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Qin YY, Gong Y, Kong SY, Wan ZY, Liu JQ, Xing K, Qin S. Aerial signaling by plant-associated Streptomyces setonii WY228 regulates plant growth and enhances salt stress tolerance. Microbiol Res 2024; 286:127823. [PMID: 38959523 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Plant-associated streptomycetes play important roles in plant growth and development. However, knowledge of volatile-mediated crosstalk between Streptomyces spp. and plants remains limited. In this study, we investigated the impact of volatiles from nine endophytic Streptomyces strains on the growth and development of plants. One versatile strain, Streptomyces setonii WY228, was found to significantly promote the growth of Arabidopsis thaliana and tomato seedlings, confer salt tolerance, and induce early flowering and increased fruit yield following volatile treatment. Analysis of plant growth-promoting traits revealed that S. setonii WY228 could produce indole-3-acetic acid, siderophores, ACC deaminase, fix nitrogen, and solubilize inorganic phosphate. These capabilities were further confirmed through genome sequencing and analysis. Volatilome analysis indicated that the volatile organic compounds emitted from ISP-2 medium predominantly comprised sesquiterpenes and 2-ethyl-5-methylpyrazine. Further investigations showed that 2-ethyl-5-methylpyrazine and sesquiterpenoid volatiles were the primary regulators promoting growth, as confirmed by experiments using the terpene synthesis inhibitor phosphomycin, pure compounds, and comparisons of volatile components. Transcriptome analysis, combined with mutant and inhibitor studies, demonstrated that WY228 volatiles promoted root growth by activating Arabidopsis auxin signaling and polar transport, and enhanced root hair development through ethylene signaling activation. Additionally, it was confirmed that volatiles can stimulate plant abscisic acid signaling and activate the MYB75 transcription factor, thereby promoting anthocyanin synthesis and enhancing plant salt stress tolerance. Our findings suggest that aerial signaling-mediated plant growth promotion and abiotic stress tolerance represent potentially overlooked mechanisms of Streptomyces-plant interactions. This study also provides an exciting strategy for the regulation of plant growth and the improvement of horticultural crop yields within sustainable agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Ying Qin
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yuan Gong
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Su-Yun Kong
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Wan
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jia-Qi Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ke Xing
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Sheng Qin
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Hu Y, Liu G, Sun C, Wu S. Volatile Organic Compounds Produced by a Deep-Sea Bacterium Efficiently Inhibit the Growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:233. [PMID: 38786624 PMCID: PMC11122958 DOI: 10.3390/md22050233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The deep-sea bacterium Spongiibacter nanhainus CSC3.9 has significant inhibitory effects on agricultural pathogenic fungi and human pathogenic bacteria, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the notorious multidrug-resistant pathogen affecting human public health. We demonstrate that the corresponding antibacterial agents against P. aeruginosa PAO1 are volatile organic compounds (VOCs, namely VOC-3.9). Our findings show that VOC-3.9 leads to the abnormal cell division of P. aeruginosa PAO1 by disordering the expression of several essential division proteins associated with septal peptidoglycan synthesis. VOC-3.9 hinders the biofilm formation process and promotes the biofilm dispersion process of P. aeruginosa PAO1 by affecting its quorum sensing systems. VOC-3.9 also weakens the iron uptake capability of P. aeruginosa PAO1, leading to reduced enzymatic activity associated with key metabolic processes, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. Overall, our study paves the way to developing antimicrobial compounds against drug-resistant bacteria by using volatile organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China;
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266071, China
- Center of Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ge Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266071, China
- Center of Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chaomin Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266071, China
- Center of Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Shimei Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China;
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3
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Raio A. Diverse roles played by "Pseudomonas fluorescens complex" volatile compounds in their interaction with phytopathogenic microrganims, pests and plants. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:80. [PMID: 38281212 PMCID: PMC10822798 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03873-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Pseudomonas fluorescens complex consists of environmental and some human opportunistic pathogenic bacteria. It includes mainly beneficial and few phytopathogenic species that are common inhabitants of soil and plant rhizosphere. Many members of the group are in fact known as effective biocontrol agents of plant pathogens and as plant growth promoters and for these attitudes they are of great interest for biotechnological applications. The antagonistic activity of fluorescent Pseudomonas is mainly related to the production of several antibiotic compounds, lytic enzymes, lipopeptides and siderophores. Several volatile organic compounds are also synthesized by fluorescent Pseudomonas including different kinds of molecules that are involved in antagonistic interactions with other organisms and in the induction of systemic responses in plants. This review will mainly focus on the volatile compounds emitted by some members of P. fluorescens complex so far identified, with the aim to highlight the role played by these molecules in the interaction of the bacteria with phytopathogenic micro and macro-organisms and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Raio
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection (CNR-IPSP), Via Madonna del Piano, 10., 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy.
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4
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Song C, Zhang Y, Zhao Q, Chen M, Zhang Y, Gao C, Jia Z, Song S, Guan J, Shang Z. Volatile organic compounds produced by Bacillus aryabhattai AYG1023 against Penicillium expansum causing blue mold on the Huangguan pear. Microbiol Res 2024; 278:127531. [PMID: 37871540 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2023.127531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Previous research on Bacillus aryabhattai has mainly focused on bioremediation, biosynthesis, and promotion of plant growth, whereas the function of B. aryabhattai on antifungal activity remains to be explored. In this study, we isolated a biocontrol bacterium with antagonistic activity against post-harvest pathogenic fungi by releasing volatile organic compounds (VOCs). We aimed to assess the effectiveness of VOCs produced by B. aryabhattai in prevention of the development of blue mold caused by Penicillium expansum in the Huangguan pear, and reveal the inhibitory mechanism against the pathogenic fungi. Using molecular methods, the biocontrol bacterium was identified as Bacillus aryabhattai AYG1023. 2-Nonanol was identified as the main VOC by solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS). It showed strong inhibition of mycelial growth and conidial germination when treated at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Scanning and transmission electron microscopy showed that 2-nonanol caused abnormal changes in mycelial and conidial ultrastructure. 2-Nonanol also damaged the integrity of fungal cell membranes and reduced the ergosterol content to 44.77% of P. expansum. In addition, the production of secondary metabolites in P. expansum including patulin and citrinin was significantly reduced by 2-nonanol. Transcriptome analysis revealed that 2-nonanol modulated the expression of genes involved in development, and conidiation pathways, as well as secondary metabolite biosynthesis including steroid biosynthesis, citrinin production and patulin production. Furthermore, blue mold was completely inhibited by treatment with 0.04 μL mL-1 2-nonanol for 48 h on the Huangguan pear. In conclusion, Bacillus aryabhattai AYG1023 was identified as a promising and efficient agent for controlling post-harvest diseases via the release of VOCs, and the outcome of this study lays a theoretical foundation for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Song
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China; Biology Institute, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Biology Institute, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Mengyao Chen
- Biology Institute, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Biology Institute, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Congcong Gao
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhenhua Jia
- Biology Institute, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shuishan Song
- Biology Institute, Hebei Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Junfeng Guan
- Institute of Biotechnology and Food Science, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China.
| | - Zhonglin Shang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China.
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Upadhyay SK, Rajput VD, Kumari A, Espinosa-Saiz D, Menendez E, Minkina T, Dwivedi P, Mandzhieva S. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria: a potential bio-asset for restoration of degraded soil and crop productivity with sustainable emerging techniques. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:9321-9344. [PMID: 36413266 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01433-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The rapid expansion of degraded soil puts pressure on agricultural crop yield while also increasing the likelihood of food scarcity in the near future at the global level. The degraded soil does not suit plants growth owing to the alteration in biogeochemical cycles of nutrients, soil microbial diversity, soil organic matter, and increasing concentration of heavy metals and organic chemicals. Therefore, it is imperative that a solution should be found for such emerging issues in order to establish a sustainable future. In this context, the importance of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) for their ability to reduce plant stress has been recognized. A direct and indirect mechanism in plant growth promotion is facilitated by PGPR via phytostimulation, biofertilizers, and biocontrol activities. However, plant stress mediated by deteriorated soil at the field level is not entirely addressed by the implementation of PGPR at the field level. Thus, emerging methods such as CRISPR and nanotechnological approaches along with PGPR could manage degraded soil effectively. In the pursuit of the critical gaps in this respect, the present review discusses the recent advancement in PGPR action when used along with nanomaterials and CRISPR, impacting plant growth under degraded soil, thereby opening a new horizon for researchers in this field to mitigate the challenges of degraded soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir K Upadhyay
- Department of Environmental Science, V.B.S. Purvanchal University, Jaunpur, 222003, India
| | - Vishnu D Rajput
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 344090.
| | - Arpna Kumari
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 344090
| | - Daniel Espinosa-Saiz
- Microbiology and Genetics Department, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), Villamayor, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Esther Menendez
- Microbiology and Genetics Department, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), Villamayor, Salamanca, Spain
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Institute for Advanced Studies and Research (IIFA), Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Évora, Portugal
| | - Tatiana Minkina
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 344090
| | - Padmanabh Dwivedi
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U.P., 221005, India
| | - Saglara Mandzhieva
- Academy of Biology and Biotechnology, Southern Federal University, Rostov-on-Don, Russia, 344090
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6
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Ye Q, Zhong Z, Chao S, Liu L, Chen M, Feng X, Wu H. Antifungal Effect of Bacillus velezensis ZN-S10 against Plant Pathogen Colletotrichum changpingense and Its Inhibition Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16694. [PMID: 38069016 PMCID: PMC10705930 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to optimize crop production and mitigate the adverse impacts associated with the utilization of chemical agents, it is necessary to explore new biocontrol agents. Bacillus velezensis has been widely studied as a biocontrol agent because of its efficient and ecofriendly plant disease control mechanisms. This study shows that the strain ZN-S10 effectively reduces the area of leaf spots caused by the pathogen Colletotrichum changpingense ZAFU0163-1, which affects conidia production and germination, inhibits mycelium growth, and induces mycelium deformation. In antifungal experiments with crude extracts, we observed a delay in the cell cycle of conidia, which may be responsible for the inhibition of conidial germination. Among the bioactive metabolites detected through integrated LC-MS- and GC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics, 7-O-Succinyl macrolactin A, telocinobufagin, and surfactin A may be the main antifungal metabolites of strain ZN-S10. The presence of 7-O-Succinyl macrolactin A could explain the cell damage in germ tubes. This is the first report of telocinobufagin detected in B. velezensis. These results are significant for understanding the inhibitory mechanisms employed by B. velezensis and should serve as a reference in the production of biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingling Ye
- Jixian Honors College, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China;
| | - Zhupeiqi Zhong
- College of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Z.Z.); (S.C.); (L.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Shufeng Chao
- College of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Z.Z.); (S.C.); (L.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Lu Liu
- College of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Z.Z.); (S.C.); (L.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Mengli Chen
- College of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Z.Z.); (S.C.); (L.L.); (M.C.)
| | - Xiaoxiao Feng
- Agricultural Experiment Station, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huiming Wu
- College of Advanced Agriculture Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou 311300, China; (Z.Z.); (S.C.); (L.L.); (M.C.)
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7
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Nie E, He P, Peng W, Zhang H, Lü F. Microbial volatile organic compounds as novel indicators of anaerobic digestion instability: Potential and challenges. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108204. [PMID: 37356597 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The wide application of anaerobic digestion (AD) technology is limited by process fluctuations. Thus, process monitoring based on screening state parameters as early warning indicators (EWI) is a top priority for AD facilities. However, predicting anaerobic digester stability based on such indicators is difficult, and their threshold values are uncertain, case-specific, and sometimes produce conflicting results. Thus, new EWI should be proposed to integrate microbial and metabolic information. These microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOCs) including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic compounds are produced by microorganisms (bacteria, archaea and fungi), which might serve as a promising diagnostic tool for environmental monitoring. Moreover, mVOCs diffuse in both gas and liquid phases and are considered the language of intra kingdom microbial interactions. Herein, we highlight the potential of mVOCs as EWI for AD process instability, including discussions regarding characteristics and sources of mVOCs as well as sampling and determination methods. Furthermore, existing challenges must be addressed, before mVOCs profiling can be used as an early warning system for diagnosing AD process instability, such as mVOCs sampling, analysis and identification. Finally, we discuss the potential biotechnology applications of mVOCs and approaches to overcome the challenges regarding their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erqi Nie
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Pinjing He
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Peng
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Zhang
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Lü
- Institute of Waste Treatment and Reclamation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Naik H, Maiti S, Amaresan N. Microbial volatile compounds (MVCs): an eco-friendly tool to manage abiotic stress in plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:91746-91760. [PMID: 37531051 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29010-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Microbial volatile compounds (MVCs) are produced during the metabolism of microorganisms, are widely distributed in nature, and have significant applications in various fields. To date, several MVCs have been identified. Microbial groups such as bacteria and fungi release many organic and inorganic volatile compounds. They are typically small odorous compounds with low molecular masses, low boiling points, and lipophilic moieties with high vapor pressures. The physicochemical properties of MVCs help them to diffuse more readily in nature and allow dispersal to a more profound distance than other microbial non-volatile metabolites. In natural environments, plants communicate with several microorganisms and respond differently to MVCs. Here, we review the following points: (1) MVCs produced by various microbes including bacteria, fungi, viruses, yeasts, and algae; (2) How MVCs are effective, simple, efficient, and can modulate plant growth and developmental processes; and (3) how MVCs improve photosynthesis and increase plant resistance to various abiotic stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetvi Naik
- C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Maliba Campus, Bardoli, Surat, Gujarat, 394 350, India
| | - Saborni Maiti
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Natarajan Amaresan
- C. G. Bhakta Institute of Biotechnology, Uka Tarsadia University, Maliba Campus, Bardoli, Surat, Gujarat, 394 350, India.
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Why Do These Yeasts Smell So Good? Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Produced by Malassezia Species in the Exponential and Stationary Growth Phases. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062620. [PMID: 36985592 PMCID: PMC10056951 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Malassezia synthesizes and releases volatile organic compounds (VOCs), small molecules that allow them to carry out interaction processes. These lipid-dependent yeasts belong to the human skin mycobiota and are related to dermatological diseases. However, knowledge about VOC production and its function is lacking. This study aimed to determine the volatile profiles of Malassezia globosa, Malassezia restricta, and Malassezia sympodialis in the exponential and stationary growth phases. The compounds were separated and characterized in each growth phase through headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). We found a total of 54 compounds, 40 annotated. Most of the compounds identified belong to alcohols and polyols, fatty alcohols, alkanes, and unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. Unsupervised and supervised statistical multivariate analyses demonstrated that the volatile profiles of Malassezia differed between species and growth phases, with M. globosa being the species with the highest quantity of VOCs. Some Malassezia volatiles, such as butan-1-ol, 2-methylbutan-1-ol, 3-methylbutan-1-ol, and 2-methylpropan-1-ol, associated with biological interactions were also detected. All three species show at least one unique compound, suggesting a unique metabolism. The ecological functions of the compounds detected in each species and growth phase remain to be studied. They could interact with other microorganisms or be an important clue in understanding the pathogenic role of these yeasts.
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Roslund K, Uosukainen M, Järvik K, Hartonen K, Lehto M, Pussinen P, Groop PH, Metsälä M. Antibiotic treatment and supplemental hemin availability affect the volatile organic compounds produced by P. gingivalis in vitro. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22534. [PMID: 36581644 PMCID: PMC9800405 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26497-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have measured the changes in the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis, when treated in vitro with the antibiotic amoxicillin. We have also measured the VOC production of P. gingivalis grown in the presence and absence of supplemental hemin. Planktonic bacterial cultures were treated with different amounts of amoxicillin in the lag phase of the bacterial growth. Planktonic bacteria were also cultured with and without supplemental hemin in the culture medium. Concentrations of VOCs were measured with proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) and further molecular identification was done with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) using solid phase microextraction (SPME) for sampling. The cell growth of P. gingivalis in the cultures was estimated with optical density measurements at the wavelength of 600 nm (OD600). We found that the production of methanethiol, hydrogen sulfide and several short- to medium-chain fatty acids was decreased with antibiotic treatment using amoxicillin. Compounds found to increase with the antibiotic treatment were butyric acid and indole. In cultures without supplemental hemin, indole and short- to medium-chain fatty acid production was significantly reduced. Acetic acid production was found to increase when supplemental hemin was not available. Our results suggest that the metabolic effects of both antibiotic treatment and supplemental hemin availability are reflected in the VOCs produced by P. gingivalis and could be used as markers for bacterial cell growth and response to threat. Analysis of these volatiles from human samples, such as the exhaled breath, could be used in the future to rapidly monitor response to antibacterial treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajsa Roslund
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Moona Uosukainen
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katriin Järvik
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Hartonen
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markku Lehto
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine Research Programs, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirkko Pussinen
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.9668.10000 0001 0726 2490Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Per-Henrik Groop
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Biomedicum Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Abdominal Center Nephrology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine Research Programs, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland ,grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Markus Metsälä
- grid.7737.40000 0004 0410 2071Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Chandrasekaran M, Paramasivan M, Sahayarayan JJ. Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds: An Alternative for Chemical Fertilizers in Sustainable Agriculture Development. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010042. [PMID: 36677334 PMCID: PMC9861404 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms are exceptional at producing several volatile substances called microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOCs). The mVOCs allow the microorganism to communicate with other organisms via both inter and intracellular signaling pathways. Recent investigation has revealed that mVOCs are chemically very diverse and play vital roles in plant interactions and microbial communication. The mVOCs can also modify the plant's physiological and hormonal pathways to augment plant growth and production. Moreover, mVOCs have been affirmed for effective alleviation of stresses, and also act as an elicitor of plant immunity. Thus, mVOCs act as an effective alternative to various chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The present review summarizes the recent findings about mVOCs and their roles in inter and intra-kingdoms interactions. Prospects for improving soil fertility, food safety, and security are affirmed for mVOCs application for sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugesan Chandrasekaran
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Neungdong-ro 209, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3408-4026
| | - Manivannan Paramasivan
- Department of Microbiology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamilnadu, India
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12
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Luo H, Riu M, Ryu CM, Yu JM. Volatile organic compounds emitted by Burkholderia pyrrocinia CNUC9 trigger induced systemic salt tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1050901. [PMID: 36466674 PMCID: PMC9713481 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1050901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Salinity is among the most significant abiotic stresses that negatively affects plant growth and agricultural productivity worldwide. One ecofriendly tool for broadly improving plant tolerance to salt stress is the use of bio-inoculum with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). In this study, a bacterium strain CNUC9, which was isolated from maize rhizosphere, showed several plant growth-promoting characteristics including the production of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase, indole acetic acid, siderophore, and phosphate solubilization. Based on 16S rRNA and recA gene sequence analysis, we identified strain CNUC9 as Burkholderia pyrrocinia. Out of bacterial determinants to elicit plant physiological changes, we investigated the effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by B. pyrrocinia CNUC9 on growth promotion and salinity tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. Higher germination and survival rates were observed after CNUC9 VOCs exposure under 100 mM NaCl stress. CNUC9 VOCs altered the root system architecture and total leaf area of A. thaliana compared to the control. A. thaliana exposed to VOCs induced salt tolerance by increasing its total soluble sugar and chlorophyll content. In addition, lower levels of reactive oxygen species, proline, and malondialdehyde were detected in CNUC9 VOCs-treated A. thaliana seedlings under stress conditions, indicating that VOCs emitted by CNUC9 protected the plant from oxidative damage induced by salt stress. VOC profiles were obtained through solid-phase microextraction and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), methyl thioacetate, and 2-undecanone were identified as products of CNUC9. Our results indicate that optimal concentrations of DMDS and 2-undecanone promoted growth in A. thaliana seedlings. Our findings provide greater insight into the salt stress alleviation of VOCs produced by B. pyrrocinia CNUC9, as well as potential sustainable agriculture applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Luo
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Myoungjoo Riu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Infectious Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jun Myoung Yu
- Department of Applied Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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13
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von Hoermann C, Weithmann S, Sikorski J, Nevo O, Szpila K, Grzywacz A, Grunwald JE, Reckel F, Overmann J, Steiger S, Ayasse M. Linking bacteria, volatiles and insects on carrion: the role of temporal and spatial factors regulating inter-kingdom communication via volatiles. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:220555. [PMID: 36061525 PMCID: PMC9428529 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Multi-kingdom community complexity and the chemically mediated dynamics between bacteria and insects have recently received increased attention in carrion research. However, the strength of these inter-kingdom interactions and the factors that regulate them are poorly studied. We used 75 piglet cadavers across three forest regions to survey the relationship between three actors (epinecrotic bacteria, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and flies) during the first 4 days of decomposition and the factors that regulate this interdependence. The results showed a dynamic bacterial change during decomposition (temperature-time index) and across the forest management gradient, but not between regions. Similarly, VOC emission was dynamic across a temperature-time index and the forest management gradient but did not differ between regions. However, fly occurrence was dynamic across both space and time. The strong interdependence between the three actors was mainly regulated by the temperature-time index and the study regions, thereby revealing regulation at temporal and spatial scales. Additionally, the actor interdependence was stable across a gradient of forest management intensity. By combining different actors of decomposition, we have expanded our knowledge of the holistic mechanisms regulating carrion community dynamics and inter-kingdom interactions, an important precondition for better describing food web dynamics and entire ecosystem functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian von Hoermann
- Department of Conservation and Research, Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Sandra Weithmann
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Johannes Sikorski
- Department of Microbial Ecology and Diversity Research, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Omer Nevo
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Szpila
- Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Andrzej Grzywacz
- Department of Ecology and Biogeography, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
| | - Jan-Eric Grunwald
- Bavarian State Criminal Police Office, SG 204, Microtraces/Biology, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Reckel
- Bavarian State Criminal Police Office, SG 204, Microtraces/Biology, 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Overmann
- Department of Microbial Ecology and Diversity Research, Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sandra Steiger
- Department of Evolutionary Animal Ecology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Manfred Ayasse
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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14
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Ogbodo JO, Arazu AV, Iguh TC, Onwodi NJ, Ezike TC. Volatile organic compounds: A proinflammatory activator in autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:928379. [PMID: 35967306 PMCID: PMC9373925 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.928379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The etiopathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including pulmonary disease, atherosclerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis, has been linked to human exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOC) present in the environment. Chronic inflammation due to immune breakdown and malfunctioning of the immune system has been projected to play a major role in the initiation and progression of autoimmune disorders. Macrophages, major phagocytes involved in the regulation of chronic inflammation, are a major target of VOC. Excessive and prolonged activation of immune cells (T and B lymphocytes) and overexpression of the master pro-inflammatory constituents [cytokine and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, together with other mediators (interleukin-6, interleukin-1, and interferon-gamma)] have been shown to play a central role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammatory responses. The function and efficiency of the immune system resulting in immunostimulation and immunosuppression are a result of exogenous and endogenous factors. An autoimmune disorder is a by-product of the overproduction of these inflammatory mediators. Additionally, an excess of these toxicants helps in promoting autoimmunity through alterations in DNA methylation in CD4 T cells. The purpose of this review is to shed light on the possible role of VOC exposure in the onset and progression of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Onyebuchi Ogbodo
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukkagu, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Amarachukwu Vivan Arazu
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukkagu, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Tochukwu Chisom Iguh
- Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Ngozichukwuka Julie Onwodi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Industrial Pharmacy, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Tobechukwu Christian Ezike
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
- *Correspondence: Tobechukwu Christian Ezike,
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15
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Effects of Volatile Organic Compounds on Biofilms and Swimming Motility of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081512. [PMID: 35893570 PMCID: PMC9394263 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by bacteria play an important role in the interaction between microorganisms and other organisms. They can inhibit the growth of phytopathogenic microorganisms, modulate plant growth, and serve as infochemicals. Here, we investigated the effects of ketones, alcohols, and terpenes on the colony biofilms of plant pathogenic Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains and swimming motility, which can play an important role in the formation of biofilms. It was shown that 2-octanone had the greatest inhibitory effect on biofilm formation, acting in a small amount (38.7 g/m3). Ketone 2-butanone and unsaturated ketone β-ionone reduced the formation of biofilms at higher doses (145.2–580.6 and 387.1–1548.3 g/m3, respectively, up to 2.5–5 times). Isoamyl alcohol and 2-phenylethanol decreased the formation of biofilms at doses of 88.7 and 122.9 g/m3 by 1.7 and 5 times, respectively, with an increased effect at 177.4 and 245.9 g/m3, respectively. The agrobacteria cells in mature biofilms were more resistant to the action of ketones and alcohols. These VOCs also suppressed the swimming motility of agrobacteria; the radius of swimming zones decreased ~from 2 to 5 times. Terpenes (−)-limonene and (+)-α-pinene had no significant influence on the colony biofilms and swimming motility at the doses used. The results obtained represent new information about the effect of VOCs on biofilms and the motility of bacteria.
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16
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Lammers A, Lalk M, Garbeva P. Air Ambulance: Antimicrobial Power of Bacterial Volatiles. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11010109. [PMID: 35052986 PMCID: PMC8772769 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We are currently facing an antimicrobial resistance crisis, which means that a lot of bacterial pathogens have developed resistance to common antibiotics. Hence, novel and innovative solutions are urgently needed to combat resistant human pathogens. A new source of antimicrobial compounds could be bacterial volatiles. Volatiles are ubiquitous produced, chemically divers and playing essential roles in intra- and interspecies interactions like communication and antimicrobial defense. In the last years, an increasing number of studies showed bioactivities of bacterial volatiles, including antibacterial, antifungal and anti-oomycete activities, indicating bacterial volatiles as an exciting source for novel antimicrobial compounds. In this review we introduce the chemical diversity of bacterial volatiles, their antimicrobial activities and methods for testing this activity. Concluding, we discuss the possibility of using antimicrobial volatiles to antagonize the antimicrobial resistance crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lammers
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Metabolomics, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany;
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: or (A.L.); (P.G.)
| | - Michael Lalk
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry and Metabolomics, University of Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Paolina Garbeva
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: or (A.L.); (P.G.)
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17
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Cerimi K, Jäckel U, Meyer V, Daher U, Reinert J, Klar S. In Vitro Systems for Toxicity Evaluation of Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds on Humans: Current Status and Trends. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:75. [PMID: 35050015 PMCID: PMC8780961 DOI: 10.3390/jof8010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOC) are metabolic products and by-products of bacteria and fungi. They play an important role in the biosphere: They are responsible for inter- and intra-species communication and can positively or negatively affect growth in plants. But they can also cause discomfort and disease symptoms in humans. Although a link between mVOCs and respiratory health symptoms in humans has been demonstrated by numerous studies, standardized test systems for evaluating the toxicity of mVOCs are currently not available. Also, mVOCs are not considered systematically at regulatory level. We therefore performed a literature survey of existing in vitro exposure systems and lung models in order to summarize the state-of-the-art and discuss their suitability for understanding the potential toxic effects of mVOCs on human health. We present a review of submerged cultivation, air-liquid-interface (ALI), spheroids and organoids as well as multi-organ approaches and compare their advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, we discuss the limitations of mVOC fingerprinting. However, given the most recent developments in the field, we expect that there will soon be adequate models of the human respiratory tract and its response to mVOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kustrim Cerimi
- Unit 4.7 Biological Agents, Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Nöldnerstraße 40–42, 10317 Berlin, Germany; (U.J.); (J.R.); (S.K.)
| | - Udo Jäckel
- Unit 4.7 Biological Agents, Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Nöldnerstraße 40–42, 10317 Berlin, Germany; (U.J.); (J.R.); (S.K.)
| | - Vera Meyer
- Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Ugarit Daher
- BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), BIH Stem Cell Core Facility, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Jessica Reinert
- Unit 4.7 Biological Agents, Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Nöldnerstraße 40–42, 10317 Berlin, Germany; (U.J.); (J.R.); (S.K.)
| | - Stefanie Klar
- Unit 4.7 Biological Agents, Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Nöldnerstraße 40–42, 10317 Berlin, Germany; (U.J.); (J.R.); (S.K.)
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18
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The Effect of Volatile Organic Compounds on Different Organisms: Agrobacteria, Plants and Insects. Microorganisms 2021; 10:microorganisms10010069. [PMID: 35056518 PMCID: PMC8781025 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria and fungi emit a huge variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that can provide a valuable arsenal for practical use. However, the biological activities and functions of the VOCs are poorly understood. This work aimed to study the action of individual VOCs on the bacteria Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Arabidopsis thaliana plants, and fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster. VOCs used in the work included ketones, alcohols, and terpenes. The potent inhibitory effect on the growth of A. tumefaciens was shown for 2-octanone and isoamyl alcohol. Terpenes (−)-limonene and (+)-α-pinene practically did not act on bacteria, even at high doses (up to 400 µmol). 2-Butanone and 2-pentanone increased the biomass of A. thaliana at doses of 200–400 μmol by 1.5–2 times; 2-octanone had the same effect at 10 μmol and decreased plant biomass at higher doses. Isoamyl alcohol and 2-phenylethanol suppressed plant biomass several times at doses of 50–100 μmol. Plant seed germination was most strongly suppressed by isoamyl alcohol and 2-phenylethanol. The substantial killing effect (at low doses) on D. melanogaster was exerted by the terpenes and the ketones 2-octanone and 2-pentanone. The obtained data showed new information about the biological activities of VOCs in relation to organisms belonging to different kingdoms.
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19
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Wang H, Zhang R, Duan Y, Jiang W, Chen X, Shen X, Yin C, Mao Z. The Endophytic Strain Trichoderma asperellum 6S-2: An Efficient Biocontrol Agent against Apple Replant Disease in China and a Potential Plant-Growth-Promoting Fungus. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121050. [PMID: 34947033 PMCID: PMC8705406 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted for endophytic antagonistic fungi obtained from the roots of healthy apple trees growing in nine replanted orchards in Shandong Province, China. The fungi were assessed for their ability to inhibit Fusarium proliferatum f. sp. malus domestica MR5, a fungal strain associated with apple replant disease (ARD). An effective endophyte, designated as strain 6S-2, was isolated and identified as Trichoderma asperellum. Strain 6S-2 demonstrated protease, amylase, cellulase, and laccase activities, which are important for the parasitic and antagonistic functions of pathogenic fungi. The inhibition rate of 6S-2 against Fusarium proliferatum f. sp. malus domestica MR5 was 52.41%. Strain 6S-2 also secreted iron carriers, auxin, ammonia and was able to solubilize phosphorus. Its fermentation extract and volatile substances inhibited the growth of MR5, causing its hyphae to twist, shrink, swell, and rupture. The antifungal activity of the 6S-2 fermentation extract increased with increasing concentrations. It promoted the production and elongation of Arabidopsis thaliana lateral roots, and the strongest effects were seen at a concentration of 50 mg/mL. A GC-MS analysis of the 6S-2 fermentation extract and volatile substances showed that they comprised mainly alkanes, alcohols, and furanones, as well as the specific volatile substance 6-PP. The application of 6S-2 spore suspension to replanted apple orchard soils reduced plant oxidative damage and promoted plant growth in a pot experiment. Therefore, the endophytic strain T. asperellum 6S-2 has the potential to serve as an effective biocontrol fungus for the prevention of ARD in China, and appears to promote plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chengmiao Yin
- Correspondence: (C.Y.); (Z.M.); Tel.: +86-186-5388-0060 (C.Y.); +86-139-5382-2958 (Z.M.)
| | - Zhiquan Mao
- Correspondence: (C.Y.); (Z.M.); Tel.: +86-186-5388-0060 (C.Y.); +86-139-5382-2958 (Z.M.)
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20
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Naamala J, Smith DL. Microbial Derived Compounds Are a Promising Approach to Mitigating Salinity Stress in Agricultural Crops. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:765320. [PMID: 34867895 PMCID: PMC8640360 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.765320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of microbial derived compounds is a technological approach currently gaining popularity among researchers, with hopes of complementing, supplementing and addressing key issues associated with use of microbial cells for enhancing plant growth. The new technology is a promising approach to mitigating effects of salinity stress in agricultural crops, given that these compounds could be less prone to effects of salt stress, are required in small quantities and are easier to store and handle than microbial cells. Microorganism derived compounds such as thuricin17, lipochitooligosaccharides, phytohormones and volatile organic compounds have been reported to mitigate the effects of salt stress in agricultural crops such as soybean and wheat. This mini-review compiles current knowledge regarding the use of microbe derived compounds in mitigating salinity stress in crops, the mechanisms they employ as well as future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Naamala
- Smith Laboratory, Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Donald L Smith
- Smith Laboratory, Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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21
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Kłosowski G, Mikulski D, Pielech-Przybylska K. Pyrazines Biosynthesis by Bacillus Strains Isolated from Natto Fermented Soybean. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1736. [PMID: 34827734 PMCID: PMC8615529 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrazines are organic compounds with a varied, intense aroma of roasted nuts, occasionally with hints of baked potatoes, almonds, and others. As a result, they are used in the food industry as food flavorings. Biosynthesis of pyrazines using microorganisms in environmentally friendly conditions is an alternative to chemical synthesis. However, screening is required to isolate efficient producer strains for efficient biosynthesis of this compound. The study's goal was to assess the ability of Bacillus subtilis cultures isolated from natto (fermented soybeans) to biosynthesize a broad range of alkylpyrazines. B. subtilis isolated cultures were found to be capable of producing 2-methylpyrazine, 2,3-dimethylpyrazine, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine, and 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine. As a result of the screening, two cultures of B. subtilis capable of producing alkylpyrazines were isolated. At a total concentration of 3261 µg/L, the BcP4 strain primarily produced 2-methylpyrazine (690 µg/L), 2,3-dimethylpyrazine (680 µg/L), and 2,6-dimethylpyrazine (1891 µg/L). At a total concentration of 558 mg/L, the BcP21 strain produced 2,5-dimethylpyrazine (4.5 mg/L), 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine (52.6 mg/L), and 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (501.1 mg/L). The results show that different B. subtilis strains are predisposed to produce different alkylpyrazines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Kłosowski
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-671 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Dawid Mikulski
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kazimierz Wielki University, 85-671 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Pielech-Przybylska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, 90-530 Lodz, Poland;
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22
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Kaup M, Trull S, Hom EFY. On the move: sloths and their epibionts as model mobile ecosystems. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:2638-2660. [PMID: 34309191 PMCID: PMC9290738 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sloths are unusual mobile ecosystems, containing a high diversity of epibionts living and growing in their fur as they climb slowly through the canopies of tropical forests. These epibionts include poorly studied algae, arthropods, fungi, and bacteria, making sloths likely reservoirs of unexplored biodiversity. This review aims to identify gaps and eliminate misconceptions in our knowledge of sloths and their epibionts, and to identify key questions to stimulate future research into the functions and roles of sloths within a broader ecological and evolutionary context. This review also seeks to position the sloth fur ecosystem as a model for addressing fundamental questions in metacommunity and movement ecology. The conceptual and evidence-based foundation of this review aims to serve as a guide for future hypothesis-driven research into sloths, their microbiota, sloth health and conservation, and the coevolution of symbioses in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Kaup
- Department of Biology and Center for Biodiversity and Conservation Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677-1848, U.S.A
| | - Sam Trull
- The Sloth Institute, Tulemar Gardens, Provincia de Puntarenas, Manuel Antonio, 60601, Costa Rica
| | - Erik F Y Hom
- Department of Biology and Center for Biodiversity and Conservation Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS, 38677-1848, U.S.A
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Rios-Navarro A, Gonzalez M, Carazzone C, Celis Ramírez AM. Learning about microbial language: possible interactions mediated by microbial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and relevance to understanding Malassezia spp. metabolism. Metabolomics 2021; 17:39. [PMID: 33825999 PMCID: PMC8026438 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-021-01786-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microorganisms synthesize and release a large diversity of small molecules like volatile compounds, which allow them to relate and interact with their environment. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are carbon-based compounds with low molecular weight and generally, high vapor pressure; because of their nature, they spread easily in the environment. Little is known about the role of VOCs in the interaction processes, and less is known about VOCs produced by Malassezia, a genus of yeasts that belongs to the human skin mycobiota. These yeasts have been associated with several dermatological diseases and currently, they are considered as emerging opportunistic yeasts. Research about secondary metabolites of these yeasts is limited. The pathogenic role and the molecular mechanisms involved in the infection processes of this genus are yet to be clarified. VOCs produced by Malassezia yeasts could play an important function in their metabolism; in addition, they might be involved in either beneficial or pathogenic host-interaction processes. Since these yeasts present differences in their nutritional requirements, like lipids to grow, it is possible that these variations of growth requirements also define differences in the volatile organic compounds produced in Malassezia species. AIM OF REVIEW We present a mini review about VOCs produced by microorganisms and Malassezia species, and hypothesize about their role in its metabolism, which would reveal clues about host-pathogen interaction. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Since living organisms inhabit a similar environment, the interaction processes occur naturally; as a result, a signal and a response from participants of these processes become important in understanding several biological behaviors. The efforts to elucidate how living organisms interact has been studied from several perspectives. An important issue is that VOCs released by the microbiota plays a key role in the setup of relationships between living micro and macro organisms. The challenge is to determine what is the role of these VOCs produced by human microbiota in commensal/pathogenic scenarios, and how these allow understanding the species metabolism. Malassezia is part of the human mycobiota, and it is implicated in commensal and pathogenic processes. It is possible that their VOCs are involved in these behavioral changes, but the knowledge about this remains overlocked. For this reason, VOCs produced by microorganisms and Malassezia spp. and their role in several biological processes are the main topic in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rios-Navarro
- grid.7247.60000000419370714Cellular and Molecular of Pathogenic Microorganisms Research Group (CeMoP), Biological Sciences Department, Universidad de Los Andes, Cra 1 No. 18A-12, Bogotá, 111711 Cundinamarca Colombia
| | - Mabel Gonzalez
- grid.7247.60000000419370714Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Techniques in Natural Products (LATNAP), Chemistry Department, Universidad de Los Andes, Cra 1 No. 18A-12, Bogotá, 111711 Cundinamarca Colombia
| | - Chiara Carazzone
- grid.7247.60000000419370714Laboratory of Advanced Analytical Techniques in Natural Products (LATNAP), Chemistry Department, Universidad de Los Andes, Cra 1 No. 18A-12, Bogotá, 111711 Cundinamarca Colombia
| | - Adriana Marcela Celis Ramírez
- grid.7247.60000000419370714Cellular and Molecular of Pathogenic Microorganisms Research Group (CeMoP), Biological Sciences Department, Universidad de Los Andes, Cra 1 No. 18A-12, Bogotá, 111711 Cundinamarca Colombia
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Crowley-Gall A, Rering CC, Rudolph AB, Vannette RL, Beck JJ. Volatile microbial semiochemicals and insect perception at flowers. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 44:23-34. [PMID: 33096275 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Many plant-associated microbial communities produce volatile signals that influence insect responses, yet the impact of floral microorganisms has received less attention than other plant microbiomes. Floral microorganisms alter plant and floral odors by adding their own emissions or modifying plant volatiles. These contextual and microbe species-specific changes in floral signaling are detectable by insects and can modify their behavior. Opportunities for future work in floral systems include identifying specific microbial semiochemicals that underlie insect behavioral responses and examining if insect species vary in their responses to microbial volatiles. Examining if documented patterns are consistent across diverse plant-microbe-insect interactions and in realistic plant-based studies will improve our understanding of how microbes mediate pollination interactions in complex system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Crowley-Gall
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, 43 Briggs Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Caitlin C Rering
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Arthur B Rudolph
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Rachel L Vannette
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, 43 Briggs Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - John J Beck
- Chemistry Research Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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Gallardo-Benavente C, Campo-Giraldo JL, Castro-Severyn J, Quiroz A, Pérez-Donoso JM. Genomics Insights into Pseudomonas sp. CG01: An Antarctic Cadmium-Resistant Strain Capable of Biosynthesizing CdS Nanoparticles Using Methionine as S-Source. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:187. [PMID: 33514061 PMCID: PMC7912247 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we present the draft genome sequence of Pseudomonas sp. GC01, a cadmium-resistant Antarctic bacterium capable of biosynthesizing CdS fluorescent nanoparticles (quantum dots, QDs) employing a unique mechanism involving the production of methanethiol (MeSH) from methionine (Met). To explore the molecular/metabolic components involved in QDs biosynthesis, we conducted a comparative genomic analysis, searching for the genes related to cadmium resistance and sulfur metabolic pathways. The genome of Pseudomonas sp. GC01 has a 4,706,645 bp size with a 58.61% G+C content. Pseudomonas sp. GC01 possesses five genes related to cadmium transport/resistance, with three P-type ATPases (cadA, zntA, and pbrA) involved in Cd-secretion that could contribute to the extracellular biosynthesis of CdS QDs. Furthermore, it exhibits genes involved in sulfate assimilation, cysteine/methionine synthesis, and volatile sulfur compounds catabolic pathways. Regarding MeSH production from Met, Pseudomonas sp. GC01 lacks the genes E4.4.1.11 and megL for MeSH generation. Interestingly, despite the absence of these genes, Pseudomonas sp. GC01 produces high levels of MeSH. This is probably associated with the metC gene that also produces MeSH from Met in bacteria. This work is the first report of the potential genes involved in Cd resistance, sulfur metabolism, and the process of MeSH-dependent CdS QDs bioproduction in Pseudomonas spp. strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Gallardo-Benavente
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, 4780000 Temuco, Chile;
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, 4780000 Temuco, Chile
| | - Jessica L. Campo-Giraldo
- BioNanotechnology and Microbiology Lab, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, 8320000 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Juan Castro-Severyn
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Aplicada y Extremófilos, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Católica del Norte, 1240000 Antofagasta, Chile;
| | - Andrés Quiroz
- Centro de Excelencia en Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, 4780000 Temuco, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Universidad de La Frontera, 4780000 Temuco, Chile
| | - José M. Pérez-Donoso
- BioNanotechnology and Microbiology Lab, Center for Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, 8320000 Santiago, Chile;
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Volatile-Mediated Inhibitory Activity of Rhizobacteria as a Result of Multiple Factors Interaction: The Case of Lysobacter capsici AZ78. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111761. [PMID: 33182371 PMCID: PMC7695267 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant beneficial rhizobacteria may antagonize soilborne plant pathogens by producing a vast array of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The production of these compounds depends on the medium composition used for bacterial cell growth. Accordingly, Lysobacter capsici AZ78 (AZ78) grown on a protein-rich medium was previously found to emit volatile pyrazines with toxic activity against soilborne phypathogenic fungi and oomycetes. However, the discrepancy between the quantity of pyrazines in the gaseous phase and the minimum quantity needed to achieve inhibition of plant pathogens observed, lead us to further investigate the volatile-mediated inhibitory activity of AZ78. Here, we show that, besides VOCs, AZ78 cells produce ammonia in increased amounts when a protein-rich medium is used for bacterial growth. The production of this volatile compound caused the alkalinization of the physically separated culture medium where Rhizoctonia solani was inoculated subsequently. Results achieved in this work clearly demonstrate that VOC, ammonia and the growth medium alkalinization contribute to the overall inhibitory activity of AZ78 against R. solani. Thus, our findings suggest that the volatile-mediated inhibitory activity of rhizobacteria in protein-rich substrates can be regarded as a result of multiple factors interaction, rather than exclusively VOCs production.
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Hohmann P, Schlaeppi K, Sessitsch A. miCROPe 2019 - emerging research priorities towards microbe-assisted crop production. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 96:fiaa177. [PMID: 32832989 PMCID: PMC7505255 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The miCROPe 2019 symposium, which took place from 2 to 5 December 2019 in Vienna, Austria, has unified researchers and industry from around the world to discuss opportunities, challenges and needs of microbe-assisted crop production. There is broad consensus that microorganisms-with their abilities to alleviate biotic and abiotic stresses and to improve plant nutrition-offer countless opportunities to enhance plant productivity and to ameliorate agricultural sustainability. However, microbe-assisted cultivation approaches face challenges that need to be addressed before a breakthrough of such technologies can be expected. Following up on the miCROPe symposium and a linked satellite workshop on breeding for beneficial plant-microbe interactions, we carved out research priorities towards successful implementation of microbiome knowledge for modern agriculture. These include (i) to solve context dependency for microbial inoculation approaches and (ii) to identify the genetic determinants to allow breeding for beneficial plant-microbiome interactions. With the combination of emerging third generation sequencing technologies and new causal research approaches, we now stand at the crossroad of utilising microbe-assisted crop production as a reliable and sustainable agronomic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Hohmann
- Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Department of Crop Sciences, Ackerstrasse 113, Frick, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Schlaeppi
- University of Basel, Department of Environmental Sciencesrtment of Environmental Sciences, Bernoullistrasse 32, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Bern, Institute of Plant Sciences, Altenbergrain 21, Bern, Switzerland
- Agroscope, Division of Agroecology and Environment, Reckenholzstrasse 191, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angela Sessitsch
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Health and Bioresources, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, Bioresources Unit, Tulln, Austria
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Jenkins CL, Bean HD. Dependence of the Staphylococcal Volatilome Composition on Microbial Nutrition. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10090347. [PMID: 32867100 PMCID: PMC7569959 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10090347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro cultivation of staphylococci is fundamental to both clinical and research microbiology, but few studies, to-date, have investigated how the differences in rich media can influence the volatilome of cultivated bacteria. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of rich media composition on the chemical characteristics of the volatilomes of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. S. aureus (ATCC 12600) and S. epidermidis (ATCC 12228) were cultured in triplicate in four rich complex media (brain heart infusion (BHI), lysogeny broth (LB), Mueller Hinton broth (MHB), and tryptic soy broth (TSB)), and the volatile metabolites produced by each culture were analyzed using headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography—time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC×GC-TOFMS). When comparing the chemical compositions of the staph volatilomes by the presence versus absence of volatiles produced in each medium, we observed few differences. However, when the relative abundances of volatiles were included in the analyses, we observed that culturing staph in media containing free glucose (BHI and TSB) resulted in volatilomes dominated by acids and esters (67%). The low-glucose media (LB and MHB) produced ketones in greatest relative abundances, but the volatilome compositions in these two media were highly dissimilar. We conclude that the staphylococcal volatilome is strongly influenced by the nutritional composition of the growth medium, especially the availability of free glucose, which is much more evident when the relative abundances of the volatiles are analyzed, compared to the presence versus absence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie L. Jenkins
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;
- Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Heather D. Bean
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;
- Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- Correspondence:
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Koksharova OA, Popova AA, Plyuta VA, Khmel IA. Four New Genes of Cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 Are Responsible for Sensitivity to 2-Nonanone. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081234. [PMID: 32823644 PMCID: PMC7464499 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are cell metabolites that affect many physiological functions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Earlier we have demonstrated the inhibitory effects of soil bacteria volatiles, including ketones, on cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria are very sensitive to ketone action. To investigate the possible molecular mechanisms of the ketone 2-nonanone influence on cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, we applied a genetic approach. After Tn5-692 transposon mutagenesis, several 2-nonanone resistant mutants have been selected. Four different mutant strains were used for identification of the impaired genes (Synpcc7942_1362, Synpcc7942_0351, Synpcc7942_0732, Synpcc7942_0726) that encode correspondingly: 1) a murein-peptide ligase Mpl that is involved in the biogenesis of cyanobacteria cell wall; 2) a putative ABC transport system substrate-binding proteins MlaD, which participates in ABC transport system that maintains lipid asymmetry in the gram-negative outer membrane by aberrantly localized phospholipids transport from outer to inner membranes of bacterial cells; 3) a conserved hypothetical protein that is encoding by gene belonging to phage gene cluster in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 genome; 4) a protein containing the VRR-NUC (virus-type replication-repair nuclease) domain present in restriction-modification enzymes involved in replication and DNA repair. The obtained results demonstrated that 2-nonanone may have different targets in Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 cells. Among them are proteins involved in the biogenesis and functioning of the cyanobacteria cell wall (Synpcc7942_1362, Synpcc7942_0351, Synpcc7942_0732) and protein participating in stress response at DNA restriction-modification level (Synpcc7942_0726). This paper is the first report about the genes that encode protein products, which can be affected by 2-nonanone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A. Koksharova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1-40, 119992 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov Square, 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.P.); (V.A.P.); (I.A.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-917-534-7543
| | - Alexandra A. Popova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov Square, 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.P.); (V.A.P.); (I.A.K.)
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, The Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prospekt 60 let Oktyabrya, 7/2, 117312 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Plyuta
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov Square, 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.P.); (V.A.P.); (I.A.K.)
| | - Inessa A. Khmel
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”, Kurchatov Square, 2, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.P.); (V.A.P.); (I.A.K.)
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The Attraction of the Dung Beetle Anoplotrupes stercorosus (Coleoptera: Geotrupidae) to Volatiles from Vertebrate Cadavers. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11080476. [PMID: 32727148 PMCID: PMC7469141 DOI: 10.3390/insects11080476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
During decomposition, vertebrate carrion emits volatile organic compounds to which insects and other scavengers are attracted. We have previously found that the dung beetle, Anoplotrupes stercorosus, is the most common dung beetle found on vertebrate cadavers. Our aim in this study was to identify volatile key compounds emitted from carrion and used by A. stercorosus to locate this nutritive resource. By collecting cadaveric volatiles and performing electroantennographic detection, we tested which compounds A. stercorosus perceived in the post-bloating decomposition stage. Receptors in the antennae of A. stercorosus responded to 24 volatiles in odor bouquets from post-bloating decay. Subsequently, we produced a synthetic cadaver odor bouquet consisting of six compounds (benzaldehyde, DMTS, 3-octanone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-ol, nonanal, dodecane) perceived by the beetles and used various blends to attract A. stercorosus in German forests. In field assays, these beetles were attracted to a blend of DMTS, 3-octanone, and benzaldehyde. Generalist feeding behavior might lead to the super-dominant occurrence of A. stercorosus in temperate European forests and have a potentially large impact on the exploitation and rapid turnover of temporally limited resources such as vertebrate cadavers.
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