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Wang P, Fredj Z, Zhang H, Rong G, Bian S, Sawan M. Blocking Superantigen-Mediated Diseases: Challenges and Future Trends. J Immunol Res 2024; 2024:2313062. [PMID: 38268531 PMCID: PMC10807946 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2313062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Superantigens are virulence factors secreted by microorganisms that can cause various immune diseases, such as overactivating the immune system, resulting in cytokine storms, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. Some studies have demonstrated that superantigens do not require intracellular processing and instated bind as intact proteins to the antigen-binding groove of major histocompatibility complex II on antigen-presenting cells, resulting in the activation of T cells with different T-cell receptor Vβ and subsequent overstimulation. To combat superantigen-mediated diseases, researchers have employed different approaches, such as antibodies and simulated peptides. However, due to the complex nature of superantigens, these approaches have not been entirely successful in achieving optimal therapeutic outcomes. CD28 interacts with members of the B7 molecule family to activate T cells. Its mimicking peptide has been suggested as a potential candidate to block superantigens, but it can lead to reduced T-cell activity while increasing the host's infection risk. Thus, this review focuses on the use of drug delivery methods to accurately target and block superantigens, while reducing the adverse effects associated with CD28 mimic peptides. We believe that this method has the potential to provide an effective and safe therapeutic strategy for superantigen-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengbo Wang
- CenBRAIN Neurotech, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Zina Fredj
- CenBRAIN Neurotech, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Hongyong Zhang
- CenBRAIN Neurotech, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Guoguang Rong
- CenBRAIN Neurotech, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Sumin Bian
- CenBRAIN Neurotech, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Mohamad Sawan
- CenBRAIN Neurotech, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
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Çakıcı K, Gökdoğan O, Genç D, Günaydın B, Üçüncü H. Comparison of innate lymphoid cells from tissue and blood in chronic tonsillitis and tonsillar hypertrophy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 174:111740. [PMID: 37742461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2023.111740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT Recurrent tonsillitis and tonsillar hypertrophy are two common diseases in children for which tonsillectomy is the definitive solution. The underlying causes of both diseases are not fully known. The aim of this study was to identify the predominant innate lymphoid cells in both diseases of the palatine tonsils, which are known to play an important role in the immune system. METHODS Children who underwent tonsillectomy were divided into two groups as recurrent tonsillitis and tonsillar hypertrophy according to the indication for surgery. The proportions of innate lymphoid cell (ILC) groups and IFN-gamma, IL-10 and IL-17 secreting T lymphocyte cells were determined in tonsil and blood samples obtained during surgery. Local and peripheral immune responses were evaluated. Innate immune responses and acquired immune responses were compared. RESULTS The results of our study showed that the proportions of the innate lymphoid cell 1 group (ILC1) were similar in tonsil tissue in patients with recurrent tonsillitis and tonsil hypertrophy, with no statistically significant difference. It was observed that the innate lymphoid cell 2 group (ILC2) was the predominant group in tonsil hypertrophy, the innate lymphoid cell 3 group (ILC3) was the predominant innate lymphoid cell group in recurrent tonsillitis, and the proportion of IL-17 secreting T lymphocytes in blood and tonsillar mononuclear cells was higher in recurrent tonsillitis patients than in tonsil hypertrophy patients. CONCLUSION With the results obtained, the predominant innate lymphoid cells in the pathogenesis of both diseases were identified and local and peripheral responses were compared. These findings may be a guide for possible medical treatments for both diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerimcan Çakıcı
- Erciş Şehit Rıdvan Çevik State Hospital, Otolaryngology, Van, Turkey.
| | - Ozan Gökdoğan
- Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Faculty of Medicine, Otolaryngology, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Deniz Genç
- Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Burcu Günaydın
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Institute of Health Sciences, Muğla, Turkey
| | - Harun Üçüncü
- Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Faculty of Medicine, Otolaryngology, Mugla, Turkey
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Scharf RE, Anaya JM. Post-COVID Syndrome in Adults-An Overview. Viruses 2023; 15:675. [PMID: 36992384 PMCID: PMC10056158 DOI: 10.3390/v15030675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This article provides an overview of various aspects related to post-COVID syndrome. Apart from its prevalence, symptoms and sequelae, risk determinants, and psychosocial implications, the pathogenesis of post-COVID condition is discussed in more detail. A focus on thrombo-inflammation in SARS-CoV-2 infection, the role of neutrophil extracellular traps, and the prevalence of venous thromboembolism is made. Moreover, COVID-19 and post-COVID syndrome in immunocompromising conditions, and the impact of vaccination on the prevention and treatment of post-COVID symptoms are reviewed. Autoimmunity is a hallmark of post-COVID syndrome, and, therefore, is another focus of this article. Thus, misdirected cellular and humoral immune responses can enhance the risk of latent autoimmunity in post-COVID syndrome. Facing the high prevalence of COVID-19 cases worldwide, it can be assumed that autoimmune disorders will increase globally over the next few years. Recent advances in identifying genetically determined variants may open the avenue for a better understanding of the susceptibility to and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection and post-COVID syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger E. Scharf
- Current Address: Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Hemostasis and Internal Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
- Harvard Medical School, Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Karp Family Research Laboratories, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Institute of Transplantation Diagnostics and Cell Therapy, Division of Hemostasis, Hemotherapy and Transfusion Medicine, Heinrich Heine University Medical Center, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Current Affiliation & Address: National Academy of Medicine of Colombia, Bogotá 110221, Colombia
- Health Research and Innovation Center at Coosalud, Cartagena 130001, Colombia
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Shingleton J, Burton L, Williams HE, Finnie TJR, Bennett E, Birrell P, Kenny S, Watson-Koszel T, Viner R, Arditi M, DeAngelis D, Gent N, Ladhani SN. Risk of paediatric multisystem inflammatory syndrome (PIMS-TS) during the SARS-CoV-2 alpha and delta variant waves: National observational and modelling study, 2020-21, England. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:1034280. [PMID: 36545670 PMCID: PMC9762156 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1034280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Paediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (PIMS-TS) is a rare life-threatening complication that typically occurs several weeks after SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and young people (CYP). We used national and regional-level data from the COVID-19 pandemic waves in England to develop a model to predict PIMS-TS cases. Methods SARS-CoV-2 infections in CYP aged 0-15 years in England were estimated using the PHE-Cambridge real-time model. PIMS-TS cases were identified through the British Paediatric Surveillance Unit during (March-June 2020) and through Secondary Uses Services (SUS) from November 2020. A predictive model was developed to estimate PIMS-TS risk and lag times after SARS-CoV-2 infections. Results During the Alpha wave, the model accurately predicted PIMS-TS cases (506 vs. 502 observed cases), with a median estimated risk of 0.038% (IQR, 0.037-0.041%) of paediatric SARS-CoV-2 infections. For the Delta wave, the median risk of PIMS-TS was significantly lower at 0.026% (IQR, 0.025-0.029%), with 212 observed PIMS-TS cases compared to 450 predicted by the model. Conclusions The model accurately predicted national and regional PIMS-TS cases in CYP during the Alpha wave. PIMS-TS cases were 53% lower than predicted during the Delta wave. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms of the observed lower risk with the Delta variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Shingleton
- Emergency Preparedness Response and Resilience Directorate, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, London, United Kingdom
- Joint Modelling Team, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Burton
- Emergency Preparedness Response and Resilience Directorate, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, London, United Kingdom
- Joint Modelling Team, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah E. Williams
- Emergency Preparedness Response and Resilience Directorate, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, London, United Kingdom
- Joint Modelling Team, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas J. R. Finnie
- Emergency Preparedness Response and Resilience Directorate, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, London, United Kingdom
- Joint Modelling Team, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Bennett
- Emergency Preparedness Response and Resilience Directorate, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, London, United Kingdom
- Joint Modelling Team, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Birrell
- Joint Modelling Team, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Institute of Public Health, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Statistical Modelling and Economics, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Kenny
- CYP Transformation Programme Team, Nursing Directorate, NHS England and NHS Improvement, Leeds, England
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, Alder Hey in the Park, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Tiffany Watson-Koszel
- CYP Transformation Programme Team, Nursing Directorate, NHS England and NHS Improvement, Leeds, England
| | - Russell Viner
- Population, Policy and Practice, UCL Great Ormond St. Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Moshe Arditi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Daniela DeAngelis
- Statistical Modelling and Economics, UK Health Security Agency, Colindale, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Gent
- Emergency Preparedness Response and Resilience Directorate, UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, London, United Kingdom
- Joint Modelling Team, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shamez N. Ladhani
- Immunisation and Countermeasures Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Hamdy A, Leonardi A. Superantigens and SARS-CoV-2. Pathogens 2022; 11:390. [PMID: 35456065 PMCID: PMC9026686 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been posited SARS-CoV-2 contains at least one unique superantigen-like motif not found in any other SARS or endemic coronaviruses. Superantigens are potent antigens that can send the immune system into overdrive. SARS-CoV-2 causes many of the biological and clinical consequences of a superantigen, and, in the context of reinfection and waning immunity, it is important to better understand the impact of a widely circulating, airborne pathogen that may be a superantigen, superantigen-like or trigger a superantigenic host response. Urgent research is needed to better understand the long-term risks being taken by governments whose policies enable widespread transmission of a potential superantigenic pathogen, and to more clearly define the vaccination and public health policies needed to protect against the consequences of repeat exposure to the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hamdy
- Panres Pandemic Research, Newport TF10 8PG, UK
| | - Anthony Leonardi
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
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Porritt RA, Paschold L, Rivas MN, Cheng MH, Yonker LM, Chandnani H, Lopez M, Simnica D, Schultheiß C, Santiskulvong C, Van Eyk J, McCormick JK, Fasano A, Bahar I, Binder M, Arditi M. HLA class I-associated expansion of TRBV11-2 T cells in multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:146614. [PMID: 33705359 PMCID: PMC8121516 DOI: 10.1172/jci146614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), a hyperinflammatory syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, shares clinical features with toxic shock syndrome, which is triggered by bacterial superantigens. Superantigen specificity for different Vβ chains results in Vβ skewing, whereby T cells with specific Vβ chains and diverse antigen specificity are overrepresented in the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. Here, we characterized the TCR repertoire of MIS-C patients and found a profound expansion of TCRβ variable gene 11-2 (TRBV11-2), with up to 24% of clonal T cell space occupied by TRBV11-2 T cells, which correlated with MIS-C severity and serum cytokine levels. Analysis of TRBJ gene usage and complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) length distribution of MIS-C expanded TRBV11-2 clones revealed extensive junctional diversity. Patients with TRBV11-2 expansion shared HLA class I alleles A02, B35, and C04, indicating what we believe is a novel mechanism for CDR3-independent T cell expansion. In silico modeling indicated that polyacidic residues in the Vβ chain encoded by TRBV11-2 (Vβ21.3) strongly interact with the superantigen-like motif of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein, suggesting that unprocessed SARS-CoV-2 spike may directly mediate TRBV11-2 expansion. Overall, our data indicate that a CDR3-independent interaction between SARS-CoV-2 spike and TCR leads to T cell expansion and possibly activation, which may account for the clinical presentation of MIS-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Porritt
- Departments of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC) and Department of Biomedical Sciences and
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Lisa Paschold
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Hematology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Magali Noval Rivas
- Departments of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC) and Department of Biomedical Sciences and
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mary Hongying Cheng
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lael M. Yonker
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Harsha Chandnani
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Hospital, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Merrick Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Hospital, Loma Linda, California, USA
| | - Donjete Simnica
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Hematology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christoph Schultheiß
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Hematology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | | | - Jennifer Van Eyk
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - John K. McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alessio Fasano
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research Center and Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ivet Bahar
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mascha Binder
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, Oncology/Hematology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Moshe Arditi
- Departments of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC) and Department of Biomedical Sciences and
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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7
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Couser WG, Johnson RJ. The etiology of glomerulonephritis: roles of infection and autoimmunity. Kidney Int 2014; 86:905-14. [DOI: 10.1038/ki.2014.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Tighe PJ, Forrester JV, Liversidge J, Sewell HF. Peripheral CD25 positive T lymphocytes with biased T cell receptor Vbeta gene usage in autoimmune endogenous posterior uveitis. Mol Pathol 2010; 48:M46-50. [PMID: 16695975 PMCID: PMC407919 DOI: 10.1136/mp.48.1.m46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Aims-To determine T cell receptor (TCR) Vbeta gene usage in peripheral blood T lymphocytes of patients with endogenous posterior uveitis (EPU). If biased TCR variable (V) gene usage occurs in this autoimmune disease, it should be detectable in immune activated peripheral blood T cells in vivo.Methods-Relative proportions of each Vbeta gene family expressed in total peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and in vivo activated (CD25+) T cells from patients with EPU and controls were determined using the anchored polymerase chain reaction (anchored PCR) in conjunction with a novel hybridisation assay. The TCR Vbeta repertoires seen in these cell populations were then compared.Results-Vbeta1 usage within the CD25+ lymphocytes of patients with EPU was substantially elevated (mean +/- SD 15 +/-9%) compared with control CD25+ cells (3.3 +/-2.4%).Conclusions-By contrasting the repertoires of these cell populations, biased TCR Vbeta gene usage was detected in patients with EPU, namely increased usage of Vbeta1 in CD25+ T cells from peripheral blood of these patients. This approach of directly analysing the activated T cells in blood, using bulk PBL as an internal control, has wide applicability where specific T cell subpopulations are thought to play an important aetiopathological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Tighe
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH
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Schaufelberger C, Andersson R, Nordborg E, Hansson GK, Nordborg C, Wahlström J. An uneven expression of T cell receptor V genes in the arterial wall and peripheral blood in giant cell arteritis. Inflammation 2009; 31:372-83. [PMID: 18975064 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-008-9088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate T cell receptor (TCR) usage at the time of diagnosis of giant cell arteritis (GCA) and to estimate the degree of clonality of T-cells infiltrating the lesion. Seven patients with biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis were included in the study. Immunocytochemistry in biopsies from the temporal arteries and flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) was performed using monoclonal antibodies specific for CD3, CD4 and CD8 and 13 TCR Valpha and Vbeta gene segment products. The CDR3 fragment length polymorphism was assessed by gel electrophoresis of PCR-amplified TCR segments. The T lymphocytes were found to be concentrated to the adventitia rather than the media or intima. Six of the seven patients with GCA had expansions of T lymphocytes, expressing selected TCR V genes in the arterial wall. None of these expansions was found in PBL. The infiltrating T-cells were poly- or oligoclonal. In conclusion, the dominating part of the inflammatory infiltrate in GCA emanates from the adventitial microvessels. There is an uneven expression of TCR V genes by T lymphocytes in the inflammatory infiltrates as compared to peripheral blood T lymphocytes at the time of diagnosis, consistent with an antigen-driven immunological reaction in the arterial wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Schaufelberger
- Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45, Göteborg, Sweden
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10
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Abstract
Recent advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology and aggressive treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis have dramatically changed the outcomes of patients with these diseases over the past 7 years. Much of the progress in therapy is due to the change in the treatment paradigm in which early, aggressive therapy has become the norm and the introduction of therapies that target the disease processes, specifically the overproduction of tumor necrosis factor-α. Etanercept was the first anti-tumor necrosis factor-α therapy approved for use in rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and psoriatic arthritis. It has been shown to have an excellent risk:benefit ratio in clinical trials as well as postmarketing surveillance. However, there has been limited information regarding the safety and efficacy of etanercept in patients aged 65 years or over, which is the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Fleischmann
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Co-Medical Director Radiant Research – Dallas, 5939 Harry Hines Boulevard, Suite 400, Dallas, TX 75235-5360 USA
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11
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Lopez-Hoyos M, Bartolome-Pacheco MJ, Blanco R, Rodriguez-Valverde V, Martinez-Taboada VM. Selective T cell receptor decrease in peripheral blood T lymphocytes of patients with polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 63:54-60. [PMID: 14672892 PMCID: PMC1754713 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2003.005900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the phenotype and T cell receptor (TCR) use in peripheral blood T cells in patients with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and giant cell arteritis (GCA). METHODS Circulating T lymphocyte phenotype and TCR repertoire were studied by flow cytometry using specific monoclonal antibodies in 23 healthy controls and 37 patients with PMR/GCA. RESULTS Patients with active PMR/GCA showed an inverse relation between naive and memory CD4+ T cells and unchanged expression of activation surface markers compared with controls. CD4+ TCR BV expansions were seen in 12 (52%) controls and in 8 (22%) patients with active disease (p = 0.03). Within the CD8+ subset, the frequency of expansions was similar between groups. Most T cell expansions remained stable over time. Seventeen of the 23 patients with active PMR/GCA disclosed a simultaneous CD4+ and CD8+ T cell depletion for at least one particular BV family with a clear predominance of BV5S2/S3. CONCLUSIONS The phenotype of circulating T cells in patients with PMR/GCA is similar to that found in aged healthy subjects, except for the surface markers of naive and memory cells and a striking non-activated phenotype. Specific BV expansions in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, which remain stable over time, are frequent in aged subjects, including patients with PMR/GCA. TCR BV changes in patients with active disease seem to be also age related, except for the significant decrease in certain BV families in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets, which may favour the participation of a superantigen stimulation in PMR/GCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lopez-Hoyos
- Rheumatology Division, Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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12
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Lefkowitz DL, Roberts E, Grattendick K, Schwab C, Stuart R, Lincoln J, Allen RC, Moguilevsky N, Bollen A, Lefkowitz SS. The endothelium and cytokine secretion: the role of peroxidases as immunoregulators. Cell Immunol 2000; 202:23-30. [PMID: 10873303 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.2000.1638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The endothelium is frequently exposed to many proinflammatory mediators. The present study was done to determine the effects of human recombinant myeloperoxidase (MPO) and porcine eosinophil peroxidase (EPO) on certain endothelial cell (HUVEC) functions. The following areas were evaluated: (1) production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI), (2) cytokine secretion, and (3) regulation of mRNA cytokine transcripts. Both MPO and EPO induced the production of ROI, but an enzymatically inactive form of MPO (iMPO) was the most effective. Enzymatically inactive MPO, but not MPO, induced the secretion of interleukins 6 and 8 and granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor. A ribonuclease protection assay indicated that both iMPO and MPO upregulated mRNA cytokine transcripts; however, the former was markedly more effective. The simultaneous addition of EPO and iMPO resulted in a decrease in cytokine-specific mRNA. These data indicate a major role for peroxidases in the regulation of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Lefkowitz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, 79409, USA
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Abstract
Peripheral nerve diseases are among the most prevalent disorders of the nervous system. Because of the accessibility of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) to direct physiological and pathological study, neuropathies have traditionally played a unique role in developing our understanding of basic mechanism of nervous system injury and repair. At present they are providing new insight into the mechanisms of immune injury to the nervous system. A rapidly growing catalogue of PNS disorders are now suspected to be immune-mediated, and in the best understood of these disorders, the molecular and cellular targets of immune attack are known, and the pathophysiology follows directly from the specific immune injury. This review summarizes the immunologically relevant features of the PNS, then considers selected immune-mediated neuropathies, focusing on pathogenetic mechanisms. Finally, the PNS is providing a testing ground for new immunotherapies and approaches to protection and regeneration, including the use of trophic factors. The current status of treatment and implications for future approaches is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Ho
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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14
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Hang LM, Nakamura RM. Current concepts and advances in clinical laboratory testing for autoimmune diseases. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 1997; 34:275-311. [PMID: 9226106 DOI: 10.3109/10408369708998095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the current concepts of immunological tolerance, physiological vs. pathological autoimmunity, autoimmune diseases, and laboratory tests helpful in diagnosis. The autoantibodies in organ-specific autoimmune diseases are directed against antigens of the injured organs, whereas the antinuclear antibodies (ANA) detected in systemic autoimmune diseases are detected against a vast array of nuclear and intracellular antigens and peptides necessary for DNA/RNA synthesis, repair, splicing, and transcription. Knowledge of the mean titer and presence or absence of specific ANA types will help predict the nature of the disease and the response to therapy. Noteworthy features of these "ANA profiles" are (1) patients with systemic lupus erythematosus frequently have multiple types of ANA but anti-dsDNA and anti-SM are diagnostic, (2) patients with drug-induced lupus have ANA restricted to antihistone, (3) patients with mixed connective tissue disease have ANA restricted to anti-RNP, (4) patients with CREST (calcinosis, Raynaud's, esophageal dysmotility, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasia) syndrome have ANA restricted to anticentromere, (5) ANA with anti-SS-A/Ro specificity is associated with vasculitis and nephritis, (6) ANA with anti-SS-B/La and anti-nRNP specificities is associated with milder clinical disease, (7) ANAs with anti-Jo-1 and PM-Scl specificities are associated with pulmonary fibrosis and poor prognosis. Technological advances in the fields of molecular immunogenetics are guiding the studies of autoimmune diseases from serological and histopathological evaluations toward search for subcellular risk factors such as chemical and biological agents and susceptibility genes. Knowledge of these factors will help (1) to identify disease susceptibility genes prior to clinical onset and irreversible tissue damage, (2) to avoid environmental risk factors, and (3) to devise specific immunosuppressive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Hang
- Department of Pathology, Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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15
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Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus: Immunological Interplays between Virus and Host **This article was accepted for publication on 1 October 1996. Adv Immunol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60743-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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Zhou XJ, Savage NW, Sugerman PB, Walsh LJ, Aldred MJ, Seymour GJ. TCR V beta gene expression in lesional T lymphocyte cell lines in oral lichen planus. Oral Dis 1996; 2:295-8. [PMID: 9171514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.1996.tb00241.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED To study V beta gene expression in oral lichen planus (OLP) lesional T lymphocytes cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS Lesional T lymphocytes were isolated from eight OLP patients and cell lines established. The total RNA was extracted from these lymphocyte cell lines and reverse transcribed. cDNA was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using a panel of 26 V beta-specific oligonucleotide primers followed by qualitative analysis of the electrophoresed reaction products. RESULTS V beta 1, 2, 3, 5.1, 6.1-3, 7, 8, 9, 22, 23, and 24 were represented consistently in all of the OLP samples, V beta 11, 12, and 17 were consistently negative, while the other V beta families (V beta 4, 5.2-3, 10, 13.1, 13.2, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, and 21) were variable. V beta 22 and 23 were the most strongly expressed in all patients. CONCLUSIONS A limited T cell receptor (TCR) gene usage indicates a degree of oligoclonality within these lesional T lymphocyte cell lines from OLP. This implies that OLP may be an antigen-specific disease or linked to a limited number of superantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- X J Zhou
- Department of Dentistry, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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17
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Singh VK, Nagaraju K. Experimental autoimmune uveitis: molecular mimicry and oral tolerance. Immunol Res 1996; 15:323-46. [PMID: 8988399 DOI: 10.1007/bf02935316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Intraocular inflammatory disease or uveitis, which affects the uveal tract and the retina of the eyes in human, is the major cause of visual impairment. Experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU) is a T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease directed against retinal proteins and has been studied in several mammalian species including subhuman primates as a model for human posterior uveitis. Autoimmune responses provoked by molecular mimicry occur when the nonself and host determinants are similar enough to cross-react yet different enough to break immunological tolerance, and is one of the proposed mechanisms for induction of autoimmune diseases. Therapeutic immunomodulatory strategies have been used to induce antigen-specific peripheral immune tolerance in animal models of T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases by oral administration of autoantigens. Oral tolerance leads to unique mechanisms of tissue and disease-specific immunosuppression, which would circumvent the immunotherapeutic problem of multiple target tissue autoreactivity. Several groups have investigated the effects of delivering autoantigens across gastric mucosal surfaces. This review briefly discusses molecular mimicry and the mechanism of induction of oral tolerance with respect to immunopathogenesis of T-cell-mediated autoimmune disease in general and EAU in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Singh
- Department of Immunology, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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18
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Rink L, Nicklas W, Luhm J, Kruse R, Kirchner H. Induction of a proinflammatory cytokine network by Mycoplasma arthritidis-derived superantigen (MAS). J Interferon Cytokine Res 1996; 16:861-8. [PMID: 8910772 DOI: 10.1089/jir.1996.16.861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma arthritidis is an arthritogenic organism for rodents, producing a superantigen (MAS). It has been postulated that mycoplasmas or superantigens thereof might play a role in human rheumatoid arthritis. Since M. arthritidis fulfills both, the present study was performed to investigate MAS-specific cytokine induction. Human or murine leukocytes were stimulated with MAS, staphylococcal enterotoxin E (SEE), or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cytokines were measured by ELISA, Bioassay, and RT-PCR. The response to MAS in humans was individually restricted, in contrast to the response to SEE or LPS. Furthermore, MAS showed the same capacity for inducing proinflammatory cytokines as interleukin (IL)-1 IL-6, and IL-8 as SEE and LPS. However, MAS showed a significantly decreased capacity to induce the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and IL-1RA. In mice, the reactivity to MAS was strictly MHC-II restricted, in contrast to that of SEE or LPS. The individual response to MAS in humans might be explained by the difference of the HLA-DR haplotype because H-2-differing mouse strains showed the same discrepancies. MAS induced an overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines, when its ability to induce proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines was compared with those of SEE and LPS. The individual response may explain an MHC linkage, and the failure to induce anti-inflammatory cytokines may be the reason for a chronic disease in contrast to acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rink
- Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University of Lübeck School of Medicine, Germany
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- H Acha-Orbea
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerla
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20
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Islam D, Wretlind B, Lindberg AA, Christensson B. Changes in the peripheral blood T-Cell receptor V beta repertoire in vivo and in vitro during shigellosis. Infect Immun 1996; 64:1391-9. [PMID: 8606106 PMCID: PMC173931 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.4.1391-1399.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A sequential activation of T cells in peripheral blood during shigello sis has been observer (D. Islam, P.K. Bradham, A. A. Lindberg, and B. Christensson, Infect. Immun 63:2941-2949, 1995). To further investigate the cellular response during the course of Shigella infection, changes in the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire in the subsets in blood in patients during shigellosis was that Shigella antigens may modulate the function of T cells carrying TCRs capable of recognizing Shigella-specific epitopes or superantigens. Such a selective preference for T cells expressing certain TCR Vbeta types could lead to the expansion or deletion of these T cells. In the present study of 27 adult male Bangladeshi patients with dysentery (14 cases caused by Shigella Dysenteriae 1 and 13 cases caused by Shigella flexneri), the changes in the TCR Vbeta repertoire of peripheral blood CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets have been analyzed with a panel of nine anti-Vbeta monoclonal antibodies by flow cytometry. Twenty healthy males from Bangladesh and 20 healthy males from Sweden served as controls. Compared with the Bangladeshi controls, the patients had an increased frequency of CD4+T cells expression Vbeta2, Vbeta3, and Vbeta17, with a maximum at day 7 after the onset of disease. The frequency of CD4+T cells expressing Vbeta5.1 was increased only in patients with S. flexneri infection. Peripheral blood T cells from Shigella-infected patients also responded to in vitro stimulation in a TCR Vbeta-specific manner. Stimulation with heat-killed S. dysenteriae 1 and Shiga toxin enhanced the frequency of cells expressing Vbeta2, Vbeta3, Vbeta5.1, Vbeta13.6, and Vbeta17, especially in samples obtained at day 7. The enhanced frequency of cells expressing Vbeta2, Vbeta3, Vbeta5.1, and Vbeta17 found both in in vivo and in vitro could suggest that in shigellosis antigens or superantigens are presented to the immune system and preferentially activate certain TCR Vbeta types in T-cell subsets. The kinetics of the change in the TCR Vbeta repertoire in blood during shigellosis may indicate that following local activation, the antigen activated T cells can be retrieved in the blood and restimulated in vitro. If confirmed by parallel analysis of T cells in the gut and blood by TCR sequence analysis, the possibility suggested by our findings would facilitate further analysis of the role of cell-mediated immune responses in the pathogenesis of and protection against Shigella infection.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Dysentery, Bacillary/immunology
- Humans
- Lectins, C-Type
- Leukocyte Common Antigens/analysis
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- D Islam
- Division of Clinical Bacteriology, Department of Immunology, Microbiology, Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden
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Abstract
The recent discovery of the mode of interaction between a group of microbial proteins known as superantigens and the immune system has opened a wide area of investigation into the possible role of these molecules in human diseases. Superantigens produced by certain viruses and bacteria, including Mycoplasma species, are either secreted or membrane-bound proteins. A unique feature of these proteins is that they can interact simultaneously with distinct receptors on different types of cells, resulting in enhanced cell-cell interaction and triggering a series of biochemical reactions that can lead to excessive cell proliferation and the release of inflammatory cytokines. However, although superantigens share many features, they can have very different biological effects that are potentiated by host genetic and environmental factors. This review focuses on a group of secreted pyrogenic toxins that belong to the superantigen family and highlights some of their structural-functional features and their roles in diseases such as toxic shock and autoimmunity. Deciphering the biological activities of the various superantigens and understanding their role in the pathogenesis of microbial infections and their sequelae will enable us to devise means by which we can intervene with their activity and/or manipulate them to our advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kotb
- Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee, Memphis, USA
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Lefkowitz DL, Mills K, Lefkowitz SS, Bollen A, Moguilevsky N. Neutrophil-macrophage interaction: a paradigm for chronic inflammation. Med Hypotheses 1995; 44:58-62. [PMID: 7776904 DOI: 10.1016/0306-9877(95)90303-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease are characterized by chronic inflammatory responses resulting in tissue damage. These diseases have a number of common denominators including: abnormal cytokine expression, aberrant antigen-antibody complexes, T cell anomalies, and increased numbers of neutrophils and macrophages. We propose that the interaction between neutrophils and macrophages induces a state of chronic inflammation which contributes to the disease state. One of the central players in this scenario is myeloperoxidase (MyPo). This enzyme functions in the 'cytotoxic triad' and is involved in cell killing. Studies done by the present investigators have known that MyPo, which is released from neutrophils, induces macrophages to secrete interleukin-1, interferon alpha beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Furthermore, our studies have suggested a major immunoregulatory role of this enzyme. We propose that the release of MyPo from neutrophils and subsequent binding to macrophages initiates a cascade of events which enhance the production of reactive oxygen intermediates and cytokine expression resulting in the chronic inflammatory state associated with autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Lefkowitz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, USA
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Forrester JV, Lumsden L, Liversidge J, Kuppner M, Mesri M. Immunoregulation of uveoretinal inflammation. Prog Retin Eye Res 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/1350-9462(94)00012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Taylor JE, Ross DA, Goodacre JA. Group A streptococcal antigens and superantigens in the pathogenesis of autoimmune arthritis. Eur J Clin Invest 1994; 24:511-21. [PMID: 7982437 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1994.tb01100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Evidence from repeated clinical observations and from a variety of experimental approaches implicates group A streptococci in the pathogenesis of the autoimmune arthritides. Several streptococcal antigens and superantigens have now been characterized and their properties suggest that they may be involved in the mechanisms which underlie these diseases, although other antigens and superantigens yet to be discovered may also be involved. The association between group A streptococcal infection and autoimmune arthritis offers a useful model for providing a long-elusive understanding of the role of bacterial infection in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Taylor
- Rheumatology Laboratory, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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25
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Zierhut M, Feltkamp B, Forrester J, Saal J, Dannecker G. Immunology of the eye and the joint. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 1994; 15:249-51. [PMID: 8068169 DOI: 10.1016/0167-5699(94)90001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that polyarticular joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, HLA-B27-associated arthritis and Borreliosis can be associated with eye diseases, such as uveitis, scleritis and keratitis. However, the mechanisms underlying the involvement of these tissues remain unclear. A recent meeting examined the immunoregulation of the eye and the joint in an attempt to determine their similarities and differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zierhut
- Dept of Ophthalmology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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