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Sirinyildiz F, Unay S. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and thymoquinone induce apoptosis and alteration in mitochondria in colorectal cancer cells. Med Oncol 2024; 41:123. [PMID: 38652404 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02348-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Colon cancer is on the rise in both men and women. In addition to traditional treatment methods, herbal treatments from complementary and alternative medicine are actively followed. Naturally derived from plants, thymoquinone (TQ) has drawn a lot of attention in the field of cancer treatment. MK-801, an N-methyl-D-aspartate agonist, is used to improve memory and plasticity, but it has also lately been explored as a potential cancer treatment. This study aimed to determine the roles of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate agonists and Thymoquinone on mitochondria and apoptosis. HT-29 cells were treated with different TQ and MK-801 concentrations. We analyzed cell viability, apoptosis, and alteration of mitochondria. Cell viability significantly decreased depending on doses of TQ and MK-801. Apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunctions induced by low and high doses of TQ and MK-801. Our study emphasizes the need for further safety evaluation of MK-801 due to the potential toxicity risk of TQ and MK-801. Optimal and toxic doses of TQ and MK-801 were determined for the treatment of colon cancer. It should be considered as a possibility that colon cancer can be treated with TQ and MK-801.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferhat Sirinyildiz
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Simge Unay
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, Turkey.
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2
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Wörmeyer L, Nortmann O, Hamacher A, Uhlemeyer C, Belgardt B, Eberhard D, Mayatepek E, Meissner T, Lammert E, Welters A. The N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Antagonist Dextromethorphan Improves Glucose Homeostasis and Preserves Pancreatic Islets in NOD Mice. Horm Metab Res 2024; 56:223-234. [PMID: 38168730 PMCID: PMC10901624 DOI: 10.1055/a-2236-8625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
For treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus, a combination of immune-based interventions and medication to promote beta-cell survival and proliferation has been proposed. Dextromethorphan (DXM) is an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist with a good safety profile, and to date, preclinical and clinical evidence for blood glucose-lowering and islet-cell-protective effects of DXM have only been provided for animals and individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Here, we assessed the potential anti-diabetic effects of DXM in the non-obese diabetic mouse model of type 1 diabetes. More specifically, we showed that DXM treatment led to five-fold higher numbers of pancreatic islets and more than two-fold larger alpha- and beta-cell areas compared to untreated mice. Further, DXM treatment improved glucose homeostasis and reduced diabetes incidence by 50%. Our data highlight DXM as a novel candidate for adjunct treatment of preclinical or recent-onset type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Wörmeyer
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oliver Nortmann
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anna Hamacher
- Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Celina Uhlemeyer
- Institute for Vascular and Islet Cell Biology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Helmholtz Zentrum München Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bengt Belgardt
- Institute for Vascular and Islet Cell Biology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Helmholtz Zentrum München Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Eberhard
- Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ertan Mayatepek
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Meissner
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eckhard Lammert
- Institute of Metabolic Physiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Vascular and Islet Cell Biology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), Helmholtz Zentrum München Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alena Welters
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Vascular and Islet Cell Biology, German Diabetes Center (DDZ), Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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3
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Karkashadze GA, Namazova-Baranova LS, Yatsik LM, Gordeeva OB, Vishneva EA, Efendieva KE, Kaytukova EV, Sukhanova NV, Sergienko NS, Nesterova JV, Kondratova SE, Fatakhova MT, Pashkov AV, Naumova IV, Zelenkova IV, Gankovskiy VA, Gubanova SG, Leonova EV, Pankova AR, Alexeeva AA, Bushueva DA, Gogberashvili TY, Kratko DS, Sadilloeva SH, Sergeeva NE, Kurakina MA, Konstantinidi TA, Povalyaeva IA, Soloshenko MA, Slipka MI, Altunin VV, Rykunova AI, Salimgareeva TA, Prudnikov PA, Ulkina NA, Firumyantc AI, Shilko NS, Kazanceva JE. Levels of Neurospecific Peptides, Neurotransmitters and Neuroreceptor Markers in the Serum of Children with Various Sensory Disorders, Mild Cognitive Impairments and Other Neuropathology. PEDIATRIC PHARMACOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.15690/pf.v19i6.2486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background. The role of recently discovered neurospecific peptides in the pathogenesis of acute and progressive neurologic disorders, their neuroprotective features, and possibilities to use them as markers for the course and prognosis of certain diseases have been actively studied in recent decades. However, neurospecific peptides are almost not studied in chronic residual diseases. In our study we measured the levels of neurospecific peptides and some other markers to achieve understanding of general neurophysiological trends in congenital and acquired chronic non-progressive brain pathology with reference to the selection of relevant groups — study objects. Objective. The aim of the study is to study patterns of neurospecific peptides, neurotransmitters and neuroreceptor markers distribution in the serum of children with various pathogenetic variants of chronic neuropathology. Methods. The study included children from 3 to 16 years old with different pathologies. The sample was divided into groups by pathology type: no sensory and neurological disorders, congenital sensory deficit due to mutation of genes expressed and not expressed in the brain, early acquired sensory deficit of multifactorial nature, congenital mild and severe organic disorders of central nervous system (CNS) in residual stage without baseline sensory deficit, acquired functional CNS disorders without baseline organic defect and sensory deficit. The following laboratory data (neurophysiological components) was studied: nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotropic factor, neurotrophin-3, neurotrophin-4, neuregulin-1-beta-1, beta-secretase, sirtuin-1, synaptophysin, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and anti-NR2 glutamate receptor antibodies. The parameters of cognitive activity, sense of vision, sense of smell, and acoustic sense were also evaluated. Results. The study included 274 participants. Neuropeptides and markers have shown a variable degree and range in the group spectrum of differences from normal levels. The most variable in the examined sample was NO-synthase, as well as levels of both neurotrophins, beta-secretase, and glutamate receptor marker. All visual deficits were associated with increased NO-synthase levels (p < 0.001). Neuroplasticity peptides (beta-secretase, neurotrophin-3 and 4) have been activated in all pathological conditions. Nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotropic factor were specifically activated in mild organic CNS lesions (mild cognitive impairments), while neuregulin — in congenital genetically determined visual deficits. There was no specific activation of neuropeptides and NO-synthase level tended to decrease in cases of severe CNS lesions. Conclusion. The study results suggest that all types of early visual impairment are associated with increased physiological neuronal activity, and non-organic neurological functional disorders — mainly with increased physiological synaptic activity. General neuroplasticity processes were activated in all cases of visual deficits but more specific. However, more specific and well-studied processes were activated in mild organic CNS lesions, and neuroplasticity processes did not activate adequately in severe organic CNS lesions probably due to the limited neuronal and synaptic resources.
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Sinha S, Haque M. Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, and Vascular Impediment as Consequences of Excess Processed Food Consumption. Cureus 2022; 14:e28762. [PMID: 36105908 PMCID: PMC9441778 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.28762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular intake of ready-to-eat meals is related to obesity and several noninfectious illnesses, such as cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM), and tumors. Processed foods contain high calories and are often enhanced with excess refined sugar, saturated and trans fat, Na+ andphosphate-containing taste enhancers, and preservatives. Studies showed that monosodium glutamate (MSG) induces raised echelons of oxidative stress, and excessive hepatic lipogenesis is concomitant to obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Likewise, more than standard salt intake adversely affects the cardiovascular system, renal system, and central nervous system (CNS), especially the brain. Globally, excessive utilization of phosphate-containing preservatives and additives contributes unswervingly to excessive phosphate intake through food. In addition, communities and even health experts, including medical doctors, are not well-informed about the adverse effects of phosphate preservatives on human health. Dietary phosphate excess often leads to phosphate toxicity, ultimately potentiating kidney disease development. The mechanisms involved in phosphate-related adverse effects are not explainable. Study reports suggested that high blood level of phosphate causes vascular ossification through the deposition of Ca2+ and substantially alters fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) and calcitriol.
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Murray LM, Thillaiyampalam G, Xi Y, Cristino AS, Upham JW. Whole transcriptome analysis of high and low IFN-α producers reveals differential response patterns following rhinovirus stimulation. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1356. [PMID: 34868584 PMCID: PMC8599968 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Viral respiratory infections cause considerable morbidity and economic loss. While rhinoviruses (RV) typically cause little more than the common cold, they can produce severe infections and disease exacerbations in susceptible individuals, such as those with asthma. Variations in the regulation of key antiviral cytokines, particularly type I interferon (IFN‐α and IFN‐β), may contribute to RV susceptibility. To understand this variability, we compared the transcriptomes of high and low type I IFN producers. Methods Blood mononuclear cells from 238 individuals with or without asthma were cultured in the presence or absence of RV. Those samples demonstrating high or low RV‐stimulated IFN‐α production (N = 75) underwent RNA‐sequencing. Results Gene expression patterns were similar in samples from healthy participants and those with asthma. At baseline, the high IFN‐α producer group showed higher expression of genes associated with plasmacytoid dendritic cells, the innate immune response and vitamin D activation, but lower expression of oxidative stress pathways than the low IFN‐α producer group. After RV stimulation, the high IFN‐α producer group showed higher expression of genes found in immune response biological pathways and lower expression of genes linked to developmental and catabolic processes when compared to the low IFN‐α producer group. Conclusions These differences suggest that the high IFN‐α group has a higher level of immune system readiness, resulting in a more intense and perhaps more focussed pathogen‐specific immune response. These results contribute to a better understanding of the variability in type I IFN production between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa M Murray
- Diamantina Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Gayathri Thillaiyampalam
- Diamantina Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery Griffith University Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Yang Xi
- Diamantina Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - Alexandre S Cristino
- Diamantina Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery Griffith University Brisbane QLD Australia
| | - John W Upham
- Diamantina Institute The University of Queensland Brisbane QLD Australia.,Respiratory and Sleep Medicine Princess Alexandra Hospital Brisbane QLD Australia
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Shafiei-Irannejad V, Abbaszadeh S, Janssen PML, Soraya H. Memantine and its benefits for cancer, cardiovascular and neurological disorders. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174455. [PMID: 34461125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Memantine is a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist that was initially indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. It is now also considered for a variety of other pathologies in which activation of NMDA receptors apparently contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of disease. In addition to the central nervous system (CNS), NMDA receptors can be found in non-neuronal cells and tissues that recently have become an interesting research focus. Some studies have shown that glutamate signaling plays a role in cell transformation and cancer progression. In addition, these receptors may play a role in cardiovascular disorders. In this review, we focus on the most recent findings for memantine with respect to its pharmacological effects in a range of diseases, including inflammatory disorders, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neuropathy, as well as retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Shafiei-Irannejad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Samin Abbaszadeh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Paul M L Janssen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hamid Soraya
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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7
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Jennings MR, Munn D, Blazeck J. Immunosuppressive metabolites in tumoral immune evasion: redundancies, clinical efforts, and pathways forward. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e003013. [PMID: 34667078 PMCID: PMC8527165 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors accumulate metabolites that deactivate infiltrating immune cells and polarize them toward anti-inflammatory phenotypes. We provide a comprehensive review of the complex networks orchestrated by several of the most potent immunosuppressive metabolites, highlighting the impact of adenosine, kynurenines, prostaglandin E2, and norepinephrine and epinephrine, while discussing completed and ongoing clinical efforts to curtail their impact. Retrospective analyses of clinical data have elucidated that their activity is negatively associated with prognosis in diverse cancer indications, though there is a current paucity of approved therapies that disrupt their synthesis or downstream signaling axes. We hypothesize that prior lukewarm results may be attributed to redundancies in each metabolites' synthesis or signaling pathway and highlight routes for how therapeutic development and patient stratification might proceed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rain Jennings
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - David Munn
- Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - John Blazeck
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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8
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Rukavishnikov GV, Kasyanov ED, Zhilyaeva TV, Mazo GE. [Schizophrenia and cardiometabolic disorders]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2021; 121:132-138. [PMID: 34283543 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2021121061132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to analyze the basic biological mechanisms of comorbidity of schizophrenia and metabolic, cardiovascular diseases, which are not directly associated with external risk factors. The study of the general pathophysiological mechanisms of schizophrenia and metabolic disorders can provide a significant basis not only for the fundamentally novel therapeutic, preventive and diagnostic measures, but also for a better understanding of the etiopathogenesis of these diseases. It seems likely that schizophrenia represents a heterogeneous group with a varying genetic basis for both mental symptoms and neuroendocrine, inflammatory processes that form concomitant somatic disorders. Thus, the new integrated approaches to the study of this problem with the latest methods of genetic and molecular research are relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- G V Rukavishnikov
- Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - E D Kasyanov
- Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - T V Zhilyaeva
- Privolzhsky Research Medical University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - G E Mazo
- Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Petersburg, Russia
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9
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Lahtinen A, Häkkinen A, Puttonen S, Vanttola P, Viitasalo K, Porkka-Heiskanen T, Härmä M, Paunio T. Differential DNA methylation in recovery from shift work disorder. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2895. [PMID: 33536559 PMCID: PMC7858604 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82627-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human DNA methylome is responsive to our environment, but its dynamics remain underexplored. We investigated the temporal changes to DNA methylation (DNAme) in relation to recovery from a shift work disorder (SWD) by performing a paired epigenome-wide analysis in an occupational cohort of 32 shift workers (25 men, age = 43.8 ± 8.8 years, 21 SWD cases). We found that the effect of vacation on DNAme was more prominent in the SWD-group as compared to controls, with respect to the amount of significantly differentially methylated positions (DMPs; Punadj < 0.05) 6.5 vs 3.7%, respectively. The vast majority (78%) of these DMPs were hypomethylated in SWD but not in controls (27%) during the work period. The Gene Ontology Cellular component "NMDA glutamate receptor" (PFDR < 0.05) was identified in a pathway analysis of the top 30 genes in SWD. In-depth pathway analyses revealed that the Reactome pathway "CREB phosphorylation through the activation of CaMKII" might underlie the recovery. Furthermore, three DMPs from this pathway, corresponding to GRIN2C, CREB1, and CAMK2B, correlated with the degree of recovery (Punadj < 0.05). Our findings provide evidence for the dynamic nature of DNAme in relation to the recovery process from a circadian disorder, with biological relevance of the emerging pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Lahtinen
- Department of Psychiatry and SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum 1, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland. .,Genomics and Biobank UnitDepartment of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), PO Box 30, 00271, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Antti Häkkinen
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sampsa Puttonen
- Work Ability and Working Careersareers, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, PO Box 40, 00032, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Vanttola
- Work Ability and Working Careersareers, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, PO Box 40, 00032, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Tarja Porkka-Heiskanen
- Department of Psychiatry and SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum 1, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Härmä
- Work Ability and Working Careersareers, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, PO Box 40, 00032, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tiina Paunio
- Department of Psychiatry and SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Biomedicum 1, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland. .,Genomics and Biobank UnitDepartment of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), PO Box 30, 00271, Helsinki, Finland.
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Mohsenzadegan M, Kourosh Arami M, Oshaghi M, Sedigh Maroufi S. A review of the effects of the anesthetic gas nitrous oxide on the immune system; a starting point for future experiences. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2020; 42:179-186. [PMID: 32131654 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2020.1735412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide is a common gas used as an anesthetic agent and analgesic medication in operating rooms. The gas inhibits vitamin B12 dependent-methionine synthase, which converts L-homocysteine and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to L-methionine and tetrahydrofolate, respectively, via a methylation process. The immune system has been frequently reported to be suppressed in anesthetized subjects during the postoperative period. Although previous reviews have focused on the pathophysiologic role of nitrous oxide, none of them has considered the harmful effects of nitrous oxide on the Defense system of the host. In this article, the authors review current studies on the effects of nitrous oxide on the immune system of both patients undergoing surgery and occupational exposure, as well as preclinical studies. Moreover, this paper opens a new horizon for future studies in the context of underlying mechanisms of nitrous oxide actions on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monireh Mohsenzadegan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Kourosh Arami
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Oshaghi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahnam Sedigh Maroufi
- Department of Anesthetics, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Zhang T, Yan Z, Zheng X, Fan J, Wang S, Wei Y, Yang L, Wang P, Guo S. Transcriptome analysis of response mechanism to ammonia stress in Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 214:105235. [PMID: 31271906 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Corbicula fluminea is highly sensitive to ammonia, and its response mechanism to ammonia stress is unclear. In this study, C. fluminea was exposed to different levels of ammonia (control group, 10 mg/L, and 25 mg/L) for 24 h and 48 h. A comparative analysis of transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) of C. fluminea digestive gland showed that the expression of 6742 genes (11.54%) was significantly affected by ammonia stress. The TLR, NF-κB, FOXO, and apoptotic signaling pathways were involved in the regulation. The differential expression of 14 genes was confirmed by real-time PCR. In summary, the response mechanism of C. fluminea digestive gland under ammonia stress may be different from that of oxidative stress in marine vertebrates. Also, the NMDAR-mediated pathway may not be the main mechanism in the response to ammonia stress in C. fluminea. The present study is a preliminary study for further investigation into ammonia toxicity in shellfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Zhenguang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Xin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Juntao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Shuping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Yongjie Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Lixin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Pengyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Shaojuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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12
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Kerage D, Sloan EK, Mattarollo SR, McCombe PA. Interaction of neurotransmitters and neurochemicals with lymphocytes. J Neuroimmunol 2019; 332:99-111. [PMID: 30999218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmitters and neurochemicals can act on lymphocytes by binding to receptors expressed by lymphocytes. This review describes lymphocyte expression of receptors for a selection of neurotransmitters and neurochemicals, the anatomical locations where lymphocytes can interact with neurotransmitters, and the effects of the neurotransmitters on lymphocyte function. Implications for health and disease are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kerage
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, Australia; Transplant Research Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Erica K Sloan
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Division of Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Cousins Center for Neuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, USA
| | | | - Pamela A McCombe
- The University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, Australia.
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13
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Kuzmina US, Zainullina LF, Vakhitov VA, Bakhtiyarova KZ, Vakhitova YV. The role of glutamate in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2019; 119:160-167. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2019119081160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Loureiro CM, Shuhama R, Fachim HA, Menezes PR, Del-Ben CM, Louzada-Junior P. Low plasma concentrations of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunits as a possible biomarker for psychosis. Schizophr Res 2018; 202:55-63. [PMID: 29935886 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) has been largely implicated in the neurobiology of schizophrenia and other psychosis. Aiming to evaluate their potential as peripheral biomarkers for psychosis, we quantified the plasma concentrations of NR1 and NR2 NMDAR subunits of first-episode psychosis patients in their first contact with mental health services due to psychotic symptoms, compared with siblings and matched community-based controls. METHODS The quantifications of NR1 and NR2 plasma concentrations were performed by ELISA. Data were analysed by nonparametric tests and Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) analysis. RESULTS We included 166 first-episode psychosis patients (mean age = 30.3 ± 12.2 years; 64% men), with the diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum (n = 84), bipolar disorder (n = 51) and psychotic depression (n = 31), 76 siblings (mean age = 31.5 ± 11.0 years; 30.3% men) and 166 healthy community-based controls (mean age = 31.4 ± 12.0 years; 63.9% men). NMDAR subunits were significantly lower in patients compared with siblings and controls (p < 0.001), except by NR1 plasma concentrations of bipolar patients compared with siblings and controls. NR1 plasma concentrations lower than 17.65 pg/ml (AUC = 0.621) showed sensitivity of 42.8%, specificity of 84.3%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 73.2% and negative predictive value (NPV) of 59.6%. Individuals with NR2 plasma concentrations lower than 2.92 ng/ml (AUC = 0.801) presented a 10.61-fold increased risk of psychosis, with a sensibility of 71.9%, specificity of 80.6%, PPV of 79.0% and NPV of 73.9%. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study reporting the measurement and the reduction of NR1 and NR2 NMDAR subunits plasma concentrations in psychiatric disorders. In particular, the NR2 subunit may be a possible plasma biomarker for psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Loureiro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - R Shuhama
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Division of Psychiatry, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - H A Fachim
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Division of Psychiatry, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Neuroscience and Behaviour- INeC, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P R Menezes
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C M Del-Ben
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Division of Psychiatry, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P Louzada-Junior
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Djuric D, Jakovljevic V, Zivkovic V, Srejovic I. Homocysteine and homocysteine-related compounds: an overview of the roles in the pathology of the cardiovascular and nervous systems. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 96:991-1003. [PMID: 30130426 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Homocysteine, an amino acid containing a sulfhydryl group, is an intermediate product during metabolism of the amino acids methionine and cysteine. Hyperhomocysteinemia is used as a predictive risk factor for cardiovascular disorders, the stroke progression, screening for inborn errors of methionine metabolism, and as a supplementary test for vitamin B12 deficiency. Two organic systems in which homocysteine has the most harmful effects are the cardiovascular and nervous system. The adverse effects of homocysteine are achieved by the action of several different mechanisms, such as overactivation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, activation of Toll-like receptor 4, disturbance in Ca2+ handling, increased activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase and subsequent increase of production of reactive oxygen species, increased activity of nitric oxide synthase and nitric oxide synthase uncoupling and consequent impairment in nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species synthesis. Increased production of reactive species during hyperhomocysteinemia is related with increased expression of several proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, MCP-1, and intracellular adhesion molecule-1. All these mechanisms contribute to the emergence of diseases like atherosclerosis and related complications such as myocardial infarction, stroke, aortic aneurysm, as well as Alzheimer disease and epilepsy. This review provides evidence that supports the causal role for hyperhomocysteinemia in the development of cardiovascular disease and nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Djuric
- a Institute of Medical Physiology "Richard Burian" Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Visegradska 26, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Jakovljevic
- b Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia.,c Department of Human Pathology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya st. 8, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir Zivkovic
- b Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Ivan Srejovic
- b Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
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Cerebral Ischemic Postconditioning Plays a Neuroprotective Role through Regulation of Central and Peripheral Glutamate. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:6316059. [PMID: 30112410 PMCID: PMC6077516 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6316059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, a series of pathophysiological processes are stimulated in both the central nervous system (CNS) and the periphery, including, but not limited to, the peripheral immune and endocrine systems and underregulation of the neuroendocrine-immune network. Glutamate (Glu) is an important excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS; its excitotoxicity following cerebral ischemia has been a focus of study for several decades. In addition, as a novel immunoregulator, Glu also regulates immune activity in both the CNS and periphery and may connect the CNS and periphery through regulation of the neuroendocrine-immune network. Ischemic postconditioning (IPostC) is powerful and activates various endogenous neuroprotective mechanisms following cerebral I/R, but only a few studies have focused on the mechanisms associated with Glu to date. Given that Glu plays an important and complex pathophysiological role, the understanding of Glu-related mechanisms of IPostC is an interesting area of research, which we review here.
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17
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NMDA Receptors Regulate Genes Responsible for Major Immune Functions of Mononuclears in Human Peripheral Blood. Bull Exp Biol Med 2018; 165:252-255. [PMID: 29923004 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-018-4141-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
To determine the role of NMDA receptors in the functional regulation of immunocompetent cells, comparative assay was carried out for genes expressed in the mononuclears in peripheral blood of healthy persons under normal conditions and after blockade of these receptors. The genes, whose expression changed in response to blockade of NMDA receptors in mononuclears, encode the products involved in regulation of the major functions of immune cells, such as proliferation (IL4, VCAM1, and CDKN2A), apoptosis (BAX, MYC, CDKN2A, HSPB1, and CADD45A), activation (IL4R, IL4, VCAM1, and CDKN2A), and differentiation (IL4, VCAM1, and BAX).
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18
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Li X, Li C, Tang Y, Huang Y, Cheng Q, Huang X, Zhao F, Hao C, Feng D, Xu J, Han J, Tang S, Liu W, Yue S, Luo Z. NMDA receptor activation inhibits the antifibrotic effect of BM-MSCs on bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2018; 315:L404-L421. [PMID: 29722562 PMCID: PMC6172623 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00002.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous glutamate (Glu) release and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR) activation are associated with lung injury in different animal models. However, the underlying mechanism is unclear. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs), which show potential use for immunomodulation and tissue protection, play a protective role in pulmonary fibrosis (PF) process. Here, we found the increased Glu release from the BM cells of bleomycin (BLM)-induced PF mice in vivo. BLM stimulation also increased the extracellular Glu in BM-MSCs via the antiporter system xc− in vitro. The gene expression of each subunit of NMDAR was detected in BM-MSCs. NMDAR activation inhibited the proliferation, migration, and paracrine function of BM-MSCs in vitro. BM-MSCs were derived from male C57BL/6 mice, transfected with lentiviral vectors carrying the enhanced green fluorescence protein gene, pretreated with NMDA, and transplanted into the female recipient mice that were intratracheally injected with BLM to induce PF. Transplantation of NMDA-pretreated BM-MSCs significantly aggravated PF as compared with that in the normal BM-MSCs transplantation group. The sex determination gene Y chromosome and green fluorescence protein genes of BM-MSCs were detected to observe BM-MSCs homing in the fibrotic lungs. Moreover, NMDAR activation inhibited BM-MSC migration by downregulating the stromal cell-derived factor-1/C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 signaling axis. NMDAR activation aggravated the transforming growth factor-β1-induced extracellular matrix production in alveolar epithelial cells and fibroblasts through the paracrine effects of BM-MSCs. In summary, these findings suggested that NMDAR activation-mediated Glu excitotoxicity induced by BLM in BM-MSCs abolished the therapeutic effects of normal BM-MSCs transplantation on BLM-induced PF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Li
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Physiology, Changzhi Medical College, Changzhi, Shanxi , China
| | - Yiting Tang
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , China
| | - Yanhong Huang
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , China
| | - Qingmei Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , China
| | - Xiaoting Huang
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , China
| | - Feiyan Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , China
| | - Caixia Hao
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , China
| | - Dandan Feng
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , China
| | - Jianping Xu
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , China
| | - Jianzhong Han
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , China
| | - Siyuan Tang
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , China
| | - Wei Liu
- Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , China
| | - Shaojie Yue
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , China
| | - Ziqiang Luo
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University , Changsha, Hunan , China
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Li JT, Wang WQ, Wang L, Liu NN, Zhao YL, Zhu XS, Liu QQ, Gao CF, Yang AG, Jia LT. Subanesthetic isoflurane relieves zymosan-induced neutrophil inflammatory response by targeting NMDA glutamate receptor and Toll-like receptor 2 signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 7:31772-89. [PMID: 27144523 PMCID: PMC5077975 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil release of NO/ONOO− induces endothelial cell barrier dysfunction in inflammatory acute lung injury (ALI). Previous studies using zymosan-triggered inflammation and ALI model revealed that zymosan promotes inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression in neutrophils, and that isoflurane inhibits zymosan-induced oxidative stress and iNOS biosynthesis. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. We found here that in zymosan-primed neutrophils, iNOS is transcriptionally activated by NF-κB, whose nuclear translocation is triggered by excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and consequently activated p38 MAPK. ROS production is attributed to zymosan-initiated Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling, in which the adaptor MyD88 recruits and activates c-Src, and c-Src activates NADPH oxidase to generate ROS. Subanesthetic isoflurane counteracts the aforementioned zymosan-induced signaling by targeting N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) glutamate receptor and thereby suppressing calcium influx and c-Src activation. Whereas iNOS accelerates NO/ONOO− production in neutrophils which eventually promote protein leak from pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVEC), isoflurane reduced NO/ONOO− release from zymosan-treated neutrophils, and thus relieves trans- PMVEC protein leak. This study provides novel insights into the roles of neutrophils and the underlying mechanisms in zymosan-induced ALI, and has implications for the therapeutic potential of subanesthetic isoflurane in attenuating inflammatory responses causing lung endothelial cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Tang Li
- Centre of Inflammation and Cancer Research, 150th Central Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, Henan, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei-Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | | | - Ning-Ning Liu
- Centre of Inflammation and Cancer Research, 150th Central Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Ya-Li Zhao
- Centre of Inflammation and Cancer Research, 150th Central Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Xiao-Shan Zhu
- Centre of Inflammation and Cancer Research, 150th Central Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Qin-Qin Liu
- Centre of Inflammation and Cancer Research, 150th Central Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Chun-Fang Gao
- Centre of Inflammation and Cancer Research, 150th Central Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - An-Gang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lin-Tao Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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20
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Abstract
NMDAR encephalitis is a common cause of autoimmune encephalitis, predominantly affecting young adults. Current data supports the idea that autoantibodies targeting NMDARs are responsible for disease pathogenesis. While these autoantibodies occur in the setting of underlying malignancy in approximately half of all patients, initiating factors for the autoimmune response in the remainder of patients are unclear. While there is increasing evidence supporting viral triggers such as herpes simplex encephalitis, this association and the mechanism of action have not yet been fully described. Although the majority of patients achieve good outcomes, those without an underlying tumor consistently show worse outcomes, prolonged recovery, and more frequent relapses. The cloning of patient-specific autoantibodies from affected individuals has raised important questions as to disease pathophysiology and clinical heterogeneity. Further advances in our understanding of this disease and underlying triggers are necessary to develop treatments which improve outcomes in patients presenting in the absence of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun Venkatesan
- Johns Hopkins Encephalitis
Center, Division of Neuroimmunology and Neuroinfectious Diseases,
Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Krishma Adatia
- Johns Hopkins Encephalitis
Center, Division of Neuroimmunology and Neuroinfectious Diseases,
Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
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21
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Fu Y, Wang X, Kong W. Hyperhomocysteinaemia and vascular injury: advances in mechanisms and drug targets. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:1173-1189. [PMID: 28836260 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine is a sulphur-containing non-proteinogenic amino acid. Hyperhomocysteinaemia (HHcy), the pathogenic elevation of plasma homocysteine as a result of an imbalance of its metabolism, is an independent risk factor for various vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, vascular calcification and aneurysm. Treatments aimed at lowering plasma homocysteine via dietary supplementation with folic acids and vitamin B are more effective in preventing vascular disease where the population has a normally low folate consumption than in areas with higher dietary folate. To date, the mechanisms of HHcy-induced vascular injury are not fully understood. HHcy increases oxidative stress and its downstream signalling pathways, resulting in vascular inflammation. HHcy also causes vascular injury via endoplasmic reticulum stress. Moreover, HHcy up-regulates pathogenic genes and down-regulates protective genes via DNA demethylation and methylation respectively. Homocysteinylation of proteins induced by homocysteine also contributes to vascular injury by modulating intracellular redox state and altering protein function. Furthermore, HHcy-induced vascular injury leads to neuronal damage and disease. Also, an HHcy-activated sympathetic system and HHcy-injured adipose tissue also cause vascular injury, thus demonstrating the interactions between the organs injured by HHcy. Here, we have summarized the recent developments in the mechanisms of HHcy-induced vascular injury, which are further considered as potential therapeutic targets in this condition. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Spotlight on Small Molecules in Cardiovascular Diseases. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.8/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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22
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Tay SH, Fairhurst AM, Mak A. Clinical utility of circulating anti-N-methyl- d-aspartate receptor subunits NR2A/B antibody for the diagnosis of neuropsychiatric syndromes in systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome: An updated meta-analysis. Autoimmun Rev 2016; 16:114-122. [PMID: 27988431 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Neuropsychiatric (NP) events are found in patients with rheumatic diseases, commonly in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and Sjögren's syndrome (SS). The standard nomenclature and case definitions for 19 NPSLE syndromes by the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Committee on Research cover a wide range of NP events seen in both SLE and SS. Despite advances in the understanding of SLE and SS, NP syndromes continue to pose diagnostic challenges. Correct attribution of NP events is critical in determining the correct treatment and prognosis. Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunits NR2A/B (anti-NR2A/B) antibodies have been demonstrated in the sera of SLE and SS patients and have been associated with collective or specific NP syndromes, though not consistently. Interpretation of anti-NR2A/B antibody data in the medical literature is rendered difficult by small sample size of patient groups. By combining different studies to generate a pooled effect size, a meta-analysis can increase the power to detect differences in the presence or absence of NP syndromes. Hence, we set out to perform a meta-analysis to assess the association between anti-NR2A/B antibodies and NP syndromes in SLE and SS. METHODS A literature search was conducted using PubMed and other databases from inception to June 2016. We abstracted data relating to anti-NR2A/B antibodies from the identified studies. The random effects model was used to calculate overall combined odds ratio (OD) with its corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) to evaluate the relationship between anti-NR2A/B antibodies and NP syndromes in SLE and SS patients with and without NP events. We also included our own cohort of 57 SLE patients fulfilling the ACR 1997 revised classification criteria and 58 healthy controls (HCs). RESULTS In total, 17 studies with data on anti-NR2A/B antibodies in 2212 SLE patients, 66 SS patients, 99 disease controls (DCs) (e.g. antiphospholipid syndrome, myasthenia gravis and autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome I) and 538 HCs were used in this analysis. Overall pooled prevalence of serum/plasma anti-NR2A/B antibodies was higher in SLE patients [24.6% (95% CI 18.5-32.0%)] and SS patients [19.7% (95% CI 11.8-31.0%)] compared to DCs [14.8% (95% CI 2.2-56.9)] and HCs [7.6% (95% CI 4.6-12.4%)] (p=0.001). There was a significantly greater proportion of SLE and SS patients with NP syndromes who demonstrated positivity for serum/plasma anti-NR2A/B antibody [pooled OR=1.607 (95% CI 1.041-2.479), p=0.032] as compared to SLE and SS patients without NP syndromes in 13 studies. Usable data for cerebrospinal fluid anti-NR2A/B antibodies were available in only 4 studies [pooled OR=0.831 (95% CI 0.365-1.888), p=0.658]. Among the 19 NP syndromes, serum/plasma anti-NR2A/B antibodies were not specifically associated with any NP syndrome, including cognitive dysfunction (p=0.259) and mood disorder (p=0.503). Meta-regression identified proportion of anti-double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid antibody positivity (p=0.009) and SLE Disease Activity Index (p=0.028) as moderators for the heterogeneity of serum/plasma anti-NR2A/B antibodies. CONCLUSION Circulating anti-NR2A/B antibody testing has a diagnostic value for NP syndromes in SLE and SS collectively. However, the evidence to date suggests that anti-NR2A/B antibody positivity cannot distinguish specific NP syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Hee Tay
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore.
| | - Anna-Marie Fairhurst
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Anselm Mak
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore
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23
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Glufosinate aerogenic exposure induces glutamate and IL-1 receptor dependent lung inflammation. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:1939-54. [PMID: 27549113 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glufosinate-ammonium (GLA), the active component of an herbicide, is known to cause neurotoxicity. GLA shares structural analogy with glutamate. It is a powerful inhibitor of glutamine synthetase (GS) and may bind to glutamate receptors. Since these potentials targets of GLA are present in lung and immune cells, we asked whether airway exposure to GLA may cause lung inflammation in mice. A single GLA exposure (1 mg/kg) induced seizures and inflammatory cell recruitment in the broncho-alveolar space, and increased myeloperoxidase (MPO), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), interstitial inflammation and disruption of alveolar septae within 6-24 h. Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) was increased and lung inflammation depended on IL-1 receptor 1 (IL-1R1). We demonstrate that glutamate receptor pathway is central, since the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor inhibitor MK-801 prevented GLA-induced lung inflammation. Chronic exposure (0.2 mg/kg 3× per week for 4 weeks) caused moderate lung inflammation and enhanced airway hyperreactivity with significant increased airway resistance. In conclusion, GLA aerosol exposure causes glutamate signalling and IL-1R-dependent pulmonary inflammation with airway hyperreactivity in mice.
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24
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NK Cells, Tumor Cell Transition, and Tumor Progression in Solid Malignancies: New Hints for NK-Based Immunotherapy? J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:4684268. [PMID: 27294158 PMCID: PMC4880686 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4684268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Several evidences suggest that NK cells can patrol the body and eliminate tumors in their initial phases but may hardly control established solid tumors. Multiple factors, including the transition of tumor cells towards a proinvasive/prometastatic phenotype, the immunosuppressive effect of the tumor microenvironment, and the tumor structure complexity, may account for limited NK cell efficacy. Several putative mechanisms of NK cell suppression have been defined in these last years; conversely, the cross talk between NK cells and tumor cells undergoing different transitional phases remains poorly explored. Nevertheless, recent in vitro studies and immunohistochemical analyses on tumor biopsies suggest that NK cells could not only kill tumor cells but also influence their evolution. Indeed, NK cells may induce tumor cells to change the expression of HLA-I, PD-L1, or NKG2D-L and modulate their susceptibility to the immune response. Moreover, NK cells may be preferentially located in the borders of tumor masses, where, indeed, tumor cells can undergo Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) acquiring prometastatic phenotype. Finally, the recently highlighted role of HMGB1 both in EMT and in amplifying the recruitment of NK cells provides further hints on a possible effect of NK cells on tumor progression and fosters new studies on this issue.
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25
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Medial Septal NMDA Glutamate Receptors are Involved in Modulation of Blood Natural Killer Cell Activity in Rats. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 11:121-32. [PMID: 26454750 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9632-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine the specific role of the medial septal (MS) NMDA glutamate receptors on peripheral blood natural killer cell cytotoxicity (NKCC) and their (large granular lymphocyte, LGL) number, as well as the plasma concentration of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and corticosterone in male Wistar rats exposed to elevated plus maze (EPM) stress or non-stress conditions. The NMDA groups were injected with NMDA glutamate receptor agonist (N-methyl-D-aspartate; 0.25 μg/rat), the D-AP7 group was injected with DL-2-amino-7-phosphoheptanoate (0.1 μg/rat), an antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors, and the control Sal group with saline (0.5 μl/rat) via previously implanted cannulae into the MS. There was an increase in the NKCC, NK/LGL number and plasma TNF-α concentration after the NMDA injections, being much stronger within the rats under non-stress conditions rather than the rats exposed to EPM stress. These parameters were decreased in the D-AP7 rats, suggesting receptor/ion channel specificity. Moreover, a lower plasma corticosterone concentration within the NMDA rather than the Sal and D-AP7 groups was found. The obtained results suggest that activation of the NMDA glutamate receptors in the MS, accompanied by changes in the corticosterone and cytokine responses, may be involved in modulation of the blood natural anti-tumor response, under EPM stress and non-stress conditions.
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26
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Nohara LL, Stanwood SR, Omilusik KD, Jefferies WA. Tweeters, Woofers and Horns: The Complex Orchestration of Calcium Currents in T Lymphocytes. Front Immunol 2015; 6:234. [PMID: 26052328 PMCID: PMC4440397 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevation of intracellular calcium ion (Ca2+) levels is a vital event that regulates T lymphocyte homeostasis, activation, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The mechanisms that regulate intracellular Ca2+ signaling in lymphocytes involve tightly controlled concinnity of multiple ion channels, membrane receptors, and signaling molecules. T cell receptor (TCR) engagement results in depletion of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ stores and subsequent sustained influx of extracellular Ca2+ through Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels in the plasma membrane. This process termed store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) involves the ER Ca2+ sensing molecule, STIM1, and a pore-forming plasma membrane protein, ORAI1. However, several other important Ca2+ channels that are instrumental in T cell function also exist. In this review, we discuss the role of additional Ca2+ channel families expressed on the plasma membrane of T cells that likely contribute to Ca2+ influx following TCR engagement, which include the TRP channels, the NMDA receptors, the P2X receptors, and the IP3 receptors, with a focus on the voltage-dependent Ca2+ (CaV) channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian L Nohara
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Shawna R Stanwood
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Kyla D Omilusik
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
| | - Wilfred A Jefferies
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada ; Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada ; The Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada ; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada ; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
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Li Y, Liu Y, Peng X, Liu W, Zhao F, Feng D, Han J, Huang Y, Luo S, Li L, Yue SJ, Cheng Q, Huang X, Luo Z. NMDA Receptor Antagonist Attenuates Bleomycin-Induced Acute Lung Injury. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125873. [PMID: 25942563 PMCID: PMC4420245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glutamate is a major neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS). Large amount of glutamate can overstimulate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), causing neuronal injury and death. Recently, NMDAR has been reported to be found in the lungs. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of memantine, a NMDAR channel blocker, on bleomycin-induced lung injury mice. Methods C57BL/6 mice were intratracheally injected with bleomycin (BLM) to induce lung injury. Mice were randomized to receive saline, memantine (Me), BLM, BLM plus Me. Lungs and BALF were harvested on day 3 or 7 for further evaluation. Results BLM caused leukocyte infiltration, pulmonary edema and increase in cytokines, and imposed significant oxidative stress (MDA as a marker) in lungs. Memantine significantly mitigated the oxidative stress, lung inflammatory response and acute lung injury caused by BLM. Moreover, activation of NMDAR enhances CD11b expression on neutrophils. Conclusions Memantine mitigates oxidative stress, lung inflammatory response and acute lung injury in BLM challenged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - XiangPing Peng
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Xiangya Nursing School, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - FeiYan Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - DanDan Feng
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - JianZhong Han
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - YanHong Huang
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - SiWei Luo
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lian Li
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shao Jie Yue
- Department of Pediatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - QingMei Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - XiaoTing Huang
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - ZiQiang Luo
- Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Wang H, Liu S, Tang Z, Liu J. Some cross-talks between immune cells and epilepsy should not be forgotten. Neurol Sci 2014; 35:1843-9. [PMID: 25253631 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-1955-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported that immune cells were not always found in brain specimens from epileptic patients, then should we stop investigating the relationship between these cells and epilepsy? The answer is no! In addition to immunocyte infiltration in brain parenchyma, a flurry of papers have demonstrated that there were significant alterations in peripheral blood cells (PBCs) immediately after seizure onset, especially changes in some specific transporters of neurotransmitters expressed on the membrane of immunocyte. These transporters may regulate neuronal excitability in mature neurons. Besides, many researchers did find activated leukocytes adhered to the endothelium of blood brain barrier or infiltrated into the brain parenchyma in several types of epilepsy both in human and animal studies; moreover, it is worth noting that different immune cells play different roles in epilepsy development, which was indicated by in vitro and in vivo evidence. This review is going to summarize available evidence supporting changes in PBCs after seizures, and will also focus on some specific effects of immune cells on epilepsy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Dalian Municipal Central Hospital, No. 2 VIP Ward, Shahekou District, Dalian, 116000, Liaoning Province, China
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Black SAG, Stys PK, Zamponi GW, Tsutsui S. Cellular prion protein and NMDA receptor modulation: protecting against excitotoxicity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:45. [PMID: 25364752 PMCID: PMC4207032 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although it is well established that misfolding of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into the β-sheet-rich, aggregated scrapie conformation (PrPSc) causes a variety of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), the physiological roles of PrPC are still incompletely understood. There is accumulating evidence describing the roles of PrPC in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Recently, we identified a functional regulation of NMDA receptors by PrPC that involves formation of a physical protein complex between these proteins. Excessive NMDA receptor activity during conditions such as ischemia mediates enhanced Ca2+ entry into cells and contributes to excitotoxic neuronal death. In addition, NMDA receptors and/or PrPC play critical roles in neuroinflammation and glial cell toxicity. Inhibition of NMDA receptor activity protects against PrPSc-induced neuronal death. Moreover, in mice lacking PrPC, infarct size is increased after focal cerebral ischemia, and absence of PrPC increases susceptibility of neurons to NMDA receptor-dependent death. Recently, PrPC was found to be a receptor for oligomeric beta-amyloid (Aβ) peptides, suggesting a role for PrPC in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Our recent findings suggest that Aβ peptides enhance NMDA receptor current by perturbing the normal copper- and PrPC-dependent regulation of these receptors. Here, we review evidence highlighting a role for PrPC in preventing NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity and inflammation. There is a need for more detailed molecular characterization of PrPC-mediated regulation of NMDA receptors, such as determining which NMDA receptor subunits mediate pathogenic effects upon loss of PrPC-mediated regulation and identifying PrPC binding site(s) on the receptor. This knowledge will allow development of novel therapeutic interventions for not only TSEs, but also for AD and other neurodegenerative disorders involving dysfunction of PrPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie A G Black
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada ; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Peter K Stys
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Gerald W Zamponi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada ; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Shigeki Tsutsui
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada ; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
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Forde BG, Roberts MR. Glutamate receptor-like channels in plants: a role as amino acid sensors in plant defence? F1000PRIME REPORTS 2014; 6:37. [PMID: 24991414 PMCID: PMC4075314 DOI: 10.12703/p6-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant glutamate receptor-like genes (GLRs) are homologous to the genes for mammalian ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs), after which they were named, but in the 16 years since their existence was first revealed, progress in elucidating their biological role has been disappointingly slow. Recently, however, studies from a number of laboratories focusing on the model plant species Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) have thrown new light on the functional properties of some members of the GLR gene family. One important finding has been that plant GLR receptors have a much broader ligand specificity than their mammalian iGluR counterparts, with evidence that some individual GLR receptors can be gated by as many as seven amino acids. These results, together with the ubiquity of their expression throughout the plant, open up the possibility that GLR receptors could have a pervasive role in plants as non-specific amino acid sensors in diverse biological processes. Addressing what one of these roles could be, recent studies examining the wound response and disease susceptibility in GLR knockout mutants have provided evidence that some members of clade 3 of the GLR gene family encode important components of the plant's defence response. Ways in which this family of amino acid receptors might contribute to the plant's ability to respond to an attack from pests and pathogens are discussed.
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McGovern AE, Mazzone SB. Neural regulation of inflammation in the airways and lungs. Auton Neurosci 2014; 182:95-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
As a signalling molecule, glutamate is best known for its role as a fast excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian nervous system, a role that requires the activity of a family of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs). The unexpected discovery in 1998 that Arabidopsis thaliana L. possesses a family of iGluR-related (GLR) genes laid the foundations for an assessment of glutamate's potential role as a signalling molecule in plants that is still in progress. Recent advances in elucidating the function of Arabidopsis GLR receptors has revealed similarities with iGluRs in their channel properties, but marked differences in their ligand specificities. The ability of plant GLR receptors to act as amino-acid-gated Ca(2+) channels with a broad agonist profile, combined with their expression throughout the plant, makes them strong candidates for a multiplicity of amino acid signalling roles. Although root growth is inhibited in the presence of a number of amino acids, only glutamate elicits a specific sequence of changes in growth, root tip morphology, and root branching. The recent finding that the MEKK1 gene is a positive regulator of glutamate sensitivity at the root tip has provided genetic evidence for the existence in plants of a glutamate signalling pathway analogous to those found in animals. This short review will discuss the most recent advances in understanding glutamate signalling in roots, considering them in the context of previous work in plants and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G Forde
- Centre for Sustainable Agriculture, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
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Plasma amino acids changes in complex regional pain syndrome. PAIN RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2013; 2013:742407. [PMID: 24303215 PMCID: PMC3835366 DOI: 10.1155/2013/742407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a severe chronic pain condition that most often develops following trauma. Blood samples were collected from 220 individuals, 160 CRPS subjects, and 60 healthy pain-free controls. Plasma amino acid levels were compared and contrasted between groups. L-Aspartate, L-glutamate, and L-ornithine were significantly increased, whereas L-tryptophan and L-arginine were significantly decreased in CRPS subjects as compared to controls. In addition, the L-kynurenine to L-tryptophan ratio demonstrated a significant increase, whereas the global arginine bioavailability ratio (GABR) was significantly decreased in the CRPS subjects. The CRPS subjects demonstrated a significant correlation between overall pain and the plasma levels of L-glutamate and the L-kynurenine to L-tryptophan ratio. CRPS subjects also showed a correlation between the decrease in plasma L-tryptophan and disease duration. This study shows that CRPS subjects exhibit significant changes in plasma levels of amino acids involved in glutamate receptor activation and in amino acids associated with immune function as compared to healthy pain-free controls. A better understanding of the role plasma amino acids play in the pathophysiology of CRPS may lead to novel treatments for this crippling condition.
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Omilusik KD, Nohara LL, Stanwood S, Jefferies WA. Weft, warp, and weave: the intricate tapestry of calcium channels regulating T lymphocyte function. Front Immunol 2013; 4:164. [PMID: 23805141 PMCID: PMC3690356 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca(2+)) is a universal second messenger important for T lymphocyte homeostasis, activation, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The events surrounding Ca(2+) mobilization in lymphocytes are tightly regulated and involve the coordination of diverse ion channels, membrane receptors, and signaling molecules. A mechanism termed store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE), causes depletion of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca(2+) stores following T cell receptor (TCR) engagement and triggers a sustained influx of extracellular Ca(2+) through Ca(2+) release-activated Ca(2+) (CRAC) channels in the plasma membrane. The ER Ca(2+) sensing molecule, stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), and a pore-forming plasma membrane protein, ORAI1, have been identified as important mediators of SOCE. Here, we review the role of several additional families of Ca(2+) channels expressed on the plasma membrane of T cells that likely contribute to Ca(2+) influx following TCR engagement, particularly highlighting an important role for voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels (CaV) in T lymphocyte biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyla D Omilusik
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada ; Centre for Blood Research, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada ; The Brain Research Centre, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada ; Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada ; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, BC , Canada
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Bastami S, Norling C, Trinks C, Holmlund B, Walz TM, Ahlner J, Uppugunduri S. Inhibitory effect of opiates on LPS mediated release of TNF and IL-8. Acta Oncol 2013; 52:1022-33. [PMID: 23145506 DOI: 10.3109/0284186x.2012.737932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Most patients with advanced cancer experience severe pain and are often treated with opiates. Cancer patients are especially susceptible to opportunistic infections due to treatment with immunosuppressive and cytostatic drugs. Since opiates have been demonstrated to have immunomodulatory effects, it is of clinical importance to evaluate potential differences between commonly used opiates with regard to their effect on the immune system. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of morphine, tramadol, fentanyl and ketobemidone on the functioning of the immune system with special reference to TNF and IL-8 release. Method. U-937 cells were preincubated with different concentrations of opioids followed by stimulation with LPS 100 μg/ml for three hours. The effect of opioids on the levels of cytokine mRNA was studied using RT-PCR. Erk and Akt phosphorylation was also measured by Western blot. Results. All opioids with the exception of fentanyl were capable of inhibiting TNF release from U-937 cells. Morphine had no effect on IL-8 release but the effect of other opiates was almost the same as the effect on TNF. All opioids with the exception of fentanyl were capable of inhibiting production of mRNA for TNF and IL-8. The observed effects of opiates were not always reversible by naloxone, suggesting that the effects might be mediated by other receptors or through a non-receptor mediated direct effect. Although preliminary evidence suggests the involvement of Erk and Akt pathways, further studies are needed to unravel the intracellular pathways involved in mediating the effects of opiates. Our data suggests that the order of potency with regard to inhibition of cytokine release is as follows: tramadol > ketobemidone > morphine > fentanyl. Conclusion. Further studies are needed to understand the clinical implications of the observed immunosuppressive effects of tramadol and ketobemidone and to improve opioid treatment strategies in patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salumeh Bastami
- Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Division of Drug Research, Linköpings University Linköping, Östergötland, Sweden.
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Boldyrev AA. Carnosine: New concept for the function of an old molecule. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2012; 77:313-26. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297912040013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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