1
|
Gutiérrez-Gómez ML, Ruíz Z, Gamboa F, Roa NS, Cardozo C, Ariza B, Aristizábal A, Lugo A, Bolívar S, Henao D, García-Robayo DA. SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis in saliva samples: Usefulness and limitations. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 109:116320. [PMID: 38678688 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Saliva samples are important for diagnosis, because they are noninvasive and easy to acquire. The objective of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the value saliva samples have in detecting SARS-CoV-2 in comparison to nasal swabs and a new system named CovidCheck. A standard methodology identified the virus in 185 nasopharyngeal swabs and saliva samples revealing a sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values of 82,100,100 and 94.67%, respectively for saliva samples. Viral presence in saliva samples with the standard methodology in comparison to the CovidCheck system was evaluated in 67 samples with sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values of 68, 81, 68 and 81%, respectively. In conclusion, our results highlight the usefulness saliva samples have in detecting respiratory viral infections. However, presence of viral inhibitors and viral load in saliva, and the patient's clinical status should be considered as they might affect amplifying systems results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María-Lucía Gutiérrez-Gómez
- Department of Morphological Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C, Colombia; Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
| | - Zulema Ruíz
- Clinical Laboratory, San Ignacio University Hospital, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Fredy Gamboa
- Center for Dental Research, School of Dentistry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia; Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Nelly S Roa
- Center for Dental Research, School of Dentistry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia; Department of Buccal System, School of Dentistry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Claudia Cardozo
- Clinical Laboratory, San Ignacio University Hospital, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Beatriz Ariza
- Clinical Laboratory, San Ignacio University Hospital, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Andrés Aristizábal
- Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, School of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Andrés Lugo
- Department of Respiratory Care, respIRA group, San Ignacio University Hospital, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Stevenson Bolívar
- Department of Industrial Engineering, School of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D. C., Colombia
| | - Daniel Henao
- Department of Dental System, School of Dentistry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia
| | - Dabeiba-Adriana García-Robayo
- Center for Dental Research, School of Dentistry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia; Department of Buccal System, School of Dentistry, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, D.C., Colombia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Miller MR, Tkachenko A, Guag J, Alexander S, Webb BT, Stenger BLS. Comparative evaluation of assay performance for SARS-CoV-2 detection in animal oral samples, lung homogenates, and phosphate-buffered saline using the TaqPath COVID-19 Combo kit. J Vet Diagn Invest 2024; 36:229-237. [PMID: 38362609 DOI: 10.1177/10406387241230315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
A One Health approach has been key to monitoring the COVID-19 pandemic, as human and veterinary medical professionals jointly met the demands for an extraordinary testing effort for SARS-CoV-2. Veterinary diagnostic laboratories continue to monitor SARS-CoV-2 infection in animals, furthering the understanding of zoonotic transmission dynamics between humans and animals. A RT-PCR assay is a primary animal screening tool established within validation and verification guidelines provided by the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians (AAVLD), World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, differences in sample matrices, RNA extraction methods, instrument platforms, gene targets, and cutoff values may affect test outcomes. Therefore, targeted validation for a new sample matrix used in any PCR assay is critical. We evaluated a COVID-19 assay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in feline and canine lung homogenates and oral swab samples. We used the commercial Applied Biosystems MagMAX Viral/Pathogen II (MVP II) nucleic acid isolation kit and TaqPath COVID-19 Combo kit, which are validated for a variety of human samples, including nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab samples. Our masked test showed a high detection rate and no false-positive or false-negative results, supporting sample extension to include feline oral swab samples. Our study is a prime example of One Health, illustrating how a COVID-19 assay designed for human testing can be adapted and used to detect SARS-CoV-2 in oral swab samples from cats and likely dogs, but not lung homogenates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan R Miller
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Andriy Tkachenko
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Jake Guag
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Stacey Alexander
- Department of Health and Human Services-Laboratory Services, North Dakota, Bismarck, ND, USA
| | - Brett T Webb
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Brianna L S Stenger
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Uddin MKM, Hossain ME, Ami JQ, Hasan R, Hasan MM, Islam A, Hasan MJ, Shaly NJ, Ahmed S, Samina P, Rahman MZ, Rahman M, Banu S. SalivaDirect: an alternative to a conventional RNA extraction protocol for molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 in a clinical setting. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0327223. [PMID: 38014980 PMCID: PMC10783095 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03272-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Affordable and accessible tests for COVID-19 allow for timely disease treatment and pandemic management. SalivaDirect is a faster and easier method to implement than NPS sampling. Patients can self-collect saliva samples at home or in other non-clinical settings without the help of a healthcare professional. Sample processing in SalivaDirect is less complex and more adaptable than in conventional nucleic acid extraction methods. We found that SalivaDirect has good diagnostic performance and is ideal for large-scale testing in settings where supplies may be limited or trained healthcare professionals are unavailable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Enayet Hossain
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jenifar Quaiyum Ami
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashedul Hasan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Mahmudul Hasan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ashabul Islam
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Jahid Hasan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nusrat Jahan Shaly
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shahriar Ahmed
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pushpita Samina
- Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mustafizur Rahman
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sayera Banu
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hempel EM, Bharmal A, Li G, Minhas A, Manan R, Doull K, Hamilton L, Cheung B, Chan M, Gunadasa K, Chow R, Lee T, Tsang F, Krajden M, Mooder K, Kassan T, Prystajecky N, Jassem A, Hoang LMN. Prospective, clinical comparison of self-collected throat-bilateral nares swabs and saline gargle compared to health care provider collected nasopharyngeal swabs among symptomatic outpatients with potential SARS-CoV-2 infection. JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE CANADA = JOURNAL OFFICIEL DE L'ASSOCIATION POUR LA MICROBIOLOGIE MEDICALE ET L'INFECTIOLOGIE CANADA 2024; 8:283-298. [PMID: 38250616 PMCID: PMC10797771 DOI: 10.3138/jammi-2023-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Background In British Columbia (BC), self-collected saline gargle (SG) is the only alternative to health care provider (HCP)-collected nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs to detect SARS-CoV-2 in an outpatient setting by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). However, some individuals cannot perform a SG. Our study aimed to assess combined throat-bilateral nares (TN) swabbing as a swab-based alternative. Methods Symptomatic individuals greater than 12 years of age seeking a COVID-19 PCR test at one of two COVID-19 collection centres in Metro Vancouver were asked to participate in this study. Participants provided a HCP-collected NP sample and a self-collected SG and TN sample for PCR testing, which were either HCP observed or unobserved. Results Three-hundred and eleven individuals underwent all three collections. Compared against HCP-NP, SG was 99% sensitive and 98% specific (kappa 0.97) and TN was 99% sensitive and 99% specific (kappa 0.98). Using the final clinical test interpretation as the reference standard, NP was 98% sensitive and 100% specific (kappa 0.98), and both SG and TN were 99% sensitive and 100% specific (both kappa 0.99). Mean cycle threshold values for each viral target were higher in SG specimens compared to the other sample types; however, this did not significantly impact the clinical performance, because the positivity rates were similar. The clinical performance of all specimen types was comparable within the first 7 days of symptom onset, regardless of the observation method. SG self-collections were rated the most acceptable, followed by TN. Conclusions TN provides another less invasive self-collection modality for symptomatic outpatient SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Hempel
- Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aamir Bharmal
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Response, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Guiyun Li
- Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Aileen Minhas
- Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ramndip Manan
- Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kathy Doull
- Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lynsey Hamilton
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Knowledge Translation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Branco Cheung
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Chan
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kingsley Gunadasa
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ron Chow
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Tracy Lee
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Frankie Tsang
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mel Krajden
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karen Mooder
- Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Trushna Kassan
- Provincial Health Services Authority, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Natalie Prystajecky
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Agatha Jassem
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Linda MN Hoang
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kyo H, Patel SA, Yamamoto M, Matsumura Y, Ikeda T, Nagao M. A population-based study of the trend in SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic modalities from the beginning of the pandemic to the Omicron surge in Kyoto City, Kyoto, Japan. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2551. [PMID: 38129830 PMCID: PMC10734122 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17498-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) presents critical diagnostic challenges for managing the pandemic. We investigated the 30-month changes in COVID-19 testing modalities and functional testing sites from the early period of the pandemic to the most recent Omicron surge in 2022 in Kyoto City, Japan. METHODS This is a retrospective-observational study using a local anonymized population database that included patients' demographic and clinical information, testing methods and facilities from January 2020 to June 2022, a total of 30 months. We computed the distribution of symptomatic presentation, testing methods, and testing facilities among cases. Differences over time were tested using chi-square tests of independence. RESULTS During the study period, 133,115 confirmed COVID-19 cases were reported, of which 90.9% were symptomatic. Although nucleic acid amplification testing occupied 68.9% of all testing, the ratio of lateral flow devices (LFDs) rapidly increased in 2022. As the pandemic continued, the testing capability was shifted from COVID-19 designated facilities to general practitioners, who became the leading testing providers (57.3% of 99,945 tests in 2022). CONCLUSIONS There was a dynamic shift in testing modality during the first 30 months of the pandemic in Kyoto City. General practitioners increased their role substantially as the use of LFDs spread dramatically in 2022. By comprehending and documenting the evolution of testing methods and testing locations, it is anticipated that this will contribute to the establishment of an even more efficient testing infrastructure for the next pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kyo
- MetroAtlanta Ambulance Service, Emory Healthcare Network, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shivani A Patel
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Masaki Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Matsumura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ikeda
- Public Health and Welfare Bureau of Kyoto City, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miki Nagao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Kyoto University Hospital, Kyoto, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ko K, Takahashi K, Ito N, Sugiyama A, Nagashima S, Miwata K, Kitahara Y, Okimoto M, Ouoba S, Akuffo GA, E B, Akita T, Takafuta T, Tanaka J. Despite low viral titer in saliva samples, Sanger-based SARS-CoV-2 spike gene sequencing is highly applicable for the variant identification. BMC Med Genomics 2023; 16:199. [PMID: 37620887 PMCID: PMC10463848 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01633-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to compare the performance of Sanger-based SARS-CoV-2 spike gene sequencing and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)-based full-genome sequencing for variant identification in saliva samples with low viral titer. METHODS Using 241 stocked saliva samples collected from confirmed COVID-19 patients between November 2020 and March 2022 in Hiroshima, SARS-CoV-2 spike gene sequencing (nt22735-nt23532) was performed by nested RT-PCR and Sanger platform using in-house primers. The same samples underwent full-genome sequencing by NGS using Illumina NextSeq2000. RESULTS Among 241 samples, 147 were amplified by both the Sanger and the Illumina NextSeq2000 NGS, 86 by Sanger only, and 8 were not amplified at all. The overall amplification rates of Illumina NextSeq2000 NGS and Sanger were 61% and 96.7%, respectively. At low viral titer (< 103 copies/mL), Illumina NextSeq2000 NGS provided 19.2% amplification, while Sanger was 89.7% (p < 0.0001). Both platforms identified 38 wild type, 54 Alpha variants, 84 Delta variants, and 57 Omicron variants. CONCLUSIONS Our study provided evidence to expand the capacity of Sanger-based SARS-CoV-2 spike gene sequencing for variants identification over full-genome by Illumina NextSeq2000 NGS for mass screening. Therefore, the feasible and simple Sanger-based SARS-CoV-2 spike gene sequencing is practical for the initial variants screening, which might reduce the gap between the rapid evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and its molecular surveillance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ko Ko
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Takahashi
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Noriaki Ito
- Hiroshima City Funairi Citizens Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Aya Sugiyama
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Shintaro Nagashima
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kei Miwata
- Hiroshima City Funairi Citizens Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Mafumi Okimoto
- Hiroshima City Funairi Citizens Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Serge Ouoba
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
- Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro (URCN), Institut de Recherche en Science de La Santé (IRSS), Nanoro, Burkina Faso
| | - Golda Ataa Akuffo
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Bunthen E
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
- Payment Certification Agency (PCA), Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Tomoyuki Akita
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | | | - Junko Tanaka
- Department of Epidemiology, Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3, Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bido AT, Ember KJI, Trudel D, Durand M, Leblond F, Brolo AG. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva by a low-cost LSPR-based sensor. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:3955-3966. [PMID: 37530390 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00853c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic started more than 3 years ago, but the containment of the spread is still a challenge. Screening is imperative for informed decision making by government authorities to contain the spread of the virus locally. The access to screening tests is disproportional, due to the lack of access to reagents, equipment, finances or because of supply chain disruptions. Low and middle-income countries have especially suffered with the lack of these resources. Here, we propose a low cost and easily constructed biosensor device based on localized surface plasmon resonance, or LSPR, for the screening of SARS-CoV-2. The biosensor device, dubbed "sensor" for simplicity, was constructed in two modalities: (1) viral detection in saliva and (2) antibody against COVID in saliva. Saliva collected from 18 patients were tested in triplicates. Both sensors successfully classified all COVID positive patients (among hospitalized and non-hospitalized). From the COVID negative patients 7/8 patients were correctly classified. For both sensors, sensitivity was determined as 100% (95% CI 79.5-100) and specificity as 87.5% (95% CI 80.5-100). The reagents and equipment used for the construction and deployment of this sensor are ubiquitous and low-cost. This sensor technology can then add to the potential solution for challenges related to screening tests in underserved communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariadne Tuckmantel Bido
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada.
| | - Katherine J I Ember
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Dominique Trudel
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Madeleine Durand
- CHUM Research Center, Internal Medicine Service of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Univsersité de Montréal (CHUM), Canada
| | - Frederic Leblond
- Department of Engineering Physics, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3A7, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Alexandre G Brolo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, V8P 5C2, Canada.
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Haque R, Hossain ME, Miah M, Rahman M, Amin N, Rahman Z, Islam MS, Rahman MZ. Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 variants in wastewater of Dhaka City, Bangladesh: approach to complement public health surveillance systems. Hum Genomics 2023; 17:58. [PMID: 37420264 PMCID: PMC10326934 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-023-00505-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wastewater-based epidemiological surveillance has been considered a powerful tool for early detection and monitoring of the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 and its lineages circulating in a community. This study is aimed to investigate the complexity of SARS-CoV-2 infection dynamics in Dhaka city by examining its genetic variants in wastewater. Also, the study seeks to determine a connection between the SARS-CoV-2 variations detected in clinical testing and those found in wastewater samples. RESULTS Out of 504 samples tested in RT-qPCR, 185 (36.7%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA. The median log10 concentration of SARS-CoV-2 N gene copies/Liter of wastewater (gc/L) was 5.2, and the median log10 concentration of ORF1ab was 4.9. To further reveal the genetic diversity of SARS-CoV-2, ten samples with ORF1ab real-time RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values ranging from 28.78 to 32.13 were subjected to whole genome sequencing using nanopore technology. According to clade classification, sequences from wastewater samples were grouped into 4 clades: 20A, 20B, 21A, 21J, and the Pango lineage, B.1, B.1.1, B.1.1.25, and B.1.617.2, with coverage ranging from 94.2 to 99.8%. Of them, 70% belonged to clade 20B, followed by 10% to clade 20A, 21A, and 21J. Lineage B.1.1.25 was predominant in Bangladesh and phylogenetically related to the sequences from India, the USA, Canada, the UK, and Italy. The Delta variant (B.1.617.2) was first identified in clinical samples at the beginning of May 2021. In contrast, we found that it was circulating in the community and was detected in wastewater in September 2020. CONCLUSION Environmental surveillance is useful for monitoring temporal and spatial trends of existing and emerging infectious diseases and supports evidence-based public health measures. The findings of this study supported the use of wastewater-based epidemiology and provided the baseline data for the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 variants in the wastewater environment in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rehnuma Haque
- Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh.
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Akademiska Sjukhuset, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Mohammad Enayet Hossain
- One Health Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mojnu Miah
- One Health Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Mahbubur Rahman
- Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Nuhu Amin
- Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
- Institute for Sustainable Futures, The University of Technology Sydney, 235 Jones St, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Ziaur Rahman
- Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Md Shariful Islam
- Environmental Interventions Unit, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
- The School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- One Health Laboratory, Infectious Diseases Division, icddr,b, 68 Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Maher S, Kamel M, Demerdash Z, El Baz H, Sayyouh O, Saad A, Ali N, Salah F, Atta S. Gold conjugated nanobodies in a signal-enhanced lateral flow test strip for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 S1 antigen in saliva samples. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10643. [PMID: 37391465 PMCID: PMC10313708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37347-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the transfer of COVID-19 from the pandemic to control, we are still in a state of uncertainty about long-term success. Therefore, there is a great need for rapid and sensitive diagnostics to sustain the control status. After several optimization trials, we developed lateral flow test (LFT) strips for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike 1 (S1) antigen in saliva samples. For signal enhancement of our developed strips, we applied dual gold conjugates. Gold-labeled anti-S1 nanobodies (Nbs) were employed as S1 detector conjugate, while gold-labeled angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) was used as S1 capturing conjugate. In a parallel strip design, we used an anti-S1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) as an antigen detector instead of anti-S1 Nbs. Saliva samples were collected from 320 symptomatic subjects (180 RT-PCR confirmed positive cases and 140 confirmed negative cases) and were tested with the developed strips. In early detection for positive samples with cycle threshold (Ct ≤ 30), Nbs-based LFT strips showed higher sensitivity (97.14%) and specificity (98.57%) than mAb-based strips which gave 90.04% sensitivity and 97.86% specificity. Moreover, the limit of detection (LoD) for virus particles was lower for Nbs-based LFT (0.4 × 104 copies/ml) than for the mAb-based test (1.6 × 104 copies/ml). Our results are in favor of the use of dual gold Nbs and ACE2 conjugates in LFT strips. These signal-enhanced strips offer a sensitive diagnostic tool for rapid screening of SARS-CoV-2 S1 antigen in the easily collected saliva samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Maher
- Immunology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Manal Kamel
- Immunology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Zeinab Demerdash
- Immunology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hanan El Baz
- Immunology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Omar Sayyouh
- Infection Control and Clinical Microbiology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amany Saad
- Immunology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Noha Ali
- Immunology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Faten Salah
- Immunology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Atta
- Immunology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Caixeta DC, Paranhos LR, Blumenberg C, Garcia-Júnior MA, Guevara-Vega M, Taveira EB, Nunes MAC, Cunha TM, Jardim ACG, Flores-Mir C, Sabino-Silva R. Salivary SARS-CoV-2 RNA for diagnosis of COVID-19 patients: a systematic revisew and meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2023:S1882-7616(23)00016-9. [PMID: 37360001 PMCID: PMC10284464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate, self-collected, and non-invasive diagnostics are critical to perform mass-screening diagnostic tests for COVID-19. This systematic review with meta-analysis evaluated the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of salivary diagnostics for COVID-19 based on SARS-CoV-2 RNA compared with the current reference tests using a nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) and/or oropharyngeal swab (OPS). An electronic search was performed in seven databases to find COVID-19 diagnostic studies simultaneously using saliva and NPS/OPS tests to detect SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. The search resulted in 10,902 records, of which 44 studies were considered eligible. The total sample consisted of 14,043 participants from 21 countries. The accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity for saliva compared with the NPS/OPS was 94.3% (95%CI= 92.1;95.9), 96.4% (95%CI= 96.1;96.7), and 89.2% (95%CI= 85.5;92.0), respectively. Besides, the sensitivity of NPS/OPS was 90.3% (95%CI= 86.4;93.2) and saliva was 86.4% (95%CI= 82.1;89.8) compared to the combination of saliva and NPS/OPS as the gold standard. These findings suggest a similarity in SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection between NPS/OPS swabs and saliva, and the association of both testing approaches as a reference standard can increase by 3.6% the SARS-CoV-2 detection compared with NPS/OPS alone. This study supports saliva as an attractive alternative for diagnostic platforms to provide a non-invasive detection of SARS-CoV-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Carvalho Caixeta
- Innovation Center in Salivary Diagnostic and Nanobiotechnology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz Renato Paranhos
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cauane Blumenberg
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Augusto Garcia-Júnior
- Innovation Center in Salivary Diagnostic and Nanobiotechnology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marco Guevara-Vega
- Innovation Center in Salivary Diagnostic and Nanobiotechnology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Elisa Borges Taveira
- Innovation Center in Salivary Diagnostic and Nanobiotechnology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marjorie Adriane Costa Nunes
- Innovation Center in Salivary Diagnostic and Nanobiotechnology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- School of Dentistry, CEUMA University, Sao Luiz, MA, Brazil
| | - Thúlio Marquez Cunha
- Department of Pulmonology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Gomes Jardim
- Laboratory of Antiviral Research, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos Flores-Mir
- Division of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Robinson Sabino-Silva
- Innovation Center in Salivary Diagnostic and Nanobiotechnology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Snipaitiene K, Zablockiene B, Sabaliauskaite R, Zukauskaite K, Matulyte E, Smalinskaite T, Paulauskas M, Zablockis R, Lopeta M, Gagilas J, Puriene A, Jancoriene L, Jarmalaite S. SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR Ct values in saliva and nasopharyngeal swab samples for disease severity prediction. J Oral Microbiol 2023; 15:2213106. [PMID: 37213664 PMCID: PMC10193917 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2023.2213106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Comparison of clinical value of RT-qPCR-based SARS-CoV-2 tests performed on saliva samples (SSs) and nasopharyngeal swab samples (NPSs) for prediction of the COVID-19 disease severity. Methods Three paired SSs and NPSs collected every 3 days from 100 hospitalised COVID-19 patients during 2020 Jul-2021 Jan were tested by RT-qPCR for the original SARS-CoV-2 virus and compared to 150 healthy controls. Cases were divided into mild+moderate (Cohort I, N = 47) and severe disease (Cohort II, N = 53) cohorts and compared. Results SARS-CoV-2 was detected in 65% (91/140) vs. 53% (82/156) of NPSs and 49% (68/139) vs. 48% (75/157) of SSs collected from Cohort I and II, respectively, resulting in the total respective detection rates of 58% (173/296) vs. 48% (143/296) (P = 0.017). Ct values of SSs were lower than those of NPSs (mean Ct = 28.01 vs. 30.07, P = 0.002). Although Ct values of the first SSs were significantly lower in Cohort I than in Cohort II (P = 0.04), it became negative earlier (mean 11.7 vs. 14.8 days, P = 0.005). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed that Ct value ≤30 from SSs was the independent predictor for severe COVID-19 (HR = 10.06, 95% CI: 1.84-55.14, P = 0.008). Conclusion Salivary RT-qPCR testing is suitable for SARS-CoV-2 infection control, while simple measurement of Ct values can assist in prediction of COVID-19 severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Snipaitiene
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostic, National Cancer Institute of Lithuania, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Birute Zablockiene
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Dermatovenerology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rasa Sabaliauskaite
- Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostic, National Cancer Institute of Lithuania, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Kristina Zukauskaite
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostic, National Cancer Institute of Lithuania, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Elzbieta Matulyte
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Dermatovenerology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Mindaugas Paulauskas
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Dermatovenerology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Rolandas Zablockis
- Clinic of Chest Diseases, Immunology and Allergology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Centre of Pulmonology and Allergology, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | | | - Alina Puriene
- Institute of Odontology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ligita Jancoriene
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases and Dermatovenerology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Sonata Jarmalaite
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
- Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostic, National Cancer Institute of Lithuania, Vilnius, Lithuania
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
EL-Wasif Z, Ismail T, Hamdy O. Design and optimization of highly sensitive multi-band terahertz metamaterial biosensor for coronaviruses detection. OPTICAL AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS 2023; 55:604. [PMID: 37215398 PMCID: PMC10183105 DOI: 10.1007/s11082-023-04906-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the design and characterization of a highly Q-Factor and ultrasensitive THz refractive-index-based metamaterial biosensor for detecting coronaviruses at electronic infusion device (EID) concentrations 0.01 and 1000. The proposed biosensor is constructed using a gold plane perforated by a star shape. Moreover, the developed structure is polarization insensitive due to the rotatory symmetry and is angularly stable up to 90°. The proposed biosensor achieves near-perfect absorption at 1.9656 THz and 3.3692 THz. The full width at half-maximum is 5.276% and 0.641% comparative to the absorption frequency. In addition, the estimated free space absorptivity is 97.2% and 99.1% with a Q-Factor of 19.08 and 155.98 at 1.9656 THz and 3.3692 THz, respectively, when transverse electromagnetic mode (TEM) was selected. The perforated star-shaped was evaluated for IBV (Family of COVID-19) regarding frequency deviation, sensitivity, and figure of merit. Results show that at 1.9656 THz, the proposed design gives 30.8 GHz, 940.49 GHz/RIU, and 8.6, respectively, for 0.01 (EID/5 µL concentration) and 4.4 GHz, 2200 × 103 GHz/RIU, and 20,215.014, respectively at 1.9612 THz for 1000 (EID/5 µL concentration). Although the obtained results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed THz metamaterial biosensor in coronavirus detection, it has also been extended for other types of viruses, including H5N1, H5N2, H9N2, H4N6, and FAdV, based on the slight variations in their refractive indices. Additionally, the influence of the design parameters is optimized in order to achieve better performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zienab EL-Wasif
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, 12613 Egypt
| | - Tawfik Ismail
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, 12613 Egypt
- Wireless Intelligent Networks Center (WINC), Nile University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Omnia Hamdy
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, 12613 Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Calvet G, Ogrzewalska M, Tassinari W, Guaraldo L, Resende P, Fuller T, Penetra S, Borges M, Pina-Costa A, Martins E, Moraes I, Santos H, Damasceno L, Medeiros-Filho F, Espindola O, Mota F, Nacife V, Pauvolid-Corrêa A, Whitworth J, Smith C, Siqueira M, Brasil P. Accuracy of saliva for SARS-CoV-2 detection in outpatients and their household contacts during the circulation of the Omicron variant of concern. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:295. [PMID: 37147601 PMCID: PMC10161980 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08271-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs are considered the gold standard for severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) detection, several studies have shown that saliva is an alternative specimen for COVID-19 diagnosis and screening. METHODS To analyze the utility of saliva for the diagnosis of COVID-19 during the circulation of the Omicron variant, participants were enrolled in an ongoing cohort designed to assess the natural history of SARS-CoV-2 infection in adults and children. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and Cohen's kappa coefficient were calculated to assess diagnostic performance. RESULTS Overall, 818 samples were collected from 365 outpatients from January 3 to February 2, 2022. The median age was 32.8 years (range: 3-94 years). RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 was confirmed in 97/121 symptomatic patients (80.2%) and 62/244 (25.4%) asymptomatic patients. Substantial agreement between saliva and combined nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal samples was observed with a Cohen's kappa value of 0.74 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.67-0.81]. Sensitivity was 77% (95% CI: 70.9-82.2), specificity 95% (95% CI: 91.9-97), PPV 89.8% (95% CI: 83.1-94.4), NPV 87.9% (95% CI: 83.6-91.5), and accuracy 88.5% (95% CI: 85.0-91.4). Sensitivity was higher among samples collected from symptomatic children aged three years and older and adolescents [84% (95% CI: 70.5-92)] with a Cohen's kappa value of 0.63 (95% CI: 0.35-0.91). CONCLUSIONS Saliva is a reliable fluid for detecting SARS-CoV-2, especially in symptomatic children and adolescents during the circulation of the Omicron variant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Calvet
- Acute Febrile Illnesses Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, Brazil.
| | - Maria Ogrzewalska
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- SARS-CoV-2 National Reference Laboratory for the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MoH) and Regional Reference Laboratory in Americas for the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wagner Tassinari
- Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lusiele Guaraldo
- Acute Febrile Illnesses Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Paola Resende
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- SARS-CoV-2 National Reference Laboratory for the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MoH) and Regional Reference Laboratory in Americas for the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Trevon Fuller
- Acute Febrile Illnesses Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Stephanie Penetra
- Acute Febrile Illnesses Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Michele Borges
- Acute Febrile Illnesses Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Anielle Pina-Costa
- Acute Febrile Illnesses Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Ezequias Martins
- Acute Febrile Illnesses Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Isabella Moraes
- Acute Febrile Illnesses Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Santos
- Acute Febrile Illnesses Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Luana Damasceno
- Acute Febrile Illnesses Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Medeiros-Filho
- Acute Febrile Illnesses Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Otavio Espindola
- Acute Febrile Illnesses Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Mota
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- SARS-CoV-2 National Reference Laboratory for the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MoH) and Regional Reference Laboratory in Americas for the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valéria Nacife
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- SARS-CoV-2 National Reference Laboratory for the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MoH) and Regional Reference Laboratory in Americas for the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- SARS-CoV-2 National Reference Laboratory for the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MoH) and Regional Reference Laboratory in Americas for the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jimmy Whitworth
- Departments of Clinical Research and Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Chris Smith
- Departments of Clinical Research and Epidemiology and Public Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Marilda Siqueira
- Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- SARS-CoV-2 National Reference Laboratory for the Brazilian Ministry of Health (MoH) and Regional Reference Laboratory in Americas for the Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Brasil
- Acute Febrile Illnesses Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Av. Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21045-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chong YP, Choy KW, Doerig C, Lim CX. SARS-CoV-2 Testing Strategies in the Diagnosis and Management of COVID-19 Patients in Low-Income Countries: A Scoping Review. Mol Diagn Ther 2023; 27:303-320. [PMID: 36705912 PMCID: PMC9880944 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-022-00637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The accuracy of diagnostic laboratory tests for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can impact downstream clinical procedures in managing and controlling the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To assess the effectiveness of laboratory tools for managing COVID-19 patients in low-income countries (LICs), we systematically searched the PubMed, Embase, Scopus and CINHAL databases for reports published between January 2020 and June 2022. We found that 22 of 1303 articles reported the performance of various SARS-CoV-2 detection tools across 10 LICs. These tools were (1) real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); (2) reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP); (3) rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs); (4) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); and (5) dot-blot immunoassay. The detection of COVID-19 is largely divided into two main streams-direct virus (antigen) detection and serology (immunoglobulin)-based detection. Point-of-care testing using antigen-based RDTs is preferred in LICs because of cost effectiveness and simplicity in the test procedures. The nucleic acid amplification technology (RT-PCR and RT-LAMP) has the highest diagnostic performance among the available tests, but it is not broadly used in this context due to costs and shortage of facilities/trained staff. The serology-based test method is affected by antibody interferences and varying amounts of SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulins expressed at different stages of disease onset. We further discuss the effectiveness and shortcomings of each of these tools in the diagnosis and management of COVID-19. Using the LICs as the study model, our findings highlight ways to improve the quality and turnaround time of COVID-19 testing in resource-constrained settings, notably through local/international collaborative efforts to refine the molecular-based or immunoassay-based testing technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuh Ping Chong
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.
| | - Kay Weng Choy
- Northern Pathology Victoria, Northern Health, Epping, VIC, 3076, Australia
| | - Christian Doerig
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Chiao Xin Lim
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rout SR, Kar B, Pradhan D, Biswasroy P, Haldar J, Rajwar TK, Sarangi MK, Rai VK, Ghosh G, Rath G. Chitosan as a potential biomaterial for the management of oral mucositis, a common complication of cancer treatment. Pharm Dev Technol 2023; 28:78-94. [PMID: 36564887 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2022.2162544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Oral mucositis is a serious issue in patients receiving oncological therapies. Mucosal protectants considered to be one of the preferred choices used in the management of mucositis. However, the protective efficacy of currently available mucosal protectants has been significantly compromised due to poor retention, lack of lubrication, poor biodegradability, and inability to manage secondary complications. Chitosan is a promising material for mucosal applications due to its beneficial biomedical properties. Chitosan is also anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and capable of scavenging free radicals, makes it a good candidate for the treatment of oral mucositis. Additionally, chitosan's amino polysaccharide skeleton permits a number of chemical alterations with better bioactive performance. This article provides a summary of key biological properties of chitosan and its derivatives that are useful for treating oral mucositis. Current literature evidence shows that Chitosan has superior mucosal protective properties when utilised alone or as delivery systems for co-encapsulated drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Ranjan Rout
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Biswakanth Kar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Deepak Pradhan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Prativa Biswasroy
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Jitu Haldar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Tushar Kanti Rajwar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Sarangi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Lucknow, India
| | - Vineet Kumar Rai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Goutam Ghosh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Goutam Rath
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha O Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Schuit E, Venekamp RP, Veldhuijzen IK, van den Bijllaardt W, Pas SD, Stohr JJJM, Lodder EB, Hellwich M, Molenkamp R, Igloi Z, Wijers C, Vroom IH, Nagel-Imming CRS, Han WGH, Kluytmans JAJW, van den Hof S, van de Wijgert JHHM, Moons KGM. Head-to-head comparison of the accuracy of saliva and nasal rapid antigen SARS-CoV-2 self-testing: cross-sectional study. BMC Med 2022; 20:406. [PMID: 36280827 PMCID: PMC9590385 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02603-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnostic accuracy of unsupervised self-testing with rapid antigen diagnostic tests (Ag-RDTs) is mostly unknown. We studied the diagnostic accuracy of a self-performed SARS-CoV-2 saliva and nasal Ag-RDT in the general population. METHODS This large cross-sectional study consecutively included unselected individuals aged ≥ 16 years presenting for SARS-CoV-2 testing at three public health service test sites. Participants underwent molecular test sampling and received two self-tests (the Hangzhou AllTest Biotech saliva self-test and the SD Biosensor nasal self-test by Roche Diagnostics) to perform themselves at home. Diagnostic accuracy of both self-tests was assessed with molecular testing as reference. RESULTS Out of 2819 participants, 6.5% had a positive molecular test. Overall sensitivities were 46.7% (39.3-54.2%) for the saliva Ag-RDT and 68.9% (61.6-75.6%) for the nasal Ag-RDT. With a viral load cut-off (≥ 5.2 log10 SARS-CoV-2 E-gene copies/mL) as a proxy of infectiousness, these sensitivities increased to 54.9% (46.4-63.3%) and 83.9% (76.9-89.5%), respectively. For the nasal Ag-RDT, sensitivities were 78.5% (71.1-84.8%) and 22.6% (9.6-41.1%) in those symptomatic and asymptomatic at the time of sampling, which increased to 90.4% (83.8-94.9%) and 38.9% (17.3-64.3%) after applying the viral load cut-off. In those with and without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, sensitivities were 36.8% (16.3-61.6%) and 72.7% (65.1-79.4%). Specificities were > 99% and > 99%, positive predictive values > 70% and > 90%, and negative predictive values > 95% and > 95%, for the saliva and nasal Ag-RDT, respectively, in most analyses. Most participants considered the self-performing and result interpretation (very) easy for both self-tests. CONCLUSIONS The Hangzhou AllTest Biotech saliva self Ag-RDT is not reliable for SARS-CoV-2 detection, overall, and in all studied subgroups. The SD Biosensor nasal self Ag-RDT had high sensitivity in individuals with symptoms and in those without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection but low sensitivity in asymptomatic individuals and those with a prior SARS-CoV-2 infection which warrants further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ewoud Schuit
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Cochrane Netherlands, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Roderick P Venekamp
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Irene K Veldhuijzen
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter van den Bijllaardt
- Microvida Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Amphia Hospital, Molengracht 21, 4818 CK, Breda, The Netherlands.,Department of Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Molengracht 21, 4818 CK, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Suzan D Pas
- Microvida Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Amphia Hospital, Molengracht 21, 4818 CK, Breda, The Netherlands.,Microvida Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Bravis Hospital, Boerhaavelaan 25, 4708 AE, Roosendaal, The Netherlands
| | - Joep J J M Stohr
- Department of Infection Control, Amphia Hospital, Molengracht 21, 4818 CK, Breda, The Netherlands.,Microvida Laboratory for Medical Microbiology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Hilvarenbeekseweg 60, 5022 GC, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Esther B Lodder
- Public Health Service West-Brabant, Doornboslaan 225-227, 4816 CZ, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Marloes Hellwich
- Public Health Service Hart Voor Brabant, Reitseplein 3, 5037 AA, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Molenkamp
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zsofia Igloi
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Doctor Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Constantijn Wijers
- Public Health Service Rotterdam-Rijnmond, Schiedamsedijk 95, 3011 EN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irene H Vroom
- Public Health Service Rotterdam-Rijnmond, Schiedamsedijk 95, 3011 EN, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carla R S Nagel-Imming
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wanda G H Han
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A J W Kluytmans
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susan van den Hof
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721 MA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Janneke H H M van de Wijgert
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Karel G M Moons
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Cochrane Netherlands, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 100, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fowotade A, Bamidele F, Egbetola B, Fagbamigbe AF, Adeagbo BA, Adefuye BO, Olagunoye A, Ojo TO, Adebiyi AO, Olagunju OI, Ladipo OT, Akinloye A, Onayade A, Bolaji OO, Rannard S, Happi C, Owen A, Olagunju A. A randomized, open-label trial of combined nitazoxanide and atazanavir/ritonavir for mild to moderate COVID-19. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:956123. [PMID: 36160134 PMCID: PMC9493023 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.956123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe nitazoxanide plus atazanavir/ritonavir for COVID-19 (NACOVID) trial investigated the efficacy and safety of repurposed nitazoxanide combined with atazanavir/ritonavir for COVID-19.MethodsThis is a pilot, randomized, open-label multicenter trial conducted in Nigeria. Mild to moderate COVID-19 patients were randomly assigned to receive standard of care (SoC) or SoC plus a 14-day course of nitazoxanide (1,000 mg b.i.d.) and atazanavir/ritonavir (300/100 mg od) and followed through day 28. Study endpoints included time to clinical improvement, SARS-CoV-2 viral load change, and time to complete symptom resolution. Safety and pharmacokinetics were also evaluated (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04459286).ResultsThere was no difference in time to clinical improvement between the SoC (n = 26) and SoC plus intervention arms (n = 31; Cox proportional hazards regression analysis adjusted hazard ratio, aHR = 0.898, 95% CI: 0.492–1.638, p = 0.725). No difference was observed in the pattern of saliva SARS-CoV-2 viral load changes from days 2–28 in the 35% of patients with detectable virus at baseline (20/57) (aHR = 0.948, 95% CI: 0.341–2.636, p = 0.919). There was no significant difference in time to complete symptom resolution (aHR = 0.535, 95% CI: 0.251–1.140, p = 0.105). Atazanavir/ritonavir increased tizoxanide plasma exposure by 68% and median trough plasma concentration was 1,546 ng/ml (95% CI: 797–2,557), above its putative EC90 in 54% of patients. Tizoxanide was undetectable in saliva.ConclusionNitazoxanide co-administered with atazanavir/ritonavir was safe but not better than standard of care in treating COVID-19. These findings should be interpreted in the context of incomplete enrollment (64%) and the limited number of patients with detectable SARS-CoV-2 in saliva at baseline in this trial.Clinical trial registration[https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04459286], identifier [NCT04459286].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adeola Fowotade
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Folasade Bamidele
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | | | - Adeniyi F. Fagbamigbe
- Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Babatunde A. Adeagbo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Temitope O. Ojo
- Department of Community Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | | | - Omobolanle I. Olagunju
- Department of Surveillance and Epidemiology, Nigeria Centre for Disease Control, Abuja, Nigeria
| | | | - Abdulafeez Akinloye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Adedeji Onayade
- Department of Community Health, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Oluseye O. Bolaji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Steve Rannard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Happi
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer’s University, Ede, Nigeria
| | - Andrew Owen
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Adeniyi Olagunju
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Adeniyi Olagunju,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Swab testing for SARS-CoV-2 screening and child-centred care. Is it possible in every setting? J Pediatr Nurs 2022; 66:e166-e167. [PMID: 35459565 PMCID: PMC9017874 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
19
|
Tobik ER, Kitfield-Vernon LB, Thomas RJ, Steel SA, Tan SH, Allicock OM, Choate BL, Akbarzada S, Wyllie AL. Saliva as a sample type for SARS-CoV-2 detection: implementation successes and opportunities around the globe. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2022; 22:519-535. [PMID: 35763281 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2022.2094250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Symptomatic testing and asymptomatic screening for SARS-CoV-2 continue to be essential tools for mitigating virus transmission. Though COVID-19 diagnostics initially defaulted to oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal sampling, the worldwide urgency to expand testing efforts spurred innovative approaches and increased diversity of detection methods. Strengthening innovation and facilitating widespread testing remains critical for global health, especially as additional variants emerge and other mitigation strategies are recalibrated. AREAS COVERED A growing body of evidence reflects the need to expand testing efforts and further investigate the efficiency, sensitivity, and acceptability of saliva samples for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Countries have made pandemic response decisions based on resources, costs, procedures, and regional acceptability - the adoption and integration of saliva-based testing among them. Saliva has demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity while being less invasive relative to nasopharyngeal swabs, securing saliva's position as a more acceptable sample type. EXPERT OPINION Despite the accessibility and utility of saliva sampling, global implementation remains low compared to swab-based approaches. In some cases, countries have validated saliva-based methods but face challenges with testing implementation or expansion. Here, we review the localities that have demonstrated success with saliva-based SARS-CoV-2 testing approaches and can serve as models for transforming concepts into globally-implemented best practices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Tobik
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lily B Kitfield-Vernon
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Russell J Thomas
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sydney A Steel
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Steph H Tan
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Health Policy and Management, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Orchid M Allicock
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Brittany L Choate
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Sumaira Akbarzada
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anne L Wyllie
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Cui Y, Yang M, Zhu J, Zhang H, Duan Z, Wang S, Liao Z, Liu W. Developments in diagnostic applications of saliva in Human Organ Diseases. MEDICINE IN NOVEL TECHNOLOGY AND DEVICES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medntd.2022.100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
|