1
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Hong SY, Lin CH. Epilepsy in sulfite oxidase deficiency and related disorders: insights from neuroimaging and genetics. Epilepsy Behav 2023; 143:109246. [PMID: 37187015 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2023.109246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Sulfite oxidase deficiency (SOD) and related disorders, especially molybdenum cofactor deficiency (MoCD), are a group of rare and severe neurometabolic disorders caused by gene mutations that affect the sulfur-containing amino acid catabolic pathway. These disorders are characterized by distinctive neuroimaging features such as diffuse cerebral atrophy, multicystic encephalomalacia, and ventriculomegaly in early infancy. These features are essential for early diagnosis and treatment. Moreover, the genetics of these disorders are complex but have been increasingly elucidated in the era of molecular medicine. Therefore, we reviewed 28 articles (published from January 1967 until October 2021) on SOD and MoCD, focusing on their neuroimaging and genetic aspects. We highlighted the differences between SOD and MoCD and other conditions that may mimic them, such as common neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and uncommon neonatal metabolic disorder (Leigh syndrome). We also summarized the current knowledge on the genetic mechanisms and the manifestation of seizure disorders of SOD and MoCD. In conclusion, if clinical, neuroimaging, and neuropathological findings suggest a possible SOD or related disorder; extensive molecular diagnostics should be performed to confirm the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syuan-Yu Hong
- Division of Pediatrics Neurology, China Medical University, Children's Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Heng Lin
- Division of Pediatrics Pulmonology, China Medical University, Children's Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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2
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Updates on Quantitative MRI of Diffuse Liver Disease: A Narrative Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:1147111. [PMID: 36619303 PMCID: PMC9812615 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1147111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse liver diseases are highly prevalent conditions around the world, including pathological liver changes that occur when hepatocytes are damaged and liver function declines, often leading to a chronic condition. In the last years, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is reaching an important role in the study of diffuse liver diseases moving from qualitative to quantitative assessment of liver parenchyma. In fact, this can allow noninvasive accurate and standardized assessment of diffuse liver diseases and can represent a concrete alternative to biopsy which represents the current reference standard. MRI approach already tested for other pathologies include diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and radiomics, able to quantify different aspects of diffuse liver disease. New emerging MRI quantitative methods include MR elastography (MRE) for the quantification of the hepatic stiffness in cirrhotic patients, dedicated gradient multiecho sequences for the assessment of hepatic fat storage, and iron overload. Thus, the aim of this review is to give an overview of the technical principles and clinical application of new quantitative MRI techniques for the evaluation of diffuse liver disease.
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3
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Laccetta G, De Nardo MC, Cellitti R, Angeloni U, Terrin G. 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy and its role in predicting neurodevelopmental impairment in preterm neonates: A systematic review. Neuroradiol J 2022; 35:667-677. [PMID: 35698266 PMCID: PMC9626842 DOI: 10.1177/19714009221102454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the diagnostic utility of proton (1H) magnetic resonance spectroscopy in early diagnosis of neurodevelopmental impairment in preterm newborns. Systematic review performed in compliance with the PRISMA statements. Eligible articles were searched in MEDLINE, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science databases using the following medical subject headings and terms: "magnetic resonance spectroscopy," "infant," and "newborn." Studies of any design published until 20 December 2021 and fulfilling the following criteria were selected: (1) studies including newborns with gestational age at birth <37 weeks which underwent at least one 1H-MRS scan within 52 weeks' postmenstrual age and neurodevelopmental assessment within 4 years of age; (2) studies in which preterm newborns with congenital infections, genetic disorders, and brain congenital anomalies were clearly excluded. Data regarding the relationship between metabolite ratios in basal ganglia, thalamus, and white matter, and neurodevelopment were analysed. The quality assessment of included studies was performed according to the criteria from the QUADAS-2. N-acetylaspartate (NAA)/choline (Cho) was the most studied metabolite ratio. Lower NAA/Cho ratio in basal ganglia and thalamus was associated with adverse motor, cognitive, and language outcomes, and worse global neurodevelopment. Lower NAA/Cho ratio in white matter was associated with cognitive impairment. However, some associations came from single studies or were discordant among studies. The quality of included studies was low. 1H-MRS could be a promising tool for early diagnosis of neurodevelopmental impairment. However, further studies of good quality are needed to define the relationship between metabolite ratios and neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluigi Laccetta
- Department of Gynecology-Obstetrics
and Perinatal Medicine, Sapienza University of
Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara De Nardo
- Department of Gynecology-Obstetrics
and Perinatal Medicine, Sapienza University of
Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Cellitti
- Department of Gynecology-Obstetrics
and Perinatal Medicine, Sapienza University of
Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ugo Angeloni
- Department of Neuroradiology, Sapienza University of
Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Terrin
- Department of Gynecology-Obstetrics
and Perinatal Medicine, Sapienza University of
Rome, Rome, Italy
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4
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Davies NP, Rose HEL, Manias KA, Natarajan K, Abernethy LJ, Oates A, Janjua U, Davies P, MacPherson L, Arvanitis TN, Peet AC. Added value of magnetic resonance spectroscopy for diagnosing childhood cerebellar tumours. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 35:e4630. [PMID: 34647377 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
1 H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) provides noninvasive metabolite profiles with the potential to aid the diagnosis of brain tumours. Prospective studies of diagnostic accuracy and comparisons with conventional MRI are lacking. The aim of the current study was to evaluate, prospectively, the diagnostic accuracy of a previously established classifier for diagnosing the three major childhood cerebellar tumours, and to determine added value compared with standard reporting of conventional imaging. Single-voxel MRS (1.5 T, PRESS, TE 30 ms, TR 1500 ms, spectral resolution 1 Hz/point) was acquired prospectively on 39 consecutive cerebellar tumours with histopathological diagnoses of pilocytic astrocytoma, ependymoma or medulloblastoma. Spectra were analysed with LCModel and predefined quality control criteria were applied, leaving 33 cases in the analysis. The MRS diagnostic classifier was applied to this dataset. A retrospective analysis was subsequently undertaken by three radiologists, blind to histopathological diagnosis, to determine the change in diagnostic certainty when sequentially viewing conventional imaging, MRS and a decision support tool, based on the classifier. The overall classifier accuracy, evaluated prospectively, was 91%. Incorrectly classified cases, two anaplastic ependymomas, and a rare histological variant of medulloblastoma, were not well represented in the original training set. On retrospective review of conventional MRI, MRS and the classifier result, all radiologists showed a significant increase (Wilcoxon signed rank test, p < 0.001) in their certainty of the correct diagnosis, between viewing the conventional imaging and MRS with the decision support system. It was concluded that MRS can aid the noninvasive diagnosis of posterior fossa tumours in children, and that a decision support classifier helps in MRS interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel P Davies
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Medical Physics, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Heather E L Rose
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Karen A Manias
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kal Natarajan
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Department of Medical Physics, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Adam Oates
- Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Umair Janjua
- Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul Davies
- Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lesley MacPherson
- Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Theodoros N Arvanitis
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Digital Healthcare, WMG, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Andrew C Peet
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Women's and Children's Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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5
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Cacciatore M, Grasso EA, Tripodi R, Chiarelli F. Impact of glucose metabolism on the developing brain. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1047545. [PMID: 36619556 PMCID: PMC9816389 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1047545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose is the most important substrate for proper brain functioning and development, with an increased glucose consumption in relation to the need of creating new brain structures and connections. Therefore, alterations in glucose homeostasis will inevitably be associated with changes in the development of the Nervous System. Several studies demonstrated how the alteration of glucose homeostasis - both hyper and hypoglycemia- may interfere with the development of brain structures and cognitivity, including deficits in intelligence quotient, anomalies in learning and memory, as well as differences in the executive functions. Importantly, differences in brain structure and functionality were found after a single episode of diabetic ketoacidosis suggesting the importance of glycemic control and stressing the need of screening programs for type 1 diabetes to protect children from this dramatic condition. The exciting progresses of the neuroimaging techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging, has helped to improve the understanding of the effects, outcomes and mechanisms underlying brain changes following dysglycemia, and will lead to more insights on the physio-pathological mechanisms and related neurological consequences about hyper and hypoglycemia.
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6
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Apps JR. Research in practice: fitting it together. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed 2021; 106:314-316. [PMID: 32321737 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2019-318689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John R Apps
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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7
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Aida N. 1H-MR Spectroscopy of the Early Developmental Brain, Neonatal Encephalopathies, and Neurometabolic Disorders. Magn Reson Med Sci 2021; 21:9-28. [PMID: 34421092 PMCID: PMC9199977 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.rev.2021-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MRI interpretations of the pediatric brain are often challenging for general radiologists and clinicians because MR signals and morphology are continuously changing in the developing brain. Furthermore, the developing brain reacts differently to injuries, resulting in imaging characteristics that differ from those of the mature brain. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) is a non-invasive method for assessing neurological abnormalities at the microscopic level and measures in vivo brain metabolites using a clinical MR machine. In MR examinations of the pediatric brain, 1H-MRS demonstrates its powerful diagnostic capability when MRI is insufficient for diagnostic features. MRI and 1H-MRS may be complementary tools for diagnosing and monitoring diseases. However, there is currently no consensus on how to include 1H-MRS in clinical MR examinations. An overview of the clinical implementation of 1H-MRS for the assessment of early pediatric developmental brains as well as the diagnosis, prognostification, and disease monitoring of various non-neoplastic brain disorders, including neonatal encephalopathies and neurometabolic/neurodegenerative diseases, was provided herein. Qualitative and quantitative 1H-MRS is a powerful non-invasive tool for accessing various brain metabolites to confirm age appropriate peaks and detect abnormal peaks or deficient or reduced peaks, which may facilitate the identification of metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders as well as damage associated with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Moreover, 1H-MRS has potential as a biomarker for monitoring therapeutic efficacy in metabolic diseases and neonatal HIE. It also provides insights into the pathophysiologies of various disorders, which may facilitate the use of novel therapeutic approaches. Therefore, 1H-MRS needs to be included more frequently in routine clinical MR examinations of pediatric patients with neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Aida
- Department of Radiology, Kanagawa Children's Medical Center.,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine
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8
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Emerging Utility of Applied Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Management of Traumatic Brain Injury. Med Sci (Basel) 2021; 9:medsci9010010. [PMID: 33673012 PMCID: PMC7930990 DOI: 10.3390/medsci9010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a widespread and expensive problem globally. The standard diagnostic workup for new TBI includes obtaining a noncontrast computed tomography image of the head, which provides quick information on operative pathologies. However, given the limited sensitivity of computed tomography for identifying subtle but meaningful changes in the brain, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has shown better utility for ongoing management and prognostication after TBI. In recent years, advanced applications of MRI have been further studied and are being implemented as clinical tools to help guide care. These include functional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, MR perfusion, and MR spectroscopy. In this review, we discuss the scientific basis of each of the above techniques, the literature supporting their use in TBI, and how they may be clinically implemented to improve the care of TBI patients.
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Jones MA, MacCuaig WM, Frickenstein AN, Camalan S, Gurcan MN, Holter-Chakrabarty J, Morris KT, McNally MW, Booth KK, Carter S, Grizzle WE, McNally LR. Molecular Imaging of Inflammatory Disease. Biomedicines 2021; 9:152. [PMID: 33557374 PMCID: PMC7914540 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases include a wide variety of highly prevalent conditions with high mortality rates in severe cases ranging from cardiovascular disease, to rheumatoid arthritis, to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, to graft vs. host disease, to a number of gastrointestinal disorders. Many diseases that are not considered inflammatory per se are associated with varying levels of inflammation. Imaging of the immune system and inflammatory response is of interest as it can give insight into disease progression and severity. Clinical imaging technologies such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are traditionally limited to the visualization of anatomical information; then, the presence or absence of an inflammatory state must be inferred from the structural abnormalities. Improvement in available contrast agents has made it possible to obtain functional information as well as anatomical. In vivo imaging of inflammation ultimately facilitates an improved accuracy of diagnostics and monitoring of patients to allow for better patient care. Highly specific molecular imaging of inflammatory biomarkers allows for earlier diagnosis to prevent irreversible damage. Advancements in imaging instruments, targeted tracers, and contrast agents represent a rapidly growing area of preclinical research with the hopes of quick translation to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A. Jones
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA; (M.A.J.); (W.M.M.); (A.N.F.)
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.H.-C.); (K.T.M.); (M.W.M.); (K.K.B.); (S.C.)
| | - William M. MacCuaig
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA; (M.A.J.); (W.M.M.); (A.N.F.)
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.H.-C.); (K.T.M.); (M.W.M.); (K.K.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Alex N. Frickenstein
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA; (M.A.J.); (W.M.M.); (A.N.F.)
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.H.-C.); (K.T.M.); (M.W.M.); (K.K.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Seda Camalan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (S.C.); (M.N.G.)
| | - Metin N. Gurcan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA; (S.C.); (M.N.G.)
| | - Jennifer Holter-Chakrabarty
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.H.-C.); (K.T.M.); (M.W.M.); (K.K.B.); (S.C.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Katherine T. Morris
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.H.-C.); (K.T.M.); (M.W.M.); (K.K.B.); (S.C.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Molly W. McNally
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.H.-C.); (K.T.M.); (M.W.M.); (K.K.B.); (S.C.)
| | - Kristina K. Booth
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.H.-C.); (K.T.M.); (M.W.M.); (K.K.B.); (S.C.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Steven Carter
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.H.-C.); (K.T.M.); (M.W.M.); (K.K.B.); (S.C.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - William E. Grizzle
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Lacey R. McNally
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (J.H.-C.); (K.T.M.); (M.W.M.); (K.K.B.); (S.C.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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10
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Proton MR spectroscopic features of the cisternal segment of the trigeminal nerve in patients with trigeminal neuralgia: A pilot study. Clin Imaging 2021; 74:93-99. [PMID: 33465667 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinimag.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate normal quantitative proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) features of the cisternal segment of the trigeminal nerve and evaluate possible metabolite concentration differences in the affected and unaffected nerves of trigeminal neuralgia patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 33 consecutive patients who underwent a MR study of the internal auditory canal/posterior fossa and dedicated trigeminal nerve multivoxel MRS were enrolled. Measurements of N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), creatine (Cr), choline (Cho), myoinositol (mI), glutamate-glutamine (Glx) concentrations, and ratios of NAA-to-Cr, Cho-to-Cr, and Cho-to-NAA were automatically calculated by the dedicated software. Vascular conflicts were also recorded. RESULTS The mean Cr concentration was significantly higher on the affected sides in all parts of the nerve (p < 0.05), while the mean NAA concentration was significantly higher in only the distal portion (p = 0.04). Mean mI concentration was significantly higher in the middle and distal parts (p < 0.05). NAA-to-Cr ratio was significantly higher in the proximal and middle parts (p < 0.05), while Cho-to-Cr ratio was significantly higher only in the middle portion (p = 0.028). Finally, the Cho-to-NAA ratio was significantly higher only in the distal portion (p = 0.04). Vascular conflicts were observed in 24 patients (72.7%), and in 20 of them (60.6%) the conflict was on the same side as the neuralgia symptoms. CONCLUSION Although the detected statistical relationships were variable in the spectroscopic measurements, metabolite concentrations and ratios were successfully exhibited in all patients. Features of a normal trigeminal nerve were able to determine by MRS. All calculated metabolite concentrations were higher in the affected nerves; however, only some of them were statistically significant. No statistically significant relationships were found between the MRS measurements and nerves with and without vascular compression.
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11
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Woodward KE, de Jesus P, Esser MJ. Neuroinflammation and Precision Medicine in Pediatric Neurocritical Care: Multi-Modal Monitoring of Immunometabolic Dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9155. [PMID: 33271778 PMCID: PMC7730047 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of molecular biology in neurocritical care (NCC) is expanding rapidly and recognizing the important contribution of neuroinflammation, specifically changes in immunometabolism, towards pathological disease processes encountered across all illnesses in the NCC. Additionally, the importance of individualized inflammatory responses has been emphasized, acknowledging that not all individuals have the same mechanisms contributing towards their presentation. By understanding cellular processes that drive disease, we can make better personalized therapy decisions to improve patient outcomes. While the understanding of these cellular processes is evolving, the ability to measure such cellular responses at bedside to make acute care decisions is lacking. In this overview, we review cellular mechanisms involved in pathological neuroinflammation with a focus on immunometabolic dysfunction and review non-invasive bedside tools that have the potential to measure indirect and direct markers of shifts in cellular metabolism related to neuroinflammation. These tools include near-infrared spectroscopy, transcranial doppler, elastography, electroencephalography, magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy, and cytokine analysis. Additionally, we review the importance of genetic testing in providing information about unique metabolic profiles to guide individualized interpretation of bedside data. Together in tandem, these modalities have the potential to provide real time information and guide more informed treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael J. Esser
- Alberta Children’s Hospital, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T3B 6A8, Canada; (K.E.W.); (P.d.J.)
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12
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Tsili AC, Astrakas L, Sofikitis N, Argyropoulou MI. Proton MR Spectroscopy in Assessing the Biochemical Milieu of Human Testes. J Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 55:404-413. [PMID: 33128500 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), considered a connection between metabolism and anatomic and functional information provided by standard MRI, gives information on various tissue metabolites and their pathologic changes. Recently, proton MRS has been added as an adjunct tool to the multiparametric protocol of scrotal MRI, providing a new insight into the extremely complex biochemical milieu of normal and abnormal testes. This article reviews proton MR spectra of normal testes, showing age and bilateralism dependence. Disturbances of various metabolic pathways in testes of infertile men resulting in alterations of metabolite peaks are discussed. Preliminary data on proton MR spectra of testicular mass lesions are presented. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5. TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina C Tsili
- Department of Clinical Radiology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, University Campus, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Loukas Astrakas
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, University Campus, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Sofikitis
- Department of Urology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, University Campus, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Maria I Argyropoulou
- Department of Clinical Radiology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina, University Campus, Ioannina, Greece
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13
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Maier S, Tebartz van Elst L, Philipsen A, Lange T, Feige B, Glauche V, Nickel K, Matthies S, Alm B, Sobanski E, Domschke K, Perlov E, Endres D. Effects of 12-Week Methylphenidate Treatment on Neurometabolism in Adult Patients with ADHD: The First Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled MR Spectroscopy Study. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082601. [PMID: 32796630 PMCID: PMC7464267 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a frequent neurodevelopmental disorder that often persists into adulthood. Methylphenidate (MPH) is the first-line treatment for ADHD; however, despite its wide usage, little is known about its neurometabolic effects. Until now, no randomized and blinded clinical trials have been conducted addressing the neurometabolic signals of MPH administration in adults with ADHD. In the current study, the authors investigated how MPH intake and group psychotherapy (GPT) influence brain neurometabolism over the course of three months. The authors hypothesized a decrease in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) glutamate concentration following MPH administration. This study was part of a double-blind multicenter trial (Comparison of Methylphenidate and Psychotherapy in Adult ADHD Study (COMPAS)) investigating the effects of MPH and GPT in patients with adult ADHD. Using single-voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) of the pregenual ACC and the left cerebellar hemisphere (CHL), we investigated the concentration of glutamate plus glutamine (Glx), N-acetyl-aspartate, creatine, total choline containing compounds, and myo-inositol in patients before and after 12 weeks of treatment. Neither MPH nor GPT significantly influenced the Glx concentration or any of the other metabolite concentrations in the ACC and CHL after 12 weeks. Therefore, contrary to the hypothesis, no change in the prefrontal Glx signal was detected after MPH treatment. Given that MRS does not differentiate between glutamate in the synaptic cleft and in neuronal tissue, MPH-induced down-regulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the ACC might only affect the concentration of glutamate in the synaptic cleft, while the general availability of glutamate in the respective neuronal tissue might be unaffected by MPH intake. The observed lack of any MPH-induced normalization in metabolite concentrations is less surprising, considering that the baseline sample did not significantly differ from a healthy control group. Future studies of other regions, such as the basal ganglia, and the use of novel methods, such as whole brain MRS and multimodal imaging approaches, are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Maier
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (S.M.); (B.F.); (K.N.); (E.P.); (D.E.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (S.M.); (K.D.)
| | - Ludger Tebartz van Elst
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (S.M.); (B.F.); (K.N.); (E.P.); (D.E.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (S.M.); (K.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Thomas Lange
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Bernd Feige
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (S.M.); (B.F.); (K.N.); (E.P.); (D.E.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (S.M.); (K.D.)
| | - Volkmar Glauche
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Kathrin Nickel
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (S.M.); (B.F.); (K.N.); (E.P.); (D.E.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (S.M.); (K.D.)
| | - Swantje Matthies
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (S.M.); (K.D.)
| | - Barbara Alm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany; (B.A.); (E.S.)
| | - Esther Sobanski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty of Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, 68159 Mannheim, Germany; (B.A.); (E.S.)
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (S.M.); (K.D.)
- Center for Basics in Neuromodulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Evgeniy Perlov
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (S.M.); (B.F.); (K.N.); (E.P.); (D.E.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (S.M.); (K.D.)
- Clinic for Psychiatry Luzern, St. Urban, 4915 Luzern, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Endres
- Section for Experimental Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (S.M.); (B.F.); (K.N.); (E.P.); (D.E.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (S.M.); (K.D.)
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14
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Farnè M, Tedesco GM, Bedetti C, Mencarelli A, Rogaia D, Colavito D, Di Cara G, Stangoni G, Troiani S, Ferlini A, Prontera P. A patient with novel MBOAT7 variant: The cerebellar atrophy is progressive and displays a peculiar neurometabolic profile. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:2377-2383. [PMID: 32744787 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the MBOAT7 gene have been described in 43 patients, belonging to 18 families, showing nonspecific clinical features (intellectual disability [ID], seizures, microcephaly or macrocephaly, and mild to moderate cerebellar atrophy) that make the clinical diagnosis difficult. Here we report the first Italian patient, a 22.5-year-old female, one of the oldest reported, born to apparently consanguineous parents. She shows severe ID, macrocephaly, seizures, aggressive outbursts, hyperphagia. We also documented progressive atrophy of the cerebellar vermis, that appeared not before the age of 7. The whole-exome sequencing of the trio identified a novel homozygous variant c.1057_1058delGCinsCA (p.Ala353His) in the MBOAT7 gene. The variant is considered to be likely pathogenic, since it is absent from population database and it lies in a highly conserved amino acid residue. This disorder has a neurometabolic pathogenesis, implicating a phospholipid remodeling abnormalities. A brain hydrogen-magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H-MRS) examination in our patient disclosed a peculiar neurometabolic profile in the cerebellar hemispheric region. This new finding could address the clinical suspicion of MBOAT7-related disorder, among the wide range of genetic conditions associated with ID and cerebellar atrophy. Moreover, the documented progression of cerebellar atrophy and the worsening of the disease only after some years open to the possibility of a therapeutic window after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Farnè
- Medical Genetics Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Ferrara University Hospital, Italy
| | - Giovanna M Tedesco
- Medical Genetics Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Women and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Genetics Unit, "Mauro Baschirotto" Institute for Rare Diseases (B.I.R.D.), Costozza di Longare, Vicenza, Italy
| | | | - Amedea Mencarelli
- Medical Genetics Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniela Rogaia
- Medical Genetics Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Di Cara
- Pediatric Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gabriela Stangoni
- Medical Genetics Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefania Troiani
- Division of Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ferlini
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, Ferrara University Hospital, Italy
| | - Paolo Prontera
- Medical Genetics Unit, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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15
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Alisauskaite N, Beckmann K, Dennler M, Zölch N. Brain proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy findings in a Beagle dog with genetically confirmed Lafora disease. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1594-1598. [PMID: 32418279 PMCID: PMC7379037 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical atrophy has been identified using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in humans and dogs with Lafora disease (LD). In humans, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1HMRS) of the brain indicates decreased N‐acetyl‐aspartate (NAA) relative to other brain metabolites. Brain 1HMRS findings in dogs with LD are lacking. A 6‐year‐old female Beagle was presented with a history of a single generalized tonic‐clonic seizure and episodic reflex myoclonus. Clinical, hematological, and neurological examination findings and 3‐Tesla MRI of the brain were unremarkable. Brain 1HMRS with voxel positioning in the thalamus was performed in the affected Beagle. It identified decreased amounts of NAA, glutamate‐glutamine complex, and increased total choline and phosphoethanolamine relative to water and total creatine compared with the reference range in healthy control Beagles. A subsequent genetic test confirmed LD. Abnormalities in 1HMRS despite lack of changes with conventional MRI were identified in a dog with LD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neringa Alisauskaite
- Neurology Service, Department of Small Animal Surgery, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katrin Beckmann
- Neurology Service, Department of Small Animal Surgery, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Dennler
- Clinic for Diagnostic Imaging, Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niklaus Zölch
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Imaging, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Karanfilian BV, Cheung M, Dellatore P, Park T, Rustgi VK. Laboratory Abnormalities of Hepatic Encephalopathy. Clin Liver Dis 2020; 24:197-208. [PMID: 32245527 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is no gold standard serologic or imaging modality to detect hepatic encephalopathy (HE). It is a clinical diagnosis gathered from the history and physical. Imaging is nonspecific; however, PET and MRI have shown areas of utility, but are not widely available, cost-efficient, or necessary for diagnosis. Electroencephalogram has shown promise as it can be used in conjunction with the Portal Systemic Hepatic Encephalopathy Score test to diagnose minimal HE. Further research on these techniques would need to be performed to identify strict criteria and cutoffs for diagnosing HE as well as associated sensitivities and specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briette Verken Karanfilian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Department of Medicine, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Maggie Cheung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Department of Medicine, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Peter Dellatore
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Department of Medicine, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Taeyang Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Department of Medicine, 125 Paterson Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Vinod K Rustgi
- Department Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 125 Paterson Street, Suite 5100B, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
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