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Steel R, Hamed M, Haugom JT, Ho T, Kenner N, Malfavon-Borja J, Morgans S, Salek SA, Seylani A, Jancovich JK. Age- and dose-dependent susceptibility of axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum) by bath exposure to Ambystoma tigrinum virus (ATV). Virology 2023; 588:109909. [PMID: 37879268 PMCID: PMC11225570 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Ranaviruses are large, dsDNA viruses that have significant ecological and economic impact on cold-blooded vertebrates. However, our understanding of the viral proteins and subsequent host immune response(s) that impact susceptibility to infection and disease is not clear. The ranavirus Ambystoma tigrinum virus (ATV), originally isolated from the Sonoran tiger salamander (Ambystoma mavortium stebbinsi), is highly pathogenic at low doses of ATV at all tiger salamander life stages and this model has been used to explore the host-pathogen interactions of ATV infection. However, inconsistencies in the availability of laboratory reared larval tiger salamanders required us to look at the well characterized axolotl (A. mexicanum) as a model for ATV infection. Data obtained from five infection experiments over different developmental timepoints suggest that axolotls are susceptible to ATV in an age- and dose-dependent manner. These data support the use of the ATV-axolotl model to further explore the host-pathogen interactions of ranavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riley Steel
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92078, USA
| | - Michelle Hamed
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92078, USA
| | - Josefine T Haugom
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92078, USA
| | - Trang Ho
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92078, USA
| | - Nathaniel Kenner
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92078, USA
| | - Joanna Malfavon-Borja
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92078, USA
| | - Scott Morgans
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92078, USA
| | - Savannah A Salek
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92078, USA
| | - Allen Seylani
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92078, USA
| | - James K Jancovich
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, 92078, USA.
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CHARACTERIZING THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HISTORIC AND NOVEL PATHOGENS IN BLANDING'S TURTLES ( EMYDOIDEA BLANDINGII). J Zoo Wildl Med 2021; 51:606-617. [PMID: 33480536 DOI: 10.1638/2019-0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogens such as herpesviruses, Mycoplasma spp., and frog virus 3-like ranavirus have contributed to morbidity and mortality in many species of free-living and zoo-maintained chelonians. However, their prevalence is understudied in Blanding's turtles (Emydoidea blandingii) across North America. To assess the presence of these pathogens, Blanding's turtles were sampled in Lake County, Illinois, in 2017 (N = 213) and 2018 (N = 160). DNA from cloacal-oral swabs was assayed for four ranaviruses, three Mycoplasma spp., two Salmonella spp., Emydoidea herpesvirus 1 (EBHV1), and tortoise intranuclear coccidiosis (TINC) using a multiplex quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Pathogens were most frequently detected in adult turtles (n = 25) and rarely in subadults (n = 2) or juveniles (n = 1). EBHV1 was detected in 22 individuals with no clinical signs of illness, most (n = 20) occurring in the month of May (P < 0.0001). EBHV1 cases at one study site significantly clustered within the same 0.64-km area from 17 to 22 May 2017 (P < 0.0001) and 14 to 15 May 2018 (P = 0.0006). Individuals were rarely positive for Salmonella typhimurium (n = 6). A novel Mycoplasma sp. sharing high homology with other emydid Mycoplasma spp. was detected in one turtle with nasal discharge. Neither TINC nor any ranaviruses were detected. Continued monitoring of this population and habitat may facilitate identification of risk factors for pathogen occurrence and clarify the impact of infectious diseases on Blanding's turtle conservation outcomes.
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Pickering BS, Smith G, Pinette MM, Embury-Hyatt C, Moffat E, Marszal P, Lewis CE. Susceptibility of Domestic Swine to Experimental Infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:104-112. [PMID: 33350904 PMCID: PMC7774549 DOI: 10.3201/eid2701.203399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the agent that causes coronavirus disease, has been shown to infect several species. The role of domestic livestock and associated risks for humans in close contact with food production animals remains unknown for many species. Determining the susceptibility of pigs to SARS-CoV-2 is critical to a One Health approach to manage potential risk for zoonotic transmission. We found that pigs are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 after oronasal inoculation. Among 16 animals, we detected viral RNA in group oral fluids and in nasal wash from 2 pigs, but live virus was isolated from only 1 pig. Antibodies also were detected in only 2 animals at 11 and 13 days postinoculation but were detected in oral fluid samples at 6 days postinoculation, indicating antibody secretion. These data highlight the need for additional livestock assessment to determine the potential role of domestic animals in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Fisher M, Harrison TMR, Nebroski M, Kruczkiewicz P, Rothenburger JL, Ambagala A, Macbeth B, Lung O. Discovery and comparative genomic analysis of elk circovirus (ElkCV), a novel circovirus species and the first reported from a cervid host. Sci Rep 2020; 10:19548. [PMID: 33177604 PMCID: PMC7659335 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75577-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The complete genome sequence of a novel circovirus (elk circovirus (ElkCV) Banff/2019) was determined via high throughput sequencing of liver tissue from a euthanized Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus canadensis nelsoni) from Alberta, Canada. The genome is circular and 1,787 nucleotides long, with two major ORFs encoding predicted proteins. Comparative genomic analysis to 4,164 publicly available complete and near complete circovirus genomes showed that ElkCV shares approximately 65% pairwise genome-wide nucleotide identity with the most closely related circovirus species, porcine circoviruses (PCV) 1 and 2 and bat-associated circovirus (BatACV) 11. ElkCV features a stem-loop within the origin of replication region characteristic of circoviruses. However, it differs from those found in PCV1, PCV2 and BatACV11 since it has a longer stem and contains hexamer repeats that overlap the stem in opposing orientations. Interestingly, stem-loop structures of similar length featuring repeats in a similar position and orientation are also seen in some avian circoviruses. Based on the demarcation threshold established by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) for members of Circoviridae (80% pairwise genome-wide nucleotide identity), ElkCV represents a novel species and is the first complete circovirus genome reported from a cervid host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Fisher
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Thomas M R Harrison
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Michelle Nebroski
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Peter Kruczkiewicz
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jamie L Rothenburger
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health and Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative (Alberta Region), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Aruna Ambagala
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Bryan Macbeth
- Parks Canada Agency, Banff National Park, Banff, AB, Canada
| | - Oliver Lung
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. .,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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