving variation in subcolony sizes. Moreover, resulting differences in spatial organization, coupled with differential growth rates from nutrient limitation, create distinct sectoring patterns within growing yeast colonies. Our findings offer novel insights into mechanisms driving experimentally observed sectored yeast colony phenotypes. Furthermore, our work illustrates the need to include relevant biophysical mechanisms when using ABMs to compare to experimental studies.
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Hoffmann D, Diderrich R, Reithofer V, Friederichs S, Kock M, Essen LO, Mösch HU. Functional reprogramming of Candida glabrata epithelial adhesins: the role of conserved and variable structural motifs in ligand binding. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:12512-12524. [PMID: 32669365 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For host-cell interaction, the human fungal pathogen Candida glabrata harbors a large family of more than 20 cell wall-attached epithelial adhesins (Epas). Epa family members are lectins with binding pockets containing several conserved and variable structural hot spots, which were implicated in mediating functional diversity. In this study, we have performed an elaborate structure-based mutational analysis of numerous Epa paralogs to generally determine the role of diverse structural hot spots in conferring host cell binding and ligand binding specificity. Our study reveals that several conserved structural motifs contribute to efficient host cell binding. Moreover, our directed motif exchange experiments reveal that the variable loop CBL2 is key for programming ligand binding specificity, albeit with limited predictability. In contrast, we find that the variable loop L1 affects host cell binding without significantly influencing the specificity of ligand binding. Our data strongly suggest that variation of numerous structural hot spots in the ligand binding pocket of Epa proteins is a main driver of their functional diversification and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hoffmann
- Department of Genetics, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
| | - Rike Diderrich
- Department of Genetics, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Michael Kock
- Department of Biochemistry, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lars-Oliver Essen
- Department of Biochemistry, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany .,Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Mösch
- Department of Genetics, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany .,Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Germany
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Pienasthika M, Brahmanti AA, Purwatiningrum I, Wardani AK. A study of the effect of calcium chloride (CaCl2) and pH on the flocculation ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (NCYC 1195). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/475/1/012082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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43
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Brückner S, Schubert R, Kraushaar T, Hartmann R, Hoffmann D, Jelli E, Drescher K, Müller DJ, Oliver Essen L, Mösch HU. Kin discrimination in social yeast is mediated by cell surface receptors of the Flo11 adhesin family. eLife 2020; 9:55587. [PMID: 32286952 PMCID: PMC7156268 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms have evolved specific cell surface molecules that enable discrimination between cells from the same and from a different kind. Here, we investigate the role of Flo11-type cell surface adhesins from social yeasts in kin discrimination. We measure the adhesion forces mediated by Flo11A-type domains using single-cell force spectroscopy, quantify Flo11A-based cell aggregation in populations and determine the Flo11A-dependent segregation of competing yeast strains in biofilms. We find that Flo11A domains from diverse yeast species confer remarkably strong adhesion forces by establishing homotypic interactions between single cells, leading to efficient cell aggregation and biofilm formation in homogenous populations. Heterotypic interactions between Flo11A domains from different yeast species or Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains confer weak adhesive forces and lead to efficient strain segregation in heterogenous populations, indicating that in social yeasts Flo11A-mediated cell adhesion is a major mechanism for kin discrimination at species and sub-species levels. These findings, together with our structure and mutation analysis of selected Flo11A domains, provide a rationale of how cell surface receptors have evolved in microorganisms to mediate kin discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Brückner
- Department of Genetics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Rajib Schubert
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Timo Kraushaar
- Department of Biochemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Raimo Hartmann
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Hoffmann
- Department of Genetics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Eric Jelli
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Knut Drescher
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J Müller
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lars Oliver Essen
- Department of Biochemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Mösch
- Department of Genetics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Chen J, Wu L, Lu M, Lu S, Li Z, Ding W. Comparative Study on the Fungicidal Activity of Metallic MgO Nanoparticles and Macroscale MgO Against Soilborne Fungal Phytopathogens. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:365. [PMID: 32226420 PMCID: PMC7080993 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered nanoparticles have provided a basis for innovative agricultural applications, specifically in plant disease management. In this interdisciplinary study, by conducting comparison studies using macroscale magnesium oxide (mMgO), we evaluated the fungicidal activity of MgO nanoparticles (nMgO) against soilborne Phytophthora nicotianae and Thielaviopsis basicola for the first time under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. In vitro studies revealed that nMgO could inhibit fungal growth and spore germination and impede sporangium development more efficiently than could macroscale equivalents. Indispensably, direct contact interactions between nanoparticles and fungal cells or nanoparticle adsorption thereof were found, subsequently provoking cell morphological changes by scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive spectrometry (SEM/EDS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, the disturbance of the zeta potential and accumulation of various modes of oxidative stress in nMgO-exposed fungal cells accounted for the underlying antifungal mechanism. In the greenhouse, approximately 36.58 and 42.35% decreases in tobacco black shank and black root rot disease, respectively, could testify to the efficiency by which 500 μg/ml of nMgO suppressed fungal invasion through root irrigation (the final control efficiency reached 50.20 and 62.10%, respectively) when compared with that of untreated controls or mMgO. This study will extend our understanding of nanoparticles potentially being adopted as an effective strategy for preventing diversified fungal infections in agricultural fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanni Chen
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lintong Wu
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mei Lu
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shasha Lu
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziyan Li
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Ding
- Laboratory of Natural Products Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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Beaussart A, El-Kirat-Chatel S. Microbial adhesion and ultrastructure from the single-molecule to the single-cell levels by Atomic Force Microscopy. Cell Surf 2019; 5:100031. [PMID: 32743147 PMCID: PMC7389263 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2019.100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, atomic force microscopy (AFM) has evolved towards an accurate and lasting tool to study the surface of living cells in physiological conditions. Through imaging, single-molecule force spectroscopy and single-cell force spectroscopy modes, AFM allows to decipher at multiple scales the morphology and the molecular interactions taking place at the cell surface. Applied to microbiology, these approaches have been used to elucidate biophysical properties of biomolecules and to directly link the molecular structures to their function. In this review, we describe the main methods developed for AFM-based microbial surface analysis that we illustrate with examples of molecular mechanisms unravelled with unprecedented resolution.
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Oppler ZJ, Parrish ME, Murphy HA. Variation at an adhesin locus suggests sociality in natural populations of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191948. [PMID: 31615361 PMCID: PMC6834051 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbes engage in numerous social behaviours that are critical for survival and reproduction, and that require individuals to act as a collective. Various mechanisms ensure that collectives are composed of related, cooperating cells, thus allowing for the evolution and stability of these traits, and for selection to favour traits beneficial to the collective. Since microbes are difficult to observe directly, sociality in natural populations can instead be investigated using evolutionary genetic signatures, as social loci can be evolutionary hotspots. The budding yeast has been studied for over a century, yet little is known about its social behaviour in nature. Flo11 is a highly regulated cell adhesin required for most laboratory social phenotypes; studies suggest it may function in cell recognition and its heterogeneous expression may be adaptive for collectives such as biofilms. We investigated this locus and found positive selection in the areas implicated in cell-cell interaction, suggesting selection for kin discrimination. We also found balancing selection at an upstream activation site, suggesting selection on the level of variegated gene expression. Our results suggest this model yeast is surprisingly social in natural environments and is probably engaging in various forms of sociality. By using genomic data, this research provides a glimpse of otherwise unobservable interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Oppler
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, PO Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795, USA
| | - Meadow E Parrish
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, PO Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795, USA
| | - Helen A Murphy
- Department of Biology, William & Mary, PO Box 8795, Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795, USA
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Ho V, Herman-Bausier P, Shaw C, Conrad KA, Garcia-Sherman MC, Draghi J, Dufrene YF, Lipke PN, Rauceo JM. An Amyloid Core Sequence in the Major Candida albicans Adhesin Als1p Mediates Cell-Cell Adhesion. mBio 2019; 10:e01766-19. [PMID: 31594814 PMCID: PMC6786869 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01766-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The human fungal commensal Candida albicans can become a serious opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised hosts. The C. albicans cell adhesion protein Als1p is a highly expressed member of a large family of paralogous adhesins. Als1p can mediate binding to epithelial and endothelial cells, is upregulated in infections, and is important for biofilm formation. Als1p includes an amyloid-forming sequence at amino acids 325 to 331, identical to the sequence in the paralogs Als5p and Als3p. Therefore, we mutated Val326 to test whether this sequence is important for activity. Wild-type Als1p (Als1pWT) and Als1p with the V326N mutation (Als1pV326N) were expressed at similar levels in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae surface display model. Als1pV326N cells adhered to bovine serum albumin (BSA)-coated beads similarly to Als1pWT cells. However, cells displaying Als1pV326N showed visibly smaller aggregates and did not fluoresce in the presence of the amyloid-binding dye Thioflavin-T. A new analysis tool for single-molecule force spectroscopy-derived surface mapping showed that statistically significant force-dependent Als1p clustering occurred in Als1pWT cells but was absent in Als1pV326N cells. In single-cell force spectroscopy experiments, strong cell-cell adhesion was dependent on an intact amyloid core sequence on both interacting cells. Thus, the major adhesin Als1p interacts through amyloid-like β-aggregation to cluster adhesin molecules in cis on the cell surface as well as in trans to form cell-cell bonds.IMPORTANCE Microbial cell surface adhesins control essential processes such as adhesion, colonization, and biofilm formation. In the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans, the agglutinin-like sequence (ALS) gene family encodes eight cell surface glycoproteins that mediate adherence to biotic and abiotic surfaces and cell-cell aggregation. Als proteins are critical for commensalism and virulence. Their activities include attachment and invasion of endothelial and epithelial cells, morphogenesis, and formation of biofilms on host tissue and indwelling medical catheters. At the molecular level, Als5p-mediated cell-cell aggregation is dependent on the formation of amyloid-like nanodomains between Als5p-expressing cells. A single-site mutation to valine 326 abolishes cellular aggregation and amyloid formation. Our results show that the binding characteristics of Als1p follow a mechanistic model similar to Als5p, despite its differential expression and biological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Ho
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Christopher Shaw
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Karen A Conrad
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Melissa C Garcia-Sherman
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Jeremy Draghi
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Yves F Dufrene
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Peter N Lipke
- Biology Department, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Jason M Rauceo
- Department of Sciences, John Jay College of the City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
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Sariki SK, Kumawat R, Singh V, Tomar RS. Flocculation ofSaccharomyces cerevisiaeis dependent on activation of Slt2 and Rlm1 regulated by the cell wall integrity pathway. Mol Microbiol 2019; 112:1350-1369. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Santhosh Kumar Sariki
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal India
| | - Ramesh Kumawat
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal India
| | - Vikash Singh
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal India
| | - Raghuvir Singh Tomar
- Laboratory of Chromatin Biology, Department of Biological Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal India
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Dehullu J, Vorholt JA, Lipke PN, Dufrêne YF. Fluidic Force Microscopy Captures Amyloid Bonds between Microbial Cells. Trends Microbiol 2019; 27:728-730. [PMID: 31272796 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Fluidic force microscopy (FluidFM) is a recent force-controlled pipette technology that enables manipulation of single cells. FluidFM can be used for quantification of forces between single cells, and a novel mode of cell-cell adhesion was uncovered: amyloid-like interactions that mediate homophilic adhesion in the fungal pathogen Candida albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Dehullu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.06, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Julia A Vorholt
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter N Lipke
- Biology Department, City University of New York Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.
| | - Yves F Dufrêne
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.06, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), Brussels, Belgium.
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50
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Dehullu J, Valotteau C, Herman-Bausier P, Garcia-Sherman M, Mittelviefhaus M, Vorholt JA, Lipke PN, Dufrêne YF. Fluidic Force Microscopy Demonstrates That Homophilic Adhesion by Candida albicans Als Proteins Is Mediated by Amyloid Bonds between Cells. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:3846-3853. [PMID: 31038969 PMCID: PMC6638552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Candida albicans frequently forms drug-resistant biofilms in hospital settings and in chronic disease patients. Cell adhesion and biofilm formation involve a family of cell surface Als (agglutinin-like sequence) proteins. It is now well documented that amyloid-like clusters of laterally arranged Als proteins activate cell-cell adhesion under mechanical stress, but whether amyloid-like bonds form between aggregating cells is not known. To address this issue, we measure the forces driving Als5-mediated intercellular adhesion using an innovative fluidic force microscopy platform. Strong cell-cell adhesion is dependent on expression of amyloid-forming Als5 at high cell surface density and is inhibited by a short antiamyloid peptide. Furthermore, there is greatly attenuated binding between cells expressing amyloid-forming Als5 and cells with a nonamyloid form of Als5. Thus, homophilic bonding between Als5 proteins on adhering cells is the major mode of fungal aggregation, rather than protein-ligand interactions. These results point to a model whereby amyloid-like β-sheet interactions play a dual role in cell-cell adhesion, that is, in formation of adhesin nanoclusters ( cis-interactions) and in homophilic bonding between amyloid sequences on opposing cells ( trans-interactions). Because potential amyloid-forming sequences are found in many microbial adhesins, we speculate that this novel mechanism of amyloid-based homophilic adhesion might be widespread and could represent an interesting target for treating biofilm-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Dehullu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.06, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Claire Valotteau
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.06, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Philippe Herman-Bausier
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.06, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Melissa Garcia-Sherman
- Biology Department, City University of New York Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11210 United States
| | | | - Julia A. Vorholt
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter N. Lipke
- Biology Department, City University of New York Brooklyn College, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11210 United States
| | - Yves F. Dufrêne
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud, 4-5, bte L7.07.06, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Walloon Excellence in Life sciences and Biotechnology (WELBIO), 4000 Liege, Belgium
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